CiXIV79

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A grammar of the Tuḷu language Brigel, J. - ¥7 4 i b ¥y — : & - I¥ (W >+~ m T — ——— — & A EL AL A e S CF 4 g 3 o8 T I o & — o r I I e & e N12<516804925 021 L * e o = & LTI UbTUBING:N e vame ® e £f X1 F &0 7 i ¥ g e, 4 »? g Sl k iy . - o P i e . R ——-., L e s | GRAMMAR OF THE TTLU LANGUAGE BY REV. J. BRIGEL B. M. S. | ——) | % & B > ,:; .MANGALORE PUBLISHED BY C. STOLZ BASEL MISSION BOOK & TRACT DEPOSITORY 1872 . R o ey G — p— N - — G <> Ry (3] ESCF o \"x A f 7 39830 O o E ) ) % £3 4 e PRINTED BY STOLZ & REUTHER pr— NP PP —— F- L9 PREFATORY NOTE. T In offering to the public this first attempt at treating the Tulu Langu- age grammatically, the Author and Publisher trust that it will be wel- come to all who take an interest in the South Indian Languages, although they are well aware that a first work of this kind, written as this is, under a pressure of professional duties, cannot claim perfection. Tulu is one of the Dravidian Languages, spoken only in the Col- lectorate of South Canara by about 500,000 people, and is nearly exactly confined between 12-30 and 13-30 degrees N. latitude, ex- tending eastward to the foot of the Ghats. It cannot boast of any literature in the proper sense of the word, nor has it a character of its own. In writing, a modification of the Malayalam alphabet was used, till the Basel Mission Press employed Canarese characters in printing. This precedent has now been almost generally followed. The first book ever printed in Tulu, is the Gospel of St. Matthew lithographed and published in 1842. Within 1847 the whole of the New Testament was finished, and a new typographical edition of it was 1ssued in 1859. Besides this, the following was published at Ma,ngalfjre: The Psalms, Liturgy, Hymn-Book, First and Second IV Catechisms, Old and New Testament Bible Stories, Short Bible Stories, Prayer-Book, Flattich’s Household-Rules, Congregation-Rules, Selection of Scripture Passages. Special acknowledgment is due to A. Burnell Esq. u. c. s., who not only took much interest in the publication of this book, but facilitated it by a liberal donation towards the cost of printing. Mangalore, 14th September 1872. The ?'&la Det latt and Ind 30 It} I, L ES 165, o0 A ted GRAMMAR OF THE TULU LANGUAGE L PART: PHONOLOGY, 1. Chapter: Of the Alphabet. 1. The Tulu language has no alphabet of its own. Those who formerly wrote in Tulu used to employ Mala- yalam characters; but more recently the Canarese alpha- bet has been adopted both in writing and printing; so the latter may now be considered as the modern Tulu alphabet. 2. In this alphabet there are 15 Vowels, two Medials and 34 Consonants. A. Of Yowels. 3. Vowels are either short or long, or diphthongal or indefinite. % 0, Short: % a, A i, o T, 230 1i, o 6, ¢ 3, 2 1, e 1, 230 11, Q & % 0 Long: Diphthongal: &ei(ai), T ou Indefinite: ¢ (as in &), sounded nearly as the French e in jo. Dr. Lepsius in his Standard Alphabet represents it by w B. Of Medials. 4. There are two Medials, viz: o, which is sounded m, n, or a according to position, and 8 ah. €. Of Consonants. 5. There are 25 classified and 9 unclassified Conso- nants, viz:— Classified Consonants. Unaspirated. Aspirated. Unaspirated. Aspirated Nasal. Guttural Class 3 ka 2 kha i ga % gha % 1na nts witk l Palatal 23 &a ¢3 ¢ha W ja oY jha &0 na nso +¥ Cerebral ¢ ta B tha @ da @ dha £9 na Dental 3 ta 3 tha o da % dha 8 na o pa 3 pha 2 ba 2o ma &3 bha Labia1 Unclassified Consonants. v oDya Cra ©la =va 38 S Sa X sa, ®© ha, ¥ la 2. Chapter: Of Pronunciation. TABULAR VIEW OF THE ALPHABET. 6. A. Vowels. &5 o3 =L grogm 3 Es ed s S Initial Medial Correspond- Power of the forms. and final ing English Examples of Vowels and forms. Characters. Vowels. l Consonants united o like a in about 3° and ¢ become T ka ” far » » To ka him ” » g1 €e &g di % s _deep ”» 00 - wool unu gl 8 M1 o=e o 00 - cool S-:: ;E; P pu gssascc Obmt & o 2L slhisl d » C R bri 5 it 1 e 3 C 5} mri 35059 (a2} ,, et 03 ye » 9 ” (]} mate 3e Ire o ” oy » lei not 3R S0 b 2 ” 4 0 % note Ree S0 b e 8.0 U8 'j%;% ou » ow owl é ” s Rl R S OO; hou ; The vowels are pronounced according to the directions given in the preceding tabular view of the alphabet, except D6 D8 %0, %o which when initials are pronounced ye, ys, W0, W0; 48, o€9, yenma, O3 yaty, 2,03 wonji, % woda. In a3 yi, 830 1}, the i and 1 have the short and long sound of the French ou 1n beurre. . Bl 2T Zl <. 2L = qgg_.;_—; S Pl B U e el ot 3 Et ot el %Tl —— e 3 7. B. Consonants. al it Sound of the Consonants with the inherent vowel & q. EXAMPLES. 1% racters nants the inherent vowel & Corresponding English Cha 1% Consonants with Form and position when combined with other conso- 14 like ka in kalendar =N musku kha * - = % oA paskha ga 09 ” g2a , gander sadguna gha melghatta b na nane Ca ” cha » chapter 23 &3 niséaya ¢ha i6¢he J& ”» Ja ” jam s sajji el jha na 2 nya ” bunyan o Jjhéna ta rta S ”» m@?taban : kasta tha DA Sasthi da ” rda cardamom baddi ka dha 2 5 dridha b na e patna ta 7 ta ” tank dustu R, i tha sthala il da tha ”» ” that g (&) Lo k) o maltondu pu dha siddha bri na ” na natural 0 C prayatna el ity Pa k3] Pa ”» parrot ¢ inpi 3’6 pha A B (oL 20 %] & dl sphatika, 10 ba ” ba barrow o) So bobbe ”» o *&8*&Ziu—&&’&@é*}—&&@«&“@,%?fgual8-2LLDL£§ dl bha 2L . sadbhakti ot §0 (&2 ma ” ma » matter atma C et §0 ya ” ya » yam SPY o3 anyaya hon ra ra Q0,9 ” ” rag prana la kb la ” lack materla 1008 va ”» vVa ”» van S satva cept Sa sha ” ”» sham ¢ o Sa sha marshal N varsa ” ”» a5 sa ”» 8 2 sat i 2.0 matsara 3{101] ha ”» ha ” ham 82803 ettt l ad o0 8B B0 8o a0pe 8 B850 d madhyanha wgAgUeAC Aag la oS a—c){s 5 L\ LN katle ¥ The preceding sound aspirated, l* & a & a i 81 e n e u o ri 309 11 T ka 39 ka S ki Fo ku T ki kri Se ki Ty kri o kha a9 kha & khi Do khi 2 khu o2 khi &)@ kh;‘i D khri - R - | e Y - ~ga O 28, gl e 81 A gu AP 2T Ry /\53 gll 3 gha o gha, $o ghi se ghl 3o ghu om ghil Ty ghri P ghri 2 na 29 Na o? ni & nu 2 N1 ., Ll > V- 3o A1 v 3y il;‘i Qy‘) nri 23 Ga o Ca 83 6l e3¢ 61 230 ¢u 2399 6T ey Cri 3o eé@ 6r1 tha ¢ ¢ha e hi e3¢ 6hi 3 ¢hu %% ¢hi %y ¢hri 65933 ¢hri -2l & ja e&dja i e J1 Ju e i < jri 235@ Jri Byjha W52 jha ®3d jhi oo¢ jhi T jhu W jhil T jhri S 29 U‘qop.]hrl ¥ na oo na e S5 ni e hi o0 nu PP Nl 0% ari 03"933 nri 3k & ta & ta & ti Ee t1 & tu 8o tu by tri 5 tri e « ®¢ thi 3o thu B thi thri © tha oo tha ® thi Ty thri B da @oda di Bedi @ du eXoYiki} By dri dri A= <t sty ¢ dha 7o dha & dhi dedhi 7o dhu 7w dhil Ty hri B dhri A i 36 & na £9° 14 o8 ni &3 e ni o nu oL nill eoy 1l — 11l S ta 3° ta 8ti 8e t1 Sotu S ti tri g -t gy tri © tha o tha & thi e thi %o thu G thi [0} 0 > thri GSOF) thT] Cls @b s T da oo da odi Dedl o du B di Ty dri 553 drl f= 3 o dha % dha 2 dhi e dhi @>dhu 7w dhil Ty dhri o dlyd il Sna SO na dni Qe ni Jonu S nu Sy nri ol 3@ nrl D pa DO Pa & pi 2@ P1 2 pu Tp pu Sy pi z)’é@_pﬁ -\.p‘ % pha o pha % phi ¢ phi P phu 7 phu ¥y phri Ty Phul ) 2 ba 239 ba ed bi ede bl 200 hu 2w b P bri 3h e3 bha 2o° bha &) bhi ¢de bhi ¢3> bhu o3 bhi O bhyi P bhri ) DO Mma RI9 Ma o mi 05O M1 R mu S mi Shy mri = AL mri ] oS ya 0359 ya oo yi 0359 y1 o3 yu o3 YU O30y yri 033033 yri 0'?3 ] T ra T 13 ori oe r1 Toru e ri Ty i 5@ rr1 3 () ola ovla o li Qe ll o lu owld oy i 5@ ].Tl § l S Va PR D vi ¢ V1 v e v By vri 5@3 vri [} 3 8a EORT] 3§ Fofu ERORT] o8 3y fri Qja STl .8 =0 83 D\ 8 S\ §1 0 Su tSWOR i1 =y §i M& Srl § -,% T sa o 8a & 81 Je st eS o su T 81 'N)@ Sg‘i (\,‘Jc) Srl i = ha &° ha & hi o hu = hi < hrl Soe hi Wy hri ¢la o ¢l geli ¢ lu Yl Yol %})933 lrl ; PEEREES 5 —— AY:) el 20 &0 35 ou cam S ah F ke ek ﬁog kei F ko Twoe ko 5o kou —"55 kam Fskah a5°» khou o0 kham 23 khah il khe 3¢ khs 3% khei D kho Dwee kho 1 ~ogou Ao gam 7% gah 7 ge ne g‘e ﬁé gel A g0 APe g0 i Poghe LS8 gh $so gho $reeghd 7079 ghou oo gham p:¢ ghah e ?.iaé ghei Il < ne ] ‘3’02 nei =R 110 Boe 10 27°® hou 20 ham &3 nah 25-® dou 23 o Gam 233 ¢ah I 23 Ge e ?ﬁé del 235 60 3500 60 5 the :: cpse 6ho g5°® ¢hou o sham 2 shah 11 eie ¢ha E e S ¢hei me ¢ho Zje N 8 = jo =00 j0 e’ jou eso jam &2 jah ééjei T jhe Bye jhe $15¢ jhei B jho Bose jho T’ jhou o jham s jhah Jhn o3 hah Il % fe e ne "%’é nei w2 N0 ?’gffae 10 o379 nou oronam &te &e te &we to &7 tou &o tam &3 tah 1 éﬁé tel &E» to g} 3 the B the B tho Bsee tho ©°® thon Botham B3 thah 6’9& thel 1 B de ?ed f{g dei ww do Boe do @°® dou @o dam @ dah hri % dhe e dhe e { dhei s dho wwoe dho % dhou Bo dham 73 dhah T 16 e s 210 T‘%me no £ nou $90 nam oe$ nah 111 ] I\‘fgaé nei S te Se te 30 to Swe to 3¢ toun So tam 32 tah 1 §$ tel il D the Weths 54 thei B tho Do tho °® thou ®o tham 2 thah oo dou To dam 3 dah i Bde Beds 3¢ del Bndo Swe do B dhe Bedh Bwee dho o°® dhou To dham o2 dhah ?35 dhei Bwo dho ih’:i S ne Sené 310 Seoeno S9nou Sonam 32 nah 1l % nel D pe ~¢pe ﬁcg pei 2P po e po 27 pou To pam =3 pah ) % phe e ph % phei 0 pho 3pe pho 379 phou $opham 33 phah :]ilﬁ 23 be 2eb 239 bo Z3w0e bo e5°® hou 2)0 bam 23 bah i ESX bei 85 bhe eSobhe &35 bho g5woe bho 25°® bhou ¢30 bham ¢33 bhah pﬁé bhei hhg? Some P30 mé = 5 mei S Mo S0 mo =070 mou o mam 22 mah 1l OS;M’ O T-Q\o <O o3> ye ye 0335 yei o3& yo o3we yo o35 you 030 yam yah e_ﬂi Bre Be ré S5 10 Bee 10 'O:@ rou TO ram Te rah 11 6’5 rei Ble Sels Bwlo Swelo ©’9 lou ©o lam o3 lah 1 65 lei = ve 7] vé 7’% vel PP VO X0 V0 SO vou 0 vam =8 vah 1l ) 3 80 37 fou $sah 3 e : 'éeg Sel B0 §0 To fam g = Se LSV B 0 Bwoe 80 o° fou oo §am 28 8ah ’3\5 Sel i X se 8e Do 80 Joe 50 =7 sou o sam - 5 (QVX) sah gl 73& sel % he he Eéé hei %/ ho Zuoe ho &°® hou o ham hah b le Tle ;E §‘5‘é lei Dw lo Felo g’ lou ¢o lam ¢/glah i} The following fourteen Consonants are pronounced like the English letters by which they are represented: % ka, i ga, ¢ zéca, % ja ©pa 2ba, S0 ma, o ya, Sra, ©la, = va, nearly 3 R sa, X ha. 8. The remaining Consonants do not correspond to the : letters of the English alphabet. The following are dental letters; they must be pronounced with the tip of the tongue between the front teeth: 3 ta, @ tha, & da, ¢ dha, S na. 9. The following are cerebral letters:— ¢ ta, O tha, @ da, 3 dha, 0 na; = fa, ¥ la (Tables showing the alphabet with the combinations of the Vowels and Con- sonants) 0 ¢. Syllables. 10. The short vowel is inherent in the initial or com- plete form of every consonant; so that every letter is Thus capable of being a complete syllable 00023 ku-ru-bey foll shepherd; =053 a-ma-sa-ra, haste; sow ki-dy, forest 1eq1 11. When a syllable is formed of two or more conso- 3 nants and one vowel, the vowel is always joined to the first or uppermost consonant, but sounded after the last or lowest one; thus: % kli, 30{5 tyn, A A€ strl, %@U .8_) —«guzé 2 —23 3y, eﬁ — 3 e 323—“‘ no — s x—v o N — O 2:5_. % Qj, gg, Eia-eg A °Jd (;i g e, 3 i N 3 —0308 e 03 Q, i 5 28 303 %—eﬁ S 2:}8——- (oPO] }? 2 ) —naoé SEEE SR T3 T — AT 5 A, — 9 TE’ = 3" W 12. The half letter £ » is pronounced before the letter thap or syllable which in writing precedes it; thus: SAF varga, class; 9373 kartave, Liord; @»2Fod hortande, except C”’ ¥ R d. Double Consonants. M‘ 3.’ 13. Most of the consonants are capable of redupli- cation, as with unchanged form of under-written consonants; ( &3 resils o) =) 5 sa Q.. (AN >a! With pa1t1ally changed form of under-written conso- nants: %_3_3 T{{\a :ja o ’eijﬁ & % )C‘%) Q? RN LIPS S é’ B2 ) .,bp) s’ 16 07&:)\, ’;’\)a @5 [o0) ¥ al ith entirely changed form of under-written consonants: G c 16 —9 FOHIONE oﬁoq, S 9 3. Chapter: Of Euphony Ol 14. Euphony occasions the elision, 1115611;101), and per- mutation of letters. a. Elision. i} 15. When a word ending in @a, i e0u orfuis 1 followed by an affix commencing with a vowel, euphony hey requires elision as follow 2,03 TH BBIBI=2), 0 STTOTVHY; WS T-TFB=2303 FTOH; SR+ 30 g PR ; AP0+ =NRP0823; WITF+BoT WIHVT° etc he ol b. Insertion. 16. Sometimes o n is inserted; as, PRT4TF+BTRL=0R3 i TOTOE e.ssﬂsé+a‘+eﬁfo%ﬁ—@;$oémvo§o i ¢. Permutation. 17. In compound words sometimes the consonant is el changed; as, 3onr3,& instead of 5ovr3 S; Sonox for F° 30 4 e @oﬁ&for boﬁ%é, mooﬁéfor aﬁaoa*‘%’& Remark: In the declensions of nouns and pronouns hard and soft consonants are, for the sake of euphony, frequently exchanged; as, To23 for F:038: 898 for Sus; ToOT for Todh: S3etd for ZS3a3 e 1 >0 0 T 0T D e ph nfs: II. PART: ETYMOLOGY. 