CiXIV79
author: Brigel, J.

-

¥7 4

i

b

¥y

—

:

& -

I¥

(W >+~

m

T —

———

—

&

A EL AL

A

e S

CF 4

g

3

o8

T

I

o

& —

o

r

I

I

e

&

e

N12<516804925

021

L

*

e

o

=

&

LTI

UbTUBING:N

e vame

®

e

£f

X1

F &0

7

i

¥

g

e,

4

»?

g Sl

k iy .

-

o

P

i

e

.

R ——-., L

e

s

|

GRAMMAR

OF THE

TTLU LANGUAGE

BY

REV. J. BRIGEL

B. M. S.

|

——)

|

%

&

B

> ,:;

.MANGALORE

PUBLISHED BY C. STOLZ

BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY

1872

.

R o

ey

G

—

p—

N -

—

G

<>

Ry

(3] ESCF

o

\"x

A

f

7

39830

O

o

E

)

)

%

£3

4

e

PRINTED BY STOLZ & REUTHER

pr—

NP PP ——

F-

L9

PREFATORY NOTE.

T

In offering to the public this first attempt at treating the Tulu Langu-

age grammatically, the Author and Publisher trust that it will be wel-

come to all who take an interest in the South Indian Languages, although

they are well aware that a first work of this kind, written as this is,

under a pressure of professional duties, cannot claim perfection.

Tulu is one of the Dravidian Languages, spoken only in the Col-

lectorate of South Canara by about 500,000 people, and is nearly

exactly confined between 12-30 and 13-30 degrees N. latitude, ex-

tending eastward to the foot of the Ghats.

It cannot boast of any

literature in the proper sense of the word, nor has it a character of its

own. In writing, a modification of the Malayalam alphabet was used,

till the Basel Mission Press employed Canarese characters in printing.

This precedent has now been almost generally followed.

The first book ever printed in Tulu, is the Gospel of St. Matthew

lithographed and published in 1842. Within 1847 the whole of the

New Testament was finished, and a new typographical edition of it

was 1ssued in 1859.

Besides this, the following was published at

Ma,ngalfjre: The Psalms, Liturgy, Hymn-Book, First and Second

IV

Catechisms, Old and New Testament Bible Stories, Short Bible Stories,

Prayer-Book, Flattich’s Household-Rules, Congregation-Rules, Selection

of Scripture Passages.

Special acknowledgment is due to A. Burnell Esq. u. c. s., who not

only took much interest in the publication of this book, but facilitated

it by a liberal donation towards the cost of printing.

Mangalore, 14th September 1872.

The

?'&la

Det

latt

and

Ind

30

It}

I,

L

ES

165,

o0

A

ted

GRAMMAR OF THE TULU LANGUAGE

L PART: PHONOLOGY,

1. Chapter: Of the Alphabet.

1. The Tulu language has no alphabet of its own.

Those who formerly wrote in Tulu used to employ Mala-

yalam characters; but more recently the Canarese alpha-

bet has been adopted both in writing and printing; so the

latter may now be considered as the modern Tulu alphabet.

2. In this alphabet there are 15 Vowels, two Medials

and 34 Consonants.

A. Of Yowels.

3. Vowels are either short or long, or diphthongal or

indefinite.

% 0,

Short:

% a,

A i,

o T,

230 1i,

o 6,

¢ 3,

2 1,

e 1,

230 11,

Q &

% 0

Long:

Diphthongal: &ei(ai), T ou

Indefinite: ¢ (as in &), sounded nearly as the French

e in jo. Dr. Lepsius in his Standard Alphabet represents

it by w

B. Of Medials.

4. There are two Medials, viz: o, which is sounded

m, n, or a according to position, and 8 ah.

€. Of Consonants.

5. There are 25 classified and 9 unclassified Conso-

nants, viz:—

Classified Consonants.

Unaspirated. Aspirated. Unaspirated.

Aspirated

Nasal.

Guttural Class 3 ka

2 kha

i ga

% gha

% 1na

nts witk l

Palatal

23 &a

¢3 ¢ha

W ja

oY jha

&0 na

nso

+¥

Cerebral

¢ ta

B tha

@ da

@ dha

£9 na

Dental

3 ta

3 tha

o da

% dha

8 na

o pa

3 pha

2 ba

2o ma

&3 bha

Labia1

Unclassified Consonants.

v

oDya Cra ©la =va 38 S

Sa

X sa, ®© ha, ¥ la

2. Chapter: Of Pronunciation.

TABULAR VIEW OF THE ALPHABET.

6. A. Vowels.

&5 o3 =L grogm 3 Es ed s S

Initial

Medial

Correspond-

Power of the

forms.

and final

ing English

Examples of Vowels and

forms.

Characters.

Vowels.

l

Consonants united

o

like a in about

3° and ¢ become T

ka

”

far

»

»

To

ka

him

”

»

g1

€e

&g

di

%

s _deep

”»

00

- wool

unu

gl 8 M1 o=e o

00

- cool

S-::

;E;

P

pu

gssascc

Obmt

& o 2L slhisl d

»

C

R

bri

5

it

1 e

3

C

5}

mri

35059

(a2}

,, et

03

ye

»

9

”

(]}

mate

3e

Ire

o

”

oy

»

lei

not

3R

S0

b

2

”

4

0

%

note

Ree

S0

b

e 8.0 U8

'j%;%

ou

»

ow

owl

é

”

s Rl R S

OO;

hou

;

The vowels are pronounced according to the directions

given in the preceding tabular view of the alphabet, except

D6 D8 %0, %o which when initials are pronounced ye, ys,

W0, W0; 48, o€9, yenma, O3 yaty, 2,03 wonji, % woda. In a3 yi, 830

1}, the i and 1 have the short and long sound of the French

ou 1n beurre.

. Bl 2T Zl <. 2L = qgg_.;_—; S Pl B U e el ot 3 Et ot el

%Tl

——

e

3

7. B. Consonants.

al

it

Sound of the Consonants

with the inherent vowel & q.

EXAMPLES.

1%

racters

nants

the inherent

vowel &

Corresponding

English Cha

1%

Consonants with

Form and position

when combined

with other conso-

14

like

ka

in kalendar

=N

musku

kha

*

-

=

%

oA

paskha

ga

09

”

g2a

, gander

sadguna

gha

melghatta

b

na

nane

Ca

”

cha

»

chapter

23 &3

niséaya

¢ha

i6¢he

J&

”»

Ja

”

jam

s

sajji

el

jha

na

2

nya

”

bunyan

o

Jjhéna

ta

rta

S

”»

m@?taban

:

kasta

tha

DA

Sasthi

da

”

rda

cardamom

baddi

ka

dha

2

5

dridha

b

na

e

patna

ta

7

ta

”

tank

dustu

R,

i

tha

sthala

il

da

tha

”»

”

that

g

(&)

Lo

k)

o

maltondu

pu

dha

siddha

bri

na

”

na

natural

0

C

prayatna

el

ity

Pa

k3]

Pa

”»

parrot

¢

inpi

3’6

pha

A B (oL 20

%]

&

dl

sphatika,

10

ba

”

ba

barrow

o)

So

bobbe

”»

o

*&8*&Ziu—&&’&@é*}—&&@«&“@,%?fgual8-2LLDL£§ dl

bha

2L .

sadbhakti

ot

§0

(&2

ma

”

ma

»

matter

atma

C

et

§0

ya

”

ya

»

yam

SPY o3

anyaya

hon

ra

ra

Q0,9

”

”

rag

prana

la

kb

la

”

lack

materla

1008

va

”»

vVa

”»

van

S

satva

cept

Sa

sha

”

”»

sham

¢ o

Sa

sha

marshal

N

varsa

”

”»

a5

sa

”»

8

2

sat

i

2.0

matsara

3{101]

ha

”»

ha

”

ham

82803 ettt l ad o0 8B B0 8o a0pe 8 B850 d

madhyanha

wgAgUeAC Aag

la

oS a—c){s 5

L\

LN

katle

¥ The preceding sound aspirated,

l*

& a

& a

i

81

e n

e u

o ri

309 11

T ka

39 ka

S ki

Fo ku

T ki

kri

Se ki

Ty kri

o kha

a9 kha

& khi

Do khi

2 khu

o2 khi

&)@ kh;‘i

D khri

- R - | e Y

-

~ga

O 28,

gl

e 81

A gu

AP 2T

Ry

/\53 gll

3 gha

o gha,

$o ghi

se ghl

3o ghu

om ghil

Ty ghri

P ghri

2 na

29 Na

o? ni

& nu

2 N1

., Ll >

V-

3o A1

v

3y il;‘i

Qy‘) nri

23 Ga

o Ca

83 6l

e3¢ 61

230 ¢u

2399 6T

ey Cri

3o

eé@ 6r1

tha

¢ ¢ha

e hi

e3¢ 6hi

3 ¢hu

%% ¢hi

%y ¢hri

65933 ¢hri

-2l

& ja

e&dja

i

e J1

Ju

e i

< jri

235@ Jri

Byjha

W52 jha

®3d jhi

oo¢ jhi

T jhu

W jhil

T jhri

S 29

U‘qop.]hrl

¥ na

oo na

e

S5

ni

e hi

o0 nu

PP Nl

0% ari

03"933 nri

3k

& ta

& ta

& ti

Ee t1

& tu

8o tu

by tri

5

tri

e

«

®¢ thi

3o thu

B thi

thri

© tha

oo tha

® thi

Ty thri

B da

@oda

di

Bedi

@ du

eXoYiki}

By dri

dri

A= <t

sty

¢ dha

7o dha

& dhi

dedhi

7o dhu

7w dhil

Ty hri

B

dhri

A

i

36

& na

£9° 14

o8 ni

&3

e ni

o nu

oL nill

eoy 1l

— 11l

S ta

3° ta

8ti

8e t1

Sotu

S ti

tri

g

-t

gy tri

© tha

o tha

& thi

e thi

%o thu

G thi

[0}

0

> thri

GSOF) thT]

Cls @b

s

T da

oo da

odi

Dedl

o du

B di

Ty dri

553 drl

f= 3

o dha

% dha

2 dhi

e dhi

@>dhu

7w dhil

Ty dhri

o dlyd

il

Sna

SO na

dni

Qe ni

Jonu

S nu

Sy nri

ol

3@ nrl

D pa

DO Pa

& pi

2@ P1

2 pu

Tp pu

Sy pi

z)’é@_pﬁ

-\.p‘

% pha

o pha

% phi

¢ phi

P phu

7 phu

¥y phri

Ty Phul

)

2 ba

239 ba

ed bi

ede bl

200 hu

2w b

P bri

3h

e3 bha

2o° bha

&) bhi

¢de bhi

¢3> bhu

o3 bhi

O bhyi

P bhri

)

DO Mma

RI9 Ma

o mi

05O M1

R mu

S mi

Shy mri

= AL mri

]

oS ya

0359 ya

oo yi

0359 y1

o3 yu

o3 YU

O30y yri

033033 yri

0'?3 ]

T ra

T 13

ori

oe r1

Toru

e ri

Ty i

5@ rr1

3 ()

ola

ovla

o li

Qe ll

o lu

owld

oy i

5@ ].Tl

§

l

S Va

PR

D vi

¢ V1

v

e v

By vri

5@3 vri

[}

3 8a

EORT]

3§

Fofu

ERORT]

o8

3y fri

Qja STl

.8

=0 83

D\ 8

S\

§1

0 Su

tSWOR i1

=y §i

M& Srl

§

-,%

T sa

o 8a

& 81

Je st

eS

o su

T 81

'N)@ Sg‘i

(\,‘Jc) Srl

i

= ha

&° ha

& hi

o hu

= hi

< hrl

Soe hi

Wy hri

¢la

o

¢l

geli

¢ lu

Yl

Yol

%})933 lrl

;

PEEREES

5

——

AY:)

el

20

&0

35 ou

cam

S ah

F ke

ek

ﬁog kei

F ko

Twoe ko

5o kou

—"55 kam

Fskah

a5°» khou

o0 kham

23 khah

il

khe

3¢ khs

3% khei

D kho

Dwee kho

1

~ogou

Ao gam

7% gah

7 ge

ne g‘e

ﬁé gel

A g0

APe g0

i

Poghe

LS8

gh

$so gho

$reeghd

7079 ghou

oo gham

p:¢ ghah

e

?.iaé ghei

Il

< ne

]

‘3’02 nei

=R 110

Boe 10

27°® hou

20 ham

&3 nah

25-® dou

23 o Gam

233 ¢ah

I

23 Ge

e

?ﬁé del

235 60

3500 60

5 the

::

cpse 6ho

g5°® ¢hou

o sham

2 shah

11

eie ¢ha

E

e S ¢hei

me ¢ho

Zje

N

8

= jo

=00 j0

e’ jou

eso jam

&2 jah

ééjei

T jhe

Bye jhe

$15¢ jhei

B jho

Bose jho

T’ jhou

o jham

s jhah

Jhn

o3 hah

Il

% fe

e ne

"%’é nei

w2 N0

?’gffae 10

o379 nou

oronam

&te

&e te

&we to

&7 tou

&o tam

&3 tah

1

éﬁé tel

&E» to

g}

3 the

B the

B tho

Bsee tho

©°® thon

Botham

B3 thah

6’9& thel

1

B de

?ed

f{g dei

ww do

Boe do

@°® dou

@o dam

@ dah

hri

% dhe

e dhe

e { dhei

s dho

wwoe dho

% dhou

Bo dham

73 dhah

T 16

e s

210

T‘%me no

£ nou

$90 nam

oe$ nah

111

]

I\‘fgaé nei

S te

Se te

30 to

Swe to

3¢ toun

So tam

32 tah

1

§$ tel

il

D the

Weths

54 thei

B tho

Do tho

°® thou

®o tham

2 thah

oo dou

To dam

3 dah

i

Bde

Beds

3¢ del

Bndo

Swe do

B dhe

Bedh

Bwee dho

o°® dhou

To dham

o2 dhah

?35 dhei

Bwo dho

ih’:i

S ne

Sené

310

Seoeno

S9nou

Sonam

32 nah

1l

% nel

D pe

~¢pe

ﬁcg pei

2P po

e po

27 pou

To pam

=3 pah

)

% phe

e ph

% phei

0 pho

3pe pho

379 phou

$opham

33 phah

:]ilﬁ

23 be

2eb

239 bo

Z3w0e bo

e5°® hou

2)0 bam

23 bah

i

ESX bei

85 bhe

eSobhe

&35 bho

g5woe bho

25°® bhou

¢30 bham

¢33 bhah

pﬁé bhei

hhg?

Some

P30 mé

= 5 mei

S Mo

S0 mo

=070 mou

o mam

22 mah

1l

OS;M’

O

T-Q\o

<O

o3> ye

ye

0335 yei

o3& yo

o3we yo

o35 you

030 yam

yah

e_ﬂi

Bre

Be ré

S5 10

Bee 10

'O:@ rou

TO ram

Te rah

11

6’5 rei

Ble

Sels

Bwlo

Swelo

©’9 lou

©o lam

o3 lah

1

65 lei

= ve

7]

vé

7’% vel

PP VO

X0 V0

SO vou

0 vam

=8 vah

1l

)

3 80

37 fou

$sah

3 e

:

'éeg Sel

B0 §0

To fam

g

= Se

LSV

B 0

Bwoe 80

o° fou

oo §am

28 8ah

’3\5 Sel

i

X se

8e

Do 80

Joe 50

=7 sou

o sam

- 5

(QVX)

sah

gl

73& sel

% he

he

Eéé hei

%/ ho

Zuoe ho

&°® hou

o ham

hah

b

le

Tle

;E

§‘5‘é lei

Dw lo

Felo

g’ lou

¢o lam

¢/glah

i}

The following fourteen Consonants are pronounced like

the English letters by which they are represented: % ka, i ga,

¢

zéca, % ja ©pa 2ba, S0 ma, o ya, Sra, ©la, = va, nearly 3

R sa, X ha.

8. The remaining Consonants do not correspond to the

:

letters of the English alphabet.

The following are dental

letters; they must be pronounced with the tip of the tongue

between the front teeth:

3 ta, @ tha, & da, ¢ dha, S na.

9. The following are cerebral letters:—

¢ ta, O tha, @ da, 3 dha, 0 na; = fa, ¥ la

(Tables showing the alphabet with the combinations of the Vowels and Con-

sonants)

0

¢. Syllables.

10. The short vowel is inherent in the initial or com-

plete form of every consonant; so that every letter is

Thus

capable of being a complete syllable

00023 ku-ru-bey

foll

shepherd; =053 a-ma-sa-ra, haste; sow ki-dy, forest

1eq1

11. When a syllable is formed of two or more conso-

3

nants and one vowel, the vowel is always joined to the

first or uppermost consonant, but sounded after the last or

lowest one; thus: % kli, 30{5 tyn, A A€ strl,

%@U

.8_)

—«guzé 2 —23 3y, eﬁ

— 3

e

323—“‘

no —

s

x—v

o

N — O

2:5_.

%

Qj,

gg,

Eia-eg A

°Jd

(;i

g

e,

3

i

N

3 —0308

e

03

Q,

i

5

28

303

%—eﬁ

S

2:}8——- (oPO]

}?

2 )

—naoé SEEE

SR T3

T — AT

5 A, — 9

TE’

=

3" W

12. The half letter £ » is pronounced before the letter

thap

or syllable which in writing precedes it; thus: SAF varga,

class; 9373 kartave, Liord; @»2Fod hortande, except

C”’ ¥

R

d. Double Consonants.

M‘ 3.’

13. Most of the consonants are capable of redupli-

cation, as with unchanged form of under-written consonants;

(

&3

resils

o)

=)

5

sa

Q..

(AN

>a!

With pa1t1ally changed form of under-written conso-

nants:

%_3_3 T{{\a :ja

o

’eijﬁ

&

%

)C‘%)

Q?

RN

LIPS

S

é’

B2

) .,bp) s’

16

07&:)\,

’;’\)a

@5

[o0)

¥

al

ith entirely changed form of under-written consonants:

G

c

16

—9

FOHIONE oﬁoq, S 9

3. Chapter: Of Euphony

Ol

14. Euphony occasions the elision, 1115611;101), and per-

mutation of letters.

a. Elision.

i}

15. When a word ending in @a, i e0u orfuis

1

followed by an affix commencing with a vowel, euphony

hey

requires elision as follow

2,03 TH BBIBI=2), 0 STTOTVHY; WS T-TFB=2303

FTOH; SR+

30

g

PR ; AP0+ =NRP0823; WITF+BoT WIHVT° etc

he

ol

b. Insertion.

16. Sometimes o n is inserted; as, PRT4TF+BTRL=0R3

i

TOTOE e.ssﬂsé+a‘+eﬁfo%ﬁ—@;$oémvo§o

i

¢. Permutation.

17. In compound words sometimes the consonant is

el

changed; as, 3onr3,& instead of 5ovr3 S; Sonox for

F° 30

4

e @oﬁ&for boﬁ%é, mooﬁéfor aﬁaoa*‘%’&

Remark: In the declensions of nouns and pronouns hard and soft

consonants are, for the sake of euphony, frequently exchanged; as, To23

for F:038: 898 for Sus; ToOT for Todh: S3etd for ZS3a3

e 1 >0 0 T 0T D e

ph

nfs:

II. PART: ETYMOLOGY.

1. Chapter: Of the Formation of Words.

belu

DISTINCTION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR ORIGIN.

L

18. The Tuluvas have adopted many words from

the languages, they have come in contact with; here we

find in their vocabulary a., pure Tulu, 4., pure Sanscrit,

stup

¢., corrupted Sanscrit, d., Canarese, e., Hindustany and

HSSS

1., foreign words.

Examples of pure Tulu words: @ef illy, house; 20023 banji,

2, i

belly; 5030 patera, word; 3.2 yedde, good; =@3 padike, bad; ete.

W

01

Examples of pure Sanscrit: 2,8 priti, love; ded niti, jus-

Wy

E

tice; rody gurn, master.

.3

Examples of corrupted Sanscrit:

DA

prafne, question

AN

(%23, praina); AR, sonne, o; WREHT (BRe5 o) bodhane, advice.

Examples of (pure) Canarese: 33308 Seremane, confine-

ment; BaE 3% hotfekicheht, envy; $9vz5¢ tiluvalike, knowledge.

)

Examples of Hindustany: 599 (&509) kili (khali) empty;

and

s3o% (259R) khasi (khdsa), OWnj Sod (8293, 209%%) kusi (khudd, khuid ),

(will) glad.

3

Examples of foreign words: Rweo (Foo) salam (salamu);

BReEFF corty, court; To TeIT® kallakatary, collector.

gﬁﬁét

DISTINCTION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR FORM.

it

19. There are Primitive, Derivative and Compound

o

Words.

a. Primitive Words.

&ye,\g

ju—y

. Verbs: Sowo> nambu, believe; st kattn, build.

Of a1

. Nouns: 300 mara, tree; 3¢ kally, stone; Sonels, ground, ete.

03) il

. Pronouns: o3vowF yany, I; & &, that; w2 inéi, hither.

0r )

g:

. Numerals: 2023 wonji, one; £3°, patty, ten; o paka, SOME;

W

3# %0 nidy, hundred, ete.

thty

r—

9

—

b. Derivative Words.

1. Verbal derivatives: as, 80201 nambige, trust (o200 nambuy,

believe); o, talme, patience (from szowh); =& katta and =&

katte, bundle (from 3 kattu)

om

2. Other derivatives:

we

a) Ending in :«5 tva, 33 tana, 13 ge: a8, 208 80655:% buddhihinatva,

it

stupidity; o3:3 3% yeddetana, goodness; doem aﬁ malla,dlge, great-

nd

1ness

b) Ending in mod gare, =03 vante, 4 i, *‘29\33 iite, N sthe, 2 ke:

o]l

as, 33PERTO3 mosagare, deceiver; W 303 buddhwante, wise man;

ee

qszpm@ vyabhitari, an adulterer; w@w% papiite, a sinner; PIESE)

5

o= vyaparasthe, 2 merchant, a seller; ©3wez3 3 bodhake, a teacher

¢) Ending in ¢°ly, & di: as, 301+ magaly, a daughter; Swe

1011

o300 mosagaredi, a deceitful woman

iy

C. Compound Words.

N

20. Compound words may be formed by the union of two

|ge

nouns or by affixing pronouns to the genitive case of nouns

)ty,

81y

and to participles,as will be seen from the following examples

@) Union of two nouns: %32%¢3 hirekiita, presbytery; 2ec®

B3, nirukutta, dropsy; <o

05593 papaparihara, forgiveness of sin

i

21. b) Affixing pronouns to the genitive case of nouns

,0375003y pritidaye ( 033+ 3030 pritida 4-aye) IOVLI‘, \)Q\%CSB%?‘

pritidaly (5,0 3T+ S pritida+aln); 3,0 3woT0%0 pritidakulu (,0353+ SN

and

%o pritidatakulu), lovers; ¢ ool patnadaye (283 patnada+ 03

aye,—%° aly,—w3) avy,— %0 akulu,—0T0%0 eikulu), citizen

) Affixing pronouns to participles which, for the sake

of euphony, requires the insertion of the letter &° ny: S0¥),T

ete

03> malpunaye (So¥omalpu&° nu4e303) aye,— &3%° aly,—e953) avi) maker

el

or one that makes; =%, T930%0 malpunakulu (0% malput-&* ny+

onIEs

&% akuln,—030%0 eikulu) makers or things that make; 203 w0

03, battinaye (28, batti+T 11303 aye,—&I%° aly,—a3) avu), one that

2

i i

came; w3 ToToF battinakulu (208, bafti+ s ny+sTI% akulu,— TR

3

eikulu), persons or things that came.

sdaf

siste

2. Chapter: Of Parts of Speech.

L

22. There are five principal parts of speech viz: Nouns,

0 ]

one,

Pronouns, Numerals, Verbs and Particles.

FIRST SECTION: NOUNS.

thus;

Mo

23. Nouns are of three kinds, viz: Substantive, Adjective,

and Adverbial.

1. OF SUBSTANTIVES.

a. Gender of Substantives.

C® oy

ity

24. Substantives are of three Genders: Masculine,

Inen

Feminine, and Neuter.

five

25. The names of men and gods are Masculine, those

the |

of women and goddesses Feminine, animals and inanimate

it}

objects are generally Neuter.

The word «w° any, male, is

by s

often prefixed to show the male sex; as, wm:5od3 anybale, a

male infant; e 2 anypili, a tiger.

N

26. The word peay ponny, female is often prefixed to

26

show the female sex; as, Bpeay o popqubile, & female child;

33;99@8% O ponnupili, a tigress.

3D

27. There are some exceptions to the above rulé; thus:

§ 4

b I

25083 bile, a child, is generally and 23 jana, a person or people,

6. 4

frequently Neuter; as, wod 5t5%,0a* hile puttundy, a child is born;

(Y

®Y WIF,0% jana battundy, the people have come.

81

b. Number of Substantives.

28. Substantives have two numbers: Singular and Plural.

29. The Plural is formed by adding «f ' or %o Iy’

Cage

or 3050 kulw’ to the singular; as, 3Fs kartave, lord, T3F30°

Valy

kartavery, lords; s3.e28 msji, table, =3)e23%0 mgjilu, tables; zoo

I

temy

kuri, sheep, T00%0%s kurikuly, Sheep.

Slop,

e N s

SEACN

30. Plural Substantives of relationship terminate in

eszé;} adlu; as, eaa’ssaézég) ammadly, fathers; ﬁ%@egoﬁsadg) sahodriyadlu,

sisters.

-

g

31. When the cardinal numbers are used in reference

ouns,

to persons, the word g jana may be added to zeo2d wonj,

one, and either w3 or =vo% mande to all the other numbers;

thus: 208 02 wonji jana, one person; St w& raddy jana or TF

ehive,

3903 raddy mande, two persons.

¢. Declension of Substantives.

39. Substantives have 8 Cases viz:

Nominative, Ge-

nitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative, Ablative or Instru-

uline,

mental, Communicative and Vocative. Of these the Nomina-

tive singular is the same as the crude form of the word;

those

the formation of the Nominative plural has been explained

imate

in the preceding paragraph, the remaining cases are formed

ale, 18

by adding affixes to the Nominative.

biley &

Cases.

Affixes.

Plural.

Singular.

Nominative

a, 53U, e etc.

of 1y, $01u, T kulu

ed 10

Genitive

e9a, 3ta, Bda

Sre, Sleo

child:

Dative

g, 3°ky, nogy, 3ku

3N regu

Accusative

Sre, S lenu

ny, Sonu

; thus:

Locative

@ du, &°ty, Rody, e fu

S ledy

»eople1

Ablative or Instru.

& dudy, @ dudu

¢ ledudy

shorny

Communicative

Rda, tta

Sz leda

O =0 2Oy Qs 00 TIND st

Vocative

Bers, Bels

eS8, w0

33. There are b declensions or modes of forming the

[?lural.

cases of substantives by adding the above-mentioned affixes,

g I

varying principally according to the termination of words

470

in their crude form.

They are therefore conveniently

g 70

termed a., declension in e a; b., declension in »i; c.,declen-

sion in @ou; d., declension in e, and e. declension in € u.

2*

e 10

Subs

2410 Declension:

1sr EXAMPLE.

1. Personal noun—Crude form:

e%&ga

Singular.

Nom.

eﬁﬁoéamma,, a mistress.

EDA

Genit

@sﬂoéamma, of a mistress.

(T

Dat

93;’)0&“‘ ammagy, to a mistress.

(T

Accus

&Sﬁoé ° ammany, a mistress.

m@a

Locat

eadoézsg ammady, in a mistress.

(T

Ablat

e.sdoécsé ammadudy, from, by or through a mistress.

eﬁzﬂ@

Comm

eﬂa’mézé ammada, to a mistress.

Ay

QO e S e QR S SO ND,

Vocat

@Sﬂsaéamma, O mistress!

i

3H. 2xp EXAMPLE.

[\V]

- Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form: 3= jiva, life

(with

Singular.

Nom

2303 jiva, life.

Gen

BeST jivada, of life.

Dat

23053PT jivogu, to life.

E

Accus

2303p jivony, life.

e

Locat

PR jivoduy, in life.

G

§

Ablat

z%efyad% jivodudu, from, by or through life.

i

Comm

WeSR jivada, to life.

o

OSSN @Y SOt el - G N

Vocat

230539 jiva, O life!

iy

— 13 —

on;

Substantive ending in wa.

I

33y, amma, mistress.

Plural.

eﬂa’bém%o#o ammanakulu, mistresses.

eﬂdoéaa%’o@ ammanakule, of mistresses.

eadoéa‘a%o@n‘ ammanakulegy, to mistresses.

@ﬁdémvﬁoeé’a‘ ammanakuleny, mistresses.

eﬁﬁo@@%&ﬁ?:@‘ ammanakuledy, in miétresses.

©539,59309%° ammanakuledydy, from, by or through mistresses

Qﬁ;ﬂ&é{f@%&@d ammanakuleda, to mistresses.

ea;ioém%fo%?e ammanakuls, O mistresses!

(with the soft consonants).

Tt

Plural.

23053P B jivoly, lives.

2305309 jivole, of lives.

WP BNY jivolegy, to lives.

230PP T’ jivoleny, lives.

2P ST jivoledu, in lives.

23663;9%355; jivoledudu, from, by or through lives.

0P IR jivoleda, to lives.

23es3p%e jivols, O lives!

Lol ¥ BT

36. 3rp EXAMPLE.

b., Crude form: )3 mars, a tree

(wi]

Singular.

Y

Nom.

300 mara, a tree.

Gen

D

2003 marata, of a tree.

s

Dat

SoBPB maroku, to a tree.

A

Accus

$08HP maronuy, a tree.

Locat

s

$080¢3 maroty, in a tree.

ol

Ablat.

ﬁo&@&% marodudu, from, by or through a tree.

BVl

Comm

539006 marata, to a tree.

(0 IAERIK N IR o I OA ST~ S SO 1)

Vocat

3009 mara, O tree!

i

37

11. Declension

Sub

1st EXAMPLE.

1

Personal nouns—Crude form

R

Singular.

Nom

=

DD

%)

35,5590 pravadi, a prophet.

-

W

Gen

e,

3,598 pravadi, of a prophet.

3

Dat

&

o pravadigy, to a prophet.

oD

Accus

S0

%,590%" pravading, a prophet.

Locat

-

Dl

)

2,500 %° pravadidy, in a prophet.

%

Ablat.

c

@Qaa

5o0@ pravadidudy, from, by or through a prophet.

7

Comm

N6

©,5000 pravadida, to a prophet.

Vocat

;i

To003>¢ pravadiys, O prophet!

;

g

W G

free

(With the hard consonants).

Plural.

$08RB% marokulu, trees.

S08R TS marokule, of trees.

FOBRTSTY marokulegy, to trees.

F0BPTS T marokuleny, trees.

S8R BPT* marokuledy, in trees.

5&&@%&5@2 marokuledudu, from, by or through trees

FBRTOSA marokuleda, to trees.

BRI ma;rokulé, O trees!

oD

Substantive ending in = e

form

<790 pravadi, a prophet.

Plural.

,500%0 pravadily, prophets.

)

1‘3)'&3@@@ pravadile, of prophets.

:.ﬁ)maeé’n‘ pravadilegu, to prophets.

£,35909 % pravadileny, prophets.

%,=500% e pravadiledy, in prophets.

:.333‘@@%355; pravadiledudy, from, by or through prophets.

, 75909 pracadileds, to prophets.

gmaé‘e pravadils, O prophets!

e A o

Crude form: 38359 naramani, 2 man

Singular.

Nom

SO=59Q naramani, a man.

NI

Gen

ﬁddsaés naramanya, of a man.

D

Dat

203

§dd®§6ﬂ‘ naramanyagy, to a man.

Accus

ROy

55655@2365‘ naramanyany, a man.

Locat

dd;ﬂs@é‘ga‘ naramanyady, in a man.

03

Ablat.

ddds@;%aé naramanyadudy, from, by or through a man

W

Comm

GO}

25633535655 naramanyada, to a man.

(072 0 et P o o BRI ~ SEESH S 6 i o)

Vocat

ClinbY

édﬁ@ﬁ% naramanya O man!

38. 2xp EXAMPLE.

i

623 il

2. Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form

Singular.

Nom

230023 maji, a table.

Hiey

Gen

3002303 majida, of a table.

e

¥

Dat

3300231 majign, to a table.

et

g

Accus

30023%° mejiny, a table.

R

5

Locat

330023%° mejida, in a table.

QU

Ablat.

530623 mejidudy, from, through or by a table.

et

Comm

3300237 méjida, to a table.

e

Vocat

$30e2303se mejiys, O table!

e

SRR e

a1,

Plural

zﬁdsﬁms%c‘ naramanyeru, men.

635535@3,58 naramanyere, of men.

éd;ﬁm%aﬁ‘ narémanyereglg, to men.

aﬂdﬁm;ﬁ{gﬁ# naramanyerent, men.

RO 8 naramanyeredy, in men.

man

§G5®E§68C§; naramanyeredudy, from, by or through men

56355@;3«8 3@ naramanyereda, to men.

Eﬁdaﬁsa{s’%ae naramﬁnyeré, O men!

form:

30623 maji, a table (with soft consonants).

Plural.

33002380 majilu, tables.

5300228 majile, of tables.

33002397 majilegu, to tables.

300233 ¢ majileny, tables.

2300239 majiledu, in tables.

306&93@; méjiledudy, from, through or by tables.

23000 8R mejileda, to tables.

230ee33¢ majils, O tables!

.

39. 3rp EXAMPLE.

b., Crude form: 200 kur, a sheep

(w

Singular,

Nom

FoD kuri, a sheep.

)

Gen

%03 kurita, of a sheep.

D

Dat

F00T* kuriky, to a sheep.

R

A

Accus

FoO kuriny, a sheep.

Locat

FoDF kurity, in a sheep.

W

Ablat.

o0& kuridudy, from, by or through a sheep.

%

Comm

Fo0&] kurita, to a sheep.

%

(0 oGRS [N o R DY) WL il ()

Vocat

T

F0003s¢ kuriys, O sheep!

40. III. Declension

1st EXAMPLE.

1. Personal noun—Crude form

T~

Singular.

——

Nom.

1By gury, a priest.

Gen

1Ty gury, of a priest.

Dat

noBoBY guruku, to a priest.

Accus.

NnoToRy gurunu, a priest.

Locat

1oToedd guruty, in a priest.

Ablat.

noBomy gurududy, from, by or through a priest

Comm

nodotd guruta, to a priest.

e sy RN e i A T s SN

(0 0 88E TN BN R PSR D G M|~ SR oL R X!

Vocat

nodwe gurd, B3¢ guruvs, O priest!

e 00 =

heep

(with hard consonants).

Plural.

BO0T S0 kurikulu, sheep.

F0B0% kurikule, of sheep.

T0OBTSN kurikulegy, to sheep.

BOOBY T kurikuleny, sheep.

To0TPE kurikuledy, in sheep.

T3¢ kurikuledydy, from, by or through sheep.

To0BOPR kurikuleda, to sheep.

F0TLe kurikuls, O sheep!

1012

Substantive ending in v,

Il

R8s guru, a priest.

Plural.

NOTOTOSY gurukulu, priests.

Ro80BY gurukule, of priests.

ROBOTOSN® gurukulegy, to priests.

mda%\’dﬁa‘ gurukuleny, priests.

BT we gurukuledy, in priests.

R8T gurukuledudy, from, by or through priests.

RoBT0PA gurukuleda, to priests.

nRoByToPe gurukuls, O priests!

d&

Y

41

2np EXAMPLE.

2. Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form:

Singular.

Nom.

230y, bolpu, light.

Gen

3

RRF T bolpuda, of light.

Dat

2R $y, 1 bolpugy, to light.

Accus

23099, 3> bolpuny, light,

Z

Locat

239%),7@) bolpudy, in light.

2

Ablat.

WR¥3) bolpududu, from, by or through light.

Comm

239%9),3 bolpuds, to light.

:

(o s S B o I < 3 B - S SR )

Vocat

B3R %,¢ bolps, O light!

2

42

3rp EXAMPLE.

b., Crude form: Ip pd, a flower

(1

Singular.

Nom

(%t

Py, a flower.

§

)

Gen

o

3 pﬁta,' of a flower.

;

Dat

RPTO piky, to a flower.

§

Accus

TP pliny, a flower.

§

Locat

P plity, in a Aower.

X

Ablat.

35;935% pududu, from, by or through a flower.

X

Comm

P8l pita, to a flower.

}

(0 SRRV RR o BRI oL LR e (L 1)

Vocat

=P ph, O flower!

;

Bl SR

230, bolpy, light (with soft consonants).

Plural.

B0 HY, % bolpuly, lights.

23@%?&@ bolpule, of lights.

B0 &, ¥ bolpulegy, to lights

?.3@?&@5’)5 bolpuleny, lights.

BR P, ST bolpuledy, in lights

B3R¥,9& bolpuledydy, from, by or through lights.

BR$Y 93 bolpuleda, to lights.

zSJa%*gﬁe bolpuls, O lights!

el

(with hard consonants).

Plural

TPTOL plikuly, flowers.

TRTOS plkule, of flowers.

TPTOSTY pikulegy, to flowers.

PSS plkuleny, flowers.

PTPT pikuleduy, in flowers.

3@’}3%&%3:32 pukuledudu, from, by or through flowers.

TPTISA plikuleda, to flowers.

TpTose pikuls, O flowers!

— 2

g

Al 1Y Declen.sion:

1st EXAMPLE.

1

Personal noun—Crude form:

Pl

Singular.

Nom.

%373 kartave, a lord.

7

Gen

T3F 3 kartava, of a lord.

<

Dat

TIFINT kalztavagg, to a lord.

Accus

F3Fa° kartavany, a lord.

Locat

F3F = kartavady, in a lord.

Ablat.

%’éF‘;ﬁCg; kartavadudy, from, by or through a lord.

3

Comm

T3 3@ kartavada, to a lord.

=15

@ = & Ot = W DN

Vocat

T30 kartava, O lord!

44. 2xp EXAMPLE.

3

2. Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form

Singular.

=

Nom.

23e&3 bale, work.

]

Gen

3eS3% beleda, of work.

%

Dat

3e3ne bélégq, to work.

i

Accus

eS¢ baleny, work.

2

Locat

eSS beledy, in work.

i

Ablat.

%36@3&3; beledudu, from, by or through work.

Comm

3eSA beleda, to work.

N

(0 JSEERC N (IR oL O BRI T L)

Vocat

3ed3e bals, O work!

¥

e B8

It

Substantive ending in oe.

T3733 kartave, a lord.

Plural

TZF30° kartavery, lords.

T3r 30 kartavere, of lords.

F3Fs30Nn° kartaveregy, to lords.

TIF 3 kartaverenu, lords.

TIF 30 kartaveredy, in lords.

TSFa38c° kartaveredydy, from, by or through lords.

T3 3300 kartavereda, to lords.

T3F30¢ kartavers, O lords!

m

3¢S bale, work.

Plural

3035 belelu, works.

eSS halele, of works.

3eSSne balelegy, to works.

3eS3BT° balelenu, works.

e3P baleledu, in works.

?38&3%3&;; beleledudy, from, by or through works.

3¢ 3B baleleda, to works.

JeSSe belels, O works!

o,

3rp EXAMPLE.

(!

b., Crude form: 9569 kudike, a fox.

Singular.

Nom

F00F kudike, a fox.

Gen

FoDT kudika, of a fox.

Dat

F00TY kudikagy, to a fox.

?

G

Accus

F00T kudikany, a fox.

Locat

FoDTE* kudikady, in a fox.

Ablat

0T kadikadydy, from, by or through a fox.

3

Comm

200FR kudikada, to a fox.

3

7

P =3Oy L QU R O ND

Vocat

FoDFo kudika, O fox!

45. 4ru EXAMPLE.

c., Crude form: 33 tare, a head

(v

Singular.

Nom

33 tare, a head.

g

Gen

333 tareta, of a head.

Dat

333° tareky, to a head.

g

Accus

33 tareny, a head.

¥

g

Locat

306 tarety, in a head.

&

Ablat

3853’; taredudu, from, by or through a head.

¥

Comm

33¢J tareta, to a head.

2

Vocat

g

(

33¢ tars, O head!

S

X

(with a pveculiar plural forfn “oF rlun),

Plural.

FOOTHOF kudikerlu, foxes.

TOTYr kudikerle, of foxes.

0TI kudikerlegy, to foxes.

FOTSF < kudikerleny, foxes.

FOFTSFT kudikerledy, in foxcs.

%3063"0993%‘@; kudikerledudu, from, by or through foxes

TSR kudikerleda, to foxes.

FoOTSer kudikerls, O foxes!

(with the hard consonants).

oad

Plural.

33%) tarelu, heads.

33 tarele, of heads.

3381 tarelegy, to heads.

338" tarelenu, heads.

23S tareledy, in heads.

38@6353 tareleduduy, from, by or through. heads.

3393 tareleda, to heads.

30%¢ tarels, O heads!

o

Most of the Masculine Proper Names are declined

according to the 4th Declension.

46

V. Declension

1st EXAMPLE.

1

Personal nouns—a., Crude form

Singular. .

Nom

Sl ﬁ:ng, & b()y.

Gen

€369 ana, of a boy.

Dat

e3e9n® anagn, to a boy.

Accus.

©360* anany, a boy.

Locat

e3¢0%° anady, in a boy.

Ablat.

560w anadydy, from, by or through a boy.

Comm

300w anada, to a boy

P =3 & Ot = W DN =

Vocat

e388¢ ang, O boy!

47

2no EXAMPLE.

b., Crude form

Singular.

Nom.

730:30° davery, God.

o A 5 e A

Gen.

230533 davere, of God.

Dat

30338 daveregy, to God.

Accus

230:30° davereny, God.

T

Locat

%0385 daveredy, in God.

{

Ablat.

('36?38@6‘; dsveredudy, from, by or through God

Comm

30333 devereda, to God.

W =3 O Ot = W N =

Vocat

B3es338e davers, O God!

i A At 0

caPw L

(

Substantive ending in € u

o any, 2 boy.

Plural

e3620%0 anuly, boys.

3600% anule, of boys.

e9e20B 1Y anulegy, to boys.

e300 anuleny, boys.

30209 anuledy, in boys.

8:39‘9093@; anuleduduy, from, by or through boys

3620% anuleda, to boys.

&3e00%¢ anuls, O boys!

m

B3¢3c° devery, God.

Plural.

030338080 daverulu, gods.

333009 daverule, of gods.

B3ea3c08n® deverulegy, to gods

Q03009 daveruleny, gods.

03¢3308%° deveruledy, in gods

5383‘35&93552 deveruledudu, from, by or through gods.

30333083 deveruleda, to gods,

3ex3808¢ daveruls, O gods!

4!

AL

&

Remark: Though z¢=3c¢ davery is a plural form, a second

48

3rp EXAMPLE.

2. Impersonal noun—Crude form:

=3 |

Singular.

Nom.

=0’ F mardy, a medicine.

5

Gen

S0’ F o marduda, of a medicine.

3

Dat

200 mardugy, to a medicine.

3

Accus

2GS marduny, a medicine.

5

Locat

200 F i mardudy, in a medicine.

Ablat.

;im"r'a; mardududy, from, by or through a medicine.

21

Comm

=0 £ marduda, to a medicine.

21

(6 o U (iR oy 5 ECOL BRI = S O U RG] o)

Vocat

Sorwer mardo, O medif:ine!

N(SUNS oF

R

49. Nouns of Relationship require the addition of

4

nouns of relationship ending in © a are declined like

1

like nouns of 2nd Declension.

a., Crude form:

¥

Singular.

1. Nom.

eﬁﬁoéamme, a father.

2. Gen.

eﬁaﬁ%amma, of a father.

3. Dat.

®[YN* ammagt, to a father.

g

&c

&e

S TR

i

plural is formed by affixing & lu,

>V ~la mardq; a medicine.

Plural.

SORFSY mardulu, medicines.

SRFS mardule, of medicines.

SOBF S mardulegy, to medicines.

SRFSS marduleny, medicines.

S0BF ST marduledy, in medicines.

3)30530?%?@; marduledudy, from, by or thFO;lgll medicines.

STRF SR marduleda, to medicines.

S0F$e marduls, O medicines!

RELATIONSHIP.

OF

of

&%) adly, (99F) niklu) in the plural. In other respecfs the

ke

nouns of the 1st Declension, and those ending in @, or &

339, amme, & father.

Plural.

e:sﬁ&-)ézé% ammadlu, fathers.

e.‘)sib@é% ammadle, of fathers.

Qﬂzﬁsaé%ﬂ‘ ammadlegy, to fathers.

&e

&e

L

b., Crude form: &3 appe, & mother,

Plural.

Singular.

1]

Nom

Qﬁ% appe, a mother.

@%eﬁcé% appeadlu, mothers.

Gen

@33, appe, of a mother.

@%ﬁ'ﬁ% appeadle, of mothers.

fi

Dat

i

33 T appegy, to a mother. @%@%n‘ appeadleguy, to mothers

&e

&e

&e

&e

<L

¢c., Crude form: 5318 mage, a son.

i

Plural.

Singular.

Nom

SN mage, a son.

sﬁon'ea%% magadlu, sons.

2

Gen

3o maga, of a son.

ﬁmazg) magadle, of sons.

i

Dat

53on3° magaky, to a son.

aﬂam%ﬁ‘ magadlegy, to sons.

3

&e

&

&e.

&e

VERBAL NOUNS.

50. Verbal Nouns ending in ©33 (as, 308,853 malpunavy,

Sl

doing or the act of doing) have no plural.

¢l

Singular.

Nom

30%2,853) malpunavy, doing, or the act of doing.

Gen

530%0, %8 malpuneta, of the act of doing.

Dat

0%, 8%° malpuneky, to the act of doing.

Accus.

350%*93556 malpuneny, the act of doing.

)

Locat.

aﬁ&’é&ﬁéf malpuﬁetg, in the act of doing.

Ablat.

i)

530%, 3¢ malpunedudy, from, by or through the act of doing.

SR e e SO0 IND

Comm.

0%, 3¢ malpuneta, to the act of doing.

a8

2. OF ADJECTIVES

51. There are very few Simple Adjectives in the Tula

language

This defect is supplied by turning Substantives

into Adjectives by affixing to them the participles of the

Auxiliary Verbs &2 apini, to become, and 58395, aduppuni,

to be (to have become) and the negative participle mood

5

danti, who, which, and that, have not

52. Examples of Simple Adjectives: 357 posa, new— 3ps

Bo0td posa kuntu, a new cloth; Bpeor porly, fine— Bpewr 2596 porlu

bale, a fine child; o323 yedde, good-—-oﬁoz@ S5onF yedde marga,

a good way.

53. Examples of Periphrastic Adjectives: 2308 bene, pam-—

3¢S 08, bene itti, 3¢ @0F), bene uppu, painful; 3eg T, RoTB

bene uppu sankada, a painful sickness; =3 o kattale, darkness—

$3,8 @8, kattale itti (or uppu) dark (possessing darkness); 23

S 28, Swer kattale itti (o1 uppu) kone, a dark room

54. Negative Adjectives: 18 mo0d I3 gati danti nara

méni, a helpless man

1]

55. The adjective $, kinni, is also used substantively

signifying a young; as: &8 ), ineda kinni, the young of an

clephant; Sweon &Q, korida kinni, a chicken

Comparison of Adjectives

56. There is nothing in Tulu corresponding to the

English terminations er and est (more and most) by which

Adjectives could be compared. Comparison is generally

expressed by construing the Adjective with a noun in the

Ablative Case; as: & 83305 & 3539 3002 03 1 naramanya-

dudy & naramani mallaye, that man is bigger than this man

g

B0t FP3TT o [od imbe materedudy buddhivante, he is the

wisest of all

e i

57. Comparison may also be expressed by the Dative

and Locative Cases. Thus: o8 Bo53037¢ ¥ B33 08 yena-

kuduregy nina kudure malle, to my horse your horse (is) a large

one, or your horse is larger than mine; =3 FoRTIT BT

%308 508 mata kudureledy nina kudure malle, of, or among all

horses your horse (is) a large one, i. e. your horse is the

largest of all.