1. Chapter: Of the Formation of Words. belu DISTINCTION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR ORIGIN. L 18. The Tuluvas have adopted many words from the languages, they have come in contact with; here we find in their vocabulary a., pure Tulu, 4., pure Sanscrit, stup ¢., corrupted Sanscrit, d., Canarese, e., Hindustany and HSSS 1., foreign words. Examples of pure Tulu words: @ef illy, house; 20023 banji, 2, i belly; 5030 patera, word; 3.2 yedde, good; =@3 padike, bad; ete. W 01 Examples of pure Sanscrit: 2,8 priti, love; ded niti, jus- Wy E tice; rody gurn, master. .3 Examples of corrupted Sanscrit: DA prafne, question AN (%23, praina); AR, sonne, o; WREHT (BRe5 o) bodhane, advice. Examples of (pure) Canarese: 33308 Seremane, confine- ment; BaE 3% hotfekicheht, envy; $9vz5¢ tiluvalike, knowledge. ) Examples of Hindustany: 599 (&509) kili (khali) empty; and s3o% (259R) khasi (khdsa), OWnj Sod (8293, 209%%) kusi (khudd, khuid ), (will) glad. 3 Examples of foreign words: Rweo (Foo) salam (salamu); BReEFF corty, court; To TeIT® kallakatary, collector. gﬁﬁét DISTINCTION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO THEIR FORM. it 19. There are Primitive, Derivative and Compound o Words. a. Primitive Words. &ye,\g ju—y . Verbs: Sowo> nambu, believe; st kattn, build. Of a1 . Nouns: 300 mara, tree; 3¢ kally, stone; Sonels, ground, ete. 03) il . Pronouns: o3vowF yany, I; & &, that; w2 inéi, hither. 0r ) g: . Numerals: 2023 wonji, one; £3°, patty, ten; o paka, SOME; W 3# %0 nidy, hundred, ete. thty r— 9 — b. Derivative Words. 1. Verbal derivatives: as, 80201 nambige, trust (o200 nambuy, believe); o, talme, patience (from szowh); =& katta and =& katte, bundle (from 3 kattu) om 2. Other derivatives: we a) Ending in :«5 tva, 33 tana, 13 ge: a8, 208 80655:% buddhihinatva, it stupidity; o3:3 3% yeddetana, goodness; doem aﬁ malla,dlge, great- nd 1ness b) Ending in mod gare, =03 vante, 4 i, *‘29\33 iite, N sthe, 2 ke: o]l as, 33PERTO3 mosagare, deceiver; W 303 buddhwante, wise man; ee qszpm@ vyabhitari, an adulterer; w@w% papiite, a sinner; PIESE) 5 o= vyaparasthe, 2 merchant, a seller; ©3wez3 3 bodhake, a teacher ¢) Ending in ¢°ly, & di: as, 301+ magaly, a daughter; Swe 1011 o300 mosagaredi, a deceitful woman iy C. Compound Words. N 20. Compound words may be formed by the union of two |ge nouns or by affixing pronouns to the genitive case of nouns )ty, 81y and to participles,as will be seen from the following examples @) Union of two nouns: %32%¢3 hirekiita, presbytery; 2ec® B3, nirukutta, dropsy; <o 05593 papaparihara, forgiveness of sin i 21. b) Affixing pronouns to the genitive case of nouns ,0375003y pritidaye ( 033+ 3030 pritida 4-aye) IOVLI‘, \)Q\%CSB%?‘ pritidaly (5,0 3T+ S pritida+aln); 3,0 3woT0%0 pritidakulu (,0353+ SN and %o pritidatakulu), lovers; ¢ ool patnadaye (283 patnada+ 03 aye,—%° aly,—w3) avy,— %0 akulu,—0T0%0 eikulu), citizen ) Affixing pronouns to participles which, for the sake of euphony, requires the insertion of the letter &° ny: S0¥),T ete 03> malpunaye (So¥omalpu&° nu4e303) aye,— &3%° aly,—e953) avi) maker el or one that makes; =%, T930%0 malpunakulu (0% malput-&* ny+ onIEs &% akuln,—030%0 eikulu) makers or things that make; 203 w0 03, battinaye (28, batti+T 11303 aye,—&I%° aly,—a3) avu), one that 2 i i came; w3 ToToF battinakulu (208, bafti+ s ny+sTI% akulu,— TR 3 eikulu), persons or things that came. sdaf siste 2. Chapter: Of Parts of Speech. L 22. There are five principal parts of speech viz: Nouns, 0 ] one, Pronouns, Numerals, Verbs and Particles. FIRST SECTION: NOUNS. thus; Mo 23. Nouns are of three kinds, viz: Substantive, Adjective, and Adverbial. 1. OF SUBSTANTIVES. a. Gender of Substantives. C® oy ity 24. Substantives are of three Genders: Masculine, Inen Feminine, and Neuter. five 25. The names of men and gods are Masculine, those the | of women and goddesses Feminine, animals and inanimate it} objects are generally Neuter. The word «w° any, male, is by s often prefixed to show the male sex; as, wm:5od3 anybale, a male infant; e 2 anypili, a tiger. N 26. The word peay ponny, female is often prefixed to 26 show the female sex; as, Bpeay o popqubile, & female child; 33;99@8% O ponnupili, a tigress. 3D 27. There are some exceptions to the above rulé; thus: § 4 b I 25083 bile, a child, is generally and 23 jana, a person or people, 6. 4 frequently Neuter; as, wod 5t5%,0a* hile puttundy, a child is born; (Y ®Y WIF,0% jana battundy, the people have come. 81 b. Number of Substantives. 28. Substantives have two numbers: Singular and Plural. 29. The Plural is formed by adding «f ' or %o Iy’ Cage or 3050 kulw’ to the singular; as, 3Fs kartave, lord, T3F30° Valy kartavery, lords; s3.e28 msji, table, =3)e23%0 mgjilu, tables; zoo I temy kuri, sheep, T00%0%s kurikuly, Sheep. Slop, e N s SEACN 30. Plural Substantives of relationship terminate in eszé;} adlu; as, eaa’ssaézég) ammadly, fathers; ﬁ%@egoﬁsadg) sahodriyadlu, sisters. - g 31. When the cardinal numbers are used in reference ouns, to persons, the word g jana may be added to zeo2d wonj, one, and either w3 or =vo% mande to all the other numbers; thus: 208 02 wonji jana, one person; St w& raddy jana or TF ehive, 3903 raddy mande, two persons. ¢. Declension of Substantives. 39. Substantives have 8 Cases viz: Nominative, Ge- nitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative, Ablative or Instru- uline, mental, Communicative and Vocative. Of these the Nomina- tive singular is the same as the crude form of the word; those the formation of the Nominative plural has been explained imate in the preceding paragraph, the remaining cases are formed ale, 18 by adding affixes to the Nominative. biley & Cases. Affixes. Plural. Singular. Nominative a, 53U, e etc. of 1y, $01u, T kulu ed 10 Genitive e9a, 3ta, Bda Sre, Sleo child: Dative g, 3°ky, nogy, 3ku 3N regu Accusative Sre, S lenu ny, Sonu ; thus: Locative @ du, &°ty, Rody, e fu S ledy »eople1 Ablative or Instru. & dudy, @ dudu ¢ ledudy shorny Communicative Rda, tta Sz leda O =0 2Oy Qs 00 TIND st Vocative Bers, Bels eS8, w0 33. There are b declensions or modes of forming the [?lural. cases of substantives by adding the above-mentioned affixes, g I varying principally according to the termination of words 470 in their crude form. They are therefore conveniently g 70 termed a., declension in e a; b., declension in »i; c.,declen- sion in @ou; d., declension in e, and e. declension in € u. 2* e 10 Subs 2410 Declension: 1sr EXAMPLE. 1. Personal noun—Crude form: e%&ga Singular. Nom. eﬁﬁoéamma,, a mistress. EDA Genit @sﬂoéamma, of a mistress. (T Dat 93;’)0&“‘ ammagy, to a mistress. (T Accus &Sﬁoé ° ammany, a mistress. m@a Locat eadoézsg ammady, in a mistress. (T Ablat e.sdoécsé ammadudy, from, by or through a mistress. eﬁzﬂ@ Comm eﬂa’mézé ammada, to a mistress. Ay QO e S e QR S SO ND, Vocat @Sﬂsaéamma, O mistress! i 3H. 2xp EXAMPLE. [\V] - Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form: 3= jiva, life (with Singular. Nom 2303 jiva, life. Gen BeST jivada, of life. Dat 23053PT jivogu, to life. E Accus 2303p jivony, life. e Locat PR jivoduy, in life. G § Ablat z%efyad% jivodudu, from, by or through life. i Comm WeSR jivada, to life. o OSSN @Y SOt el - G N Vocat 230539 jiva, O life! iy — 13 — on; Substantive ending in wa. I 33y, amma, mistress. Plural. eﬂa’bém%o#o ammanakulu, mistresses. eﬂdoéaa%’o@ ammanakule, of mistresses. eadoéa‘a%o@n‘ ammanakulegy, to mistresses. @ﬁdémvﬁoeé’a‘ ammanakuleny, mistresses. eﬁﬁo@@%&ﬁ?:@‘ ammanakuledy, in miétresses. ©539,59309%° ammanakuledydy, from, by or through mistresses Qﬁ;ﬂ&é{f@%&@d ammanakuleda, to mistresses. ea;ioém%fo%?e ammanakuls, O mistresses! (with the soft consonants). Tt Plural. 23053P B jivoly, lives. 2305309 jivole, of lives. WP BNY jivolegy, to lives. 230PP T’ jivoleny, lives. 2P ST jivoledu, in lives. 23663;9%355; jivoledudu, from, by or through lives. 0P IR jivoleda, to lives. 23es3p%e jivols, O lives! Lol ¥ BT 36. 3rp EXAMPLE. b., Crude form: )3 mars, a tree (wi] Singular. Y Nom. 300 mara, a tree. Gen D 2003 marata, of a tree. s Dat SoBPB maroku, to a tree. A Accus $08HP maronuy, a tree. Locat s $080¢3 maroty, in a tree. ol Ablat. ﬁo&@&% marodudu, from, by or through a tree. BVl Comm 539006 marata, to a tree. (0 IAERIK N IR o I OA ST~ S SO 1) Vocat 3009 mara, O tree! i 37 11. Declension Sub 1st EXAMPLE. 1 Personal nouns—Crude form R Singular. Nom = DD %) 35,5590 pravadi, a prophet. - W Gen e, 3,598 pravadi, of a prophet. 3 Dat & o pravadigy, to a prophet. oD Accus S0 %,590%" pravading, a prophet. Locat - Dl ) 2,500 %° pravadidy, in a prophet. % Ablat. c @Qaa 5o0@ pravadidudy, from, by or through a prophet. 7 Comm N6 ©,5000 pravadida, to a prophet. Vocat ;i To003>¢ pravadiys, O prophet! ; g W G free (With the hard consonants). Plural. $08RB% marokulu, trees. S08R TS marokule, of trees. FOBRTSTY marokulegy, to trees. F0BPTS T marokuleny, trees. S8R BPT* marokuledy, in trees. 5&&@%&5@2 marokuledudu, from, by or through trees FBRTOSA marokuleda, to trees. BRI ma;rokulé, O trees! oD Substantive ending in = e form <790 pravadi, a prophet. Plural. ,500%0 pravadily, prophets. ) 1‘3)'&3@@@ pravadile, of prophets. :.ﬁ)maeé’n‘ pravadilegu, to prophets. £,35909 % pravadileny, prophets. %,=500% e pravadiledy, in prophets. :.333‘@@%355; pravadiledudy, from, by or through prophets. , 75909 pracadileds, to prophets. gmaé‘e pravadils, O prophets! e A o Crude form: 38359 naramani, 2 man Singular. Nom SO=59Q naramani, a man. NI Gen ﬁddsaés naramanya, of a man. D Dat 203 §dd®§6ﬂ‘ naramanyagy, to a man. Accus ROy 55655@2365‘ naramanyany, a man. Locat dd;ﬂs@é‘ga‘ naramanyady, in a man. 03 Ablat. ddds@;%aé naramanyadudy, from, by or through a man W Comm GO} 25633535655 naramanyada, to a man. (072 0 et P o o BRI ~ SEESH S 6 i o) Vocat ClinbY édﬁ@ﬁ% naramanya O man! 38. 2xp EXAMPLE. i 623 il 2. Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form Singular. Nom 230023 maji, a table. Hiey Gen 3002303 majida, of a table. e ¥ Dat 3300231 majign, to a table. et g Accus 30023%° mejiny, a table. R 5 Locat 330023%° mejida, in a table. QU Ablat. 530623 mejidudy, from, through or by a table. et Comm 3300237 méjida, to a table. e Vocat $30e2303se mejiys, O table! e SRR e a1, Plural zﬁdsﬁms%c‘ naramanyeru, men. 635535@3,58 naramanyere, of men. éd;ﬁm%aﬁ‘ narémanyereglg, to men. aﬂdﬁm;ﬁ{gﬁ# naramanyerent, men. RO 8 naramanyeredy, in men. man §G5®E§68C§; naramanyeredudy, from, by or through men 56355@;3«8 3@ naramanyereda, to men. Eﬁdaﬁsa{s’%ae naramﬁnyeré, O men! form: 30623 maji, a table (with soft consonants). Plural. 33002380 majilu, tables. 5300228 majile, of tables. 33002397 majilegu, to tables. 300233 ¢ majileny, tables. 2300239 majiledu, in tables. 306&93@; méjiledudy, from, through or by tables. 23000 8R mejileda, to tables. 230ee33¢ majils, O tables! . 39. 3rp EXAMPLE. b., Crude form: 200 kur, a sheep (w Singular, Nom FoD kuri, a sheep. ) Gen %03 kurita, of a sheep. D Dat F00T* kuriky, to a sheep. R A Accus FoO kuriny, a sheep. Locat FoDF kurity, in a sheep. W Ablat. o0& kuridudy, from, by or through a sheep. % Comm Fo0&] kurita, to a sheep. % (0 oGRS [N o R DY) WL il () Vocat T F0003s¢ kuriys, O sheep! 40. III. Declension 1st EXAMPLE. 1. Personal noun—Crude form T~ Singular. —— Nom. 1By gury, a priest. Gen 1Ty gury, of a priest. Dat noBoBY guruku, to a priest. Accus. NnoToRy gurunu, a priest. Locat 1oToedd guruty, in a priest. Ablat. noBomy gurududy, from, by or through a priest Comm nodotd guruta, to a priest. e sy RN e i A T s SN (0 0 88E TN BN R PSR D G M|~ SR oL R X! Vocat nodwe gurd, B3¢ guruvs, O priest! e 00 = heep (with hard consonants). Plural. BO0T S0 kurikulu, sheep. F0B0% kurikule, of sheep. T0OBTSN kurikulegy, to sheep. BOOBY T kurikuleny, sheep. To0TPE kurikuledy, in sheep. T3¢ kurikuledydy, from, by or through sheep. To0BOPR kurikuleda, to sheep. F0TLe kurikuls, O sheep! 1012 Substantive ending in v, Il R8s guru, a priest. Plural. NOTOTOSY gurukulu, priests. Ro80BY gurukule, of priests. ROBOTOSN® gurukulegy, to priests. mda%\’dﬁa‘ gurukuleny, priests. BT we gurukuledy, in priests. R8T gurukuledudy, from, by or through priests. RoBT0PA gurukuleda, to priests. nRoByToPe gurukuls, O priests! d& Y 41 2np EXAMPLE. 2. Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form: Singular. Nom. 230y, bolpu, light. Gen 3 RRF T bolpuda, of light. Dat 2R $y, 1 bolpugy, to light. Accus 23099, 3> bolpuny, light, Z Locat 239%),7@) bolpudy, in light. 2 Ablat. WR¥3) bolpududu, from, by or through light. Comm 239%9),3 bolpuds, to light. : (o s S B o I < 3 B - S SR ) Vocat B3R %,¢ bolps, O light! 2 42 3rp EXAMPLE. b., Crude form: Ip pd, a flower (1 Singular. Nom (%t Py, a flower. § ) Gen o 3 pﬁta,' of a flower. ; Dat RPTO piky, to a flower. § Accus TP pliny, a flower. § Locat P plity, in a Aower. X Ablat. 35;935% pududu, from, by or through a flower. X Comm P8l pita, to a flower. } (0 SRRV RR o BRI oL LR e (L 1) Vocat =P ph, O flower! ; Bl SR 230, bolpy, light (with soft consonants). Plural. B0 HY, % bolpuly, lights. 23@%?&@ bolpule, of lights. B0 &, ¥ bolpulegy, to lights ?.3@?&@5’)5 bolpuleny, lights. BR P, ST bolpuledy, in lights B3R¥,9& bolpuledydy, from, by or through lights. BR$Y 93 bolpuleda, to lights. zSJa%*gﬁe bolpuls, O lights! el (with hard consonants). Plural TPTOL plikuly, flowers. TRTOS plkule, of flowers. TPTOSTY pikulegy, to flowers. PSS plkuleny, flowers. PTPT pikuleduy, in flowers. 3@’}3%&%3:32 pukuledudu, from, by or through flowers. TPTISA plikuleda, to flowers. TpTose pikuls, O flowers! — 2 g Al 1Y Declen.sion: 1st EXAMPLE. 1 Personal noun—Crude form: Pl Singular. Nom. %373 kartave, a lord. 7 Gen T3F 3 kartava, of a lord. < Dat TIFINT kalztavagg, to a lord. Accus F3Fa° kartavany, a lord. Locat F3F = kartavady, in a lord. Ablat. %’éF‘;ﬁCg; kartavadudy, from, by or through a lord. 3 Comm T3 3@ kartavada, to a lord. =15 @ = & Ot = W DN Vocat T30 kartava, O lord! 44. 2xp EXAMPLE. 3 2. Impersonal nouns—a., Crude form Singular. = Nom. 23e&3 bale, work. ] Gen 3eS3% beleda, of work. % Dat 3e3ne bélégq, to work. i Accus eS¢ baleny, work. 2 Locat eSS beledy, in work. i Ablat. %36@3&3; beledudu, from, by or through work. Comm 3eSA beleda, to work. N (0 JSEERC N (IR oL O BRI T L) Vocat 3ed3e bals, O work! ¥ e B8 It Substantive ending in oe. T3733 kartave, a lord. Plural TZF30° kartavery, lords. T3r 30 kartavere, of lords. F3Fs30Nn° kartaveregy, to lords. TIF 3 kartaverenu, lords. TIF 30 kartaveredy, in lords. TSFa38c° kartaveredydy, from, by or through lords. T3 3300 kartavereda, to lords. T3F30¢ kartavers, O lords! m 3¢S bale, work. Plural 3035 belelu, works. eSS halele, of works. 3eSSne balelegy, to works. 3eS3BT° balelenu, works. e3P baleledu, in works. ?38&3%3&;; beleledudy, from, by or through works. 3¢ 3B baleleda, to works. JeSSe belels, O works! o, 3rp EXAMPLE. (! b., Crude form: 9569 kudike, a fox. Singular. Nom F00F kudike, a fox. Gen FoDT kudika, of a fox. Dat F00TY kudikagy, to a fox. ? G Accus F00T kudikany, a fox. Locat FoDTE* kudikady, in a fox. Ablat 0T kadikadydy, from, by or through a fox. 3 Comm 200FR kudikada, to a fox. 3 7 P =3Oy L QU R O ND Vocat FoDFo kudika, O fox! 45. 4ru EXAMPLE. c., Crude form: 33 tare, a head (v Singular. Nom 33 tare, a head. g Gen 333 tareta, of a head. Dat 333° tareky, to a head. g Accus 33 tareny, a head. ¥ g Locat 306 tarety, in a head. & Ablat 3853’; taredudu, from, by or through a head. ¥ Comm 33¢J tareta, to a head. 2 Vocat g ( 33¢ tars, O head! S X (with a pveculiar plural forfn “oF rlun), Plural. FOOTHOF kudikerlu, foxes. TOTYr kudikerle, of foxes. 0TI kudikerlegy, to foxes. FOTSF < kudikerleny, foxes. FOFTSFT kudikerledy, in foxcs. %3063"0993%‘@; kudikerledudu, from, by or through foxes TSR kudikerleda, to foxes. FoOTSer kudikerls, O foxes! (with the hard consonants). oad Plural. 33%) tarelu, heads. 33 tarele, of heads. 3381 tarelegy, to heads. 338" tarelenu, heads. 23S tareledy, in heads. 38@6353 tareleduduy, from, by or through. heads. 3393 tareleda, to heads. 30%¢ tarels, O heads! o Most of the Masculine Proper Names are declined according to the 4th Declension. 46 V. Declension 1st EXAMPLE. 1 Personal nouns—a., Crude form Singular. . Nom Sl ﬁ:ng, & b()y. Gen €369 ana, of a boy. Dat e3e9n® anagn, to a boy. Accus. ©360* anany, a boy. Locat e3¢0%° anady, in a boy. Ablat. 560w anadydy, from, by or through a boy. Comm 300w anada, to a boy P =3 & Ot = W DN = Vocat e388¢ ang, O boy! 47 2no EXAMPLE. b., Crude form Singular. Nom. 730:30° davery, God. o A 5 e A Gen. 230533 davere, of God. Dat 30338 daveregy, to God. Accus 230:30° davereny, God. T Locat %0385 daveredy, in God. { Ablat. ('36?38@6‘; dsveredudy, from, by or through God Comm 30333 devereda, to God. W =3 O Ot = W N = Vocat B3es338e davers, O God! i A At 0 caPw L ( Substantive ending in € u o any, 2 boy. Plural e3620%0 anuly, boys. 3600% anule, of boys. e9e20B 1Y anulegy, to boys. e300 anuleny, boys. 30209 anuledy, in boys. 8:39‘9093@; anuleduduy, from, by or through boys 3620% anuleda, to boys. &3e00%¢ anuls, O boys! m B3¢3c° devery, God. Plural. 030338080 daverulu, gods. 333009 daverule, of gods. B3ea3c08n® deverulegy, to gods Q03009 daveruleny, gods. 03¢3308%° deveruledy, in gods 5383‘35&93552 deveruledudu, from, by or through gods. 30333083 deveruleda, to gods, 3ex3808¢ daveruls, O gods! 4! AL & Remark: Though z¢=3c¢ davery is a plural form, a second 48 3rp EXAMPLE. 2. Impersonal noun—Crude form: =3 | Singular. Nom. =0’ F mardy, a medicine. 5 Gen S0’ F o marduda, of a medicine. 3 Dat 200 mardugy, to a medicine. 3 Accus 2GS marduny, a medicine. 5 Locat 200 F i mardudy, in a medicine. Ablat. ;im"r'a; mardududy, from, by or through a medicine. 21 Comm =0 £ marduda, to a medicine. 21 (6 o U (iR oy 5 ECOL BRI = S O U RG] o) Vocat Sorwer mardo, O medif:ine! N(SUNS oF R 49. Nouns of Relationship require the addition of 4 nouns of relationship ending in © a are declined like 1 like nouns of 2nd Declension. a., Crude form: ¥ Singular. 1. Nom. eﬁﬁoéamme, a father. 2. Gen. eﬁaﬁ%amma, of a father. 3. Dat. ®[YN* ammagt, to a father. g &c &e S TR i plural is formed by affixing & lu, >V ~la mardq; a medicine. Plural. SORFSY mardulu, medicines. SRFS mardule, of medicines. SOBF S mardulegy, to medicines. SRFSS marduleny, medicines. S0BF ST marduledy, in medicines. 3)30530?%?@; marduledudy, from, by or thFO;lgll medicines. STRF SR marduleda, to medicines. S0F$e marduls, O medicines! RELATIONSHIP. OF of &%) adly, (99F) niklu) in the plural. In other respecfs the ke nouns of the 1st Declension, and those ending in @, or & 339, amme, & father. Plural. e:sﬁ&-)ézé% ammadlu, fathers. e.‘)sib@é% ammadle, of fathers. Qﬂzﬁsaé%ﬂ‘ ammadlegy, to fathers. &e &e L b., Crude form: &3 appe, & mother, Plural. Singular. 1] Nom Qﬁ% appe, a mother. @%eﬁcé% appeadlu, mothers. Gen @33, appe, of a mother. @%ﬁ'ﬁ% appeadle, of mothers. fi Dat i 33 T appegy, to a mother. @%@%n‘ appeadleguy, to mothers &e &e &e &e <L ¢c., Crude form: 5318 mage, a son. i Plural. Singular. Nom SN mage, a son. sﬁon'ea%% magadlu, sons. 2 Gen 3o maga, of a son. ﬁmazg) magadle, of sons. i Dat 53on3° magaky, to a son. aﬂam%ﬁ‘ magadlegy, to sons. 3 &e & &e. &e VERBAL NOUNS. 50. Verbal Nouns ending in ©33 (as, 308,853 malpunavy, Sl doing or the act of doing) have no plural. ¢l Singular. Nom 30%2,853) malpunavy, doing, or the act of doing. Gen 530%0, %8 malpuneta, of the act of doing. Dat 0%, 8%° malpuneky, to the act of doing. Accus. 350%*93556 malpuneny, the act of doing. ) Locat. aﬁ&’é&ﬁéf malpuﬁetg, in the act of doing. Ablat. i) 530%, 3¢ malpunedudy, from, by or through the act of doing. SR e e SO0 IND Comm. 0%, 3¢ malpuneta, to the act of doing. a8 2. OF ADJECTIVES 51. There are very few Simple Adjectives in the Tula language This defect is supplied by turning Substantives into Adjectives by affixing to them the participles of the Auxiliary Verbs &2 apini, to become, and 58395, aduppuni, to be (to have become) and the negative participle mood 5 danti, who, which, and that, have not 52. Examples of Simple Adjectives: 357 posa, new— 3ps Bo0td posa kuntu, a new cloth; Bpeor porly, fine— Bpewr 2596 porlu bale, a fine child; o323 yedde, good-—-oﬁoz@ S5onF yedde marga, a good way. 53. Examples of Periphrastic Adjectives: 2308 bene, pam-— 3¢S 08, bene itti, 3¢ @0F), bene uppu, painful; 3eg T, RoTB bene uppu sankada, a painful sickness; =3 o kattale, darkness— $3,8 @8, kattale itti (or uppu) dark (possessing darkness); 23 S 28, Swer kattale itti (o1 uppu) kone, a dark room 54. Negative Adjectives: 18 mo0d I3 gati danti nara méni, a helpless man 1] 55. The adjective $, kinni, is also used substantively signifying a young; as: &8 ), ineda kinni, the young of an clephant; Sweon &Q, korida kinni, a chicken Comparison of Adjectives 56. There is nothing in Tulu corresponding to the English terminations er and est (more and most) by which Adjectives could be compared. Comparison is generally expressed by construing the Adjective with a noun in the Ablative Case; as: & 83305 & 3539 3002 03 1 naramanya- dudy & naramani mallaye, that man is bigger than this man g B0t FP3TT o [od imbe materedudy buddhivante, he is the wisest of all e i 57. Comparison may also be expressed by the Dative and Locative Cases. Thus: o8 Bo53037¢ ¥ B33 08 yena- kuduregy nina kudure malle, to my horse your horse (is) a large one, or your horse is larger than mine; =3 FoRTIT BT %308 508 mata kudureledy nina kudure malle, of, or among all horses your horse (is) a large one, i. e. your horse is the largest of all. 3..0F ADVEI%BS. 58. Adverbs, like adjectives, are of two kinds: Simple and Periphrastic. a. Examples of Simple Adverbs; as: Swea kade, yester- day; 2 ini, today; o33 yelle, tomorrow; zoozd kande, morning; B3> baiya, evening; Ppg,a pokkade, vainly, in vain; = sajja, for a time; 3%72 pettige, immediately; 203 kuda, again; =3r sarta, straightly; 3ped wore, crookedly; Tosm®s000owm kankane marankane, ©&:30¢e* adimsly, turned upside down, &e. b. Periphrastic Adverbs are very freely formed by affixing eosady, past gerund (of &R apini) and mvod dante f (a negative particle) to Substantives and Adjectives; as: d Ro3ReR santoke, gladness—=RodweR oo’ santola ady, gladly; Jpenr porly, beauty— Bpeor ¢ porlu ady, beautifully; Azwge Vi b < samadhana, peace—=RBwges @ samadhana ady, peacefully; il m@s& guttu, seclc'et——rbé&g3 oo guttu ady, secretly; =SF sarta, I straight—=3r &° sarta ady, straightly; == sama, proper— R & sama ady, properly; R3 mood gati dante, helplessly. P 59. Some Adverbs are declined like nouns in the singu- lar number. SECOND SECTION: PRONOUNS. 60. Pronouns, like nouns, are of three kinds. VI1Z Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial. o 88 L v 1. SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS. 0 20 61. Substantive Pronouns are either Personal, Reflexive, Demonstrative, Interrogative or Indefinite. 0 all 62' A. Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns. he Person. Singular, Plural. 0350F2% yenkulu ©7® yany, [ € ple 1st Pers J0 nama, QTI%Y nikulu 2nd Pers 821, thou you. el 830 iru 3rd Pers Proximate. Remote. Proximate. Remote. g Masc. iy cq0¢3 imbe, he. & aye, he 20e0 méru > @551'13. Fem Bee¥ molu, she. |& ¢ aly, she | |S#eFowd mokulu £ 5B akulu ':Z);’ i3F 0R07 inda Neut. V0BT undekulu | 0F%0 eikulu, QA eNowy undu {'this. ©J ava, this. they. they. Remark: 1. The plural «3=> nama” of the 1st person has an inclusive by meaning; as: IR m&:x%S &3>, nama pEpigphefl} adulla, we are sinners, i. e. nte the speaker and the persons spoken to. The plural “c3:0%5%b yenkulu” has as: an exclusive meaning; as: o300Fo%0 5323408 &% yenkulu papisthery adulla, 10 we are sinners; ode 3g, & 3e33e, %o8od Sod andala i, 5 Davers, parisuddha- | vante, but thou, O God, art holy. osoloﬁo@o @("” 5, a%ow ziooﬁ@aéa’)s ) yenkulu, kreistern nikalu musalmaneru, we are Christians, you are Mussulmans, Iy not IS {3 &, aFawo BSJJ;'J@J’%@"S nama kreisteru niuklu musalmaneru, because 16ty in «z=30 nama” the other party would be included. e 2. The plurals “z3% iry”’ of the 2nd person, and “&08 ary” of 3rd person are used honorifically when speaking to or of superiors. i 63. B. Reflexive Pronouns. Singular. Plural. Zog¢ tany, himself, herself, 3°To%0 tanykulu, them- W itself. selves. 5 e Remark: 1. This Pronoun is used with reference to some other Noun or Pronoun of the third person preceding it. 2. The plural is used honorifically in the second person singular in the sense of “your honor”’, “your lordship”, ete. when speaking to a person of rank. C. Interrogative Pronouns, 64. o3oec® yeru, who? wod dane, what? wer) dadavu, what? D. Indefinite Pronouns. 65. 20 worl, One man; 23F worti, One woman; 2.0%3 wonji, one thing, ete. 03360?0 yerla, c3oeTo0oR WD yerandala, any one. 2. OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 66. Adjective Pronouns are either Demonstrative, In- terrogative or Indefinite. 1 67. A. Demonstrative, 1 PROXIMATE. REMOTE. B 1, this, these. e3 a, that, those. e33° aty, so much. B3¢ ity, so much. 8028 3, inéitti, sucb. 9028 &, anditti, such. B. Interrogative. 68. =9 va, o da, s9pay) vovu which? o3¢z ysty, how much? how many? o3:0038, yensitti, what? €. Indefinite. 69. %O worl, 2&F worti, 202 wonji, a; =oF paka, some; %03 wonte, little (few), S92 mata, all; ¢ e ancka, many; &oz dinje, plenty; 2®@% bahala, much. LBy un 3. ADVERBIAL PRONOUNS. n 70. Adverbial Pronouns are either Demonstrative, In- i} terrogative or Indefinite. - 71 A. Demonstrative. 7 i’LACE. TIME. MODE. Remote Proximate. Remote. Proximate. Remote. i Proximate. \ SR EALER) 953 %0 Qg"(:)(today ) that ay milu here avulu ) ini | ani 3 Qo3 \ 090%3 ONL 0d 5F 'I’IOW e:fwﬁ' - inca )thus anca )thus mulpa alpa itte | apagag then 5ol 80, in an?.@£> s0,in | this that oY Lles indene &, ancene way ide | \ hither de ? thi- o 20 inéi andi 2 Interrogative. MODE. CAUSE. PLACE. TIME. 2% | h? wolu > where? w, wolpa .;j D02 (wElew] Z— when how 20 yenda o ‘ why? 5 | 165 wode whither? 