3..0F ADVEI%BS.

58. Adverbs, like adjectives, are of two kinds: Simple

and Periphrastic.

a. Examples of Simple Adverbs; as: Swea kade, yester-

day; 2 ini, today; o33 yelle, tomorrow; zoozd kande, morning;

B3> baiya, evening; Ppg,a pokkade, vainly, in vain; = sajja,

for a time; 3%72 pettige, immediately; 203 kuda, again; =3r

sarta, straightly; 3ped wore, crookedly; Tosm®s000owm kankane

marankane, ©&:30¢e* adimsly, turned upside down, &e.

b. Periphrastic Adverbs are very freely formed by

affixing eosady, past gerund (of &R apini) and mvod dante

f

(a negative particle) to Substantives and Adjectives; as:

d

Ro3ReR santoke, gladness—=RodweR oo’ santola ady, gladly;

Jpenr porly, beauty— Bpeor ¢ porlu ady, beautifully; Azwge

Vi

b

< samadhana, peace—=RBwges @ samadhana ady, peacefully;

il

m@s& guttu, seclc'et——rbé&g3 oo guttu ady, secretly; =SF sarta,

I

straight—=3r &° sarta ady, straightly; == sama, proper—

R & sama ady, properly; R3 mood gati dante, helplessly.

P

59. Some Adverbs are declined like nouns in the singu-

lar number.

SECOND SECTION: PRONOUNS.

60. Pronouns, like nouns, are of three kinds.

VI1Z

Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial.

o 88 L

v

1. SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS.

0

20

61. Substantive Pronouns are either Personal, Reflexive,

Demonstrative, Interrogative or Indefinite.

0

all

62'

A. Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns.

he

Person.

Singular,

Plural.

0350F2% yenkulu

©7® yany, [

€

ple

1st Pers

J0 nama,

QTI%Y nikulu

2nd Pers

821, thou

you.

el

830 iru

3rd Pers

Proximate.

Remote.

Proximate.

Remote.

g

Masc.

iy

cq0¢3 imbe, he.

& aye, he 20e0 méru

> @551'13.

Fem

Bee¥ molu, she. |& ¢ aly, she | |S#eFowd mokulu

£ 5B akulu

':Z);’

i3F

0R07 inda

Neut.

V0BT undekulu | 0F%0 eikulu,

QA

eNowy undu

{'this. ©J ava, this.

they.

they.

Remark: 1. The plural «3=> nama” of the 1st person has an inclusive

by

meaning; as: IR m&:x%S &3>, nama pEpigphefl} adulla, we are sinners, i. e.

nte

the speaker and the persons spoken to.

The plural “c3:0%5%b yenkulu” has

as:

an exclusive meaning; as: o300Fo%0 5323408 &% yenkulu papisthery adulla,

10

we are sinners; ode 3g, & 3e33e, %o8od Sod andala i, 5 Davers, parisuddha-

|

vante, but thou, O God, art holy. osoloﬁo@o @("” 5, a%ow ziooﬁ@aéa’)s

)

yenkulu, kreistern nikalu musalmaneru, we are Christians, you are Mussulmans,

Iy

not IS {3 &, aFawo BSJJ;'J@J’%@"S nama kreisteru niuklu musalmaneru, because

16ty

in «z=30 nama” the other party would be included.

e

2. The plurals “z3% iry”’ of the 2nd person, and “&08 ary” of 3rd

person are used honorifically when speaking to or of superiors.

i

63.

B. Reflexive Pronouns.

Singular.

Plural.

Zog¢ tany, himself, herself,

3°To%0 tanykulu, them-

W

itself.

selves.

5

e

Remark: 1.

This Pronoun is used with reference to some other Noun

or Pronoun of the third person preceding it.

2. The plural is used honorifically in the second person singular in

the sense of “your honor”’, “your lordship”, ete. when speaking to a person

of rank.

C. Interrogative Pronouns,

64. o3oec® yeru, who? wod dane, what? wer) dadavu, what?

D. Indefinite Pronouns.

65. 20 worl, One man; 23F worti, One woman; 2.0%3 wonji,

one thing, ete. 03360?0 yerla, c3oeTo0oR WD yerandala, any one.

2. OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

66. Adjective Pronouns are either Demonstrative, In-

terrogative or Indefinite.

1

67.

A. Demonstrative,

1

PROXIMATE.

REMOTE.

B 1, this, these.

e3 a, that, those.

e33° aty, so much.

B3¢ ity, so much.

8028 3, inéitti, sucb.

9028 &, anditti, such.

B. Interrogative.

68. =9 va, o da, s9pay) vovu which? o3¢z ysty, how much?

how many? o3:0038, yensitti, what?

€. Indefinite.

69. %O worl, 2&F worti, 202 wonji, a; =oF paka, some;

%03 wonte, little (few), S92 mata, all; ¢ e ancka, many; &oz

dinje, plenty; 2®@% bahala, much.

LBy

un

3. ADVERBIAL PRONOUNS.

n

70. Adverbial Pronouns are either Demonstrative, In-

i}

terrogative or Indefinite.

-

71

A. Demonstrative.

7

i’LACE.

TIME.

MODE.

Remote

Proximate.

Remote.

Proximate.

Remote.

i

Proximate.

\

SR EALER)

953 %0

Qg"(:)(today )

that

ay

milu

here

avulu

)

ini |

ani

3

Qo3

\

090%3

ONL

0d

5F 'I’IOW

e:fwﬁ'

-

inca

)thus

anca

)thus

mulpa

alpa

itte |

apagag then

5ol

80, in

an?.@£>

s0,in

|

this

that

oY

Lles

indene

&,

ancene

way

ide

|

\

hither

de

? thi-

o

20

inéi

andi

2

Interrogative.

MODE.

CAUSE.

PLACE.

TIME.

2%

|

h?

wolu

> where?

w,

wolpa

.;j

D02

(wElew]

Z—

when

how

20

yenda

o ‘ why?

5

|

165

wode

whither?

200

o

wonéi

B*

Lae

3

C. Iudefinite.

PLACE.

TIME.

MODE.

WTIORTD

NPV

0D

wherever.

always.

wolandala,

yepala

yencala

DOLFVORTD

eanyhow.

et

&maozée)a(

yencéandala

worme

everywhere.

whenever.

yepandala |

T30

?.oéjgjﬁ»)

before, in

w0 wora,

once.

wottugu

[ together

dumbu

front.

soon.

0T, LT

e baga,

behind.

Fo® kuda,

again.

pira, piravu

309 mella, slowly.

%59;‘, ssooégj

near, at

FBeR

~ f T)"I"(WTT(\‘I‘IhQ

keitaly, mutta

hand.

kadesa

z late.

kst

D,

302000

\

straightly

nidupa

mitty

pr

tembuda /

R3F sarta,

straight-

30&»@@0

way

33

down.

‘ not yet.

WY s = s e e

tirty

tembudla

2.3 wore,

crookedly

&e

GLEloWN

' 5

in, inside.

ulayi

|

QTION

out, outside.

pidayi

|

8,

around.

sutta

ROBY,53003Y, |

)

roundabout.

suttumuttu s

74. Declensions of Pronouns.

1st PERSON.

9xp PERSON.

Singular.

Plural

Singular.

Plural.

Nom.

830 nama, we.

NTVFY nikuly,

ooo¢ yany, I

030030%0 yenkuluy,

5 1, you or thou. éec? ry, you.

we

you or ye.

Gen

0353 yena, my.

/30 nama, our

030030% yenkule,

2R nina, your or |80 ire, your.

QT0% nikule,

our

thine.

your.

3

Dat

803° nanky, to

0300BVBN® yenku-

03003° yenky, to

2%, nikky, to

0N regy, to

QBSTY nikulegn,

me

us,

legy, to us.

you or to thee.

you

to you.

Accus

o30R® yenany,

DR¢ namany,

0300TP¢ yenku-

QR%¢ ninany, you

Si8s¢ reny, you.

T nikuleny,

me

us

or thee.

lenu, us.

you.

Locat

%

o303z¢ yenady, in

fooz® namady, in

0300T0%w* yenku- | A]8%° ninady, in

Z0a¢ redy, in

BB nikuledy,

me

us

ledy, in us.

you or in thee.

you

in you.

Ablat.

o3ys’ yenadudy,

®306¢ namadydy,

ogoo%oﬁaéyenku- ReE? ninadudy,

ée&sé ireduduy,

:s%o%?cs; nikuled-

from, by or

from, by or

ledudy, from,

from, by or thro-

from, by or

udy, from, by

through me.

through us.

by or through us

ugh you or thee.

through you.

or through you.

Comm

03033 yenada, to

0307 namada, to

0300308R yenku-

QA ninada, to

2383 ireda, to

TPRE nikuleda,

me

us

you or to thee

to you.

leda, to us.

yecu

830%¢ namang,

QBTS¢ nikuls,

Emph

035 9Re yane, my-

0S00B08¢ yeakuls, | G030 Iys, your-

580 18, yourself.

Jorm.

self.

ourselves.

ourselves.

self or thyself.

yourselves

3rp PERSON. (Proxim/ate.)

MASCULINE AND

MASCULINE.

FEMININE.

NEUTER,

FEMININE.

Plural.

Plural.

Singular.

Singular.

Singular.

1. No

20 imbe, he.

390%° moly, she.

SRETVSY mokulu,

eVoRY unduy, this.

evoBTOPoundekulu,these

they.

2. Ge

Doy imbya, his.

3009 mole, her.

SHeToPmokule, their

0033 undeta, of this.

0B TS undekule, of

these.

3. Da

Q0277 imbyagy,

SResn molegy, to

SweBen® mokulegy,

o233 undeky, to

NoBTSY undekulegy,

to him.

her

to them.

this.

to these.

4. Ace

S300S T moleny, her.

3PS mokuleny,

evor3e undeny, this.

NoBTS S undekuleny,

%

B0ty & 'imbya,nq,

him

them.

these.

5. Lo

3008w moledy, in

3ReTST mokuledy,

e0o3¢y undety, in

N o03TST undekuledu,

‘30'@5@6 imbyaduy,

in him.

her.

in them.

this.

in these.

6. 4b

B0 imbyadydy| 30¢$% moledudy,

530¢329° mokuledudy

eroozdes undedydy, from

n0or3BoveE’ undekuledydy,

from, by or thro’ him.

from, etc. her.

from, etc. them

ete. this.

from, etc. these

7. Co

0.0t T imbyada,

330¢%% moleda, to her.

SReTSE mokuleda,

e0o73¢3 undeta, to this.

NonTBT undekuleda,

to him.

to them.

to these.

8. Em

202 8¢ imbyans, | S0e$¢ mole, herself.

SReBoPe mokuls,

eVor3¢ unds, even this.

eNoBTVSe undekuls,

Jorm

himself.

themselves.

even these.

S PEFEFPRSON rPermote D)

L TS

3rp PERSON. (Remote. )

MASCULINE AND

MASCULINE

FEMININE.

FEMININE.

NEUTER.

Plural.

Plural.

Singular.

Singular.

Singular.

Nom.

303 @ye, he.

e5%* aly, she.

©330% akuly, they.

©3y) avy, that.

80B0%0 eikuly, those.

Gen

3030 aya, his.

593 ale, her.

e350% akule, their.

23 eita, of that.

5030 eikule, of those.

Dat

eIO3OTY ayagy, to

397 alegu, to her

TSN akulegy, tothem.

803F° eiky, to that.

BB eikulegy, to those

him.

Accus.

e5030w® ayany, him.

39" aleny, her.

TS ° akuleny, them.

8 einy, that.

8T8 eikuleny, those.

Locat.

O30T ayady, in

33 aledy, in her

33055 akuledy, in them.

5083 eity, in that,

pFos e eikuledy, in those

him

A%lat.

03w ayadudy,

3593:5; ale

dudu,

"o o

@%&%3232 akuleduduy, from,

Si)&é eidudy, from,

509w eikuledudy,

from, ete. him.

ete. them.

ete.

that.

from, etc. her

from, etc. those

Comm.

83 aleda, to her

e30Se akuleda, to them.

50¢J eita, to that.

Slowie éyada:, to

him

$TPR eikuleda, to Fhose

Emp

e3030%¢ dyens,

es33ealens, herself

57080 akuls, themselves.

0933 ¢ avVe, even

2T08¢e eikuls, even those

Jorm

himself.

that.

75. The following Adverbs are only in some cases inflected.

Dative.

Ablative.

Crude form.

Genitive

2ORSY mily, here.

SNE, multa.

2099, multuddu.

09:3)%0 avuly, there.

9P alta.

¢ @ altududy,

2080 wolu, where?

W%, wolta,

20,3y woltuddu,

WY wodegu,

w® wode, whence? whither?

nae ©G oY1 ‘navpep ©0eo {npun

2 ide, hither.

2By idegu.

928 ade, thither.

Y adegu.

202 indi, hitherward.

20283 intida.

.03 7Y indigu,

) oz%as; inéidudu,

i%

©9028 anti, thitherward.

0902853 andida.

oW antigu,

0% C‘S; anéidudy,

%025 wonéi, whither?

2028 & vondida,

%0WT vonéidudu

2Q ini, today.

2 Q3 inita,

2QT° iniku,

VT iniduduy,

TReT kode, yesterday.

SRV kodeda.

SRR kodegu,

BRewsrs kodedudy

O&)@Bm yelle, tomorrow.

038 T yelleda,

oS 1 yellegu.

8w yelledudy.

039023 yellanji, day after tomorrow

0390233 yellanjida,

030¢ o237 yellanjigy,

o3rgorce’ yellanjidudu,

£ Qdcgo “hasm Qicge ‘huwk Qecco oI ‘Auwy Qe :snyJ, ‘SUOISUI[OP 9A0(QE

-

23, itte, now.

@33 itteda.

@3, 1¥ ittegu.

BT itfedqdq.

RO AYI[ ‘npur cpoty fhiowm &dwge oIy ‘Afequir §eeoty {far gse oNI[ ‘M Q&

‘Aao

oy} 0} Surproode pejodpul aI® sunouold Surureured 9y} jeyy :Iewey

e i i Kok

ST

o>

<>

P2 |

<8

e &

the

THIRD SECTION: NUMERALS.

1,

0%

76. Numerals too are, like Nouns and Pronouns, of

three kinds, viz: Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial.

1. SUBSTANTIVE NUMERALS.

1.

%0 wor, one (man); w3 wort, one (Woman); 2023

wonji, one (thing).

23T irvery, two (persons).

K)%Og yelveru, seven (persons).

SWorsed mivery, three (persons).

23¢9, 30073 yenma mande, eight persons.

| &= ittedudu

”

aa%og nalvery, four

20WF 330003 Wormba mande, nine persons.

8330° eivern, five

”

£33, $000 pattu mande, ten

”

»

&e

&e

Qﬁ% o° ajvery, six

Remark: From seven upwards =0c: mande, people” is added to the

number.

2. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS.

| &3, ittegu

78. a., Cardinal Numbers.

20023 wonji

O, raddy

309928 miiji

o naly

| &=, itteda

80T einu

€523 aji

0%* yelu

o9, yenma

Sl fo 98 8L B Mo n D

200 F wormba

© O 3 S OU = W DN =

=

=&, patty

@)

=

234,003 pattonji

(@R}

to

R oo padurady

R 300023 padymiji

O&

oo

itte, nmow

=

-

=5

R o®° padunalu

0%

-

AE=N

Ler}

— 4

028

15

S 3 padyneiny

T 9 padunaji

@/

16

T ey padynelu

bl

17

@)

18

=o* 869, padynenma

e

19

R0 [JWowr padynormba

B3F irva

20

20

:

ARF BP0 irvatonji

20

21

BIFS ow irvatyraddy

0 )

22

:

98

B3F 3 [0 irvatumiji

23

¥

24

;

B RF T TOO° irvatunaly

BRSO irvatyeiny, etc.

A

25

530033, muppa.

ao

30

oo, nalpa

¥0

40

R0

0 eiva

50

¢ O

60

09233 ajipa

=He

70

¢

%, yelpa

o€, yenpa

Sle)

80

R, sonpa

¢ O

90

2

gle]e;

100

SRR nlidu

3

gle]@

101

BR3P0 niitavonji

o9

102

ESJEédZB:B niitaraddu

[P I3 T3 niitamiji, ete.

Nnoa

103

SP3BT, nitapatty, ete.

0no

110

280

150

[RIOD niitaeiva, ete.

LR/RF T irntidu

DO

200

L e . T e =

2N 5‘@,@0 munniidu

a.00

300

¥00

400

TOTTRRY nélgnﬁdu(ﬁ'@é@do nantdu)

O/PIY eintidu

800

500

it

SV IN T ajintdu

&¢00

600

200

Q% IR yeluntdu

700

Sle]e)

800

226, RP T yenmaniidu

WOWFRNTY wormbantdu

¢ Q00

900

S

=90 sara

0,000

1,000

8330003 saratavonji

0,000

1,001

63665(; sarataraddy, etc.

0,009

1,002

3y Y

8gx S, saratapatty

0,000

1,010

D030 3¢ saratairva

0,090

1,020

RTS8, saratamuppa, ete

0,080

1,030

TO03RPIN saratantidu

0,000

1,100

RNOT3DSWFRY saratairntdu, ete.

0,900

1,200

$ 3, AT pattusara

00,000

10,000

R38R, 0W8AT pattonjisara, etc.

00,000

11,000

e)?)\ laksa

0,00,000

1,00,000

20e¢3 koti

0,00,00,000

1,00,00,000

79.

b., Ordinal Numbers.

The Ordinal Numbers are formed by adding the affix

e ane to the Cardinal Numbers.

w0 wonjane

0

1st

SO nalane

¥R

4th

dc% & raddane

93

2nd

ORI einane

2R3

5th

S0P miljane

a3

3rd

£33 pattane NOR

10th

&e.

&c

&ec.

80'

3. ADVERBIAL NUMERALS.

2,0 wora, once.

203970 worvara, once.

2,083 ®8F wonji sarti,

once.

gdpF wairvolu, twice.

masoFJd irvara, a second

ESJJ§J% ) mukkolu, thrice.

time.

d%réé Fraddusarti, twice.

D023 ¥8F miji sarti, 3

SST e nalukolu, 4 times.

002 3 muttara, a 3rd

0FRB) eikolu, or 230%0

time.

times.

Remark: Of this kind

&e

&e.

eivolu, 5 times.

Remark: This form is only | these three -forms only

used up to five.

exist.

FOURTH SECTION: VERBS.

1. FORMS OF THE VERBS.

81. Tulu Verbs have 3 forms: Active, Causative and

Reflexive (or middle voice).

6*

ey

-

82. The Causative is formed by affixing e

a

(some-

times @ du) to the stem of the present tense of the Active

i

form, as: «zowo, malps, cause to make” from “0%y, malpu, to

make”; «“Z@x0 nadapa, cause to walk” from «3R%) nadapu, to

walk”; «8@53%) cause to walk or to lead” from «3®%) nadapn,

to walk” «®3@zo kadaps, cause to cross (a river) or cause

\

to stride through” and «3@3@) kadapudy, to send” (here the

two different affixes imply different meanings); 3mor tarps,

or 35F Ay tarpudu, cause to bring.

1

83. The Reflexive or middle form is formed by adding

%e90 wonu, to the stem of the imperfect tense of the Active

or Causative; as: 09,200 maltony, to make for oneself; 3w

peao tivony, to see for oneself; =0l 337 o8¢ TODRB

aye tanany tans hakonde, he beat himself 3 sﬁo%?g)@awo malpavonu,

cause to make for oneself; &0 3595 2023 3ReBHR ALY

53pox aye tanyky wonji totonu malpavonde, he caused to make a gar-

den for himself, i. e. he had a garden made for himself.

Remark: There is no passive form for verbs in Tulu; whenever

the passive sense is to be expressed it is done in the following way:

&3 mTHTV0 a3y aye hakudinaye aye, he is one who has been beaten,

or he has been beaten; €20 donTnmocd €9y @ye nindisudinaye aye, he is

one who was despised, or he was despised.

84. A number of Intransitive Verbs become transitive

by changing the terminating letter o3s yu, into

o)

&) pu; as:

f

200N 030 mugiyu, to cease.

300Ny mugipuy, to finish.

20030 pariyy, to tear.

£ 0% paripy, to tear, to makeit tear.

e D030 uriyu, to burn.

VOY uripy, to blow.

20035 woriyu, to remain.

w05y woripy, to keep, to preserve.

RURC3 nudiyy, to sound.

&3 nudipy, to give sound, to speak.

2. TENSES OF THE VERB.

85. There are three principal Tenses, viz: the Present,

!

e

Past and Future.

Each of the Past and Future Tenses

has two forms, Imperfect and Perfect, 1st and 2nd Future.

3. MOODS OF THE VERB.

0

86. There are six Moods, viz: Indicative, Imperative,

\[[’

Conditional, Infinitive, Potential and Subjunctive, each of

0

which has a positive and negative form.

6

4. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.

By

87. There are two principal conjugations, viz: those in

8

which the participle of the present tense terminates in v,

[

and those in which it terminates in & pi. Kach of these two

classes has three sub-divisions, the characteristic differences

2

of which appear in the present, past and future tenses

1

of the Indicative, from which all remaining forms may

be said to be derived.

Accordingly there are 6 conjuga-

3

tions.

88. Compare the following table:—

ol

Past.

Future.

Participles.

Present.

y

=9 By malpu,

ﬁo%ﬁa}sg malpuve,

Bﬁai malte,

0B, malpe,

1S

making

I make

I made.

I shall make.

Foteo kenu,

Fet00d kénuve,

Foots kende,

Fefo023 kénumbe,

hearing

I hear.

I heard

I shall hear.

Participles in ¢v u

20»To buru,

20030053 biiruve,

200030 biriye,

22#3 bire,

N

falling.

T fall.

I fell.

I shall fall.

3 3 seite,

B seive,

ﬁogfb seipi,

.‘:’&?3 seipe,

&

&

dying.

I die.

I died

I shall die.

Ziedy panpi,

3\ panpe,

o pande,

oHoce3 panumbe,

saying.

I say.

I said

I shall say.

DDF parpi,

TDF parpe,

=030 pariye,

T30 paruve,

Participles in & p

N T

drinking.

I drink

I drank

I shall drink.

t,

89. 1st. Conjugation of Verbs ending in 3 pu.

Crude form: 0%, malpy, make (do)

INDICATIVE M()OD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Stngular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

333%33)3 malpuve, I make.

099,28 malpuji, I do not make.

2nd

”

ﬁo%?&;ﬁ mulpuva, thou makest.

20%,% malpuja, thou doest not make.

3rd

»

Masc

09,53 malpuve, he makes.

530%,23 malpuje he does not make.

»

»

Fem

0%, 3% malpuvaly, she makes

S9%, %% mulpujaly, she does not make-

?

Neut

»

»

33\)%3;)3050 mulpundu, it makes.

$0%0,23 malpuji, it does not make,

Plural.

1st Person.

:30%333)&3 malpuva, we make.

S0%y2 malpuja, we do not make.

2nd

»

$0%9,550° malpuvary, you make

350%'39)2,305 malpujary, you do not make.

3rd

n

Masc

$0%9,530° malpuvery

309, %0° malpujery

»

Fem

$30%2,530° malpuvery

53092, 280° malpujern

they do not make.

”

”

Neut

$0%2,33 malpuva

‘ they make.

$0%9,23 malpuja

-

Remari-

L onnoch the frst nerson sincnlar in all tencsea ia anelt l1ike theée 2rd nercorn mmaceoiiline thew are mronolnnecaead Aiffaraeantlv

k2l

”»

wue

90T 2 o2 NPV

)

1 ==2X%s maipuja

-

Remark: Though the first person singular in all tenses is spelt like the 3rd person masculine, they are pronounced differently;

the terminating e, in the former sounding nearly like ‘a’ in man (353@2):‘3 malpuve), that in the latter like ‘¢’ in men (;5.)@335

malpuve).

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Stngular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

0% malte, I made.

309,28 maltiji, I did not make.

2nd

s0%, malta, thou madest.