200 o wonéi B* Lae 3 C. Iudefinite. PLACE. TIME. MODE. WTIORTD NPV 0D wherever. always. wolandala, yepala yencala DOLFVORTD eanyhow. et &maozée)a( yencéandala worme everywhere. whenever. yepandala | T30 ?.oéjgjﬁ») before, in w0 wora, once. wottugu [ together dumbu front. soon. 0T, LT e baga, behind. Fo® kuda, again. pira, piravu 309 mella, slowly. %59;‘, ssooégj near, at FBeR ~ f T)"I"(WTT(\‘I‘IhQ keitaly, mutta hand. kadesa z late. kst D, 302000 \ straightly nidupa mitty pr tembuda / R3F sarta, straight- 30&»@@0 way 33 down. ‘ not yet. WY s = s e e tirty tembudla 2.3 wore, crookedly &e GLEloWN ' 5 in, inside. ulayi | QTION out, outside. pidayi | 8, around. sutta ROBY,53003Y, | ) roundabout. suttumuttu s 74. Declensions of Pronouns. 1st PERSON. 9xp PERSON. Singular. Plural Singular. Plural. Nom. 830 nama, we. NTVFY nikuly, ooo¢ yany, I 030030%0 yenkuluy, 5 1, you or thou. éec? ry, you. we you or ye. Gen 0353 yena, my. /30 nama, our 030030% yenkule, 2R nina, your or |80 ire, your. QT0% nikule, our thine. your. 3 Dat 803° nanky, to 0300BVBN® yenku- 03003° yenky, to 2%, nikky, to 0N regy, to QBSTY nikulegn, me us, legy, to us. you or to thee. you to you. Accus o30R® yenany, DR¢ namany, 0300TP¢ yenku- QR%¢ ninany, you Si8s¢ reny, you. T nikuleny, me us or thee. lenu, us. you. Locat % o303z¢ yenady, in fooz® namady, in 0300T0%w* yenku- | A]8%° ninady, in Z0a¢ redy, in BB nikuledy, me us ledy, in us. you or in thee. you in you. Ablat. o3ys’ yenadudy, ®306¢ namadydy, ogoo%oﬁaéyenku- ReE? ninadudy, ée&sé ireduduy, :s%o%?cs; nikuled- from, by or from, by or ledudy, from, from, by or thro- from, by or udy, from, by through me. through us. by or through us ugh you or thee. through you. or through you. Comm 03033 yenada, to 0307 namada, to 0300308R yenku- QA ninada, to 2383 ireda, to TPRE nikuleda, me us you or to thee to you. leda, to us. yecu 830%¢ namang, QBTS¢ nikuls, Emph 035 9Re yane, my- 0S00B08¢ yeakuls, | G030 Iys, your- 580 18, yourself. Jorm. self. ourselves. ourselves. self or thyself. yourselves 3rp PERSON. (Proxim/ate.) MASCULINE AND MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER, FEMININE. Plural. Plural. Singular. Singular. Singular. 1. No 20 imbe, he. 390%° moly, she. SRETVSY mokulu, eVoRY unduy, this. evoBTOPoundekulu,these they. 2. Ge Doy imbya, his. 3009 mole, her. SHeToPmokule, their 0033 undeta, of this. 0B TS undekule, of these. 3. Da Q0277 imbyagy, SResn molegy, to SweBen® mokulegy, o233 undeky, to NoBTSY undekulegy, to him. her to them. this. to these. 4. Ace S300S T moleny, her. 3PS mokuleny, evor3e undeny, this. NoBTS S undekuleny, % B0ty & 'imbya,nq, him them. these. 5. Lo 3008w moledy, in 3ReTST mokuledy, e0o3¢y undety, in N o03TST undekuledu, ‘30'@5@6 imbyaduy, in him. her. in them. this. in these. 6. 4b B0 imbyadydy| 30¢$% moledudy, 530¢329° mokuledudy eroozdes undedydy, from n0or3BoveE’ undekuledydy, from, by or thro’ him. from, etc. her. from, etc. them ete. this. from, etc. these 7. Co 0.0t T imbyada, 330¢%% moleda, to her. SReTSE mokuleda, e0o73¢3 undeta, to this. NonTBT undekuleda, to him. to them. to these. 8. Em 202 8¢ imbyans, | S0e$¢ mole, herself. SReBoPe mokuls, eVor3¢ unds, even this. eNoBTVSe undekuls, Jorm himself. themselves. even these. S PEFEFPRSON rPermote D) L TS 3rp PERSON. (Remote. ) MASCULINE AND MASCULINE FEMININE. FEMININE. NEUTER. Plural. Plural. Singular. Singular. Singular. Nom. 303 @ye, he. e5%* aly, she. ©330% akuly, they. ©3y) avy, that. 80B0%0 eikuly, those. Gen 3030 aya, his. 593 ale, her. e350% akule, their. 23 eita, of that. 5030 eikule, of those. Dat eIO3OTY ayagy, to 397 alegu, to her TSN akulegy, tothem. 803F° eiky, to that. BB eikulegy, to those him. Accus. e5030w® ayany, him. 39" aleny, her. TS ° akuleny, them. 8 einy, that. 8T8 eikuleny, those. Locat. O30T ayady, in 33 aledy, in her 33055 akuledy, in them. 5083 eity, in that, pFos e eikuledy, in those him A%lat. 03w ayadudy, 3593:5; ale dudu, "o o @%&%3232 akuleduduy, from, Si)&é eidudy, from, 509w eikuledudy, from, ete. him. ete. them. ete. that. from, etc. her from, etc. those Comm. 83 aleda, to her e30Se akuleda, to them. 50¢J eita, to that. Slowie éyada:, to him $TPR eikuleda, to Fhose Emp e3030%¢ dyens, es33ealens, herself 57080 akuls, themselves. 0933 ¢ avVe, even 2T08¢e eikuls, even those Jorm himself. that. 75. The following Adverbs are only in some cases inflected. Dative. Ablative. Crude form. Genitive 2ORSY mily, here. SNE, multa. 2099, multuddu. 09:3)%0 avuly, there. 9P alta. ¢ @ altududy, 2080 wolu, where? W%, wolta, 20,3y woltuddu, WY wodegu, w® wode, whence? whither? nae ©G oY1 ‘navpep ©0eo {npun 2 ide, hither. 2By idegu. 928 ade, thither. Y adegu. 202 indi, hitherward. 20283 intida. .03 7Y indigu, ) oz%as; inéidudu, i% ©9028 anti, thitherward. 0902853 andida. oW antigu, 0% C‘S; anéidudy, %025 wonéi, whither? 2028 & vondida, %0WT vonéidudu 2Q ini, today. 2 Q3 inita, 2QT° iniku, VT iniduduy, TReT kode, yesterday. SRV kodeda. SRR kodegu, BRewsrs kodedudy O&)@Bm yelle, tomorrow. 038 T yelleda, oS 1 yellegu. 8w yelledudy. 039023 yellanji, day after tomorrow 0390233 yellanjida, 030¢ o237 yellanjigy, o3rgorce’ yellanjidudu, £ Qdcgo “hasm Qicge ‘huwk Qecco oI ‘Auwy Qe :snyJ, ‘SUOISUI[OP 9A0(QE - 23, itte, now. @33 itteda. @3, 1¥ ittegu. BT itfedqdq. RO AYI[ ‘npur cpoty fhiowm &dwge oIy ‘Afequir §eeoty {far gse oNI[ ‘M Q& ‘Aao oy} 0} Surproode pejodpul aI® sunouold Surureured 9y} jeyy :Iewey e i i Kok ST o> <> P2 | <8 e & the THIRD SECTION: NUMERALS. 1, 0% 76. Numerals too are, like Nouns and Pronouns, of three kinds, viz: Substantive, Adjective and Adverbial. 1. SUBSTANTIVE NUMERALS. 1. %0 wor, one (man); w3 wort, one (Woman); 2023 wonji, one (thing). 23T irvery, two (persons). K)%Og yelveru, seven (persons). SWorsed mivery, three (persons). 23¢9, 30073 yenma mande, eight persons. | &= ittedudu ” aa%og nalvery, four 20WF 330003 Wormba mande, nine persons. 8330° eivern, five ” £33, $000 pattu mande, ten ” » &e &e Qﬁ% o° ajvery, six Remark: From seven upwards =0c: mande, people” is added to the number. 2. ADJECTIVE NUMERALS. | &3, ittegu 78. a., Cardinal Numbers. 20023 wonji O, raddy 309928 miiji o naly | &=, itteda 80T einu €523 aji 0%* yelu o9, yenma Sl fo 98 8L B Mo n D 200 F wormba © O 3 S OU = W DN = = =&, patty @) = 234,003 pattonji (@R} to R oo padurady R 300023 padymiji O& oo itte, nmow = - =5 R o®° padunalu 0% - AE=N Ler} — 4 028 15 S 3 padyneiny T 9 padunaji @/ 16 T ey padynelu bl 17 @) 18 =o* 869, padynenma e 19 R0 [JWowr padynormba B3F irva 20 20 : ARF BP0 irvatonji 20 21 BIFS ow irvatyraddy 0 ) 22 : 98 B3F 3 [0 irvatumiji 23 ¥ 24 ; B RF T TOO° irvatunaly BRSO irvatyeiny, etc. A 25 530033, muppa. ao 30 oo, nalpa ¥0 40 R0 0 eiva 50 ¢ O 60 09233 ajipa =He 70 ¢ %, yelpa o€, yenpa Sle) 80 R, sonpa ¢ O 90 2 gle]e; 100 SRR nlidu 3 gle]@ 101 BR3P0 niitavonji o9 102 ESJEédZB:B niitaraddu [P I3 T3 niitamiji, ete. Nnoa 103 SP3BT, nitapatty, ete. 0no 110 280 150 [RIOD niitaeiva, ete. LR/RF T irntidu DO 200 L e . T e = 2N 5‘@,@0 munniidu a.00 300 ¥00 400 TOTTRRY nélgnﬁdu(ﬁ'@é@do nantdu) O/PIY eintidu 800 500 it SV IN T ajintdu &¢00 600 200 Q% IR yeluntdu 700 Sle]e) 800 226, RP T yenmaniidu WOWFRNTY wormbantdu ¢ Q00 900 S =90 sara 0,000 1,000 8330003 saratavonji 0,000 1,001 63665(; sarataraddy, etc. 0,009 1,002 3y Y 8gx S, saratapatty 0,000 1,010 D030 3¢ saratairva 0,090 1,020 RTS8, saratamuppa, ete 0,080 1,030 TO03RPIN saratantidu 0,000 1,100 RNOT3DSWFRY saratairntdu, ete. 0,900 1,200 $ 3, AT pattusara 00,000 10,000 R38R, 0W8AT pattonjisara, etc. 00,000 11,000 e)?)\ laksa 0,00,000 1,00,000 20e¢3 koti 0,00,00,000 1,00,00,000 79. b., Ordinal Numbers. The Ordinal Numbers are formed by adding the affix e ane to the Cardinal Numbers. w0 wonjane 0 1st SO nalane ¥R 4th dc% & raddane 93 2nd ORI einane 2R3 5th S0P miljane a3 3rd £33 pattane NOR 10th &e. &c &ec. 80' 3. ADVERBIAL NUMERALS. 2,0 wora, once. 203970 worvara, once. 2,083 ®8F wonji sarti, once. gdpF wairvolu, twice. masoFJd irvara, a second ESJJ§J% ) mukkolu, thrice. time. d%réé Fraddusarti, twice. D023 ¥8F miji sarti, 3 SST e nalukolu, 4 times. 002 3 muttara, a 3rd 0FRB) eikolu, or 230%0 time. times. Remark: Of this kind &e &e. eivolu, 5 times. Remark: This form is only | these three -forms only used up to five. exist. FOURTH SECTION: VERBS. 1. FORMS OF THE VERBS. 81. Tulu Verbs have 3 forms: Active, Causative and Reflexive (or middle voice). 6* ey - 82. The Causative is formed by affixing e a (some- times @ du) to the stem of the present tense of the Active i form, as: «zowo, malps, cause to make” from “0%y, malpu, to make”; «“Z@x0 nadapa, cause to walk” from «3R%) nadapu, to walk”; «8@53%) cause to walk or to lead” from «3®%) nadapn, to walk” «®3@zo kadaps, cause to cross (a river) or cause \ to stride through” and «3@3@) kadapudy, to send” (here the two different affixes imply different meanings); 3mor tarps, or 35F Ay tarpudu, cause to bring. 1 83. The Reflexive or middle form is formed by adding %e90 wonu, to the stem of the imperfect tense of the Active or Causative; as: 09,200 maltony, to make for oneself; 3w peao tivony, to see for oneself; =0l 337 o8¢ TODRB aye tanany tans hakonde, he beat himself 3 sﬁo%?g)@awo malpavonu, cause to make for oneself; &0 3595 2023 3ReBHR ALY 53pox aye tanyky wonji totonu malpavonde, he caused to make a gar- den for himself, i. e. he had a garden made for himself. Remark: There is no passive form for verbs in Tulu; whenever the passive sense is to be expressed it is done in the following way: &3 mTHTV0 a3y aye hakudinaye aye, he is one who has been beaten, or he has been beaten; €20 donTnmocd €9y @ye nindisudinaye aye, he is one who was despised, or he was despised. 84. A number of Intransitive Verbs become transitive by changing the terminating letter o3s yu, into o) &) pu; as: f 200N 030 mugiyu, to cease. 300Ny mugipuy, to finish. 20030 pariyy, to tear. £ 0% paripy, to tear, to makeit tear. e D030 uriyu, to burn. VOY uripy, to blow. 20035 woriyu, to remain. w05y woripy, to keep, to preserve. RURC3 nudiyy, to sound. &3 nudipy, to give sound, to speak. 2. TENSES OF THE VERB. 85. There are three principal Tenses, viz: the Present, ! e Past and Future. Each of the Past and Future Tenses has two forms, Imperfect and Perfect, 1st and 2nd Future. 3. MOODS OF THE VERB. 0 86. There are six Moods, viz: Indicative, Imperative, \[[’ Conditional, Infinitive, Potential and Subjunctive, each of 0 which has a positive and negative form. 6 4. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. By 87. There are two principal conjugations, viz: those in 8 which the participle of the present tense terminates in v, [ and those in which it terminates in & pi. Kach of these two classes has three sub-divisions, the characteristic differences 2 of which appear in the present, past and future tenses 1 of the Indicative, from which all remaining forms may be said to be derived. Accordingly there are 6 conjuga- 3 tions. 88. Compare the following table:— ol Past. Future. Participles. Present. y =9 By malpu, ﬁo%ﬁa}sg malpuve, Bﬁai malte, 0B, malpe, 1S making I make I made. I shall make. Foteo kenu, Fet00d kénuve, Foots kende, Fefo023 kénumbe, hearing I hear. I heard I shall hear. Participles in ¢v u 20»To buru, 20030053 biiruve, 200030 biriye, 22#3 bire, N falling. T fall. I fell. I shall fall. 3 3 seite, B seive, ﬁogfb seipi, .‘:’&?3 seipe, & & dying. I die. I died I shall die. Ziedy panpi, 3\ panpe, o pande, oHoce3 panumbe, saying. I say. I said I shall say. DDF parpi, TDF parpe, =030 pariye, T30 paruve, Participles in & p N T drinking. I drink I drank I shall drink. t, 89. 1st. Conjugation of Verbs ending in 3 pu. Crude form: 0%, malpy, make (do) INDICATIVE M()OD. PRESENT TENSE. Stngular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 333%33)3 malpuve, I make. 099,28 malpuji, I do not make. 2nd ” ﬁo%?&;ﬁ mulpuva, thou makest. 20%,% malpuja, thou doest not make. 3rd » Masc 09,53 malpuve, he makes. 530%,23 malpuje he does not make. » » Fem 0%, 3% malpuvaly, she makes S9%, %% mulpujaly, she does not make- ? Neut » » 33\)%3;)3050 mulpundu, it makes. $0%0,23 malpuji, it does not make, Plural. 1st Person. :30%333)&3 malpuva, we make. S0%y2 malpuja, we do not make. 2nd » $0%9,550° malpuvary, you make 350%'39)2,305 malpujary, you do not make. 3rd n Masc $0%9,530° malpuvery 309, %0° malpujery » Fem $30%2,530° malpuvery 53092, 280° malpujern they do not make. ” ” Neut $0%2,33 malpuva ‘ they make. $0%9,23 malpuja - Remari- L onnoch the frst nerson sincnlar in all tencsea ia anelt l1ike theée 2rd nercorn mmaceoiiline thew are mronolnnecaead Aiffaraeantlv k2l ”» wue 90T 2 o2 NPV ) 1 ==2X%s maipuja - Remark: Though the first person singular in all tenses is spelt like the 3rd person masculine, they are pronounced differently; the terminating e, in the former sounding nearly like ‘a’ in man (353@2):‘3 malpuve), that in the latter like ‘¢’ in men (;5.)