0%, 23 maltija, thou didst not make.

3rd

Masc

»

0%, malte, he made.

ﬁogﬁ maltije, he did not make.

Fem.

»

08, %° maltaly, she made.

S0%,w%* maltijaly, she did not make

n

Neut

S0 o malt

undy, it made.

o= ® o

309,23 maltiji, it did not make.

Plural.

1st Person.

0%, malta, we made.

209,22 maltija, we did not make.

2nd

0%, 0° maltary, you made.

$0¢,2:0° maltijary, you did not make

3rd

”

Mase

308, 0° maltery

399, 830° maltijery

»

Fem,

they made

0%, O° maltery

299,20 maltijern

»

Neut.

0%, malta

09,22 maltija

‘ they did not make.

=

i

Remark: All verbs with

R

ppu, in the root, as

©Dy lappuni, 8%;:3 deppuni, have 8 tte, in the imperfect tense; as: o3

latte, zBEéS’D dette, ete

PERFECT TENSE

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

0%°, 0 maltude, I have made.

5309, &% maltudiji, I have not made.

2nd

»

20%°, % maltuda, thou hast made.

30%°, 022 maltudija, thou hast not made.

3rd

”

Masce

30%¢, T maltude, he has made.

0%, 02X maltudije, he has not made.

»

Fem

209 3%° maltudaly, she has made.

20%°, Owe® maltudijaly, she has not made.

»

Neut

20%°, 0 o maltudundu, it has made.

=0%*, 023 maltudiji, it has not made.

Plural. |

1st Person.

20%°, 0 maltuda, we have made.

S0%°, & maltydija, we have not made.

2nd

b

$30%°, 50" maltudary, you have made.

S0%F, 0T maltudijary, you have not made.

3rd

”

Masc

30%°,30° maltudery

209, ORT° maltudijern

b

2

Fem

$0%°,13C° maltudery |, they have made

$0%F, 0e30° maltudijery

|

they have not made

»

Neut

20%%, 8 maltuda

|

209, D maltudija

iz St i s

B St ot

A YL B S I B PN b M T R s ol PO 7 . ooy A

INNewut.

SO T maltuda

VT e e e At L 2 2 [

PLUPERFECT TENSE,

(S0%%,0° maltudy, Gerund Perfeet and 23, itte, Imperfect tense of wvg) 2 uppuni, to be.)

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

S0%¢, 03, maltuditte, I had made.

20,035 23 maltudittuji, I had not made.

2nd

”

209°, 0%, maltuditta, thou hadst made.

0%°, 2w maltudittyja, thou hadst not made.

3rd

Masc

S0%°, &3, maltuditte, he had made.

Soe, 03,2 maltudittyje, he had not made.

”

Fem.

20,08, % maltudittaly, she had made.

0%, 2, we* multydittajaly, she had not made.

»

Neut

0%, 03 2 maltydittyja, it had not made.

30,0 o maltudittundy, it Lad made.

Plural.

1st Person.

30%°, 03, maltuditta, we had made.

S0e, D, 23 maltudittyja, we had not made.

2nd

»

S0%°, 03, ° maltudittary, you had made.

S0e, 03 w0® maltydittujary, you had not made.

3rd

Masc

7

30%°, 03, T° maltudittery

0%, D, B30¢ maltydittujern

|

N

Fem

$0%°, 03,0 maltudittern ) they had made.

e, 03, R0 maltydittujery

they had not made.

”

Neut

|

T, @ég maltuditta

ey 0%, maltudittyja

FUTURE TENSE.

1st FUTURE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

0%, malpe, I shall make.

5309,03) malpaye, I shall not make.

“nd

0%, malpa, thou wilt make.

309,03 malpaya, thou wilt not make.

3rd

»

Masc

50%0'33 malpaye, he will not make.

do% malpe, he will make.

Fem

830%030%" malpayaly, she will not make.

”

$0%,%° malpaly, she will make

»

Neut

;53#90 malpu, it will make.

30¢, 0% malpandy, it will not make.

Plural.

1st Person.

30¢,03> malpaya, we shall not make.

350% malpa, we shall make.

2nd

0%, 0 malpary, you will make

0%,0307° malpayary, you will not make.

3rd

Masc.

¢, 0° malpery

30§,0300° malpayery

N

Fem

$0¢,0° malpery

they will make

530%,03:0° malpayery

n

Neut.

30%,03> malpaya

S they will not make.

ds% malpa

2nd FUTURE (Fuature Perfect Tenseo).

Neuwt-

0=, malpa

\ DoF . S3O malpaya

2nd FUTURE (Future Perfect Tense).

(095, maltydy, Gerund Perfect and oo uppe, ete. Future Tense of vz, uppuni, to be.)

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

m@;m% maltuduppe, I shall héve made.

0%, 8o, 03> maltyduppaye, I shall not have made.

2nd

”

'Si)%fgdo% maltuduppa, thou wilt have made.

095,305,030 maltyduppaya, thou wilt not have made.

3rd

» Masc

33099_59550% maltuduppe, he will have made.

$0%°, 803,03 maltyduppaye, he will not have made.

» Fem

S0, 305, maltuduppaly, she will have made.

0%, 73055, 030%° maltuduppayaly, she will not have made

Neut.

0%, B30%), maltuduppu, it will have made.

0%, 8o, ors® maltyduppandy, it will not have made.

Plural.

1st Person.

0%,030%, maltuduppa, we shall have made.

S0%°, 53053, 03> maltyduppaya, we shall not have made.

2nd

S0%°, B33, 0 maltyduppary, you will have made.

30%%,03033,0300° maltyduppayary, you will no\t have made

3rd

Masc

$30%%, 805, 0° maltyduppery |

30%%,03053,0300° maltyduppayery

» Fem

they will have

|

they will not have made

$0%¢, 3955, 0° maltyduppery

made.

ﬁ)%’_fgdo&;)ﬁac“ maltyduppayery

m

Neut

|

$0%%, 3%, maltyduppa

S0¥%, 5305, 03 maltyduppaya

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. 0%¥R malpuge, let me make; I will make.

33\)%053 Gf\)@o)ﬁ malpande uppuge, let me not make; I will

not make.

2nd

»

0%, malpula, make, or do thou make.

08,3 malpada, 3)¢,003 ¥0F) © malpande uppula, do not

|

make.

ot

3rd

”

DO

0%, G° malpady, let him, her or it make.

30%,0% 0T* malpande uppady, let him, her, or it not

make.

|

Plural.

1st Person. 30> 7 malpuga let us make.

330%0(3 o0, malpande uppuga, let us not make.

2nd

»

53099, & malpule, make you, or do you make.

08,3 malpade, $0%,08 T ),& malpande uppule, do not

make.

3rd

»

0%, @° malpady, let them make.

20%,003 «03 & malpande uppady, let them not make.

CONDITIONATL:, MOOID>.

2> T

A IS R R bt ey o

A Faa

-~

CONDITIONATL MOOD

Singular

Positive

Negative

1st Person

ok

maltudve,

should make

20

should not make.

03> maltudvaye, I

2nd

”

30

maltudva, thou wouldst make

%——Z:

o3> maltudvaya, thou wouldst not make

3rd

b

Masc

£33

[}

%:i

maltudve, he would make

s

oy maltudvaye, he would not make

Fem

¢* maltudvaly, she would make

&

)%* maltudvayaly, she would not make

§

7o

”

Neut

?6

-0

Y maltudu, it would make

%36

§Z§

o® maltudvandy, it would not make

Plural

1st Person

30

20%°. 3 030 maltudvaya, we should not make

-0

CSj maltudva, we should make

Q.

2nd

%

—

oY

?2

o° maltudvary, you would make.

0%*,3,0300° maltudvayary, you would not make.

3rd

Masc

3

T° maltudveru

¢ 03,0300° maltudvayern

Fem

%

%z;j

o° maltudvery |

20%°, 5 0300° maltydvayery

2

”

Neut

maltudva

=,

:i%;

S they would make.

20%°, 3 030 maltudvaya

S they would not make

Remark: The Conditional has the form of the Future Tense, but is used in all other tenses too

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

1st Infinitive.

Positive.

Negative.

08,083 ouE) D malpande uppuni, not (to) mgke.

0%, Q malpuni (do%ﬁg)é’e malpuns), (to) make.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT AND PERFECT.

0%, maltini (309,3¢ malting), (to) have made.

SR B3

od

—9

Q malpande ittini, not (to) have made.

3095, 0 maltudini (309,28 maltuding), (to) have had made.

i~

Remark: 1. This Infinitive is frequently used instead of the personal forms of the Verb; as: =os 208 @ dane battini, why

didst thou come? wo @_%8 dane battary, why did you come? o3 B2 T30 zﬂsz& aye 1 prakara maltini, (instead of escd ©3

Zyzod S0 aye 1 prakara malte), he has done in this way; eszow0 B9 Z’)Ead Ted\® akulu T prakara panpini (instead of &rFowh B¢ Tyzo

o] 55?56 akulu T prakara panperu), they say so.

2. The form «=>+)Se malpuna” expresses emphasis; as: €903 2dDF e oae?% aye barpiné ijji, he does not come anyhow; 850w

MRS @e% nikulu budpiné ijji, you do not leave anyhow.

ond Infinitive (Supiné).

850%8 malpere, to make.

| $9%,083 @333 malpande uppere, not to make.

3 23¢83 09,3 w3, & bele malpere batte, I came to do that work.

GFERUNIDS AND PARLTICIPILIEES.

2T LO IMAPOTS; to mMaAke-

o3 2ReS RBoB.D 223, & bele malpere batte, I came to do that Woxk

i .t

GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES

PRESENT AND FUTURE

Positive

Negative

Ger

0BR,£20 maltondu, making

309,003 malpande, not making

Part

#3099, malpu, making or that is making

30%,08 malpandi, not making or that is not making

PAST TENSE

IMPERFECT

Part. 0¥, malti, made, that made or that is made

[ 0%, 00 malpandi, not made, that had or isnot made

PERFECT

Ger

0%, o maltudy, having made

399,073 malpande, having not made

Part

530%°. & maltudi, having made or being made, that has

308,00 malpandi, having or being not made, that has

made or that has been made

not, or has not been made

PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS

PRESENT AND FUTURE

Singular.

Masc. 30%,m903 malpuniye, maker, he that makes

0%, 00 To0% malpandinaye, he that does not make

Fem. 530%0 o ®9%° malpunaly she that makes

=P, 0O T malpandinaly, she that does not make

Neut. T[98 ;isé) malpunavu, that which makes; or more frequent-

208 02T malpandinavu, that which does not make

ly: the act of making.

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

Masc. § fem. 3999, T9T0%0 malpunakulu

aﬂo%oaméo% malpandinakuln |

those that do not make.

Neut.

those t_hat make.

0% ﬁéﬁo > malpuneikulu

;ﬁo%oaﬁé‘v’o%ﬁo malpandineikulu s

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Singular.

309, 9903) maltinaye he that made.

As in the present tense.

&e

Plural.

Do

S0%, TOTE0 maltinakuly, those that made.

&e

PERFECT.

Singular

Do

30¢°, ©T90) maltudinaye, he that has made.

&e

Plural

Do

ﬁo?iém%o@o maltudinakulu, those that have made.

&e

|

e R e T G SRR e, e RO B0

Remark: 1. By Il(?flf‘?g t.he ar.hf?f;bial \par‘ticle ‘&?7# aga’ to the root of the Verb, the fime at which the actior talkes place is

ey -

Y

A S G et L B e T e e T e oy

&e-

Remark: 1. By adding the adverbial particle ‘eox aga’ to the root of the Verb, the time at which the action takes place is

expressed; as: (:33%‘53) malpu+& n+eA aga) 539;%57\’ malpunaga, when making; eso% 2umQ ﬁavbdﬂ aye wonasu malpunaga, when

he takes his dinner.

2. In the same way by adding the particle “ooR enge” to the root of the Verb, the point of time at which the action

terminates is expressed; as: (So¢0y malpu+& n+w07 enge) SwFoR malpunenge, till making; o3nS &Vo3S BowdyRoA yany undeny

malpunenge, till I make this.

3. The Subjunctive Mood is formed by adding the particle 43 da, if” to the forms of the verb in all tenses; as: Roed33

malpuveda, if I make; Sowa33 malpuvada, if thou make (st); 308 3 malteda, if I made ete. See the following table.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Stngular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

S0¥, 3G malpuveda, if I make.

5309, 2% malpujeds, if I do not make.

2nd

099,538 malpuvada, if thou make (st.)

S0¥,e@ malpujada, if thou do (est) not make.

3rd

»

Masec

53@335‘365 malpuveda, if he make (s.)

;3\)%‘18)3&65 malpujeda, if he do (es) not make.

Fem.

o ¢]

»

0¥, 53%° @ malpuvalyda, if she make (s.)

S92 %%* @ malpujaluda, if she do (es) not make.

”

»

Neut

530%9,0% malpunda (S0%),03@ malpunduda

)

\

0¢0,23% malpujida, if it do (es) not make.

if it make (s.)

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

330%3;5;335 malpuvada, if we make.

0%, @ malpujada, if we do not make.

2nd

»

530%9,2:0°G malpujaryda, if you do not make.

0%, 30°% malpuvaryda, if you make.

3rd

»

Mase.

3090,230°3 malpujeryda

$0%9,330° @ malpuveryda

»

Fem

$0%,530°% malpuveruda

|

7

if they make.

350#;)3?;?0625 malpujeruda

if they do not make.

»

Neut.

0% 5% malpuvada

\

$0%0,2:% malpujada

PAST TENSE.

Singular.

1st Person.

0% @ malteda, if I made.

| 309,3R maltijida, if I did not make.

2nd

”

0%, @ maltada, if thou/ made (st)

309, maltijada, if thou did (st) not make..

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

ﬁo%_ﬁgzé‘ maltada, if we made.

209,223 maltijada, if we did not make.

2nd

»

0%, 0°® maltaruda, if you made.

309, TR maltijaruda, if you did not make.

&e

&e

Remark :

The form =S5%_ o2 maltunda (5°9 ofs maltundu--z3 da) 3rd Pers: Neut. Past tence

1ia freoe

s t-Y <

dinr e R S AR

ptle .

2nC

”

SO0 F SO MaltaruQa,

AL Y ORR R

.

sud

&c

e

&c

Remark: The form ;So%zo o% maltunda (ﬁof?_ooa maltundu+ 3 da) 3'?d Pers. Neut. Past teuse, is frequently. used for all

persons in all tenses singular and plural; as: =& ﬁoio‘é yanu maltunda, T2 ES.)?_QO'(S 1 maltunda, €03 ﬁaiod aye maltunda, &9

sﬁaezgcd aly maltunda, If T (thou, he, she, it) make. =% nama, (3Fo%H nikulu, &TO% akulu, 2To% eikulu) a%o%zood maltunda, if we

(you, they) make.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

Positive.

Negative.

052, © malpoli (3%, malpute.® oli), I &e. may make.

.5&%8 WO malpere balli, T &c. may not make.

09,730 malpodu (0%, malpu+30eR@s bodu) I &e. must or

35393@03% malpodéi (530%), malpu+ 30¢@) b66_lu+faaz3z

need make.

ijji), I &c. must not or need not make.

wQ balli

é:’.?

\éedo oy tirundu

S8

130032003 teriyundu

( [ &c. can make or know (how)

sﬁo%@

3003033 teryuji

I &c. cannot make or know not

malpere

malpere

(how) to make.

FRBY0RY kidundu

s to make.

FRRW kiduji

CONTINUED FORM.

090,000 0D maltondu uppuni, to be making.

%8

This form is obtained by adding to the Present Gerund «3:9#,09) maltondu,” the auxiliary verb

%oy D uppuni (or @tyxy R aduppuni), to be,” and inflecting it; as:

PRESENT TENSE.

Sengular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. S099,£03%) 33 (or——em%) maltonduppuve (or

S8R,

£90 %Y

¢3 maltonduppuji, I am not making.

—aulle), I am amking.

&ec

&e

&e

&c

Plural.

1st Person. 5383@,9@% 9,3 (or-—emg) maltonduppuva (or

ESJ%?J_@QQQ% 3\39)28 maltonduppuja, we are not making.

—aulla), we are making.

&c

&e.

&e

&e

FREQUENTATIVE FORM.

Frequency of action is expressed by inserting «e, between the stem of the present tense and

the affixes of the Verb; as:

PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES.

Singular.

Plural.

1st Person. 33&%0%633 malpéve, I make again and again.

5&%833 malpéva, we make again and again.

&e

&e

&e.

PAST TENSE.

&c.

1st Person. 833%653 malpade, I made again and again.

i a’so%ed malpéda, we made again and again.

&e

&e

&e.

&e.

INTENSIVE

gl

e

b

b

1st Persomn. DOL. /TS ?al,péde, 1T made a

raln ana agaxn.

1

B o o R T R ey (i R

&c.

&e

&c.»

INTENSIVE FORM.

Present tense.

Past tense.

35&%293 maltruve, I make energetically.

6533033 maltriye, I made energetically.

&e

&e

90

2nd Conjugation of Verbs ending in e u,

Crude form: Seeeo kenu, hear.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Stngular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

Feeou:3 kenuve, I hear.

Fecooe? kenuji, I do not hear.

2nd

”

| Tecooes kanuja, thou doest not hear.

Feea053 kenuva, thou hearest.

&O

1

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

Feeass kenuva, we hear.

Fecoes kanuja, we do not hear.

2nd

”

Tea0T° kenuvary, you hear

Feca0wo® kenujary, you do not hear.

&ec

&c

PAST TENSE

IMPERFECT

Sengular

Positive

Negative

1st Person

F0ots kende, I heard

Feor®e kendyji, I did not hear

2nd

”

Fe0ts kenda, thou heardst

Feow’es kenduja, thou didst not hear

&e

&e

Plural

1st Person

F0cw kénda, we heard

Feowde: kenduja, we did not hear

%’

2nd

”

Feor 0’ kendary, you heard

Feowwd® kendyjary, you did not hear

&

&e

PERFECT

Singular

1st Person.

T

& kenude, I have heard.

Few &3 kenudiji, I have not heard.

2nd

»

e’

& kenuda, thou hast heard

Fem D kenudija, thou hast not heard.

&e

»

&e

a4

&

&c

Plural

Positive

Negative

1st Person

Feme &3 kenuda, we have heard

Fem D kenudija, we have not heard

2nd

»

Few* ©3o° kenudary, you have heard

Fere dwo® kenudijary, you have not heard.

&e

&e

PLUPERFECT TE

ENSE.

Singular

1st Person

Fom® 03, kenuditte, I had heard

| Fem* 35,23 kenudittuji, T had not heard.

2nd

»

Teem 02, kenuditta, thou hadst heard

TOT®

&2 kenudittyja, thou hadst not heard.

&e

-

&e

:

Plural

1st Person

Fem &8, kenuditta, we had heard

Tem* O, kenudittyja, we had not heard.

2nd

»

Fem' 03, 0° kenudittary, you had heard

Tem 03, wo’ kenudittujary, you had not heard

&e

&c

FUTURE TENSE.

1st FUTURE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. F¢m%° ot kenumbe (seldom: e kéne), I shall hear.

F0£003) kénaye, I shall not hear.

!

2nd

»

Femow kenumba (seldom: Feeo kena), thou wilt. Feeo03 kénaya, thou wilt not hear.

hear.

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person. Fem°ow kenumba, we shall hear.

Fec003y kenaya, we shall not hear.

2nd

»

T’ o kenumbary, you will hear.

Feeo03oT® kénayary, you will not hear.

&e

&e

2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT).

(Beorw' s kendudy, Gerund Perfect and «uz uppe, ete. Future tense of ¢0g) D uppuni,)

Singular.

Lst Person. $Qow 3033, kendyduppe, T shall have heard.

%eoa‘do%oﬁo kenduduppaye, I shall not have heard.

2nd

»

Feow r3o3, kenduduppa, thou wilt have heard.

%Qo&;“do%oﬁo kenduduppaya, thou wilt not have heard

&e

&e

Plecral.

O e

oD

e

&c

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

Feor Bog, 03 kenduduppaya, we shall not have heard.

1st Person. Feow £, kenduduppa, we shall have heard.

2nd

7

Beor 30,0 kenduduppary, you will have heard.

ot Bo3,03:0° kenduduppayary, you will not have heard.

&e

&e

&ec

&c

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

1st Person. Fecoons kenuge, let me hear; I will hear.

FeL000 emsgé)ﬁ kenande uppuge, let me not hear.

2nd

»

%Q?{@’ kénla (%G%‘ keény), hear, or do thou hear.

B0e07 kénada, FeLoon O ) ,© kenade uppula, do thou

not hear.

&e

&e

&e

&c

Plural.

1st Person. Fecoont kenuga, let us hear.

FeLo0w 85\;'613) ), 73 kenande uppuga, let us not hear.

2nd

»

©

Ferm*S kenule (@Qﬁm kenle), hear you, or do you : Fee00n en')'é@oge? kenande uppule, Fecotd kenade, do you

hear.

not hear.

&e

&e

&e

&e

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Positive.

Si"ngula'r.

l

|

&

Negative.

1st Person.

%Qé‘«a‘*‘cg kénudve, I should hear.

2nd

%6—6253033 kenudvaye, I should not hear.

”

-‘U’JQ%‘% kénudva, thou wouldst hear.

&c

&e

%Qﬁsgoﬁo kenudvaya, thon wouldst not hear.

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

Te5* 3, kenudva, we should hear.

|

Q_S

o3y kenudvaya, we should not hear.

|

2nd

b

:

€

i:

%Q%‘C};c‘ kenudvary, you would hear.

22

o3oT® kepudvayary, you would not hear.

&c

&e

&e

&e

INFINITIVE MOOD.

7 50

PRESENT TENSE.

st Infinitive.

FecooR kenuni (Feeode kepune), (to) hear.

| Teeoon wuE D kenande uppuni, not (to) heay

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT AND PERFECT:

Feo&Q kendini (%Q%‘@ﬁe keénuding), (to) have heard.

Teeord © 3, Q kenande ittini, not (to) have heard.

e R kenudini (Tem* D¢ kenuding), (to) have had heard.

D222l Tr2/72227700¢ (Serarz72¢).

TSRoPR o EEmaAimnl (TRED (2R Kenygaine ), )

AVO I1CAaLl-

e D kenudini (Ve I kenudine), (to) bave had heard.

\ SeooD ©3.D kenande ittini, not (to) have heard.

2nd Infinitive (Supine).

Positive.

Negative.

|

Bee200 m%ﬁ kenande uppere, not to hear

203033 keniyere, to hear.

GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT AND FUTURE.

Ger %’eﬁ@w% kenondu, hearing.

Bec9073 kanande, not hearing.

Part. $ec) kénu, hearing, that is hearing.

I

Fecood kenandi, not hearing or that is not hearing.

B,

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Part. Beod kendi, that heard or that is heard.

l Beco0d kenandi, not heard, that had or is not heard.

PERFECT.

Beeoon kenande, having not heard.

Ger

Feor &* kendudy, having heard.

Part. 200 O kendudi, having heard or being heard, that has

'%68’80;’3 kenandi, having or being not heard, that has not

%6

heard or that has not been heard.

heard or that has been heard.

PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS.

PRESENT AND FUTURE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

Masc. Se£207003) kénunaye, he that hears.

20L0DTION kenandindye, he that does not hear.

Fem. F¢e0059% kenunaly, she that hears.

B0 TIP® kenandinaly, she that does not hear.

Neut. Fee205353) kénunavu, that which hears; or more frequently:

F0e000R) kenandinavu, that which does not hear.

the act of hearing.

Plural.

Masc. & fem. FeLAITOTOR kégunakulﬁ

FeL00D TS kénandinakulu (

Neut.

those that hear.

B0 393%%30 kénuneikulu )

%Q?’«Jo@é’éﬁo 30 kenandineikulu

s those that do not hear.

m-—-89 ——an

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT,

Singular.

Masc. TeoRmo03) kendinaye, he tha:t heard.

As in the present tense.

&e

&e

Plural.

Masc. § Fem. F¢ogoT0%0 kendinakuly, they that heard.

Do

&e

&e

|

PERFECT.