@335 malpuve). PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Stngular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 0% malte, I made. 309,28 maltiji, I did not make. 2nd s0%, malta, thou madest. 0%, 23 maltija, thou didst not make. 3rd Masc » 0%, malte, he made. ﬁogﬁ maltije, he did not make. Fem. » 08, %° maltaly, she made. S0%,w%* maltijaly, she did not make n Neut S0 o malt undy, it made. o= ® o 309,23 maltiji, it did not make. Plural. 1st Person. 0%, malta, we made. 209,22 maltija, we did not make. 2nd 0%, 0° maltary, you made. $0¢,2:0° maltijary, you did not make 3rd ” Mase 308, 0° maltery 399, 830° maltijery » Fem, they made 0%, O° maltery 299,20 maltijern » Neut. 0%, malta 09,22 maltija ‘ they did not make. = i Remark: All verbs with R ppu, in the root, as ©Dy lappuni, 8%;:3 deppuni, have 8 tte, in the imperfect tense; as: o3 latte, zBEéS’D dette, ete PERFECT TENSE Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 0%°, 0 maltude, I have made. 5309, &% maltudiji, I have not made. 2nd » 20%°, % maltuda, thou hast made. 30%°, 022 maltudija, thou hast not made. 3rd ” Masce 30%¢, T maltude, he has made. 0%, 02X maltudije, he has not made. » Fem 209 3%° maltudaly, she has made. 20%°, Owe® maltudijaly, she has not made. » Neut 20%°, 0 o maltudundu, it has made. =0%*, 023 maltudiji, it has not made. Plural. | 1st Person. 20%°, 0 maltuda, we have made. S0%°, & maltydija, we have not made. 2nd b $30%°, 50" maltudary, you have made. S0%F, 0T maltudijary, you have not made. 3rd ” Masc 30%°,30° maltudery 209, ORT° maltudijern b 2 Fem $0%°,13C° maltudery |, they have made $0%F, 0e30° maltudijery | they have not made » Neut 20%%, 8 maltuda | 209, D maltudija iz St i s B St ot A YL B S I B PN b M T R s ol PO 7 . ooy A INNewut. SO T maltuda VT e e e At L 2 2 [ PLUPERFECT TENSE, (S0%%,0° maltudy, Gerund Perfeet and 23, itte, Imperfect tense of wvg) 2 uppuni, to be.) Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. S0%¢, 03, maltuditte, I had made. 20,035 23 maltudittuji, I had not made. 2nd ” 209°, 0%, maltuditta, thou hadst made. 0%°, 2w maltudittyja, thou hadst not made. 3rd Masc S0%°, &3, maltuditte, he had made. Soe, 03,2 maltudittyje, he had not made. ” Fem. 20,08, % maltudittaly, she had made. 0%, 2, we* multydittajaly, she had not made. » Neut 0%, 03 2 maltydittyja, it had not made. 30,0 o maltudittundy, it Lad made. Plural. 1st Person. 30%°, 03, maltuditta, we had made. S0e, D, 23 maltudittyja, we had not made. 2nd » S0%°, 03, ° maltudittary, you had made. S0e, 03 w0® maltydittujary, you had not made. 3rd Masc 7 30%°, 03, T° maltudittery 0%, D, B30¢ maltydittujern | N Fem $0%°, 03,0 maltudittern ) they had made. e, 03, R0 maltydittujery they had not made. ” Neut | T, @ég maltuditta ey 0%, maltudittyja FUTURE TENSE. 1st FUTURE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 0%, malpe, I shall make. 5309,03) malpaye, I shall not make. “nd 0%, malpa, thou wilt make. 309,03 malpaya, thou wilt not make. 3rd » Masc 50%0'33 malpaye, he will not make. do% malpe, he will make. Fem 830%030%" malpayaly, she will not make. ” $0%,%° malpaly, she will make » Neut ;53#90 malpu, it will make. 30¢, 0% malpandy, it will not make. Plural. 1st Person. 30¢,03> malpaya, we shall not make. 350% malpa, we shall make. 2nd 0%, 0 malpary, you will make 0%,0307° malpayary, you will not make. 3rd Masc. ¢, 0° malpery 30§,0300° malpayery N Fem $0¢,0° malpery they will make 530%,03:0° malpayery n Neut. 30%,03> malpaya S they will not make. ds% malpa 2nd FUTURE (Fuature Perfect Tenseo). Neuwt- 0=, malpa \ DoF . S3O malpaya 2nd FUTURE (Future Perfect Tense). (095, maltydy, Gerund Perfect and oo uppe, ete. Future Tense of vz, uppuni, to be.) Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. m@;m% maltuduppe, I shall héve made. 0%, 8o, 03> maltyduppaye, I shall not have made. 2nd ” 'Si)%fgdo% maltuduppa, thou wilt have made. 095,305,030 maltyduppaya, thou wilt not have made. 3rd » Masc 33099_59550% maltuduppe, he will have made. $0%°, 803,03 maltyduppaye, he will not have made. » Fem S0, 305, maltuduppaly, she will have made. 0%, 73055, 030%° maltuduppayaly, she will not have made Neut. 0%, B30%), maltuduppu, it will have made. 0%, 8o, ors® maltyduppandy, it will not have made. Plural. 1st Person. 0%,030%, maltuduppa, we shall have made. S0%°, 53053, 03> maltyduppaya, we shall not have made. 2nd S0%°, B33, 0 maltyduppary, you will have made. 30%%,03033,0300° maltyduppayary, you will no\t have made 3rd Masc $30%%, 805, 0° maltyduppery | 30%%,03053,0300° maltyduppayery » Fem they will have | they will not have made $0%¢, 3955, 0° maltyduppery made. ﬁ)%’_fgdo&;)ﬁac“ maltyduppayery m Neut | $0%%, 3%, maltyduppa S0¥%, 5305, 03 maltyduppaya IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 0%¥R malpuge, let me make; I will make. 33\)%053 Gf\)@o)ﬁ malpande uppuge, let me not make; I will not make. 2nd » 0%, malpula, make, or do thou make. 08,3 malpada, 3)¢,003 ¥0F) © malpande uppula, do not | make. ot 3rd ” DO 0%, G° malpady, let him, her or it make. 30%,0% 0T* malpande uppady, let him, her, or it not make. | Plural. 1st Person. 30> 7 malpuga let us make. 330%0(3 o0, malpande uppuga, let us not make. 2nd » 53099, & malpule, make you, or do you make. 08,3 malpade, $0%,08 T ),& malpande uppule, do not make. 3rd » 0%, @° malpady, let them make. 20%,003 «03 & malpande uppady, let them not make. CONDITIONATL:, MOOID>. 2> T A IS R R bt ey o A Faa -~ CONDITIONATL MOOD Singular Positive Negative 1st Person ok maltudve, should make 20 should not make. 03> maltudvaye, I 2nd ” 30 maltudva, thou wouldst make %——Z: o3> maltudvaya, thou wouldst not make 3rd b Masc £33 [} %:i maltudve, he would make s oy maltudvaye, he would not make Fem ¢* maltudvaly, she would make & )%* maltudvayaly, she would not make § 7o ” Neut ?6 -0 Y maltudu, it would make %36 §Z§ o® maltudvandy, it would not make Plural 1st Person 30 20%°. 3 030 maltudvaya, we should not make -0 CSj maltudva, we should make Q. 2nd % — oY ?2 o° maltudvary, you would make. 0%*,3,0300° maltudvayary, you would not make. 3rd Masc 3 T° maltudveru ¢ 03,0300° maltudvayern Fem % %z;j o° maltudvery | 20%°, 5 0300° maltydvayery 2 ” Neut maltudva =, :i%; S they would make. 20%°, 3 030 maltudvaya S they would not make Remark: The Conditional has the form of the Future Tense, but is used in all other tenses too INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. 1st Infinitive. Positive. Negative. 08,083 ouE) D malpande uppuni, not (to) mgke. 0%, Q malpuni (do%ﬁg)é’e malpuns), (to) make. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT AND PERFECT. 0%, maltini (309,3¢ malting), (to) have made. SR B3 od —9 Q malpande ittini, not (to) have made. 3095, 0 maltudini (309,28 maltuding), (to) have had made. i~ Remark: 1. This Infinitive is frequently used instead of the personal forms of the Verb; as: =os 208 @ dane battini, why didst thou come? wo @_%8 dane battary, why did you come? o3 B2 T30 zﬂsz& aye 1 prakara maltini, (instead of escd ©3 Zyzod S0 aye 1 prakara malte), he has done in this way; eszow0 B9 Z’)Ead Ted\® akulu T prakara panpini (instead of &rFowh B¢ Tyzo o] 55?56 akulu T prakara panperu), they say so. 2. The form «=>+)Se malpuna” expresses emphasis; as: €903 2dDF e oae?% aye barpiné ijji, he does not come anyhow; 850w MRS @e% nikulu budpiné ijji, you do not leave anyhow. ond Infinitive (Supiné). 850%8 malpere, to make. | $9%,083 @333 malpande uppere, not to make. 3 23¢83 09,3 w3, & bele malpere batte, I came to do that work. GFERUNIDS AND PARLTICIPILIEES. 2T LO IMAPOTS; to mMaAke- o3 2ReS RBoB.D 223, & bele malpere batte, I came to do that Woxk i .t GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES PRESENT AND FUTURE Positive Negative Ger 0BR,£20 maltondu, making 309,003 malpande, not making Part #3099, malpu, making or that is making 30%,08 malpandi, not making or that is not making PAST TENSE IMPERFECT Part. 0¥, malti, made, that made or that is made [ 0%, 00 malpandi, not made, that had or isnot made PERFECT Ger 0%, o maltudy, having made 399,073 malpande, having not made Part 530%°. & maltudi, having made or being made, that has 308,00 malpandi, having or being not made, that has made or that has been made not, or has not been made PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS PRESENT AND FUTURE Singular. Masc. 30%,m903 malpuniye, maker, he that makes 0%, 00 To0% malpandinaye, he that does not make Fem. 530%0 o ®9%° malpunaly she that makes =P, 0O T malpandinaly, she that does not make Neut. T[98 ;isé) malpunavu, that which makes; or more frequent- 208 02T malpandinavu, that which does not make ly: the act of making. Plural. Positive. Negative. Masc. § fem. 3999, T9T0%0 malpunakulu aﬂo%oaméo% malpandinakuln | those that do not make. Neut. those t_hat make. 0% ﬁéﬁo > malpuneikulu ;ﬁo%oaﬁé‘v’o%ﬁo malpandineikulu s PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Singular. 309, 9903) maltinaye he that made. As in the present tense. &e Plural. Do S0%, TOTE0 maltinakuly, those that made. &e PERFECT. Singular Do 30¢°, ©T90) maltudinaye, he that has made. &e Plural Do ﬁo?iém%o@o maltudinakulu, those that have made. &e | e R e T G SRR e, e RO B0 Remark: 1. By Il(?flf‘?g t.he ar.hf?f;bial \par‘ticle ‘&?7# aga’ to the root of the Verb, the fime at which the actior talkes place is ey - Y A S G et L B e T e e T e oy &e- Remark: 1. By adding the adverbial particle ‘eox aga’ to the root of the Verb, the time at which the action takes place is expressed; as: (:33%‘53) malpu+& n+eA aga) 539;%57\’ malpunaga, when making; eso% 2umQ ﬁavbdﬂ aye wonasu malpunaga, when he takes his dinner. 2. In the same way by adding the particle “ooR enge” to the root of the Verb, the point of time at which the action terminates is expressed; as: (So¢0y malpu+& n+w07 enge) SwFoR malpunenge, till making; o3nS &Vo3S BowdyRoA yany undeny malpunenge, till I make this. 3. The Subjunctive Mood is formed by adding the particle 43 da, if” to the forms of the verb in all tenses; as: Roed33 malpuveda, if I make; Sowa33 malpuvada, if thou make (st); 308 3 malteda, if I made ete. See the following table. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Stngular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. S0¥, 3G malpuveda, if I make. 5309, 2% malpujeds, if I do not make. 2nd 099,538 malpuvada, if thou make (st.) S0¥,e@ malpujada, if thou do (est) not make. 3rd » Masec 53@335‘365 malpuveda, if he make (s.) ;3\)%‘18)3&65 malpujeda, if he do (es) not make. Fem. o ¢] » 0¥, 53%° @ malpuvalyda, if she make (s.) S92 %%* @ malpujaluda, if she do (es) not make. ” » Neut 530%9,0% malpunda (S0%),03@ malpunduda ) \ 0¢0,23% malpujida, if it do (es) not make. if it make (s.) Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 330%3;5;335 malpuvada, if we make. 0%, @ malpujada, if we do not make. 2nd » 530%9,2:0°G malpujaryda, if you do not make. 0%, 30°% malpuvaryda, if you make. 3rd » Mase. 3090,230°3 malpujeryda $0%9,330° @ malpuveryda » Fem $0%,530°% malpuveruda | 7 if they make. 350#;)3?;?0625 malpujeruda if they do not make. » Neut. 0% 5% malpuvada \ $0%0,2:% malpujada PAST TENSE. Singular. 1st Person. 0% @ malteda, if I made. | 309,3R maltijida, if I did not make. 2nd ” 0%, @ maltada, if thou/ made (st) 309, maltijada, if thou did (st) not make.. &e &e Plural. 1st Person. ﬁo%_ﬁgzé‘ maltada, if we made. 209,223 maltijada, if we did not make. 2nd » 0%, 0°® maltaruda, if you made. 309, TR maltijaruda, if you did not make. &e &e Remark : The form =S5%_ o2 maltunda (5°9 ofs maltundu--z3 da) 3rd Pers: Neut. Past tence 1ia freoe s t-Y < dinr e R S AR ptle . 2nC ” SO0 F SO MaltaruQa, AL Y ORR R . sud &c e &c Remark: The form ;So%zo o% maltunda (ﬁof?_ooa maltundu+ 3 da) 3'?d Pers. Neut. Past teuse, is frequently. used for all persons in all tenses singular and plural; as: =& ﬁoio‘é yanu maltunda, T2 ES.)?_QO'(S 1 maltunda, €03 ﬁaiod aye maltunda, &9 sﬁaezgcd aly maltunda, If T (thou, he, she, it) make. =% nama, (3Fo%H nikulu, &TO% akulu, 2To% eikulu) a%o%zood maltunda, if we (you, they) make. POTENTIAL MOOD. Positive. Negative. 052, © malpoli (3%, malpute.