SC. & L emr

T RO OIOVTV v SEilllillan i

ney viiavu

Ao

&c.

&c

PERFECT

Singular

Masc. Feow* DT kéndudinaye, he that has heard.

Do

&e

&e

Plural.

Do

Masc. § Fem. Teom*030T0%0 kendudinakulu, they that have heard.

&c

&

1

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. Fe£0033c8 kenuveda, if I hear.

LeeRR kenujeda, if I do not hear.

2nd

»

Fe203%® kenuvada, if thou hear (est.)

Fecoown kenujada, if thou do (est) not hear.

&

&e

&c

&e

Plural.

1st Person. Fecoo3@ kenuvada, if we hear.

Fecooests kenujada, if we do not hear.

2nd

»

B0e2030° R kenuvaruda, if you hear.

Fecoo0’ R kenujaryda, if you do not hear.

&e

&e

&ec

&e

PAST TENSE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. Feowe kendeda, if T heard.

FeoR3A kendijida, if T did not hear.

2nd

”

Teowa kendada, if thou heard (st.)

Feolwe kendijada, if thou did (st) not hear.

&c

&ec

&e

&e

PZumZ.

1st Person. Feow® kendada, if we heard.

Feolwn® kendijada, if we did not hear.

2nd

”

F00rR0° @ kendaruda, if you heard

Feowo'® kendijaruda, it you did not hear.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Ia‘

POTENTIAL MOOD.

FeraR® kenoli (F0F* kenu+2® oli), I &e. may hear.

%es%ﬁoé ug keniyere balli, I &c. may not hear.

FeHPRY kenodu (%Q%‘ kenu+2300%9, bodu) I &e. must or need

%ee—"@@% kéenodéi, I &ec. must not or need not hear.

hear.

3eT0oR tirundu

302023 tiruji

Secd033

l

\

, I &c. cannot hear or know

3003v0ro teriyundu’

I &c. can hear or know (how) %39%0338

¢{

3003003 teriyuji

keniyere

to hear.

keniyere )

FRBI0R kidundu

[20woes kiduji

s not (how) to hear.

R

CONTINUED FORM.

keniyere

WAy iy

o,

to hear.

)

);:;'céooc%q k‘ﬁ@ux;é—}\; \

\ FET G L Al e TR SO S kaduji

CONTINUED FORM.

%’Qﬁ@e’% ) D kenondu uppuni, to be hearing.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative

1st Person.! %QFSJ@C@% 20%) 53 kenondu uppuve, I am Learing.

Semeeny oux) 2 kenondu uppuji, I am not hearing.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

b

1st Person. %Qﬁ@t@% em?{g))ﬁ kenondu uppuva, we are hearing.

%es’%@w% ema%zs kénondu uppuja, we are not hearing.

&e

&

&c

&e

FREQUENTATIVE FORM.

PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES.

Singular.

Plural.

1st Person. Fesdess kaneve I hear again and again.

Fess0:3 kendva, we hear again and again.

&e

&c

&c

&ec

PAST TENSE.

Singular.

Plural.

1st Person. Fes30z3 kenede, I heard again and again.

Fesser kensda, we heard again and again.

&c

&e

&e

&c

INTENSIVE FORM.

Present tense.

Past tense.

1st Person; %Qo?ﬁ&?ﬁ kéndruve, I hear energetically.

%eo@oﬁo kendriye, I heard energetically.

&e.

&e

&e

&e.

91

3rd Conjugation of Verbs ending in o m,

Crude form: 20030 biry, to fall.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

Posztive.

Negative.

1st Person. 20030s3 biirave, I fall.

W00 biiruji, I do not fall,

2nd

»

WR TV biiruva, thou fallest.

WRTow biruja, thou doest not fall

&ec

&e

&e

&c

Llecral.

AT Wid O W WA A YV

e SO Tl Wl .

&o

&Ke

&Kc

&c

Plural.

Positive.

Neg;ztz' ve.

1st Person.

WRTOS biiruva, we fall.

WRTw biruja, we do not fall.

2nd

WPTITT buruvary, >you fall.

WP TIT® birujary, you do not fall.

&e

&c

&e

&e

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Singular.

1st Person.

WPD03Y biriye, I fell.

R 023 biriji, I did not fall.

2nd

»

WR D03 biriya, thou fellest.

WO birija, thou didst not fall.

&e

&e

&e

&ec

Plural.

1st Person.

WRD biriya, we fell.

l

WO birija, we did not fall.

= 2nd

»

WRDONT® biiriyary, you fell

|

WROWT® burijary, you did not fall.

&c

&e

&e

&e

PERFECT.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. 0307 biirude, I have fallen.

WRTIO burudiji, T have not fallen.

2nd

n

WP BT biiruda, thou hast fallen.

WRTIO biirudija, thou hast not fallen.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person. 20®T03 biiruda, we have fallen.

WRTOOW birudija, we have not fallen.

2nd

»

WRTIRT® burudary, you have fallen.

WRTIORT® burudijary, you have not fallen

&ec

&e

&e

&e

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Singular.

1st Person.

WRTHDS, biiruditte (2LTOB+28, birudu itte),

WRTRS, 23 burudittyji, I had not fallen.

I had fallen.

2nd

»

WRTIOE, biruditta, thou hadst fallen.

WRTIOS 23 buirudittyja, thou hadst not fallen.

&c

&e

&e

&e

> r 7

“=xn

o OO0 S, huiryraliia, Thnou nNadsu i1alicin.

SR, e L LA —

e o D - AR i

&c.

&ec.

&c

&c

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

WRTDZ, biiruditta, we had fallen.

WPTDF 23 burudittyja, we had not fallen.

2nd

»

WRTLVDZ, T birudittary, you had fallen.

w@doﬁéi‘cdd; burudittujary, you had not fallen

&e

&e

&e

&e

FUTURE TENSE.

1st FUTURE.

Singular.

1st Person.

2R3 biire, I shall fall.

WP T3y biiraye, I shall not fall.

2nd

”

WRTO3 biraya, thou wilt not fall.

,&)Je)d blra, thou wilt fall.

&ec

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

293 biira, we shall fall.

WRTO biiraya, we shall not fall.

2 nd

”

WPTT® biirary, you will fall

WPTO3T® biirayary, you will not fall.

F

&e

&e

&e

&e

2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT).

(239850 biirudu, Gerund Perfect and evs), uppe, ete. Future Tense of e%) D uppuni.)

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

2208053133,03) biiruduppaye, I shall not have fallen.

u@d&do% buruduppe, I shall h.ave fallen.

2nd

»

WRTRYF, biruduppa, thou wilt have fallen.

WRTIRVFH,03) biruduppaya, thou wilt not have fallen.

&c

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

WRBTZIF, birudupps, we shall have fallen.

RTITIF,03) buruduppaya, we shall not have fallen.

2nd

”

WRTITRIT, T buruduppary, you will have fallen.

WRTRIT,0300° biiruduppayary, you will not have fallen.

&c

&c

&e

&e

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

1st Person.

WRTINA biruge, let me fall; I will fall.

AV ol TANLS) ooﬁ birande uppuge, let me not fall; I will

not fall.

2nd

»

2PTA birada, WHToR VT © biirande uppula, do

wag birla (0HTY bru), fall, or (io thou fall.

thou not fall.

&e

&e

&e

&e

TR

&c

&c

&c

Kc

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. 2000R buruga, let us fall.

2RTord v N birands uppuga, let us not fall.

2nd

»

2003 birule, fall you, or do you fall.

WHTA biirade, 25ToB 03P, S birande uppule, do you

not fall.

&e

&e

&e

&e

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Stngular.

1st Person. u@dozf)j birudve, I should fall.

w@do%oﬁo birudvaye, I should not fall.

2nd

”

&)J@da% burudva, thou wouldst fall.

m@da%oﬁc birudvaya, thou wouldst not fall.

&e

&e

&e.

&e

Plural.

1st Person. &k@d&% burudva, we should fall.

u@do%oﬂo birudvaya, we should not fall,

2nd

»

ZJJQGJ%C‘ birudvary, you would fall

mado%oﬁocé birudvayary, you would not fall.

&e

&e

&e

&e

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Lst Infinitive.

Positive.

Negative.

20RTQ biirani (WRTIRE biruns), (to) fall.

WRTeh 05), R biirande uppuni, not (to) fall.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT AND PERFECT.

WROQ blrini (waaﬁe bﬁriné), (to) have fallen.

0RToB B3, biirande ittini, not (to) have fallen

WRTIOR biirudini (u@d&&a"e bﬁrudiné), (to) have had fallen.

2nd Infinitive (Supine).

200033 biriyere (wHTT birers), to fall.

| 29808 »u35,3 birande uppere, not to fall.

GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT AND FUTURE.

Ger

LAND 8\@2@% biirondu, falling.

| 209380 biirande, not falling.

Part. 20030 biiry, falling or that is falling.

l WRTod birandi, not falling or that is not falling.

PAST TENSE.

Rl

By e e i R a3 AP e~ L Pt

Part. RO burw,; falling or tl:uct.is falling;.

\ 202 Vod birandi, not falling or that is not falling.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Positive.

Negative.

Part.

QR0 biiri, fallen, that fell or that has fallen.

LR Tod burandi, not fallen, that has or had not fallen.

PERFECT.

Ger

WWRTORY burudu, having fallen.

WPToT biirande, having not fallen.

Part.

WWRTOD biirudi, having fallen or that has fallen.

WRTod birandi, having not fallenﬂ, or that has not fallen

PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS.

'}é

PRESENT AND FUTURE.

Singular.

Mas.

WRTOITOO burunaye, he that falls.

WRToHTO biirandinaye, he that does not fall.

Fem

WRTOTP® birunaly, she that falls.

WRToDTY* biirandinaly, she that does not fall.

Neut.

WTONY biirunavy, that which falls; or more frequently: | WRToDT) biirandinavy, that which d?es not fall.

the act of falling.

Plural.

Positive.

Negative

Masc. & Fem. wHTITOTOSY biirunakulu

WRToDTOTISY birandinakulu |

those that do not fall

Neut.

thouse that fall.

ANOToM ﬁq\)%o % bliruneikula

u@doaﬁéﬁo%ﬁ bﬁrandineikuh? s

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Singular.

Masc.

WROTOC3 biirinaye, he that fell.

&e

As in the present tense.

&e

Plural.

Do

Masc. & Fem. wRDTOTS0 burinakulu, they that fell.

&e

&e

PERFECT.

Singular.

Masec.

WRTD T3 biirudindye, he that has fallen.

Do

&e

&e

Llecral.

Masc.

LSO TVODToCSL hurudinaye, he that has iallen.

&o.

&c

Plurle.

Positive.

|

Negative.

Masc. § Fem. 0LT0DTT0L birudinakuly, those that have fallen.

WRToDTITS burandinakulu, those that have not fallen

&e

&ec

CONDITIONAL FORM.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

1st Person. w303 biruveda, if I fall.

WRTVRR burujeda, if I do not fall.

2nd

»

WRTTH buruvada, if thou fa]l(est.)

WPTIRE birujada, if thou do(est) not fall.

&ec

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person. 20030=3c8 buruvada, if we fall.

WRTIRE birujada, if we do not fall.

2nd

—

'Sy

»

2RBoB R biaruvaruda, if you fall.

WRTIRT' R biirujaruda, if you do not fall.

&e

&e

&e

&e

PAST TENSE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

lét Person.

WRORR biirijeda, if I did not fall.

WRDONR biriyeda, if I fell.

2nd

»

WRVOR biiriyada, if thou fell(est), or if thou

WRORT birijada, if thou did(st) not fall.

didst fall.

&c

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

RO buriyada, if we fell.

WP DB birijada, if we did not fall.

2nd

»

WPROT @ biiriyaruda, if you fell.

WRORT' R bﬁrijarqda;, if you did not fall.

&ec

&e

&

&e

POTENTIAL MOOD.

WRBHO biiroli (WRTY biru+ %O oli), I &e. may fall,

2R0033 wQ biriyere balli, I &e. may not fall.

WHBHR birodu (AT birut3ReRy badu), I &e. must or

20@8@6% birodéi, I &c. must not or need not fall

need fall.

| 2eTvozy tirundu

[ 30T tiruji

I &c. can fall or know

I &c. cannot fall or know

WRD03B biiriyers (3003000 teriyundu

R D033 (80030023 teriyuji }

not (how) to fall.

PR kidundu

s (how) to fall.

FTRBE kuduji

CONTINUED FORM.

LU DOV huaryere (S0OCooooTes teriyunQqu

B R P A

Rl

NOT (NOW ) LO S=Z2e

TBHOROo:@O kudundu

\

(how) to fall.

%Jac::%;z% kuduji \

CONTINUED FORM.

@@8@9@% 03, Q birondu uppui, t0 be falling.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative

1st Person. u@ﬁ@m% m%ﬁ burondu uppuve, I am falling.

20802 0F),23 bitrondu uppuji, I am not falling.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person. ?,JJ@(‘)’JE)?'&% em&j&sﬂ birondu uppuva, we are falling.

2&@8&)9@% eng)gza biirondu uppuja, we are not falling

— 98..“

&e

&ec

&e

&e

FREQUENTATIVE.

PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES.

Singular.

Plural.

—

1st Person. 2003¢33 biiréve, I fall again and again.

WRBE bursva, we fall again and again.

*

&c

&e

&e

&e

PAST TENSE.

Plural.

Singular.

1st Person. »3ea birade, I fell again and again.

wR3eX birsda, we fell again and again.

&e

&e.

&e.

&e

INTENSIVE FORM.

Present tense.

Past tense.

1st Person 20»R)Fs3 burduve, I fall energetically.

WRAF A birdiye, I fell encrgetically

&e

&e

&e

&e

92

4th Conjugation of Verbs ending in 2 pi.

Crude form: 3w tapi, to see.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

39D tipe, I see.

3052 tapuji, I do not see.

2nd

»

SRYw tipuja, thou doest not see.

3R tlipa, thou seest.

3rd

Masc. 3L tupe, he sees.

30 5H2 tipuje, he does not see.

»

n Fem. 3RQTF tupaly, she sees.

BRPYwY* tupujaly, she does not see.

b

» Neut. 30JYoRy tipundu, it sees

302 tpuji, it does not see.

Llecral.

>

i o e

e g S L 26

doaa- ~iaee 2 )

nigd S AW B

-3

k24

»

INewut.

SeTHoRd thipundu, it sees

\ é\:a'sé)'z,% tipuji, it does not sce.

Plural. |

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

2R tipa, we see.

3R tipuja, we do not see.

2nd

BRTT® tlpary, you see.

BRYwT’ tlpujary, you do not see.

3rd

Mas

BRBT° tliperu

3RTYART tipujern

”

Fem

3RJT tipery | they see.

3RTYET tipujeru

they do not see

Neut.

3R tipa

3P, tipuja

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Singular.

1st Person.

3003, tiye, I saw.

3PN tiyiji, I did not see.

2nd

3P0 tliya, thou sawest

BP0V tiyija, thou didst not see.

3rd

» Masc.

3003, tiye, he saw.

3RHRR tiyije, he did not see.

» Fem

3P030%* tiyaly, she saw

SRMuwY* tuyijaly, she did not see

w. Neut,

BRoR® tindu, it saw.

SRR tiyiji, it did not see.

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

3R03 tiya, we saw.

3R tiyija, we did not see.

2nd

»

3RT tiyary, you saw.

3PRT® tayijary, you did not see.

3rd

”

Mase.

3003:T° tiyery

3RNRT° tiyijery |

em

”

3RCT tuyery

3RNRT° tliyijery » they did not see

”

Neut.

3RO tiya

g they saw.

3PN tlyija

PERFECT.

Singular.

1st Person.

303 tite, T have seen.

3932 thtiji, I have not seen.

2nd

303 tita, thou hast seen.

303w titija, thou hast not seen.

3rd

» Masc.

303 tiite, he has seen.

3982 tiitije, he has not seen.

Fem

7

303Y* tltaly, she has seen.

30R3w%* titijaly, she has not seen.

Neut.

3R o tltundy, it has seen

30323 tatiji, it has not seen.

Llecral.

INeut.

20 = o=® tutundy, it has seen-

\ S 223 tdtiji, it has not seen.

b2

»

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

2R3 tiita, we have seen.

303w tutija, we have not seen.

2nd

»

2RST titary, you have seen.

BP3w0* tltijary, you have not seen.

3rd

» Masc.

3RS0 titery |

BRSVXT® tiitijery

Fem

3RST titery

they have seen

3H 3V titijery » they have not seen.

Neut.

3R3 tita

3P 3 tutija

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

Stngular.

1st Person.

20e3, taditte, T had seen.

2RO 3,23 tudittiji, I had not seen.

2nd

2RO, tuditta, thou hadst seen

BP0 8, tudittija, thou hadst not seen.

3rd

» Masc.

3063, tuditte, he had seen.

3R0 3,2 tidittije, he had not seen.

Fem.

7

BR03, ¢ tudittaly, she had seen.

3RO ws* tudittijaly, she had not seen.

2

» WNeut.

2RO o tudittyndy, it had seen

300, tudittiji, it had not seen.

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

3R 03, tuditta, we had seen.

3P0 3w tudittija, we had not seen.

2nd

bh)

3008, T° tudittary, you had seen.

3P0, tidittijary, you had not seen.

3rd

™ Masc.

3R 03,0° tidittern

3p03,3c° tudittijern

”

Fem

300 20° tudittijery

2R3, thdittery y they had seen.

YA

3R 03, tiuditta

30032 tadittija

S they had not seen.

FUTURE TENSE.

1st FUTURE.

._—88 e

Singular.

1st Person.

3RS0 tivaye, I shall not see.

3033 tive, I shall see.

2nd

3P tiva, thou wilt see.

CATEV O tavaya, thou wilt not see.

3rd

»

Masc.

3033 tive, he will see.

30303 tivaye, he will not see.

Fem

3R[F° tuvaly, she will see

BR3¢ tivayaly, she will not see.

»

Neut.

3R tiivy, it will see.

3RS0 tuvandy, it will not see.

Llecral.

e 9

b2

>

INewt.

2553 thvua, it will see.

\ B _ocs® tuvandy, it will not see.

qural.

Positive.

Negative

1st Person.

3P tiva, we shall see.

BRI tivaya, we shall not see.

2nd

n

3RT tivary, you will see.

3RFOTE tlvayary, you will not see.

3rd

”

Masc

3W3T° tivery

3R=0T tivayery

»

Fem

3RRT° tivery

BR[0T tivayery

Neut

3R tiiva

S they will see.

BRSO tuvaya

s they will not see.

2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT).

(Swid tudu, Gerund Perfect and vz uppe, ete. Future tense of SUEH D uppuni, té be.)

Singular.

1st Person.

2P0, taduppe, I shall have seen.

80505, 03 tiduppaye, I shall not have seen.

2nd

édad\)as’b tiduppa, thou wilt have seen.

207503 tiduppaya, thou wilt not have seen.

3rd

Masc

3@530% tiduppe, he will have seen.

805y, 03) tiduppaye, he will not have seen.

)

Fem

”

3wRE, ¥ tuduppaly, she will have seen.

BRT%,030% tiduppayaly, she will not have seen

Neut

BRBOR) , taduppy, it will have seen.

SRT, 0t tiduppandy, it will not have seen.

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

é@d\)?{b tiduppa, we shall have seen.

w70z, 0d tiduppya, we shall not have seen.

2nd

7

SRR, 0° tiduppary, you will have seen.

3@50%03005 tuduppayary, you will not have seen.

3rd

» Masc

SRR, T° tiduppery

30 305,03:0° tiduppayery |

Fem

»

»

é@dd%@‘ tuduppery } they will have seen.

3R RH,3T° tiduppayery | they will not have seen.

Neut

”

»

BRTE, tuduppa

SR 7,030 tiduppaya

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

1st Person.

30T tike, let me see; I will see.

3R 300 QS\JBQSO)Jﬁ tivande uppuge, let me not see.

2nd

SR tila, see, or do thou see.

3RFE tivada, do thou not see.

3rd

3R SE@E tivady, let him, her, or it see.

3RT0B eruzs i tlivande uppady, let him, her or it not see.

Plural.

1st Person.

30T tika, let us see.

3RToB wuF) 7 tivande uppuga, let us not see.

2nd

»

303 tile, see you or do you see.

3P 3A tivade, do you not see.

3rd

”

BRJT tivady, let them see.

3RTon e, & tivande uppady, let them not see.

(/()NDIT[’ION{A T MOOID>.

S2r2c0eclcr7.

2nd

250 S thle, see you or do you see.

DU 02O LWLV ALLT,

b

&~

P

BSrd

»

NSty

tavady, let them see.

\

B[ o3, tuvande uppady, let them not see

CONDITIOl\fAL MOOD.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

3@% titve, I should see.

5\!@?’3030 tutvaye, I should not see.

2nd

»

3@?’3 tutva, thou wouldst see.

3@%01) tutvaya, thou wouldst not see.

3rd

”

Mase

5@% titve, he would see.

:%J@% o3 titvaye, he would not see.

»

»

Fem

3@%%‘5 tutvaly, she would see

3@%030%?5 tutvayaly, she would not see.

»

»

Neut

BRI tity, it would see.

@’J@%omg tutvandy, it would not see.

Plural.

1st Person.

é@% titva, we should see.

3@%0&) titvaya, we should not see.

2nd

3@%66 titvary, you would see

é@%oﬁacg tutvayary, you would not see.

3rd

2

Masc

3@%06 titvery

o) % o30T° tlitvayern

Fem

3@%66 titvern | they would see.

3@%03365 tatvayeru ; they would not see.

n

9

Neut

é@% tutva

3@% o) titvaya

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

*6T

st Infinitive.

SRR tipini (S01RC tiping), (to) see

| 388 QU Q tivande uppuni, not (to) see.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT AND PERFECT.

Positive.

Negative.

3RNY tiyini (3@03036 tlying), (to) have seen.

- 3Rz B3R tivande ittini, not (to) have seen.

3w 3Q titini (30 3I¢ titing), (to) have had seen.

2nd Infinitive (Supine).

3033 tiivere, to see.

| 3wRed 0033, 3 tivande uppere, not to see.

GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT AND FUTURE.

3RT0T tivande, not seeing.

Ger 3@@39@% tivondu, seeing.

Part. 39 tp, seeing, that is seeing.

3R 30D tivandi, not seeing or that is not seeing.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Part.

3P0 thyi, that saw, or that is seen

| 30300 tivandi, not seen, that had or is not seen

PERFECT.

Port:

2O oD tayl, that saw, or that is seen.

\ B30 tivandi, not seen, that had or is not seen.

PERFECT.

Positive.

Negative.

Ger

3000 tidy, having seen.

3R 300 tivande, having not seen

3RSod tivandi, having or being not.seen, that has not, or

Part. 3H3 titi, having or being seen, that has, o\r has been, seen.

has not been, seen.

PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS.

Masc.

SR SoD T tivandindye, he that does not see.

3R1TO0 tipinaye, he that sees.

&e

s

&e

&e

&e

SU BJUNCTIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

1st Person. 3013 tipeda, if I see.

3RPHRR tipujeda, If I do not see.

2nd

»

3R tipada, if thou see(st).

3R tipujada, if thou do(est) not see.

&c

&e

&c

&e.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

B3RP tivoli (3 tH+29 oli), T &e. may see.

3033 wQ tavere balli, I &e. may not see.

BRPRY tivodu (B0 t1+230¢0 bodu), T &e. must or need

3@5@9% tivoddi, (30 tipi+ Rz bodu+ 'zaz?% ijit),

sSee

I &ec. must not or need not see.

&e

&e

&e

&e

The rest are regular.

CONTINUED FORM.

Positive.

Negative.

Masc.

3@&3@2@% 0,33 tavondu uppuve, I am seeing.

é@@a?@% GJ'DS@)Z‘? tivondu uppuji, I am not seeing

&e

&

&e

&e

Frequentative &c. regular.

93

5th Conjugation of Verbs ending in 2 pi,

Crude form: zed panpi, to say.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

.._..‘[76 o

1st Person.

?.39‘;33 panpe, I say.

€39 panpuji, I do not say.