® oli), I &e. may make. .5&%8 WO malpere balli, T &c. may not make. 09,730 malpodu (0%, malpu+30eR@s bodu) I &e. must or 35393@03% malpodéi (530%), malpu+ 30¢@) b66_lu+faaz3z need make. ijji), I &c. must not or need not make. wQ balli é:’.? \éedo oy tirundu S8 130032003 teriyundu ( [ &c. can make or know (how) sﬁo%@ 3003033 teryuji I &c. cannot make or know not malpere malpere (how) to make. FRBY0RY kidundu s to make. FRRW kiduji CONTINUED FORM. 090,000 0D maltondu uppuni, to be making. %8 This form is obtained by adding to the Present Gerund «3:9#,09) maltondu,” the auxiliary verb %oy D uppuni (or @tyxy R aduppuni), to be,” and inflecting it; as: PRESENT TENSE. Sengular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. S099,£03%) 33 (or——em%) maltonduppuve (or S8R, £90 %Y ¢3 maltonduppuji, I am not making. —aulle), I am amking. &ec &e &e &c Plural. 1st Person. 5383@,9@% 9,3 (or-—emg) maltonduppuva (or ESJ%?J_@QQQ% 3\39)28 maltonduppuja, we are not making. —aulla), we are making. &c &e. &e &e FREQUENTATIVE FORM. Frequency of action is expressed by inserting «e, between the stem of the present tense and the affixes of the Verb; as: PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES. Singular. Plural. 1st Person. 33&%0%633 malpéve, I make again and again. 5&%833 malpéva, we make again and again. &e &e &e. PAST TENSE. &c. 1st Person. 833%653 malpade, I made again and again. i a’so%ed malpéda, we made again and again. &e &e &e. &e. INTENSIVE gl e b b 1st Persomn. DOL. /TS ?al,péde, 1T made a raln ana agaxn. 1 B o o R T R ey (i R &c. &e &c.» INTENSIVE FORM. Present tense. Past tense. 35&%293 maltruve, I make energetically. 6533033 maltriye, I made energetically. &e &e 90 2nd Conjugation of Verbs ending in e u, Crude form: Seeeo kenu, hear. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Stngular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. Feeou:3 kenuve, I hear. Fecooe? kenuji, I do not hear. 2nd ” | Tecooes kanuja, thou doest not hear. Feea053 kenuva, thou hearest. &O 1 &e Plural. 1st Person. Feeass kenuva, we hear. Fecoes kanuja, we do not hear. 2nd ” Tea0T° kenuvary, you hear Feca0wo® kenujary, you do not hear. &ec &c PAST TENSE IMPERFECT Sengular Positive Negative 1st Person F0ots kende, I heard Feor®e kendyji, I did not hear 2nd ” Fe0ts kenda, thou heardst Feow’es kenduja, thou didst not hear &e &e Plural 1st Person F0cw kénda, we heard Feowde: kenduja, we did not hear %’ 2nd ” Feor 0’ kendary, you heard Feowwd® kendyjary, you did not hear & &e PERFECT Singular 1st Person. T & kenude, I have heard. Few &3 kenudiji, I have not heard. 2nd » e’ & kenuda, thou hast heard Fem D kenudija, thou hast not heard. &e » &e a4 & &c Plural Positive Negative 1st Person Feme &3 kenuda, we have heard Fem D kenudija, we have not heard 2nd » Few* ©3o° kenudary, you have heard Fere dwo® kenudijary, you have not heard. &e &e PLUPERFECT TE ENSE. Singular 1st Person Fom® 03, kenuditte, I had heard | Fem* 35,23 kenudittuji, T had not heard. 2nd » Teem 02, kenuditta, thou hadst heard TOT® &2 kenudittyja, thou hadst not heard. &e - &e : Plural 1st Person Fem &8, kenuditta, we had heard Tem* O, kenudittyja, we had not heard. 2nd » Fem' 03, 0° kenudittary, you had heard Tem 03, wo’ kenudittujary, you had not heard &e &c FUTURE TENSE. 1st FUTURE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. F¢m%° ot kenumbe (seldom: e kéne), I shall hear. F0£003) kénaye, I shall not hear. ! 2nd » Femow kenumba (seldom: Feeo kena), thou wilt. Feeo03 kénaya, thou wilt not hear. hear. &e &e Plural. 1st Person. Fem°ow kenumba, we shall hear. Fec003y kenaya, we shall not hear. 2nd » T’ o kenumbary, you will hear. Feeo03oT® kénayary, you will not hear. &e &e 2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT). (Beorw' s kendudy, Gerund Perfect and «uz uppe, ete. Future tense of ¢0g) D uppuni,) Singular. Lst Person. $Qow 3033, kendyduppe, T shall have heard. %eoa‘do%oﬁo kenduduppaye, I shall not have heard. 2nd » Feow r3o3, kenduduppa, thou wilt have heard. %Qo&;“do%oﬁo kenduduppaya, thou wilt not have heard &e &e Plecral. O e oD e &c Plural. Positive. Negative. Feor Bog, 03 kenduduppaya, we shall not have heard. 1st Person. Feow £, kenduduppa, we shall have heard. 2nd 7 Beor 30,0 kenduduppary, you will have heard. ot Bo3,03:0° kenduduppayary, you will not have heard. &e &e &ec &c IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. 1st Person. Fecoons kenuge, let me hear; I will hear. FeL000 emsgé)ﬁ kenande uppuge, let me not hear. 2nd » %Q?{@’ kénla (%G%‘ keény), hear, or do thou hear. B0e07 kénada, FeLoon O ) ,© kenade uppula, do thou not hear. &e &e &e &c Plural. 1st Person. Fecoont kenuga, let us hear. FeLo0w 85\;'613) ), 73 kenande uppuga, let us not hear. 2nd » © Ferm*S kenule (@Qﬁm kenle), hear you, or do you : Fee00n en')'é@oge? kenande uppule, Fecotd kenade, do you hear. not hear. &e &e &e &e CONDITIONAL MOOD. Positive. Si"ngula'r. l | & Negative. 1st Person. %Qé‘«a‘*‘cg kénudve, I should hear. 2nd %6—6253033 kenudvaye, I should not hear. ” -‘U’JQ%‘% kénudva, thou wouldst hear. &c &e %Qﬁsgoﬁo kenudvaya, thon wouldst not hear. &e &e Plural. 1st Person. Te5* 3, kenudva, we should hear. | Q_S o3y kenudvaya, we should not hear. | 2nd b : € i: %Q%‘C};c‘ kenudvary, you would hear. 22 o3oT® kepudvayary, you would not hear. &c &e &e &e INFINITIVE MOOD. 7 50 PRESENT TENSE. st Infinitive. FecooR kenuni (Feeode kepune), (to) hear. | Teeoon wuE D kenande uppuni, not (to) heay PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT AND PERFECT: Feo&Q kendini (%Q%‘@ﬁe keénuding), (to) have heard. Teeord © 3, Q kenande ittini, not (to) have heard. e R kenudini (Tem* D¢ kenuding), (to) have had heard. D222l Tr2/72227700¢ (Serarz72¢). TSRoPR o EEmaAimnl (TRED (2R Kenygaine ), ) AVO I1CAaLl- e D kenudini (Ve I kenudine), (to) bave had heard. \ SeooD ©3.D kenande ittini, not (to) have heard. 2nd Infinitive (Supine). Positive. Negative. | Bee200 m%ﬁ kenande uppere, not to hear 203033 keniyere, to hear. GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES. PRESENT AND FUTURE. Ger %’eﬁ@w% kenondu, hearing. Bec9073 kanande, not hearing. Part. $ec) kénu, hearing, that is hearing. I Fecood kenandi, not hearing or that is not hearing. B, PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Part. Beod kendi, that heard or that is heard. l Beco0d kenandi, not heard, that had or is not heard. PERFECT. Beeoon kenande, having not heard. Ger Feor &* kendudy, having heard. Part. 200 O kendudi, having heard or being heard, that has '%68’80;’3 kenandi, having or being not heard, that has not %6 heard or that has not been heard. heard or that has been heard. PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS. PRESENT AND FUTURE. Singular. Positive. Negative. Masc. Se£207003) kénunaye, he that hears. 20L0DTION kenandindye, he that does not hear. Fem. F¢e0059% kenunaly, she that hears. B0 TIP® kenandinaly, she that does not hear. Neut. Fee205353) kénunavu, that which hears; or more frequently: F0e000R) kenandinavu, that which does not hear. the act of hearing. Plural. Masc. & fem. FeLAITOTOR kégunakulﬁ FeL00D TS kénandinakulu ( Neut. those that hear. B0 393%%30 kénuneikulu ) %Q?’«Jo@é’éﬁo 30 kenandineikulu s those that do not hear. m-—-89 ——an PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT, Singular. Masc. TeoRmo03) kendinaye, he tha:t heard. As in the present tense. &e &e Plural. Masc. § Fem. F¢ogoT0%0 kendinakuly, they that heard. Do &e &e | PERFECT. SC. & L emr T RO OIOVTV v SEilllillan i ney viiavu Ao &c. &c PERFECT Singular Masc. Feow* DT kéndudinaye, he that has heard. Do &e &e Plural. Do Masc. § Fem. Teom*030T0%0 kendudinakulu, they that have heard. &c & 1 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. Fe£0033c8 kenuveda, if I hear. LeeRR kenujeda, if I do not hear. 2nd » Fe203%® kenuvada, if thou hear (est.) Fecoown kenujada, if thou do (est) not hear. & &e &c &e Plural. 1st Person. Fecoo3@ kenuvada, if we hear. Fecooests kenujada, if we do not hear. 2nd » B0e2030° R kenuvaruda, if you hear. Fecoo0’ R kenujaryda, if you do not hear. &e &e &ec &e PAST TENSE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. Feowe kendeda, if T heard. FeoR3A kendijida, if T did not hear. 2nd ” Teowa kendada, if thou heard (st.) Feolwe kendijada, if thou did (st) not hear. &c &ec &e &e PZumZ. 1st Person. Feow® kendada, if we heard. Feolwn® kendijada, if we did not hear. 2nd ” F00rR0° @ kendaruda, if you heard Feowo'® kendijaruda, it you did not hear. &e &e &e &e Ia‘ POTENTIAL MOOD. FeraR® kenoli (F0F* kenu+2® oli), I &e. may hear. %es%ﬁoé ug keniyere balli, I &c. may not hear. FeHPRY kenodu (%Q%‘ kenu+2300%9, bodu) I &e. must or need %ee—"@@% kéenodéi, I &ec. must not or need not hear. hear. 3eT0oR tirundu 302023 tiruji Secd033 l \ , I &c. cannot hear or know 3003v0ro teriyundu’ I &c. can hear or know (how) %39%0338 ¢{ 3003003 teriyuji keniyere to hear. keniyere ) FRBI0R kidundu [20woes kiduji s not (how) to hear. R CONTINUED FORM. keniyere WAy iy o, to hear. ) );:;'céooc%q k‘ﬁ@ux;é—}\; \ \ FET G L Al e TR SO S kaduji CONTINUED FORM. %’Qﬁ@e’% ) D kenondu uppuni, to be hearing. Singular. Positive. Negative 1st Person.! %QFSJ@C@% 20%) 53 kenondu uppuve, I am Learing. Semeeny oux) 2 kenondu uppuji, I am not hearing. &e &e &e &e Plural. b 1st Person. %Qﬁ@t@% em?{g))ﬁ kenondu uppuva, we are hearing. %es’%@w% ema%zs kénondu uppuja, we are not hearing. &e & &c &e FREQUENTATIVE FORM. PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES. Singular. Plural. 1st Person. Fesdess kaneve I hear again and again. Fess0:3 kendva, we hear again and again. &e &c &c &ec PAST TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1st Person. Fes30z3 kenede, I heard again and again. Fesser kensda, we heard again and again. &c &e &e &c INTENSIVE FORM. Present tense. Past tense. 1st Person; %Qo?ﬁ&?ﬁ kéndruve, I hear energetically. %eo@oﬁo kendriye, I heard energetically. &e. &e &e &e. 91 3rd Conjugation of Verbs ending in o m, Crude form: 20030 biry, to fall. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Posztive. Negative. 1st Person. 20030s3 biirave, I fall. W00 biiruji, I do not fall, 2nd » WR TV biiruva, thou fallest. WRTow biruja, thou doest not fall &ec &e &e &c Llecral. AT Wid O W WA A YV e SO Tl Wl . &o &Ke &Kc &c Plural. Positive. Neg;ztz' ve. 1st Person. WRTOS biiruva, we fall. WRTw biruja, we do not fall. 2nd WPTITT buruvary, >you fall. WP TIT® birujary, you do not fall. &e &c &e &e PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Singular. 1st Person. WPD03Y biriye, I fell. R 023 biriji, I did not fall. 2nd » WR D03 biriya, thou fellest. WO birija, thou didst not fall. &e &e &e &ec Plural. 1st Person. WRD biriya, we fell. l WO birija, we did not fall. = 2nd » WRDONT® biiriyary, you fell | WROWT® burijary, you did not fall. &c &e &e &e PERFECT. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 0307 biirude, I have fallen. WRTIO burudiji, T have not fallen. 2nd n WP BT biiruda, thou hast fallen. WRTIO biirudija, thou hast not fallen. &e &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. 20®T03 biiruda, we have fallen. WRTOOW birudija, we have not fallen. 2nd » WRTIRT® burudary, you have fallen. WRTIORT® burudijary, you have not fallen &ec &e &e &e PLUPERFECT TENSE. Singular. 1st Person. WRTHDS, biiruditte (2LTOB+28, birudu itte), WRTRS, 23 burudittyji, I had not fallen. I had fallen. 2nd » WRTIOE, biruditta, thou hadst fallen. WRTIOS 23 buirudittyja, thou hadst not fallen. &c &e &e &e > r 7 “=xn o OO0 S, huiryraliia, Thnou nNadsu i1alicin. SR, e L LA — e o D - AR i &c. &ec. &c &c Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. WRTDZ, biiruditta, we had fallen. WPTDF 23 burudittyja, we had not fallen. 2nd » WRTLVDZ, T birudittary, you had fallen. w@doﬁéi‘cdd; burudittujary, you had not fallen &e &e &e &e FUTURE TENSE. 1st FUTURE. Singular. 1st Person. 2R3 biire, I shall fall. WP T3y biiraye, I shall not fall. 2nd ” WRTO3 biraya, thou wilt not fall. ,&)Je)d blra, thou wilt fall. &ec &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. 293 biira, we shall fall. WRTO biiraya, we shall not fall. 2 nd ” WPTT® biirary, you will fall WPTO3T® biirayary, you will not fall. F &e &e &e &e 2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT). (239850 biirudu, Gerund Perfect and evs), uppe, ete. Future Tense of e%) D uppuni.) Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 2208053133,03) biiruduppaye, I shall not have fallen. u@d&do% buruduppe, I shall h.ave fallen. 2nd » WRTRYF, biruduppa, thou wilt have fallen. WRTIRVFH,03) biruduppaya, thou wilt not have fallen. &c &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. WRBTZIF, birudupps, we shall have fallen. RTITIF,03) buruduppaya, we shall not have fallen. 2nd ” WRTITRIT, T buruduppary, you will have fallen. WRTRIT,0300° biiruduppayary, you will not have fallen. &c &c &e &e IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. 