2nd

»

€9, panpa, thou sayest

|

D

panpuja, thou doest not say.

l

3

3rd

”

Masc.

5% panpe, he says.

2

Z

panpuje, he does not say.

&e

&e

)

l

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

%9, panpa, we say,

%290,% panpuja, we do not say.

2nd

”

5£9,T° panpary, you say.

%€00,22T° panpujary, you do not say.

&e.

&e

!

&e

&ec

PAST TENSE.

2nd

SLED

anparg, you say-

\

O o QI b . R TR AT

o

’

Ny 5

e -4

&c

K.

\

C

&c

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

o pande, I said.

Fo&23 pandiji, I did not say.

2nd

»

To® panda, thou saidst.

2o&w pandija, thou didst not say.

&e

&e

&c

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

To® panda, we said.

To&w pandija, we did not say.

2nd

”

Sord® pandary, you said

So&et® pandijary, you did not say

&e

&e

&c

&e

PERFECT.

Singular.

-

1st Person.

8, pante, I have said.

|

oY

£3,23 pantiji, I have not said.

2nd

»

%69, panta, thou hast said.

s

oJ

£3

-0

22 pantija, thou hast not said.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Pluperfect like the preceding conjugation.

FUTURE TENSE.

1st FUTURE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

©5° 023 panumbe, I shall say.

2e003) panaye, I shall not say.

2nd

»

$ea03 panaya, thou wilt not say.

25 oW panumba, thou wilt say.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person.

R®° oW panumba, we shall say.

269030 panaya, we shall not say.

2nd

”

25° 0 0° panumbary, you will say.

2000300° panayary, you will not say.

&e

&e

&e

&e

2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT).

(Bow'es’ pandudy, Past Gerund and evs, uppe, ete. Future Tense of evgy) d uppuni.)

1st Person. Zow*RQoz panduduppe, I shall have said.

ST Bu3,03) pandyduppaye, I shall not have said.

&e

&e

&e

&e

o O

IMPERATIVE DMOOIDD.

&c

&c

&c

&c

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person

& T panuke, let me say.

20T VT Qsﬁ panande uppuge, let me not say.

2nd

”

%e2 panla (& panu), say, or do thou say.

©eo® panada, do thou not say.

3rd

”

560 panaduy, let him, her, or it say.

%eo0r wus, @ panande uppady, let him, her, or it not say.

Plural.

1st Person

LT panuka, let us say.

Fstanlola) em'&@&)ﬁ panande uppuga, let us not say.

2nd

ﬁs‘fao panle, say you, or do you say.

5007 panade, do you not say.

3rd

»

%29 panady, let them say.

Teaot euT & panande uppady, let them not say.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Stngular.

1st Person

panutve, I should say.

o8

O panutvaye, I should not say.

gl

2nd

»

Z

:

panutva, thou wouldst say.

Y panutvaya, thou wouldst not say.

:ji

&e

&e

&e

&e

The rest are regular.

94.

6th Conjugation of Verbs ending in & pi.

Crude form: ®2= pampi, to drink

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person

=2

oJ

7 parpe, I drink.

39723 parpuji, I do not drink.

2nd

”

z

TF parpa, thou drinkest.

z

)

o2

7 parpuja, thou doest not drink

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

T

1st Person

£ parpa, we drink.

J

£ parpuja, we do not drink.

.

2nd

”

:\:::

FO° parpary, you drink.

z

:3

i3

w0 parpujary, you do not drink

&e

&e.

&e

&e

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT,

- Sitngular.

1st Person

$003 pariye, I drank.

202 pariji, I did not drink.

2nd

”

£003) pariya, thou drankest

20 parija, thou didst not drink.

&c

&e

&e.

&e.

et

?Zural.

2nd

23> pariya, thou drankest

022 parija, thou didst mot drink.

&c.

Soes

\

&c.

Kc.

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person

2003y pariya, we drank.

202 parija, we did not drink.

2nd

2O03T° pariyary, you drank

20WT® parijary, you did not drink.

&e

&e

&o

&

PERFECT.

Singular.

1st Person

%3r parte, I have drunk,

23723 partiji, I have not drunk.

——— 66 —n

2nd

”

%3F parta, thou hast drank.

28723 partija, thou hast not drunk.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person

©3F parta, we have drunk.

28Fw partija, we have not drunk.

g 2nd

l

»

SIFo¢ partary, you have drunk.

TEFwWT® partijary, you have not drunk.

&e

&e

&e

&e

FUTURE TENSE.

1st FUTURE.

Stngular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person

20353 paurve, I shall drink.

283> paraye, I shall not drink.

2nd

»

2093 paruva, thou wilt drink.

T3y paraya, thou wilt not drink.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

1st Person

R3O paruva, we shall drink.

¢]

O paraya, we shall not drink.

2nd

z

o]

2

LTSI paruvary, you will drink.

Zj

OO° parayary, you will not drink.

&c

&e

&e

&e.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

s ) | T

Singular.

1st Person

$T°T paruke, let me drink.

<808 YUY N parande uppuge, let me not drink.

2nd

»

%0°© pargla (£T° pary), drink, or do thou drink.

T0R parada, do thou not drink.

&c

&e.

&e

&ec

Plural.

1st Person

$T°F paruka, let us drink.

RTon mw\&ﬁ parande uppuga, let us not drink.

2nd

”

%0°Q paryle, drink you or do you drink.

0@ parade, do you not drink.

&e

&e

&e

&e

The remaining regular.

e S S S

95

Causative form of Verbs.

&c

&c

The remaining regular.

&c

&c

95

Causative form of Verbs.

1. Verb ending in &) avu

Crude form: %93 malpavy, to cause to make.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Remark: The Present and Future tenses are the same in the Positive form, but different in the Negative.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

Positive.

|

Negative.

1st Person.

099,53 malpave, I cause to make.

| 553%?'%&5)83 malpavuji, I do not cause to make

2nd

”

&3&9&%@& malpavuja, thou doest not cause to make.

53099, malpava, thou causest to make.

ey

3rd

”

Mas.

s30%9,33 malpave, he causes to make.

ﬁo?‘%@é malpavuje, he does not cause to make.

Fem

”

$0%9,53%° malpavaly, she causes to make.

5&%?@055@%‘3%?‘ malpavujaly, she does not cause to make.

Neut.

»

”

SAEDRVICEN malpavundu, it causes to make.

S0¥2,3e8 malpavyj, it does not cause to make.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

1st Person. aﬁg%ﬂ@ooﬁa malpaye, I caused toimakev.

S0%2,09023 malpayifiy I did not cause to make.

2nd

»

35&%?%&0 malpaya, thou causedst to make.

09,00 malpayija, thou didst not cause to make.

&e

&e

&ec

&e

PERFECT.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

09,0 malpade, I have caused to make.

S0%9,623 malpadiji, I have not caused to make.

2nd

n

0%, 33 malpada, thou hast caused to make.

5&%’%63623 malpaduyja, thou hast not caused to make.

&e

&e

&e

&e

FUTURE TENSE.

1st Person.

$0%9, a5 malpave, I shall cause to make.

S0¥9,303> malpavaye, I shall not cause to make.

2nd

»

099y malpava, thou wilt cause to make.

$0%9,5303) malpavaya, thou wilt not cause to make.

&e

&e

&e

&e

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

1st Person.

. Gl

aio%?g)@ﬁ malpavuge, let me cause to make.

S0g9Tord o0FY R malpavande uppuge, letme not cause

to make.

2nd

»

aﬁo%?ao)e) malpala, do thou cause to make.

099, malpavada (S0%9,53033 V%) \© malpavande

uppula), do thou not cause to make.

&e

&e

&ec.

&e

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

1st Infindtive.

S0¥9,9Q malpavuni, (to) cause to make.

| 330%’33);’)053 0T),Q malpavande uppuni, not (to) cause to make.

= S —

PAST TENSIE.

DOFT O DD malpavani, (o) cause to make.

\ ST D,FI0TI VIFH,D malpavande uppuni, not (to) cause to make.

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT AND PERFECT.

=

Positive.

Negative.

ﬁa%’%o&)’{b malpayini (;5&%?’%033;36 malpaying), (to) have caused

35'0%3@0)&50(3 ©23,Q malpavande ittini, not (to) have caused

to make.

to malke.

Eﬁo%’%&‘@ malpadini (&53%’%@5@ malpading), (to) have had cansed

to make.

2nd Infinitive (Supine).

53%0358 malpavere, to cause to make.

5ova°)ﬁoz3 e

3

5,8 malpavande uppere, not to cause to

make.

sl s

2. Verbs ending in @ du, are inflected like w®dh® biruni,

Auxiliary Verbs.

96

There are only two Auxiliary Verbs in Tulu; viz: e apini, to become, and evz),d uppuni

(or BF)d ippuni), to be; =22 apini is inflected like 3w tipini.

Conjugation of ©03 2 uppuni, to be.

97.

Of this Verb there exist in the Present tense two forms; the second one seems to have been

taken from the Canarese Defective Participial form vy ulla, being.

INDICA’I;IVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

Stngular.

‘Positive.

Negative.

1st Form.

ond Form.

1st Form.

2nd Form.

1st Person.

0T, 33 uppuve, W%Z) ulle, T am.

NT),23 uppuji, '82235 ijji, T am not.

2nd

”

VT 3 uppuva, emg ulla, thou art.

V), uppuja, ]

ijja, thou art not.

3rd

» Masc

ev3g) &3 uppuve, em{?:) ulle, he is.

0T, % uppuje, '&%

ijje, he is not,.

»

”

Fem

V) S%° uppuvaly, mg%?s ullaly, she is.

o) % uppujaly et % ijjaly, she is not.

»

» Neut

V) o0 uppundu, Vo) undy, it is.

o)\ uppuji 'azé ijji, it is not.

e

Plural.

1st Person.

oUF) |3 uppuva, em%é ulla, we are.

VT |2 uppuja, ) ijja, we are not.

2nd

em?'o:i_)‘)dcs uppuvary, emi:jc‘ ullary, you are.

T, RT° uppujary, oy T ijjaru, you are not.

3rd

bil

Masc.

vy, 330" uppuvery, m%;;;cf ullery |

emsg)o)z%cs uppujery, '3% o ijjeru

»

»

Fem.

\

they are.

they are not.

0T 350 uppuvery, m%c‘ ullery

053 230° uppujery, fazi o° ijjern

»

|

Neut. 0T 0383 uppuva, emg ulla

i

QT | Uppuja, By ijja

i

T —————

PAST TENSE.

P

(e

WNeut

erOTH (53 uppuva, Qr\)'zéj ulla

\ PO (2 uppuja, = ijja

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT,

Singular.

Positive.

Negative

1st Person.

23, itte, I was.

23,23 ittiji, I was not.

2nd

7

0.3, itta, thou wast.

2.3, ittija, thou wast not.

3rd

Masc.

2.3, itte, he was.

3,2 ittije, he was not.

n

Fem

03, ¢ ittaly, she was.

23 w% ittijaly, she was not.

»

Neut.

©.3,23 ittiji, it was not.

2 o ittgnd_.g, it was

Plural.

1st Person.

28,2 ittija, we were not.

gl

23, itta, we were.

2nd

7

0.3, ittary, you were.

2.3,w0° ittijary, you were not.

3rd

N

03, 0¢ ittery, they were.

23, 20° ittijery, they were not.

besides vz

)

Q uppuni.

Remark: g itte, is the past tense form of PR ippuni, which is used in some parts of the Tulu country

PERFECT TENSE.

b

Sz'ngular.

4!

1st Person.

02,3 ittyde, I have been.

285,02 ittudiji, I have not been.

&e

&e

&e

&e

Plural.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person. ©3° @ ittuda, we have been.

28, 0 ittudija, we have not been.

&e

&e

&e

&e

FUTURE TENSE.

Singular.

1st Person.

@‘0% uppe, I shall be.

em%o& uppaye, I shall not be.

2nd

”

¥V, uppa, thou wilt be.

053,030 uppaya, thou wilt not be.

3rd

»

Masc.

em% uppe, he will be.

80%030 uppaye, he will not be.

»

Fem.

oV, % uppaly, she will be

U3, 030%° uppayaly, she will not be

»

”

Neut.

g L

emw% uppu, it will be.

¥uy0c® uppandy, it will not be.

Plural.

1st Person.

VT, uppa, we shall be.

@0F,03 uppaya, we shall not be.

2nd

”

&0 T uppary, you will be

¥0E3,0300° uppayary, you will not be

3rd

Masc.

»

em?%zf upperu

905, 0300° uppayery |

?

Fem

em%cg upperu , they will be.

U, 039T° uppayery

» INeut. QNK:;) uppa

V03 uppaya

s they will not be.

ITMPERATIVI

MOOID.

>

» INewt.

eNOTI, BpPa

| oS> uppaya

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.

Positive.

Negative.

1st Person.

WB:Q)?% uppuge, let me be.

00T 08 ¥OF) A uppande uppuge, let me not be; 1 will

not be.

2nd

9

ema;&e) uppula, be thou, or do thou be.

W%Zé uppacda, be not, or do thou not be.

3rd

»

eV & uppady, let him, her or it be.

)

Ws‘é)ocg m%aﬁ uppande uppady, let him, her or it not be.

PZumZ.

ist Person

er\)'cb;g)ﬁ uppuga, let us be.

90083 0T R uppande uppuga, let us not be.

o)

2nd

»

emsg)gﬁ uppule, be you, or do you be.

em?.g)c% uppade, be not, or do you not be.

3rd

»

o0, uppady, let them be.

VT 003 YU T uppande uppady, let them not be.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

YT

1st Infinitive.

o), Q uppuni (03¢ uppuns), (to) be.

0T 00 20 D uppande uppuni, not (to) be.

PAST TENSE.

Positive.

Negative.

ad,Q ittini (28,3¢ itting), (to) have been.

0308 2.3, uppande ittini, not (to) have been.

2, 0Q ittudini (235, dTe ittyding), (to) have had been.

2nd Infinitive (Supine).

20333 uppere, to be.

| evzor3 v 3 uppande uppere, not to be.

GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT AND FUTURE.

Ger @é@gmg ittondu, being.

2 3R,£0cT ittonande, not being.

Part. €05y, uppy, being, or that is

m%o& uppandi, not being, that is not.

s

\

PAST TENSE.

IMPERFECT.

Part. 28 itti, been, or that was.

| @000 uppandi (o2 g oD ijjyandi), not been, that was not .

PERFECT.

Ger

@&, ittudu, having been

emsgozS uppande ("5\2&30(3 ijjyande), having not been.

Part. 28, itti (s, ittudi), having been, or that has been.

o000 uppandi; having not been, or that has not been.

&e.

&ec.

Defective Verbs.

ANV

¢ MR e - e P e b RN e T ¥ g T R

art. DS, 1Lty (DS 0 ARGl

&c

&c

Defective Verbs.

97. There are few Defectwe Verbs and a number of such Verbs as are commonly used only in

the third person neuter; as:

a., BHo®> kondu (Gemmd of the Verb 3wesod konum, to hold), is used in composition only; as: Bwo

2> w2F kondu barpini, to bring, Swory Fped kondu papini, to take away (or to bring to another place).

b., 300322 kariyuni, to pass by, to be possible, of which only the following forms are used:—

Singular

Positive

Negative

Present tense. 3003203 kariyundu, it is possible

20032023 kariyuji, it is not possible

e e

Past

»

F0o* karindy, it was possible

FO0202 kariyiji, it was not possible

Future

”

F0030 kariyu, it will be possible

20030 kariyandy, it will not be possible

Part. 3903000 kariyandi, that is impossible

2003009 tariyuni, to tarry, to stay, of which only the Gerund and Imperative exist

Singular

Plural

Ger

30%° taridy, having tarried

Imperative. 3oF tarla, (20 tari), do thou tarry

3SF tarle (30 tari), do you tarry

Positive.

Negative.

Crude Form:

eVDC30R uriyuni, to burn.

Present tense

e0003200%0 uriyundu, it burns.

00030023 uriyuji, it does not burn.

Past

»

eu0o®® urindy, it burnt.

0023 uriji, it did not burn.

Future

”

000300 uriyy, it will burn.

003d0cs® uriyanduy, it will not burn.

Crude Form:

S0N320Q mugiyuni, to end.

Present tense

20NR0Ry mugiyundu, it ends.

S300N032023 mugiyuji, it does not end.

Past

»

SN mugindy, it ended.

20N mugiji, it did not end.

S0NG3 mugiyy, it will end.

Futumla %

SN0 mugiyandy, it will not end.

Remark: There is scarcely one Irregular Verb in Tulu; but some verbs have two forms in the Imperfect, a regular and

an irregular; as:

= UL

IMPERFECT.

Regular.

Irregular.

WQFQ barpini, to come,

W3, batte,

2353 beide, or 25223 houde, came.

B ) D jeppuni, to lie,

33, jette,

ﬁécg jeide, or 23223 jouds, lay.

S Q leppuni, to call,

33, lette,

Q%Cg leide, called.

s

;.:

el

LSS

St

=

=

E

(}0

=t

<D

E

<D

| =

=

— 111 —

FIFTH SECTION: INDECLINABLES.

1. POSTPOSITIONS.

98

1. Governing one case, vizi—

a., Genitive case of nouns and pronouns:———aoéi&m ottugu,

with, along with; 2,2+ keitaly, near, at hand; &3, lekka, 89,8

lekkane, like, as; R0 vitays, DRo3HR visayodu, about, con-

°

o)

cerning; evsod ulayi, inside

1D

oT* prakars, like, as; S50

03

(389,

mukhantra, through; =ni8n¢ pagategy, instead of.

b., The Communicative case:—e.3, oppa, agreeing with, to-

gether; as: g0 @R, dyadoppa (£033 dyada+ 2 oppa), With him.

Remark: “2,3," is never used separately, but always in connection

with the Communicative case.

2. Governing two cases, vizi—

The Genitive and Dative cases; o3:@°c® yedury, in front

of;

Ro3, sutte, round; R039,53008, suttumutta, roundabout.

3. Governing three cases, viz:-—

The Genitive, Dative and Ablative cases; ©yo2s dumby,

in front, before, formerly: %#73, hokka, afterwards; @wgrod

hortande, 2o horty, except, besides, without (&e. may follow

any case); 3z°F tirty, below; o=, mitty, above; 233 piravy,

behind.

2. CONJUNCTIONS.

99

9:93_6365 @ttgda, or, but, besides.

03, 0B attande, besides.

RRIZFor hortande, besides.

©ows®or andynda, namely, that is, viz.

esotsoor andanda, if it be so.

¥ As gaadnprakara is a noun, it is often used without the case; as:

B¢ TBoT 1 prakara, this way; & =590 a prakara, that way; 83 ©;333 aSoeéi)e)

i prakara malpula, do in this way.

— 112 —

@omwoiw% 30 andayineddavara, therefore, because

A,

3o anda, but, if, supposing it be so.

oo andala, but, at least, though.

&3 avady, either, or.

Z

6%8_ lekka, like.

§

'32%& ijjida, or, but, besides.

k] {8063 ijjyande, without.

30T, bokka, and, after, afterwards.

3

SR nanala, more, yet, still.

03r02390Bwo yenéandald, however, notwithstanding.

@9 la, and, also, even.

it)

op! fazé 15 ijji, ©» &, la atty, neither, nor.

&)

20T eikady, therefore.

W

Wwewo® bodady, for the sake of.

X saha, also.

¢

as

3. INTERJECTIONS.

in

100

6503.@8 ayyo

eVBRE urd

o, ulappa

Expressions of sorrow and pain.

0903

o, ayyappa

%

o

o)

JQ;)-)

ppa

9%, vappa

3 ah

Wo)

5350 aha

% 0

\ Expressions of surprise, pleasure, admi-

ca

£.22¢ oho

ration, jest or reproach.

Sea

03¢ hehs

@3, appa (TRRY, danappa) )

¥

— 113 —

otso anda

8000 inda

0! oh!

¢ hs

BE° 18

25028 ¢ 8161

¢ 8hi

©0ee shishi

101

4. PARTICLES.

6 (803 iye) an emphatic particle denoting affirmation.

@ da, if (see Remark 3 on page 57).

e &, 9o 13, 2§ denote question or interrogation; as: S8, wo?

maltara, did you make? a’ogm‘% maltana, didst thou make?

ooy De303d? undu nitiys, 1s this righteousness? evony 3wets

o7 undu totans, 1s this a garden? wdwwe, shall I come?

wowy dama (woF danet o nd) denotes doubt, and is com-

monly placed after the word with the interrogative particle;

as: ol oﬁoz&% o0 ©oEY By RS undu yeddend dannd yany

pinaye, I do not know whether it is right or not.

¢ &, and, also, even.

e ——— (D, , € ———— L

III. PART: SYNTAX.

1. Chapter: On the Structure of Sentences.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

102

A sentence is a complete thought expressed in

words.

103

Every sentence consists of a Subject and a Predi-

cate; as: ¥TR) w3, the king rules; 93¢ 308 wror, the

’ adﬂli‘

sea 1s large.

104.

The Predicate asserts what the Subject does; as:

WTRY 5033, the king rules;—or what it is; as: o3 93z Siat

15

— 114 —

Rama is king;—orhow it is; as: 3¢ 308 ooy, the sea is

large.

10!

105

The verb must agree with its subject in gender,

thi

as

number and person; as:

1st Person

03T 208, I made.

al

2nd

b

8 3P0, thou sawest.

Singular.

rd

”

18 0

33;09@9% ﬁ@u%aﬁ%’*’, the girl plays.

»

»

'-UZS 5301980, the hand turns.

the

1st Person

oTE (F) 308, we made.

2nd

»

RTF T93TVRTF, you speak.

0mt

Plural.

rd

»

RRETOR 30%,530°, the boys do.

36)

i)

”

230,50 396, the cows feed.

e

106

Exceptions to this rule are the following:—

1. The honorific pronoun of the third person is fre-

quently construed with the predicate in the second person;

as: 3FTH o T, Ry BlRth ﬁd?@doeﬁ, you are a great

pass

man, treat me kindly.

|

2. When the subject eXpressesa number of inanimate

things, the verb is regularly put in the singular number

futy

even though the subject has the plural form; as: o3 @y

ol

WP, B[peory, a great many houses were bu_rnt.

3. When a sentence contains several nominatives which

are followed by one verb only, the rule is as follows:—

the )

a., When there are several nominatives in the singular

K?raf,

number, the verb must be put in the plural form; as: o,

Mang

9 DR w3, father and son came.

b., When there are several nominatives of different gen-

ders the verb must agree with the last one; as: 3o eggiwe

rally,

ooedwe w3of, the elephant, the king, and the queen came.

— 115 —

1

c., It the subject consists of two or more personal pro-

nouns, the first person has the precedence of the second and

third, and the second has the precedence of the third, where-

)

as the verb is put in the plural; as: &e» eodos w3 o, thou

and he came; Wz o wd, I and thou came.

107

When the nominative is a personal pronoun, it

is often omitted, the person being implied by the form of

the verb; as: Fpes, (I) go; Rody o9, do it (thou).

108

In the same way, in certain sentences the verb is

omitted; as: 83301 @3, (wvory), man hasa soul; BEHET Bo

B (900@), birds have wings; 0% 8 83 (@myory), the wick-

ed men will receive punishment.

USES OF THE INFLECTED VERBAL FORMS.

fre

A. Present Tense,

on;

109

1. The present tense chiefly denotes an action,

reat

passing at the time in which it is mentioned; as: c3a¢ Wi

3, I read; odvow wvzoss, I live.

nate

2. It is used to express determination with regard to a

gber

future action; as: 8 waF, [ (shall surely) come tomorrow;

3% o

&0 w33 oIw® Wpe, it he come(s) I (shall) go.

3. In vivid narration it is frequently used instead of

hich

the past tense; as: & 830BRR FRRRITITIR RonFdRTors 2

BFT, ITR 0est WY v, at that time the Coorgs came to

;u]ar

Mangalore, then I was ‘ghere.

&),

B. Past Tense.

110.

gen-

1. The Tmperfect describes past events gene-

o

rally; as: woeors 30¢), we took our meal; Zesoocdnr Speod,

yme:

he went to church.—Sometimes it expresses certainty with

15%

— 116 —

regard to an action that is to take place immediately; as:

ik

s w3, o, they (have come=) do come immediately.

2. The Perfect represents an action as entirely com-

an

pleted; as: mwef of wd, (wd3), I have left the house;—or as

prior to a former action; as: 3o D 1¥ ﬁos&&;ﬁﬁ 303 Tpe3,

when I came to the house, he was gone.

)

3. The Pluperfect expresses priority to a former action

1ne

already completed; as: Bpodr Sos@ER Wa* 0T, 638,, when

the sun rose, I had risen.

2

(. Future Tense.

111,

1. The simple future denotes what is to happen

in future; as: 83 Sw3oy A3, we shall all die; waAF WA,

(n

it will rain.—Sometimes it expresses probability; as: ez

Vel

30eRE o of, they are likely in the room; 0 203, he

it

will probably come.

ha

2. The future perfect sometimes expresses priority of an

e

action with regard to a future action, sometimes doubt with

a8t

regard to a past action; as: eo3 wdoeR o So¥, 3o, when

¢

he comes, I shall have done it; o3sow® 5,303, 1t may ?e

I have laughed.

Pre

3. The negative form of the future tense is often used to

as

express resolution or emphasis; as: o35 308,085, 1 shall never

of

do it; e503 Beacd, he will never say it; waF wdors, it will not

of

rain.

fin

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.

an

112.

1. The first person of the Imperative mood is

used to express intent with regard to an action; as: c3w

g

3n3, let me see (I will see); 33 ma,Frd Fo¥yn, let us pray.

by

L

M

2. The second person is used to order, or give com-

mandments; as: & Fpew, go thou; 3 wd, come you.

Nl

3. The third person (30%,&, 33, w3, ete.) is rather

a3

an optative, though it is also used imperatively; as: ¢35

3,

@ 3¢S T, they shall or may do that work; sz.8s @Z?aa

w0 @, may they be (or do) well.

0

4. The form =h¥RR), wpa, ete. signifies urgeney or

1611

necessity of an action; as: {0 wdHRR, you must come;

2003 BTORN B3O HR,Ry, do give us a present.

USES OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

pen

118. .2, to become, to be. The third person singular

o

(neuter) of the future tense (ess3), it will become or be) is

4

very generally used in answer to a command, or to the ex-

he

pression of a wish; as: Seotdn® Fpers v Bwody vy, go to the

bazar and bring some rice; 53 (it will take place=), very

fan

well! The third person of the Imperative is used to express

with

assent; as: wo¥d ¥, be it s0, or may it become so. (Its

hen

use as a Conjunction will be treated hereafter.)

yhe

114, PR, 0 be. Added to the present gerund, it ex-

presses continuancy of, or habit with regard to, an action;

el 10

as: %030y w03y I (o1 eus), I am reading, or I am in the habit

Vel

of reading. Added to the past gerund, it denotes completion

| not

of an action; as: S0¢5,0f evg), I have done. Added to the in-

finitive, it signifies intention or readiness with regard to

an action; as: 2pe33 evg, I am about to go.

115.

ol 8

2@ (the negative of the affix %®in 98,9, ete.)

denotes inability; as: o3os® BpesSS @, I cannot go. e’

CL

28,8 w@, he cannot do (it).

Y

— 118 —

SUPPLEMENTAL VERBS

116

To express a continued action, a final verb is

added to the gerund of the reflexive verb; as: Q5% deo'w®

VI BR MUF) 0By, the fish is living in the water; o3sox® %83®

o

g0 Jpes, I go reading; wad oont 9w, wIF, he comes

R

¢

SINging

117

Frequently the past gerund with a final verb is

lo

used to represent an action in its successive steps of com-

O

pletion; as: eong 3, Tewo, take off the coat, and put

it away; o3 35,%° (or 33%,) Zpeody, he lost the way and went

on, or he went astray; 3% So'a® w3,of, they came drunk

hi

3030 AT SPeadd he died

THE VERBAL FORMS

(VOICES.)

o

118.

In the active form the subject appears as itself

W,

acting; as: gz w3, the king rules.

119

The causative form represents the subject as caus-

ing another to act; as: ¥33), 38 N wed,mecdhd Sw,03 (or

35, &0d), the father had his son called by his servant

sul

120

The reflexive form (or middle voice) is generally

o

used when the subject is doing something for its own ad-

vantage; as: o3o%® 2023 @A, didweni, lacquired property

for myself.

S

LR

¢

2. Chapter: Of the Complemental Parts of Speech

e

121

When the verb by “itself does not suffice to

8]

convey the entire meaning of some action, it requires to

be completed in one or more of the following ways:—

1. By an object; as: ¢8R veedny s w33, the king rules

0y

-2

the empire; DORPIF

D

02F TORTT [ReT0d, William de-

the

feated the French

Lk

— 119 —

2. By words that express circumstances of time, place,

18

manner, cause, etc.; as:

[

~

)

a., Time—eod Bwed w3, he came yesterday; esod ey

o

00308 028 638 ¢rg, hels ill since along time; gz S0z

163

ReF «urd, he eats thrice a day.

b., Place— o350 Rrortshethzds 598 309y, I live at Manga-

18

lore; TH,0° BRowWaNE 3peshomy, the ship sails for Bombay;

0

8% RTOT w3 ¥, she came from Mercara.

uf

¢., Manner—=o33, @ex ©9ds0my, the horse runs swiftly.

nt

d., Instrumentor cause-—esadoms %zss @t S0, they killed

k;

him with a sword; 5oz waPY@) X2, 1 die of hunger; o

SRJRTRD wuoiy ¥h,0w, the eye has been made for seeing;

@by Spepdy Fog,, he acted from anger; & Ased Zom o

elf

0%, 0w, the wall is made of mud.

USES OF THE COMPLEMENTAL CASES.

I

Nominative Case.

(or

122. 1. The nominative case commonly represents the

subject and precedes the verb; as: S¢S3of me3003, God spoke;

lly

Sow® wfoi®, the army was victorious.

1d

2. It is also used to express the factative object; as:

1ty

wodh® ©d D¢, they made him king; @e3o° mod s 3

QedT030® ¥,3, God makes sinners righteous people;

oofd 9T RNy wonn® JeTepory*, the queen adopted her

as her daughter.

to

Dative Case.

10

123

The dative case is used: 1. To express the object

les

to which the action is directed; as: w338 Jnor, give to

de

the poor; 38 gocsore wg ©p, admonish the evil-doer; 3¢z33

n Jpeao, fear God.

— 120 —

3

2. To denote possession or authority; as: 83393 n¢ &

()

W

evory, man has a soul; e3zry ©5HF3 wory, the king has

th

power; B3¢sS8n¢ AEFIYee evoiy, God is almighty.

3. To denote intention or purpose; as: o3 z;)i\ v P,

a0

he was sitting for alms; &% Zeo°n® Bpeasos®, she went for milk.

[A[iy

4. With words that signify pleasure or displeasure; as:

oot Bo¥ RodWes, singing is pleasant to him; =00 98T

i g2, death is a grief to many.

5. To express price or worth; as: cRd SR SANES

N

Bomeodn¢ B0l Judas sold Jesus for thirty rupees; & won

3% =T domoor' 33RO, that bungalow may be sold for

i

thousand rupees.

6. To denote measure; as: aldwzy SR I8 wdr, he

she

comes thrice a day.

7. To signify time; as: w037 wzF, we shall come this

ad

evening; & $o8n® Jmemi3c?, they will start at 2 o’clock.

lar

8. To express motion to a place; as: o3 Bymwdors Fpead

>

he went to Mysore; 208305 230 ¥ Spemyomdy, the rivers flow

towards the sea.

9. To show difference, likeness, or distance; as: ed3re

HOTOD WY B’ TED, there is a great difference between

(AR

an elephant and a mouse; Yor¢wds Sows =¥ w5, Bangalore

is far from Madras.

e

3

10. To signify relationship; as: &3 00z Sy wATS

Iy

he is my younger brotl}el'.

Wey

ACCUSATIVE CASE.

124

The accusative case is used with transitive verbs

a3

to express the direct object; as: oo oz 3w, I see him;

FToNRD eV 00, Cain killed Abel.

the

— 121 —

g

2. Many verbs govern two accusatives; as: Ros 230

as

Bo9 Be3B ToBRg R 200%B 309, the schoolmaster makes

the children read the Bible.

b

Remark: The crude form of the noun is often used instead of the

I

accusative case; as: e85 Rex® FaBdr, God gives life; Fgroo, B3r0FoSR

3o Beeo®, Lord, show mercy on us.

S

Locative Case.

125. The locative case signifies: 1. situation; as: aef &

D%s

0oy, 1t 1s 1n the house.

ot

2. It expresses time; as: & R vl ﬂés‘ 2pecdy, he

for

died on that day.

3. It denotes cause; as: @%° & SREARRY STT® POV,

he

she died of that illness.

4. It is used to express the superlative degree of

ths

adjectives; as: &8 393 YRR g, the elephant is the

ok

largest of all the beasts.

o

Ablative Case.

fow

126

The ablative case is used:

o9

1. To express the cause or instrument of an action; as:

jech

WOONT Ho3303, we speak with the mouth; WRE R, & ARENT,

lore

we understand with the mind,

2. To express the passive voice; as: gohg D, 2oz,

9635)

I was beaten by him; szosh BOUTE, PR TWBRPORT, they

were deceived by that fellow.

3. To denote the material of which a thing is composed;

as: FOBRR R wvemacd, man was made of dust.

obs

4. To express motion from; as: Tk F3RAE) wRBR,

i,

the fruit falls from the tree.

16

2 408

&0

5. To express beginning or origin; as: &&w o,

hi

from the beginning, moRpmy Rodes weF,orF, death has come

through sin.

7

6. To show comparison; as: o8 33,a° 098, the horse

is bigger than the ass.

to

b

Communicative Case.

121

The communicative case is used:

I

1. With verbs like 263 ; as: ¢c3:@ o, I told him.

set

T300Y; as: 3R 3B, 1 speak to therm.

he

Seeaod; as: TSR Jerna3, I ask you.

S8,e0R; as: 3383 s8R, beseech God.

It

DeFODRIY; A8: HREIFR MNFedRow, inquire of them.

2. To show relation; as: =03 @odhd 3 wwordd, I am on

good terms with him; 033 0% mows @23, I have nothing

Al

against him.

Yocative Case.

H,

128

The vocative usually commences sentences; as:

¢

Be38¢, woT AT Sy, O God, help me! vzm),, wy, O

father, come!

USES OF THE POSTPOSITIONS.

frg

129

Postpositions are used to express more definitely

3

the relation implied by the simple cases.

The relations expressed by them are chiefly the fol-

al

lowing.

hig

1. Concern (DRI, 5)33_63); as: RBNTT MoBT DREHE

[0T D3eR ﬁ\raoéz??é, concerning the bottom of phe sea we do

not know much; & 93883 0, wdeEd SoeyS, I will

i

think about this matter.

2

2OT,, BVOT

Locality (3, 33,

8_)

3

s as: ngcs

b

T, wod zﬁesx% 8 ooy, on the mountain there is a temple;

— 123 —

2%,

e

him

e;?.o:b 337 & PI,T w0, that book (will be) must be with

3. Direction (@c%n‘,%ééz%né,sooéﬁ TRYTY); as: cMafenielad

56

2pecd, he went to the riverside; dzod FZin® wg,, I came

to you; ewds Rt} o0k, he ran as far as the village; % &

0@y wg, come after me, follow me.

& Time (B

%

, NF,, Boow); a8 VGRTIT z&@ﬁ& WRF,

I shall come in the afternoon; &ev*s D&, Lvercdsct, they

3

set out after midnight; S38R3E) toown S8

~

~

Sonor o, repent

before death.

5. Measure (;ﬁos%); as: 9%, RSF DF° Do) ?y\;}o'@am, you

must forgive up to seventy times seven.

6. Intention, purpose (Bwe@an’); as: ©3e33 TRy BRe

0l

wor® Hewed, labour for the kingdom of God; & Roner

Lil’lg

BReEan® 3on w3, I came on account of this matter.

7. Agreement (5,593, e’i%aﬁ); as: Q3T T,TOT Ty SCHF

3, he will judge with righteousness; ¥ I»ga S78 Soeh 3,

a8

make it according to that pattern.

0

8. Communion (%%With——construed and always con-

tracted with the communicative case—,®8w3r03, without, %

ely

Q) ; as: 3B, (0r B3 W) Fpeod, I went with him; g

RRSFOT TSN TR 08,8 WY, without me you cannot do

fol.

any thing; sob wtm 993 eZoc, you should not sit with

him (or near him).

A

9. Instrument (B0559033, BBwid); as: BeST® SweFR

WY

o

0

38 ToHT BNaeg, wordd 3¢, God created the world by

will

His word.

10. Interchange (813n¢, wgerne, instead); as: ey sridn

oR w3,; the son came instead of his father;

AN WROIR®

g

)

=R 3wewncdy, instead of love, he show'ed enmity.

16%*

"

USES OF THE ADVERBS,

130.

Adverbs are used to denote the place, time

ol

manner or cause of actions.

i

1. Adverbs denoting place (t:%b, B89, @028, ete.); as: Bwo

fo

290 2%y evomdy, where is Bombay? wowaod wo, S a*

1n

sots, Bombay is here (in this direction), Madras is there (in

al

that direction); w=Fg To8eR) 33 F ot BT 0BT, N,

to

TIUD WRFYD WRTo0RY, In the rainy season mist is rising

from below, and dew and rain are falling from above.

d

2. Adverbs signifying time (@3 today, o8 tomorrow,

ff

28, now, this moment, ANCES afterwards, etc.); as: @2 28,70

03 28 Rpes3, he who was (here) today will start tomorrow;

Nl

08, WRF WBHT, Zwowy, now there is{ rain, afterwards there

will be heat.

I

Remark: 1. To show the commencement of an action or condition,

frequently the adverb is construed with the instrumental case; as: (wetd

Y

5@ qoed or) ﬁ@eé’%oag g3 2303 GVoR, since yesterday I have headache.

i

2. To express the point of time at which any thing ends or is finished,

the adverb takes the form of the dative case; as: 4R € 363 8eTo0w,

today that work will be done;—or it is coustrued with the postposition

T

SBoob,; as: 0 Soo83,, to the last; T8 Boot3, until here (till now); ez ook,

until there; o3 doo&é 8 #, he did not come till now; €073 B0k, BT,

1N

shall I wait so long? 3¢35 52o® 58 Boots, 593, God will keep us to the end.

3. Adverbs of mode or manmner (3¢ quickly, oo slowly,

~3r straightly, %38 crookedly, ete.); as: @¥er wo, come quickly;

1t

300 839, walk slowly; Zodneman® 3wood, he gave it glad-

ly; Jpoor so® oon 308,0°, they sang nicely.

0t

USES OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE AND GERUND.

i

Y

131. The first infinitive (S0%20 to make, 303 to sgzé

%

E

etc.) is frequently used for the inflected verbal forms; as:

20° 23,9, who has come? 30509 28,2, we have come.

— 125 —

132

The second infinitive (supine) is used as the

neé

object to a transitive verb; as: &8 WIBRIT VB SO ‘eﬂa‘ieu%v\,

his desire is to deliver them; e%¢ 20033 Beor, she asked

A

for drink (lit. drinking).

]

7

Remark: The gerund is frequently added to the supine without alter-

ZpoDBT &h

2 9

2. we came to receive some

thing;

|

ing the meaning; as:

-

also the dative affix R is sometimes added to it; as: 53%8 Bpeod, I went

o)

to do it.

I

133

The participle has frequently the meaning of an

adjective or arelative sentence; as: 303 Zod 3ed, his work,

W,

the work he is doing; &= 3w 8, the tree we have seen.

00

W,

134. The gerund is used 1. to express actions in their

ere

SuCCesslon; as: Y S0’ e’, OTLT, AT, Specdy, Esau ate,

rose and went away.

tiOD)

2. To denote the mode how an action is performed; as:

2o

3 30306 w3, he came laughing; esodh oo’ Rovy TonT,

they willingly told a lie.

Lh@di

o

3. To express the reason or cause of actions; as: <&

ition

To,08 38, this boy was ruined by not learning; 9% 2

NEly

.5 Rowr wRTow, the fruits fell down through the blow-

)

ing of the wind.

end

4. To express time; as: & AR WF T B IIF FoT,

iy,

it is six vears since I came to this place.

L]‘J

135

Participial and verbal nouns are treated like

Jad

other nouns; as: F2FIY ToT BRoo®), abusing is a sin; JJF

88 Po TUAR SRJQ, the fruit of abusing is shame; iéo%zifs

Jpean wuory, they are afraid of dying; u30sy $08,3%° ol

] S?é

zed 9, what may be said about their doings?

as

— 126 —

3. Chapter: Of the Attributive Parts of Speech.

136

Pronominal attributes.

0

1. Interrogative; as: ©o 333599, which man? o8, 3

508, what kind of horse?

¢

2. Demonstrative; as: & mo®, this way; w08, 3w, such

an umbrella; & 3, that cow; ows, vef, such a house.

:

137

;

Numeral attributes; as: 523 =00z, six persons;

Soewd Ro, the third chapter; m»3 domeod, some rupees;

23@%\@&02\3 3000, another fowl.

0

138. Qualitative attributes; as: o3 Jo0td, a nice cloth;

>t L

Rep T, a small tree; 303 e, clean water.

139. Participial attributes; as: 295 B0 wdt;, the

b

young man who killed the tiger; zaﬁ;‘s’% 20 29, the tiger

which was killed by the young man; ©3= s meder, the

king David (or David who had become king); &35, esods Zes3c,

God the father; W B ob C, the boy who had no under-

standing; wog 28, ¢, an intelligent boy; cdedwer® ),

e

€

8059, the man named Jacob; 20w 23, 3y7, the animal

called lion.

o

140. The particle s&, is often affixed té nouns and

o

partiples, and the compound is then used attributively; as:

WIS WD, as many men $o many minds; T o8 PonoT’,

{0

so much gdld asstone; w8 T93° =00, S0 many men as have

come; 03 Fpeohmezs® BR3, the distance he went.

¥

4. Chapter: Construction.

ORDER OF WORDS.

141

1. The subject always precedes the predicate; as

()

%Wt

©8R) %33, the king rules; dwes ey, the world is large

™

— 127 —

2. Words which form the completion of the verb as

objects, adverbs, etc. precede the verb; as: gz TR

)

¢33, the king rules the kingdom; gy oeldagm ww &

$033, the king rules the kingdom with wisdom; m%cs‘cgeﬁz?

h

T mdﬁrodg} Sowde, for what reason do the wicked not

believe in God? 25022 B8R 2088 6% FoSE ROCRTE Sed

& wotd Toneds® wdad, one day a boy wrote a letter with a

5,

quill for examination at school.

)S7

3. In the same way, attributes, or words necessary to

complete the subject or object, must precede these; as: g

Ah’

S0=@R, a good man; wBF Ry R, a very big horse;

o0 ¥, 3RCUR MBS D oF wvordd), the water of the

he

boy’s father’s well is good; c3os® 2023 Spwor FFT 20D,

;’t‘l’

I read a nice story.

he

CONNECTION OF CO-ORDINATE WORDS.

7,

ol

142. When several co-ordinate words are used in a sen-

tence in the same case, the affix by which the case is form-

}@0)

ed is only added to the last one, and this has the plural

nl

form; as: 288, wwd, ne,BedE BHTEOWR P, there are

officers in districts, towns and villages.

nd

a3

143. Sometimes different co-ordinate words are joined

together by a demonstrative pronoun; as: 3wes, & BRRY,

)7,

5!

A

B030 [oRIT mﬂacég), NI zSJaz%tbo:bazé@ & 089, 08 WO

)

FB3RB) wdadso’, Noah, his wife, his three sons, and their

wives, these eight persons were spared in the deluge.

Remark: Repetition of words is employed:—

1. To represent a collective notion in its constituent parts; as: eSosm

o B)o3ed Fyseg FTer, he gives to every one according to his deeds;

a5

2.0 200 3T 8T DB BT BHdVTHT, every one is responsible for himself; ?13?5)\

708 Be8 BeBaAY JowdId STy SNTITy éoﬂam@%, “Q@, rae‘soﬂ Beed, the

00

— 128 —

beggar is travelling from country to country, roving from village to

af

village, going from house to house.

2. To denote intensity; as: -F"%@S £e®8 BTyen¥d 34T ded Rewah BpePo

[0

@, very large vessels are sailing to a very far country; mobzclkh Doz

&, I told him until I became tired.

{1

USES OF CONJUNCTIONS.

2

144

Copulative conjunctions (oo, #0%, SR, &I

th

oF);as: o3 Bped Swe wiedy, I am going, come you too;

2,080 Boo? 030333 ;S'jzp'ass, love and grace are God’s nature;

R

SO HeT B3RY AT T, TR0, We gave him milk and

sugar; T, BTOBND GoRYY, 3FF PRNT YoRUD, HRNT

18

33FF QRTT GoRU, WY, RS AT T DT AOFY 0N WA

33 wors®, of any thing that is in heaven above or that

is in the earth beneath or that is in the water under the

10

earth thou shalt not make an idol nor bow before it; Foox

e

1§

ow By exeE war, I shall come in the morning or in

W

the evening.

145.

Disjunctive conjunctions (©3%,,93,08, RRIF, TR

d

3rod, 8,3, ©39,0% and DY T, BWY,0%); as: FoPYRY VS,B WP

90 Fwody wy, bring me a red one or a white one; nRoe3

2B D), gruel or rice; £,FR ¥, ¥TR BowBIF, Not the

minister but the king is master; mé’oﬁ@&ﬁ‘ éj ©3,008 TOWN

oo &yordy, sinners will get shame besides punishment;

Wi

QeS8 TTy TRBF @¢3 Ry o5, BoT VL, besides the word

p

of God we have no other sacred seripture.

th

USES OF SOME PARTICLES.

fr

146. Emphatic particle (n, o3, 3¢, 8¢) “x” is generally

used after a final evor £; as: 0% RoRII R, what he told

W

was a lie; mde =on'ctor, even the house tumbled down.

v

«o39¢” is generally used after a final @ or o, sometimes

f

— 129 —

fo

after ev; ag: ReS3Ine ;332@&?3@ 3,08035¢, £,85° 03009 S

odve, what God delights in is love, it is righteousness that

P}

0

exalts a nation.——‘fa"e” is generally used after a final , some-

times after ; as: &3 o%:05° BRORY) word PR, TR¢, what he

gave me was a book; e3¢ w3z, he himself is to come.—

53

«3¢» is generally used after a final ov; as: rRodoSe &R,

0;

the priest has come.

e

147.

Interrogative particles (e, %, 0359, §9, 9, and &

nd

3¢, 3¢). Euphonically these are treated like the emphatic

el

particles, explained in the previous paragraph; as: 2,e803509,

»0

1s it love? 238ove, is it a wall? Zow

2., 1s 1t a lie? &ec.

%),

ot

With regard to their signification «e» or «ze» are used

he

in simple questions; as: o WBRED, shalll come? 3¢, 0o,

have you doneit? 3wcdme, have you seen it?—and «» or «gde»

ao'zﬁ

n

is used when the answer is expected to be a negation of

what has been asked; as: o3soe® widwndde, shall I come? u&a@,

do not come.

38

5. Chapter: Connexion of Sentences.

{0

CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.

the

ol

148. Co-ordinate sentences are sometimes put together

without formal connexion; as: Bwcdr

N

$,T03 TRYFory, 03

s

TR PRNT NF, WRTR), DI BROWIBY ToL TGE, TD0300RY,

ol

the sun is shining, its beams are falling on the earth, (and)

from its heat the rocks are heated.

149

More frequently, however, they are joined to-

allV

gether by the use of conjunctions; as: I3=PR ?@&gﬁﬁ %’o%

old

o33 wQ, T, zSJa%;} SBBB Tou3, I3 29% AT N, T30

i

038 Rty Ry 3, when man is born he is not able to sit,

mes

afterwards he learns to walk, and after some time begins to

17

~ 156 —

speak; eteddre oﬂoz% NTI RR0B0RY, BoBD WIT IBYR

Ia

0338 TP PRGF v%3, many people know (have) good

means, but they are not able to employ them; SORPZ T

5

TORPR) WRODT', 0T BRI 8F TR, TRPpeSet, men

1

have fallen into sin, therefore they are suffering so much;

O BeRT evord), mIBNowFod 03 BT 333, he is tired,

for he has come from a great distance.

SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.

v

150.

Incomplete subordinate sentences (which are

formed by the use of the uninflected verbal forms) are

5

either adjectival or adverbial.

th

1. Adjectival sentences qualify nouns; as: oires® 30

=T 8,8 wrdioddy, the tree which I see is high; & 20363

O

0P, ICI0R WRY WY 30eeIe0d, the man that did this

fo

work displayed much sense.

2. Adverbual sentences, like adverbs, qualify verbs and

express time, place, manner or cause; as:

§€

a., Time: gxroodd SR 0T 3R T35 Radetd BT, 0T,

aslong as Dharmaraja was ruling, the people lived happily;

G

fo

O30T WAFRT Roowd 03 Ppecdy, before I came hie went

away; 5&; 30D T, m% W&, o, after he was punished he

Cl]

became wise; &3o8) war Sy, @b wiem w3, he was

0r

reading until they came; esos wgon 8P 937, they were

waiting until he arrived.

LY

Z

b., Place: TS WROIIHH aoég 30w, where the stone struck

there a hole was made.

y

by

c., Mode: 28 333 ZoSwedR@ 52 ST PRNT NF, &3

@, thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven.

I

d., Cause: SOSRE T D% 08,8 T, ¥ or3DPYNT, be-

cause men have sinned (therefore) they suffer.

al]

— 131 —

151.

Complete subordinate sentences are either re-

lative, conditional, or direct.

1. Relative sentences are connected with their principal

sentence by the use of the relative and demonstrative pro-

nouns and the particle «w» or «&»;as: 00 Tom P [T &od

»3 P 8023, he who commits sin will eat the fruit of it; e

>

)

W33y, 023, TOTIFD Word Y, TOTFY Wadyh, as parents are, so

will be their children; e s svome wJhsh B, the

eagles will be gathered where the carcass is.

2. Conditional sentences are joined to their principal

sentences by the affix «@»; as: wAF W, 0B RO Jpexod, if

there be rain, I shall not go; 3w Fuu=R 2%, word wwe

B0 83y, if youlearn well, you will get a present; ol St

PF,RE & BT, 20T o, if he hiad been here, this mis-

fortune would not have befallen me.

3. Direct sentences are either adjectival or substantival.

a., Adjectival direct sentences are joined to their principal

sentences by the use of the verbal form «a; as; &l o

BRoB B, MY 0T WBF Bz FRHFomy, I am much grieved

to hear that he has committed theft.

f

b., Substantival direct sentences are joined to their prin-

cipal sentences by the use of the verbal nouns «aQ, 33

or, in the case of quotations, by the gerund «“woz‘z'»; as:

3¢S0 ARSI 23,700 2R, T 25033r¢ 300300030, Sor 03

a’ba’o%aaoﬁo ejdoeg) ’9%3%‘; 22, 805 o7 ZRTEN 30T0%e e

o3 éeé@rm‘%c‘ 2,85 2odc’, all know that God is almighy,

but they do not admit that He is holy, because they know that,

if they did so, they would judge themselves; @e3c° 203 wor®

o 3030 TH,0F, BB ¥ Ay Vor'n’ FoWITOTIF wod Pod,

all say that God is seeing, but few only believe it.

R 2o SN

i

— 132 —

APPENDIX.

4. Specimens of the dialect of the Tulu Brahmins.

1. Examples of different expressions for the same thing:

a. Common Tulu.

b. Brahmins’ Dialect.

& any,

535969 mani, boy.

*BRe jovu, girl.

@9’%% ponnu,

80305y Iyavu,-

%93 papu, enough.

0300z Iyandy,

oSS papany, not enough.

B33°, betty, afterwards.

23&-)%8_ bokka,

&e

&e

2. Words with changed Consonants:

QOEDY UnpY,

e 0%Y) umpu, meal.

wog dane,

3oR jane, what?

oo dala,

WO jala, any thing.

o030y dayeguy,

2eodonv jeyegy, why?

?.3\@% bodéi,

23&)@% botri, not wanted.

w3 N battege,

w3, 33 battekere (or Teof kéry), it is said he came

8%, leppuni,

P&, voleppuna, (to) call.

&), dappuni,

@), adappuny, (to) plough.

0%, malpuni,

S00%) R mampuna, (to) make.

0¥y 53 malpuve,

0033 mompuve, I make.

208, malte,

53003 mante, T made.

'&So% malpe,

003 mampe, I shall make.

'afe)d)o&@ﬁo hrydayogu,

W) B3OSR0 hrydayoiky, to the heart.

&9)6303@&%0 hrydayodu,

6%(7503@0&30 hrudayontu, in the heart.

QUEDR TV unasugy,

NEORF 0T° unasunky, to dinner.

eVEOR T unasudy,

UESE 0t unasunty, at dinner.

# “fpe” is also used for child in general by the Holeyas, and the

plural «eBeeFowd, children” is common to all.

— 133 —

B. - -Tulu Poetfry

1. According to metrical rules.

(Tulu Brahmin’s Dialect.)

0% 305380 ZBRTWeS TRETP 8003 BoB%*

DoDTIR g R %03 030 Ry, 33% 33 |

@oBTSTE F03 B3 S0AD0WIRRC3 T T |

BoBRoBREICT® FRZ) WoNETIBH V0SHBRBORF || 930 ||

NFID BHR3 3T m@o%%,@mw &%@&oam |

3RT03BP0N uowmmme WS, TF a,wwdjm |

BRROTSN BRToDTF YRTIT F TG0 |

¥HR30% 0w RBR, ST W, BTN

| 989 |

SO0 BT, $BIN0TIBR FeoT S |

P3ple) &e&&(@o&o 03 Bo8BR WRIRROD |

TOTR03ED 3)0RTHR PI,T HRINR |

[} 23 |

%u%,@ DT BT TocoRBRy DIaIpotd

TV u@@m&,@mw 0200 ORI EF R0 S |

if

3o’ 3,7 IDoRFEBAY [0 | Jogh |

O NTFED I, S WRERT F,T0 |

a,m@@ S0P’ 33050 3T ¥,

[ &% |

2. Folksong.

(Common Tulu.)

BTITORID IBOT B0 VBT |

F2N8R BWFF T BTTO3 wok WIS |

& | S3ER .d&w ToWRRT) |

w@aww Jﬁa F0e2000¢ NoT |

53 SNTRON Few o |

e

3 | 8&(@& TP TITRR FeoRTO |

I3 NRT TIRTIT ewI3T03E. |

— 134 —

S | STEIR BTNTHO 500@365; [

TRDORTIO Gon® YR SorE |

£ ] ejaﬁéé;j W33 5% SRV T |

BWO3P0T BPBFBEY WTo3Z0de |

S | wFIPT WHRBIMINR WR3ZR |

803 %023 caﬁ@gzéo 03203 ZOR %éﬁe‘d ]

RO BReRv0D |

08 nE R DYy oz ||

C. Tnlu Proverbs.

9oB’R 2T T8RO, BRoRT 2390 T8RO’

Literal Translation: Of a vessel the mouth may be tied up, of the

throat, the mouth can it be tied up ?

Meaning: The mouth of a vessel may be tied up, but can a man’s

tongue be kept quiet?

090500 TOI3BRNY TP 'azg.

Lzt. Tr. True being to a word reply is not.

Truth makes free.

Mean. A right answer turns away all obstacles.

eﬁzg 3903 N a&@z%@mm e353030.

I

Lat. Tr. The grandmother brought up son, for the performing obsequies

will not be fit.

Mean. A son brought up by the grandmother will become unfit for

anything.

BT W, TOIN OFFE 03 wwacdns?

Lit. Tr. For buttermilk, he that came, of the cow, the price why?

1]

Mean. What business has he who came for buttermilk, to ask the price

of the cow?

Engl. prov. Meddle not with that you have nothing to do withal!

GV, SoDTI0 T WAIF.

Lit. Tr. Salt, he who ate, water will drink.

Mean., He who ate salt will drink water.

1§

Germ. prov. Wer A sagt muss auch B sagen.— Wer den Teufel in’s

Boot geladen hat, muss ihn auch iiber’s Meer fahren.

— 1

o

6

WD B 20T Sor®

D T) TP0L SoTE

Lit. Tr. What he expected dust it became, what was born a girl it was

Mean. His expectations were not fulfilled, what was born, is a girl.

Germ. prov. Seine Hoffnung ist in’s Wasser gefallen; or: Belge kreisen

und gebiéiren Méuse.

W38, LTI BorBAM WO, R DL,TY NoRRNY, NTA

P, Beg) BVOTBRMNY

Lit. Tr. The Bant, what he has done, for fine; the Brahmin, what he

has done, for ceremonial balls; the Holeya, what he does, for drinking

Mean. The Bant’s earning is spent on law-suits, the Brahmin’s earning

on ceremonies, the Holeya’s on drink

ToWIF 30 Wor'm® B3e0° Fookd 9N 07

6

Lit. Tr. Sugarcane sweet, having said, the root until do not eat

s

Mean. Because the sugarcane is sweet, you must not eat its root also

Germ. prov. Man muss des Guten nicht zu viel thun

T WS R 2

~

Lit. Tr. To draught cattle, the beating stick

s

Mean. Draught cattle want beating.

10

TOW ARSFIYR DT WIBNRY, W3 AREFIIH %J@o%

65

AT WIBRRRY.

Lit. Tr. The forest where it is fat the goat you must let go, the

)y

village, where it is fat the Konkanas you must let go

Mean. Where the foresi is fat you must put the goat, where a village

1s prospering you must let the Konkanas go in

11

DISNOIaN 3% FRe, Be3Rn 5% PR, FoPRNY é% 200%.

06

Lit, Tr. For the time suitable the game, for the country sultable the

language, for the drum suitable the dancing.

Mean. According to the time must be the feast (or game) of the demon;

according to the country is its language; according to the music

must be the dance

12

38 3% 3 By

Lit. Tr. To his forehead his hand.) Engl. prov. God givesus hands, but

18

Mean. He has no help but his own

does not build bridges for us

— 136 —

13

39T TR SoB nRd %’eéoﬁﬁ;

Lit. Tr. He himself a thief, if (he) is the village a thief be.

Mean. If he himself is a thief, he think the whole village to be full

of thieves.

Engl. prov. Every one measures other people’s corn by his own bushel.

Germ. prov. Der Dieb meint sie stehlen alle.

14

FoT LT W0Z,50, B[N LI DGR, 38,33

TOE.

Lit. Tr. He himself what he did, the best, the son what he did,

middling, the cooly what he did, bad.

Mean. What one does himself is well done, what the son does is not

so well done, but what the servant does is done badly.

Engl. prov. If a man will have his business well done, he must do it

himself.

Germ. prov. Selbst thuts ganz, heissen zur Hilft, und Bitten gar nicht.

2(

15

NOHT 30000 TINTY WIS IpeTN.

Lit. Tr. To dance, to him that does not know, the fleor is uneven

they say.

Mean. He who does not know to dance says the floor is uneven.

16

[ONNT Ve 3pCoT TG 0B RBY B!

Lt

Tr. Of the dog the tail in a tube if you put, straight will it

2

become?

Mean. Will a dog’s tail become straight by putting it into a tube?

Engl. prov. A bargain is a bargain.

Germ. prov. Was man nicht kann meiden, soll man williglich leiden.

17

T8 03,70 TIT' JBRRL.

Lit. Tr. The mat, as far as it is, the feet one must stretch.

2

Mean. According to the mat you must stretch your feet.

Germ. prov. Man muss die Fiisse nach der Dgcke strecken.

18

BYTE T LW’ %3,030.

25

Lit. Tr. In the pit having sat, young frogs he caught.

Mean. Sitting in the pit, he caught young frogs.

— 137 —

Germ. prov. Sie schlagen die Schnecken auf die Schwintze damit sie

nicht shreien.

19. AV moodn® TFR 23e3?

Lit. Tr. For the ants why iron work?

Mean. What business has the ant with the blaoksmith’s work?

20. Wo0E Ion, Son! wode® 3N, P3Nl

)

Lit. Tr. In the mouth, darling, darling! in the belly envy, envy!

Mean. The words are sweet, but the mind is bitter.

|

21

30T WP ?3&3:3% FRRFN FRD TS HT WT?

t

Lit. Tr. On the back fallen blows, to the iron put water will it

return?

Mean. The blows given on the back, and the water put on hot iron

i

in order to harden it can never be taken back.

Germ. prov. Diese nimmt ihm kein Jude mehr ab.

t

22

Wot3T" TPETYE aaqgoﬁo 85,00, TNRB0W DPCTIYH T

o

S0t

)}

Lit. Tr. The Bants, where they come, quarrel will not fail, madenji

fish where it comes silt will not fail.

Mean. Where Bants are there is quarrel, where the madenyi fish is, there

is silt.

it

23

PR 2508 TBIT @Ront, WRARN @3 SReONT

3300,

Lgt. Tr. The rich man reproach to tell is not allowed, the poor hope

to tell is not allowed.

)

Mean. Do not blame the rich, and make not the poor hope.

Germ. prov. Bei grossen Herren muss man fiinf gerad sein lassen.

24

SoON Bef T WA HoR 2339@71‘ ood?

Lit. Tr. Of the cobblgr, in the house, a dinner if there is, to the Brah-

min what?

Mean. What profit has a Brahmin of a dinner in a cobbler’s housg?

25

Y YA oY WIPR.

Mgan. A heavy load you must put down slowly.

18

— 138 —

26

PPN T3F TFTT O3 faé.

The vessel broken by the mother-in-law did cost nothing.

2%

2oon ‘@ééss 350637 BRD @3%%

It is as if you gave a ruby to a monkey.

28

030853 2308 327 TR 000y

boes the crow understand, or feel, the pain of the buffalo?

29

0000 Som'® WS S59D03.

Having eaten the yér: fish, he sold the bullock.

30

0300PBR023 S F 03:0P B R0 FSFF,

As children of seven years are foolish, so are people of seventy years.

31, OWIT & Tootionn DR e TTFotiwss.

If you tease me, I shall tease you.

32

6@% BRBHNY TN W ﬁ%&oﬁod’ W3oTe?

Will the dog which took away bread ask for ghee?

33

8“@@% 636‘%336 DT TAHFQA.

Having washed the bread, he drinks the water.

34

ca%af 3P0 emr{‘%\e;ea‘ DRSO T WND 6%:}

In daylight he fell into the well which he saw at night.

35

BReNNY Fpotdt RoTR, BYF ToTIEN® wowf RoTaR.

The sick one has only one sickness, but the inmates of his house bhave

nine.

36

Qj’gBJgaJm Doz ae DR, 6%%

In clearing up the account there is no grief.

37

53@%_8_@083 wotf, g, Rmecd SR

The tuft of the tenant is in the hand of his landlord.

33

SV wG vy, TN vFTIN VY.

For money no interest, for the cow no rent.

39

SPOBRNY 853 T SO ¥ 330D 93#% NS..

A tree fit for a boat he seratched so much that it cannot be used even for

a bolt.

— 139 —

40

2023 FVERRB DTS, BT B0T° WRT 0B SPRETI03.

What one ear heard is secret, what two ears heard is public.

41

38 B0F, wB, A2 303 di.

After ruin one gets understanding, after death grief.

42

38 woas 2.

Where the headman is, there is the town.

43

'r’v’éqsﬁe ne, FRrse 2.

Truth is support, virtue is victory.

44

Ry QT T BNTFOT® 3R B3, 0.

Truth cannot be drowned nor burnt.

45

DT e S0 38 NI, ToBRROR.

The plague which was wandering on the road he took upon himself.

46

ﬁéé Qa’mrn*‘ DT Do,

The dead cow had given much milk.

47

FSle) %’%%n‘ 20023 DTV,

For a thousand crows one bow (is enough to drive them away).

48

56% 3e33n¢ ‘@J@% oD,

To the village-god live-coals must represent the lamp.

(4

49

TR T Eord, 080T ;%%8_ e3=$&

It is as if you gave the discus to a coward.

50

e 5%&'@ 2%, ST ENEEASEY) 2.

A fool will not be ruined, a wise man will not prosper.

. TS T s

for

18%

INDEX.

~~

I. PART: PHONOLOGY.

Page

1. CHAPTER: Of the Alphabet

1y

a., Of Vowels

b., Of Medials

¢., Of Consonants

2. CHAPTER: Of Pronunciation

a., Yowels

b., Consonants

c., Syllables

d., Double Consonants

3. CHAPTER: Of Euphony

a., Elision

b., Insertion.

¢., Permutation

Joal o T OO WM DN e

II. PART: ETYMOLOGY.

1. CHAPTER: Of the Formation of Words

Distinction of Words according to their Origin

Distinction of Words according to their Form

a., Primitive Words

b., Derivative Words

1. Verbal Derivatives

2. Other Derivatives

¢., Compound Words

OIS eO) OG0 ¢ G0 D e

2. CHAPTER: Of Parts of Speech

S

First Section: Nouns .

S

II

Page

1. Of Substantives

10

a@., Gender of Substantives

10

10

b., Number of Substantives

C., Declension of Substantives

11

Nouns of Relationship

28

Verbal Nouns

30

2. Of Adjectiveé

.

31

31

Comparison of Adjectives

3. Of Adverbs

32

Second Section: Pronouns

32

1. Substantive Pronouns

33

a., Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns

33

b., Reflexive Pronouns

33

C., Interrogative Pronouns

34

d., Indefinite Pronouns

34

2. Adjective Pronouns

34

a., Demonstrative

34

b., Interrogative

34

34

C., Indefinite

3. Adverbial Pronouns

35

a., Demonstrative

35

b., Interrogative

35

., Indefinite

36

Declension of Pronouns

37

Third Section: Numerals

41

1. Substantive Numerals

41

41

2. Adjective Numerals

a., Cardinal numbers

41

b., Ordinal numbers

43

3. Adverbial Numerals

43

Fourth Section: Verbs

43

1. Forms of the Verb

43

2. Tenses of the Verb

44

3. Moods of the Verb

45

‘4. Conjugation of the Verb

45

111

Fifth Section: Indeclinables

I1I

Page

111

1. Postpositions

2. Conjunctions

111

112

3. Interjections

4. Particles

113

III. PART: SYNTAX

CHAPTER: On the Structure of Sentences

113

Subject and Predicate

113

Uses of the Inflected Verbal Forms

115

a., Present Tense

115

b., Past Tense

115

Future Tense

116

Cey

The Imperative Mood

116

117

Uses of the Auxiliary Verbs

Supplemental Verbs

118

118

The Verbal Forms (Voices)

118

2. CHAPTER: Of the Complental Parts of Speech

Uses of the Complemental Cases

119

Nominative Case

119

Dative Case

119

Accusative Case

120

Locative Case

121

Ablative Case

121

Communicative Case

122

Vocative Case

122

122

Uses of the Postpositions

Uses of the Adverbs

124

124

Uses of the Infinitive, Participle and Gerund

126

3. CHAPTER: Of the Attributive Parts of Speech

Pronominal Attributes

126

Numeral Attributes

126

Qualitative Attributes

126

Participial Attributes

126

4. CHAPTER: Construction

126

Order of Words

126

Connexion of Co-ordinate Words

127

128

Uses of Conjunctions

Uses of some Particles

128

VI

Page

5. CHAPTER: Connexion of Sentences

129

Co-ordinate Sentences

129

Subordinate Sentences

130

- APPENDIX

132

132

a., Specimens of the Dialect of the Tulu Brahmins.

., Tulu Poetry .

133

134

¢., Tulu Proverbs

——

CORRIGENDA.

—————

-

(The lines are counted from the top to the bottom.)

Page 6,

Line 11: Put “Table showing the alphabet with the combi-

nations of vowels and consonants’ at the head of

the 4th page.

14

Put “(?ﬂa?fqg)” behind «&ad.

21

%21” to be omitted.

21

Put ¢8R’ behind “3A",

1)

23

»

&3

4 6877.

24

7

»

“D‘Jaan

« eggmn_

1)

”

25

“«3

%33,

”

33,

11

”

»

©J avu, “that” instead of “this”.

“that” after remark to be omitted.

B,

gt o s S U e o i O

Put “Subjunctive Mood” instead of “Conditional

Form”.

111,

Put, “The” before “Genitive case’.

113,

L

4-7:

Behind these lines put “Expressions of disgust”.

»

20

Read «o»”’ instead of « &,

27

Put ¢1” behind “124”.

120,

124,

19

Read “52%” instead of “ .

125,

Add 457 to 4R,

e tine e dine i laeiiino it o)

oo o S e il o R

136,

Add “g” to %think’.

S OSESOOS

ombi-

ead of

tional

sl

o

_—

»

s

E

e

T

i

—

S

$00040040006 904

4

>464@

b s

BOUND BY

E

L. Joshua

@

L d

S

Ma

walore.

L d

ha

4604

.’

*

990900

s b d

oA

2.

o

a

4%

i

"

..

e

P,

i

=

S

o

#

pe

o

o

i

.

i

i

#

w

i

p

4

4

o

2

@

i+

4

o

7

o

Wi

o

4

i

4

¥

o4

45

P

i

”

i

o

.

=

#

4

it

,.

-

v

#

i

,,

4

"

i

A

o4

o

&

4

#

A

i

#

A

s

]

4

w

i

)

]

P

i

A

#

>

g

=

>

£

i

"

i

44

e

i

o

&

o

i

W

4

£

4

&

e

"

af

A

v

A

)

.

"

+H

i~

i

”.

ot

g

o

#

[

e

AP

i

>

4l

o

5

i

o

¥

!

&

i

W

b

@

a4

o

i

i

:

-

iy

#

i

2

iy

e

3

4

7

sl

A

5

i

o

L

i

44

#

i

o

B

!

P

i

&

i

#

"

"

i

i

i

o

if

#

@

i

#

et

4

#

b

at

i

=

o

1

i

‘3

Al

i

o

¥

i

P

s

e

#

i

#

o

"

i

i

A

A

-

1

3

4

st

4

i

i

i

#

¥

#

or

i

=

#

#4

W

#

.

o

"

4

o

b gt

e

..(

i

o

i

e

il

4

i

i

i

o

#

#

ui

A

£

4

i

il

i

g

i

s

vy

W

4

¥

gt

aft

o

W

jek.

i

3

¥

g

b

s

&

4

n

#*.

i

#

«

o

ot

g

~

o

#

Al

e

1

4

i

i

gl

3

4

o

#

"

i

54

v

b

”

i

”

¥

B

o

4

4

A

45

i

o

v

144

&

4

w

pos

HY:

@b

e

@

@

gt

i

445

"

s

e

b

it

]

=

b

A

i

3

b

i

i

e

i

"

e

g

*

i

o

)

i

s

#

=

i

@

&

-

gk

i

;.

o

uf

3

i

gb

i

i

s

3

Y

]

it

#

#

v

o

P

W

A

3

o

i

#

"

o

,.

e

”

o

g

o

S

%

e

4

i

"

v

e

Fs

5

i

4

it

4%

4

bt

3

oF

i

*

>

4

#

m

o

i

)5

o

o

o

&

A

15

i

4

i

i

“

-

s

&

o

>

ik

i

<

)

4

prs

o

A

ok

s

it

7]

e

<

Pe

-

e

s

o

B

o

e

i

o

e

o

i

o

i

e

=i

>

47

i

o

ol

4

5

#

e

4

st

i

P

i

4

4

v

#

p

-

o

¢

p

-

.

i

15

20

mEnus)

Focus

o)

Balance

Q

I

~ Fnn

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

11

12

13

15

16

17

18

19

w

X

Y

y4

Master GmbH www.yxymaster.com

W Copyright 4{1‘999 Yxy

VierFa.rbSeIector Standard * - Euroskala Offset

-3

(0]

BY

=g

[\

M. S

e

g

rALORE

BRIGEL

BY C. STOLZ

&3

E

\

& TRACT DEPOSITORY

b

o

:E:

i

e,

s

%