1st Person. WRTINA biruge, let me fall; I will fall. AV ol TANLS) ooﬁ birande uppuge, let me not fall; I will not fall. 2nd » 2PTA birada, WHToR VT © biirande uppula, do wag birla (0HTY bru), fall, or (io thou fall. thou not fall. &e &e &e &e TR &c &c &c Kc Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 2000R buruga, let us fall. 2RTord v N birands uppuga, let us not fall. 2nd » 2003 birule, fall you, or do you fall. WHTA biirade, 25ToB 03P, S birande uppule, do you not fall. &e &e &e &e CONDITIONAL MOOD. Stngular. 1st Person. u@dozf)j birudve, I should fall. w@do%oﬁo birudvaye, I should not fall. 2nd ” &)J@da% burudva, thou wouldst fall. m@da%oﬁc birudvaya, thou wouldst not fall. &e &e &e. &e Plural. 1st Person. &k@d&% burudva, we should fall. u@do%oﬂo birudvaya, we should not fall, 2nd » ZJJQGJ%C‘ birudvary, you would fall mado%oﬁocé birudvayary, you would not fall. &e &e &e &e INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Lst Infinitive. Positive. Negative. 20RTQ biirani (WRTIRE biruns), (to) fall. WRTeh 05), R biirande uppuni, not (to) fall. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT AND PERFECT. WROQ blrini (waaﬁe bﬁriné), (to) have fallen. 0RToB B3, biirande ittini, not (to) have fallen WRTIOR biirudini (u@d&&a"e bﬁrudiné), (to) have had fallen. 2nd Infinitive (Supine). 200033 biriyere (wHTT birers), to fall. | 29808 »u35,3 birande uppere, not to fall. GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES. PRESENT AND FUTURE. Ger LAND 8\@2@% biirondu, falling. | 209380 biirande, not falling. Part. 20030 biiry, falling or that is falling. l WRTod birandi, not falling or that is not falling. PAST TENSE. Rl By e e i R a3 AP e~ L Pt Part. RO burw,; falling or tl:uct.is falling;. \ 202 Vod birandi, not falling or that is not falling. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Positive. Negative. Part. QR0 biiri, fallen, that fell or that has fallen. LR Tod burandi, not fallen, that has or had not fallen. PERFECT. Ger WWRTORY burudu, having fallen. WPToT biirande, having not fallen. Part. WWRTOD biirudi, having fallen or that has fallen. WRTod birandi, having not fallenﬂ, or that has not fallen PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS. '}é PRESENT AND FUTURE. Singular. Mas. WRTOITOO burunaye, he that falls. WRToHTO biirandinaye, he that does not fall. Fem WRTOTP® birunaly, she that falls. WRToDTY* biirandinaly, she that does not fall. Neut. WTONY biirunavy, that which falls; or more frequently: | WRToDT) biirandinavy, that which d?es not fall. the act of falling. Plural. Positive. Negative Masc. & Fem. wHTITOTOSY biirunakulu WRToDTOTISY birandinakulu | those that do not fall Neut. thouse that fall. ANOToM ﬁq\)%o % bliruneikula u@doaﬁéﬁo%ﬁ bﬁrandineikuh? s PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Singular. Masc. WROTOC3 biirinaye, he that fell. &e As in the present tense. &e Plural. Do Masc. & Fem. wRDTOTS0 burinakulu, they that fell. &e &e PERFECT. Singular. Masec. WRTD T3 biirudindye, he that has fallen. Do &e &e Llecral. Masc. LSO TVODToCSL hurudinaye, he that has iallen. &o. &c Plurle. Positive. | Negative. Masc. § Fem. 0LT0DTT0L birudinakuly, those that have fallen. WRToDTITS burandinakulu, those that have not fallen &e &ec CONDITIONAL FORM. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1st Person. w303 biruveda, if I fall. WRTVRR burujeda, if I do not fall. 2nd » WRTTH buruvada, if thou fa]l(est.) WPTIRE birujada, if thou do(est) not fall. &ec &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. 20030=3c8 buruvada, if we fall. WRTIRE birujada, if we do not fall. 2nd — 'Sy » 2RBoB R biaruvaruda, if you fall. WRTIRT' R biirujaruda, if you do not fall. &e &e &e &e PAST TENSE. Singular. Positive. Negative. lét Person. WRORR biirijeda, if I did not fall. WRDONR biriyeda, if I fell. 2nd » WRVOR biiriyada, if thou fell(est), or if thou WRORT birijada, if thou did(st) not fall. didst fall. &c &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. RO buriyada, if we fell. WP DB birijada, if we did not fall. 2nd » WPROT @ biiriyaruda, if you fell. WRORT' R bﬁrijarqda;, if you did not fall. &ec &e & &e POTENTIAL MOOD. WRBHO biiroli (WRTY biru+ %O oli), I &e. may fall, 2R0033 wQ biriyere balli, I &e. may not fall. WHBHR birodu (AT birut3ReRy badu), I &e. must or 20@8@6% birodéi, I &c. must not or need not fall need fall. | 2eTvozy tirundu [ 30T tiruji I &c. can fall or know I &c. cannot fall or know WRD03B biiriyers (3003000 teriyundu R D033 (80030023 teriyuji } not (how) to fall. PR kidundu s (how) to fall. FTRBE kuduji CONTINUED FORM. LU DOV huaryere (S0OCooooTes teriyunQqu B R P A Rl NOT (NOW ) LO S=Z2e TBHOROo:@O kudundu \ (how) to fall. %Jac::%;z% kuduji \ CONTINUED FORM. @@8@9@% 03, Q birondu uppui, t0 be falling. Singular. Positive. Negative 1st Person. u@ﬁ@m% m%ﬁ burondu uppuve, I am falling. 20802 0F),23 bitrondu uppuji, I am not falling. &e &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. ?,JJ@(‘)’JE)?'&% em&j&sﬂ birondu uppuva, we are falling. 2&@8&)9@% eng)gza biirondu uppuja, we are not falling — 98..“ &e &ec &e &e FREQUENTATIVE. PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSES. Singular. Plural. — 1st Person. 2003¢33 biiréve, I fall again and again. WRBE bursva, we fall again and again. * &c &e &e &e PAST TENSE. Plural. Singular. 1st Person. »3ea birade, I fell again and again. wR3eX birsda, we fell again and again. &e &e. &e. &e INTENSIVE FORM. Present tense. Past tense. 1st Person 20»R)Fs3 burduve, I fall energetically. WRAF A birdiye, I fell encrgetically &e &e &e &e 92 4th Conjugation of Verbs ending in 2 pi. Crude form: 3w tapi, to see. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 39D tipe, I see. 3052 tapuji, I do not see. 2nd » SRYw tipuja, thou doest not see. 3R tlipa, thou seest. 3rd Masc. 3L tupe, he sees. 30 5H2 tipuje, he does not see. » n Fem. 3RQTF tupaly, she sees. BRPYwY* tupujaly, she does not see. b » Neut. 30JYoRy tipundu, it sees 302 tpuji, it does not see. Llecral. > i o e e g S L 26 doaa- ~iaee 2 ) nigd S AW B -3 k24 » INewut. SeTHoRd thipundu, it sees \ é\:a'sé)'z,% tipuji, it does not sce. Plural. | Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 2R tipa, we see. 3R tipuja, we do not see. 2nd BRTT® tlpary, you see. BRYwT’ tlpujary, you do not see. 3rd Mas BRBT° tliperu 3RTYART tipujern ” Fem 3RJT tipery | they see. 3RTYET tipujeru they do not see Neut. 3R tipa 3P, tipuja PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Singular. 1st Person. 3003, tiye, I saw. 3PN tiyiji, I did not see. 2nd 3P0 tliya, thou sawest BP0V tiyija, thou didst not see. 3rd » Masc. 3003, tiye, he saw. 3RHRR tiyije, he did not see. » Fem 3P030%* tiyaly, she saw SRMuwY* tuyijaly, she did not see w. Neut, BRoR® tindu, it saw. SRR tiyiji, it did not see. Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 3R03 tiya, we saw. 3R tiyija, we did not see. 2nd » 3RT tiyary, you saw. 3PRT® tayijary, you did not see. 3rd ” Mase. 3003:T° tiyery 3RNRT° tiyijery | em ” 3RCT tuyery 3RNRT° tliyijery » they did not see ” Neut. 3RO tiya g they saw. 3PN tlyija PERFECT. Singular. 1st Person. 303 tite, T have seen. 3932 thtiji, I have not seen. 2nd 303 tita, thou hast seen. 303w titija, thou hast not seen. 3rd » Masc. 303 tiite, he has seen. 3982 tiitije, he has not seen. Fem 7 303Y* tltaly, she has seen. 30R3w%* titijaly, she has not seen. Neut. 3R o tltundy, it has seen 30323 tatiji, it has not seen. Llecral. INeut. 20 = o=® tutundy, it has seen- \ S 223 tdtiji, it has not seen. b2 » Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 2R3 tiita, we have seen. 303w tutija, we have not seen. 2nd » 2RST titary, you have seen. BP3w0* tltijary, you have not seen. 3rd » Masc. 3RS0 titery | BRSVXT® tiitijery Fem 3RST titery they have seen 3H 3V titijery » they have not seen. Neut. 3R3 tita 3P 3 tutija PLUPERFECT TENSE. Stngular. 1st Person. 20e3, taditte, T had seen. 2RO 3,23 tudittiji, I had not seen. 2nd 2RO, tuditta, thou hadst seen BP0 8, tudittija, thou hadst not seen. 3rd » Masc. 3063, tuditte, he had seen. 3R0 3,2 tidittije, he had not seen. Fem. 7 BR03, ¢ tudittaly, she had seen. 3RO ws* tudittijaly, she had not seen. 2 » WNeut. 2RO o tudittyndy, it had seen 300, tudittiji, it had not seen. Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 3R 03, tuditta, we had seen. 3P0 3w tudittija, we had not seen. 2nd bh) 3008, T° tudittary, you had seen. 3P0, tidittijary, you had not seen. 3rd ™ Masc. 3R 03,0° tidittern 3p03,3c° tudittijern ” Fem 300 20° tudittijery 2R3, thdittery y they had seen. YA 3R 03, tiuditta 30032 tadittija S they had not seen. FUTURE TENSE. 1st FUTURE. ._—88 e Singular. 1st Person. 3RS0 tivaye, I shall not see. 3033 tive, I shall see. 2nd 3P tiva, thou wilt see. CATEV O tavaya, thou wilt not see. 3rd » Masc. 3033 tive, he will see. 30303 tivaye, he will not see. Fem 3R[F° tuvaly, she will see BR3¢ tivayaly, she will not see. » Neut. 3R tiivy, it will see. 3RS0 tuvandy, it will not see. Llecral. e 9 b2 > INewt. 2553 thvua, it will see. \ B _ocs® tuvandy, it will not see. qural. Positive. Negative 1st Person. 3P tiva, we shall see. BRI tivaya, we shall not see. 2nd n 3RT tivary, you will see. 3RFOTE tlvayary, you will not see. 3rd ” Masc 3W3T° tivery 3R=0T tivayery » Fem 3RRT° tivery BR[0T tivayery Neut 3R tiiva S they will see. BRSO tuvaya s they will not see. 2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT). (Swid tudu, Gerund Perfect and vz uppe, ete. Future tense of SUEH D uppuni, té be.) Singular. 1st Person. 2P0, taduppe, I shall have seen. 80505, 03 tiduppaye, I shall not have seen. 2nd édad\)as’b tiduppa, thou wilt have seen. 207503 tiduppaya, thou wilt not have seen. 3rd Masc 3@530% tiduppe, he will have seen. 805y, 03) tiduppaye, he will not have seen. ) Fem ” 3wRE, ¥ tuduppaly, she will have seen. BRT%,030% tiduppayaly, she will not have seen Neut BRBOR) , taduppy, it will have seen. SRT, 0t tiduppandy, it will not have seen. Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. é@d\)?{b tiduppa, we shall have seen. w70z, 0d tiduppya, we shall not have seen. 2nd 7 SRR, 0° tiduppary, you will have seen. 3@50%03005 tuduppayary, you will not have seen. 3rd » Masc SRR, T° tiduppery 30 305,03:0° tiduppayery | Fem » » é@dd%@‘ tuduppery } they will have seen. 3R RH,3T° tiduppayery | they will not have seen. Neut ” » BRTE, tuduppa SR 7,030 tiduppaya IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. 1st Person. 30T tike, let me see; I will see. 3R 300 QS\JBQSO)Jﬁ tivande uppuge, let me not see. 2nd SR tila, see, or do thou see. 3RFE tivada, do thou not see. 3rd 3R SE@E tivady, let him, her, or it see. 3RT0B eruzs i tlivande uppady, let him, her or it not see. Plural. 1st Person. 30T tika, let us see. 3RToB wuF) 7 tivande uppuga, let us not see. 2nd » 303 tile, see you or do you see. 3P 3A tivade, do you not see. 3rd ” BRJT tivady, let them see. 3RTon e, & tivande uppady, let them not see. (/()NDIT[’ION{A T MOOID>. S2r2c0eclcr7. 2nd 250 S thle, see you or do you see. DU 02O LWLV ALLT, b &~ P BSrd » NSty tavady, let them see. \ B[ o3, tuvande uppady, let them not see CONDITIOl\fAL MOOD. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 3@% titve, I should see. 5\!@?’3030 tutvaye, I should not see. 2nd » 3@?’3 tutva, thou wouldst see. 3@%01) tutvaya, thou wouldst not see. 3rd ” Mase 5@% titve, he would see. :%J@% o3 titvaye, he would not see. » » Fem 3@%%‘5 tutvaly, she would see 3@%030%?5 tutvayaly, she would not see. » » Neut BRI tity, it would see. @’J@%omg tutvandy, it would not see. Plural. 1st Person. é@% titva, we should see. 3@%0&) titvaya, we should not see. 2nd 3@%66 titvary, you would see é@%oﬁacg tutvayary, you would not see. 3rd 2 Masc 3@%06 titvery o) % o30T° tlitvayern Fem 3@%66 titvern | they would see. 3@%03365 tatvayeru ; they would not see. n 9 Neut é@% tutva 3@% o) titvaya INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. *6T st Infinitive. SRR tipini (S01RC tiping), (to) see | 388 QU Q tivande uppuni, not (to) see. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT AND PERFECT. Positive. Negative. 3RNY tiyini (3@03036 tlying), (to) have seen. - 3Rz B3R tivande ittini, not (to) have seen. 3w 3Q titini (30 3I¢ titing), (to) have had seen. 2nd Infinitive (Supine). 3033 tiivere, to see. | 3wRed 0033, 3 tivande uppere, not to see. GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES. PRESENT AND FUTURE. 3RT0T tivande, not seeing. Ger 3@@39@% tivondu, seeing. Part. 39 tp, seeing, that is seeing. 3R 30D tivandi, not seeing or that is not seeing. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Part. 3P0 thyi, that saw, or that is seen | 30300 tivandi, not seen, that had or is not seen PERFECT. Port: 2O oD tayl, that saw, or that is seen. \ B30 tivandi, not seen, that had or is not seen. PERFECT. Positive. Negative. Ger 3000 tidy, having seen. 3R 300 tivande, having not seen 3RSod tivandi, having or being not.seen, that has not, or Part. 3H3 titi, having or being seen, that has, o\r has been, seen. has not been, seen. PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS. Masc. SR SoD T tivandindye, he that does not see. 3R1TO0 tipinaye, he that sees. &e s &e &e &e SU BJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. 1st Person. 3013 tipeda, if I see. 3RPHRR tipujeda, If I do not see. 2nd » 3R tipada, if thou see(st). 3R tipujada, if thou do(est) not see. &c &e &c &e. POTENTIAL MOOD. B3RP tivoli (3 tH+29 oli), T &e. may see. 3033 wQ tavere balli, I &e. may not see. BRPRY tivodu (B0 t1+230¢0 bodu), T &e. must or need 3@5@9% tivoddi, (30 tipi+ Rz bodu+ 'zaz?% ijit), sSee I &ec. must not or need not see. &e &e &e &e The rest are regular. CONTINUED FORM. Positive. Negative. Masc. 3@&3@2@% 0,33 tavondu uppuve, I am seeing. é@@a?@% GJ'DS@)Z‘? tivondu uppuji, I am not seeing &e & &e &e Frequentative &c. regular. 93 5th Conjugation of Verbs ending in 2 pi, Crude form: zed panpi, to say. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. .._..‘[76 o 1st Person. ?.39‘;33 panpe, I say. €39 panpuji, I do not say. 2nd » €9, panpa, thou sayest | D panpuja, thou doest not say. l 3 3rd ” Masc. 5% panpe, he says. 2 Z panpuje, he does not say. &e &e ) l &e &e Plural. 1st Person. %9, panpa, we say, %290,% panpuja, we do not say. 2nd ” 5£9,T° panpary, you say. %€00,22T° panpujary, you do not say. &e. &e ! &e &ec PAST TENSE. 2nd SLED anparg, you say- \ O o QI b . R TR AT o ’ Ny 5 e -4 &c K. \ C &c PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. o pande, I said. Fo&23 pandiji, I did not say. 2nd » To® panda, thou saidst. 2o&w pandija, thou didst not say. &e &e &c &e Plural. 1st Person. To® panda, we said. To&w pandija, we did not say. 2nd ” Sord® pandary, you said So&et® pandijary, you did not say &e &e &c &e PERFECT. Singular. - 1st Person. 8, pante, I have said. | oY £3,23 pantiji, I have not said. 2nd » %69, panta, thou hast said. s oJ £3 -0 22 pantija, thou hast not said. &e &e &e &e Pluperfect like the preceding conjugation. FUTURE TENSE. 1st FUTURE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. ©5° 023 panumbe, I shall say. 2e003) panaye, I shall not say. 2nd » $ea03 panaya, thou wilt not say. 25 oW panumba, thou wilt say. &e &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person. R®° oW panumba, we shall say. 269030 panaya, we shall not say. 2nd ” 25° 0 0° panumbary, you will say. 2000300° panayary, you will not say. &e &e &e &e 2nd FUTURE (FUTURE PERFECT). (Bow'es’ pandudy, Past Gerund and evs, uppe, ete. Future Tense of evgy) d uppuni.) 1st Person. Zow*RQoz panduduppe, I shall have said. ST Bu3,03) pandyduppaye, I shall not have said. &e &e &e &e o O IMPERATIVE DMOOIDD. &c &c &c &c IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person & T panuke, let me say. 20T VT Qsﬁ panande uppuge, let me not say. 2nd ” %e2 panla (& panu), say, or do thou say. ©eo® panada, do thou not say. 3rd ” 560 panaduy, let him, her, or it say. %eo0r wus, @ panande uppady, let him, her, or it not say. Plural. 1st Person LT panuka, let us say. Fstanlola) em'&@&)ﬁ panande uppuga, let us not say. 2nd ﬁs‘fao panle, say you, or do you say. 5007 panade, do you not say. 3rd » %29 panady, let them say. Teaot euT & panande uppady, let them not say. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Stngular. 1st Person panutve, I should say. o8 O panutvaye, I should not say. gl 2nd » Z : panutva, thou wouldst say. Y panutvaya, thou wouldst not say. :ji &e &e &e &e The rest are regular. 94. 6th Conjugation of Verbs ending in & pi. Crude form: ®2= pampi, to drink INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person =2 oJ 7 parpe, I drink. 39723 parpuji, I do not drink. 2nd ” z TF parpa, thou drinkest. z ) o2 7 parpuja, thou doest not drink &e &e &e &e Plural. T 1st Person £ parpa, we drink. J £ parpuja, we do not drink. . 2nd ” :\::: FO° parpary, you drink. z :3 i3 w0 parpujary, you do not drink &e &e. &e &e PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT, - Sitngular. 1st Person $003 pariye, I drank. 202 pariji, I did not drink. 2nd ” £003) pariya, thou drankest 20 parija, thou didst not drink. &c &e &e. &e. et ?Zural. 2nd 23> pariya, thou drankest 022 parija, thou didst mot drink. &c. Soes \ &c. Kc. Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person 2003y pariya, we drank. 202 parija, we did not drink. 2nd 2O03T° pariyary, you drank 20WT® parijary, you did not drink. &e &e &o & PERFECT. Singular. 1st Person %3r parte, I have drunk, 23723 partiji, I have not drunk. ——— 66 —n 2nd ” %3F parta, thou hast drank. 28723 partija, thou hast not drunk. &e &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person ©3F parta, we have drunk. 28Fw partija, we have not drunk. g 2nd l » SIFo¢ partary, you have drunk. TEFwWT® partijary, you have not drunk. &e &e &e &e FUTURE TENSE. 1st FUTURE. Stngular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person 20353 paurve, I shall drink. 283> paraye, I shall not drink. 2nd » 2093 paruva, thou wilt drink. T3y paraya, thou wilt not drink. &e &e &e &e Plural. 1st Person R3O paruva, we shall drink. ¢] O paraya, we shall not drink. 2nd z o] 2 LTSI paruvary, you will drink. Zj OO° parayary, you will not drink. &c &e &e &e. IMPERATIVE MOOD. s ) | T Singular. 1st Person $T°T paruke, let me drink. <808 YUY N parande uppuge, let me not drink. 2nd » %0°© pargla (£T° pary), drink, or do thou drink. T0R parada, do thou not drink. &c &e. &e &ec Plural. 1st Person $T°F paruka, let us drink. RTon mw\&ﬁ parande uppuga, let us not drink. 2nd ” %0°Q paryle, drink you or do you drink. 0@ parade, do you not drink. &e &e &e &e The remaining regular. e S S S 95 Causative form of Verbs. &c &c The remaining regular. &c &c 95 Causative form of Verbs. 1. Verb ending in &) avu Crude form: %93 malpavy, to cause to make. INDICATIVE MOOD. Remark: The Present and Future tenses are the same in the Positive form, but different in the Negative. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Positive. | Negative. 1st Person. 099,53 malpave, I cause to make. | 553%?'%&5)83 malpavuji, I do not cause to make 2nd ” &3&9&%@& malpavuja, thou doest not cause to make. 53099, malpava, thou causest to make. ey 3rd ” Mas. s30%9,33 malpave, he causes to make. ﬁo?‘%@é malpavuje, he does not cause to make. Fem ” $0%9,53%° malpavaly, she causes to make. 5&%?@055@%‘3%?‘ malpavujaly, she does not cause to make. Neut. » ” SAEDRVICEN malpavundu, it causes to make. S0¥2,3e8 malpavyj, it does not cause to make. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. 1st Person. aﬁg%ﬂ@ooﬁa malpaye, I caused toimakev. S0%2,09023 malpayifiy I did not cause to make. 2nd » 35&%?%&0 malpaya, thou causedst to make. 09,00 malpayija, thou didst not cause to make. &e &e &ec &e PERFECT. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. 09,0 malpade, I have caused to make. S0%9,623 malpadiji, I have not caused to make. 2nd n 0%, 33 malpada, thou hast caused to make. 5&%’%63623 malpaduyja, thou hast not caused to make. &e &e &e &e FUTURE TENSE. 1st Person. $0%9, a5 malpave, I shall cause to make. S0¥9,303> malpavaye, I shall not cause to make. 2nd » 099y malpava, thou wilt cause to make. $0%9,5303) malpavaya, thou wilt not cause to make. &e &e &e &e IMPERATIVE MOOD. 1st Person. . Gl aio%?g)@ﬁ malpavuge, let me cause to make. S0g9Tord o0FY R malpavande uppuge, letme not cause to make. 2nd » aﬁo%?ao)e) malpala, do thou cause to make. 099, malpavada (S0%9,53033 V%) \© malpavande uppula), do thou not cause to make. &e &e &ec. &e INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. 1st Infindtive. S0¥9,9Q malpavuni, (to) cause to make. | 330%’33);’)053 0T),Q malpavande uppuni, not (to) cause to make. = S — PAST TENSIE. DOFT O DD malpavani, (o) cause to make. \ ST D,FI0TI VIFH,D malpavande uppuni, not (to) cause to make. PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT AND PERFECT. = Positive. Negative. ﬁa%’%o&)’{b malpayini (;5&%?’%033;36 malpaying), (to) have caused 35'0%3@0)&50(3 ©23,Q malpavande ittini, not (to) have caused to make. to malke. Eﬁo%’%&‘@ malpadini (&53%’%@5@ malpading), (to) have had cansed to make. 2nd Infinitive (Supine). 53%0358 malpavere, to cause to make. 5ova°)ﬁoz3 e 3 5,8 malpavande uppere, not to cause to make. sl s 2. Verbs ending in @ du, are inflected like w®dh® biruni, Auxiliary Verbs. 96 There are only two Auxiliary Verbs in Tulu; viz: e apini, to become, and evz),d uppuni (or BF)d ippuni), to be; =22 apini is inflected like 3w tipini. Conjugation of ©03 2 uppuni, to be. 97. Of this Verb there exist in the Present tense two forms; the second one seems to have been taken from the Canarese Defective Participial form vy ulla, being. INDICA’I;IVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Stngular. ‘Positive. Negative. 1st Form. ond Form. 1st Form. 2nd Form. 1st Person. 0T, 33 uppuve, W%Z) ulle, T am. NT),23 uppuji, '82235 ijji, T am not. 2nd ” VT 3 uppuva, emg ulla, thou art. V), uppuja, ] ijja, thou art not. 3rd » Masc ev3g) &3 uppuve, em{?:) ulle, he is. 0T, % uppuje, '&% ijje, he is not,. » ” Fem V) S%° uppuvaly, mg%?s ullaly, she is. o) % uppujaly et % ijjaly, she is not. » » Neut V) o0 uppundu, Vo) undy, it is. o)\ uppuji 'azé ijji, it is not. e Plural. 1st Person. oUF) |3 uppuva, em%é ulla, we are. VT |2 uppuja, ) ijja, we are not. 2nd em?'o:i_)‘)dcs uppuvary, emi:jc‘ ullary, you are. T, RT° uppujary, oy T ijjaru, you are not. 3rd bil Masc. vy, 330" uppuvery, m%;;;cf ullery | emsg)o)z%cs uppujery, '3% o ijjeru » » Fem. \ they are. they are not. 0T 350 uppuvery, m%c‘ ullery 053 230° uppujery, fazi o° ijjern » | Neut. 0T 0383 uppuva, emg ulla i QT | Uppuja, By ijja i T ————— PAST TENSE. P (e WNeut erOTH (53 uppuva, Qr\)'zéj ulla \ PO (2 uppuja, = ijja PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT, Singular. Positive. Negative 1st Person. 23, itte, I was. 23,23 ittiji, I was not. 2nd 7 0.3, itta, thou wast. 2.3, ittija, thou wast not. 3rd Masc. 2.3, itte, he was. 3,2 ittije, he was not. n Fem 03, ¢ ittaly, she was. 23 w% ittijaly, she was not. » Neut. ©.3,23 ittiji, it was not. 2 o ittgnd_.g, it was Plural. 1st Person. 28,2 ittija, we were not. gl 23, itta, we were. 2nd 7 0.3, ittary, you were. 2.3,w0° ittijary, you were not. 3rd N 03, 0¢ ittery, they were. 23, 20° ittijery, they were not. besides vz ) Q uppuni. Remark: g itte, is the past tense form of PR ippuni, which is used in some parts of the Tulu country PERFECT TENSE. b Sz'ngular. 4! 1st Person. 02,3 ittyde, I have been. 285,02 ittudiji, I have not been. &e &e &e &e Plural. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. ©3° @ ittuda, we have been. 28, 0 ittudija, we have not been. &e &e &e &e FUTURE TENSE. Singular. 1st Person. @‘0% uppe, I shall be. em%o& uppaye, I shall not be. 2nd ” ¥V, uppa, thou wilt be. 053,030 uppaya, thou wilt not be. 3rd » Masc. em% uppe, he will be. 80%030 uppaye, he will not be. » Fem. oV, % uppaly, she will be U3, 030%° uppayaly, she will not be » ” Neut. g L emw% uppu, it will be. ¥uy0c® uppandy, it will not be. Plural. 1st Person. VT, uppa, we shall be. @0F,03 uppaya, we shall not be. 2nd ” &0 T uppary, you will be ¥0E3,0300° uppayary, you will not be 3rd Masc. » em?%zf upperu 905, 0300° uppayery | ? Fem em%cg upperu , they will be. U, 039T° uppayery » INeut. QNK:;) uppa V03 uppaya s they will not be. ITMPERATIVI MOOID. > » INewt. eNOTI, BpPa | oS> uppaya IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Positive. Negative. 1st Person. WB:Q)?% uppuge, let me be. 00T 08 ¥OF) A uppande uppuge, let me not be; 1 will not be. 2nd 9 ema;&e) uppula, be thou, or do thou be. W%Zé uppacda, be not, or do thou not be. 3rd » eV & uppady, let him, her or it be. ) Ws‘é)ocg m%aﬁ uppande uppady, let him, her or it not be. PZumZ. ist Person er\)'cb;g)ﬁ uppuga, let us be. 90083 0T R uppande uppuga, let us not be. o) 2nd » emsg)gﬁ uppule, be you, or do you be. em?.g)c% uppade, be not, or do you not be. 3rd » o0, uppady, let them be. VT 003 YU T uppande uppady, let them not be. INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. YT 1st Infinitive. o), Q uppuni (03¢ uppuns), (to) be. 0T 00 20 D uppande uppuni, not (to) be. PAST TENSE. Positive. Negative. ad,Q ittini (28,3¢ itting), (to) have been. 0308 2.3, uppande ittini, not (to) have been. 2, 0Q ittudini (235, dTe ittyding), (to) have had been. 2nd Infinitive (Supine). 20333 uppere, to be. | evzor3 v 3 uppande uppere, not to be. GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES. PRESENT AND FUTURE. Ger @é@gmg ittondu, being. 2 3R,£0cT ittonande, not being. Part. €05y, uppy, being, or that is m%o& uppandi, not being, that is not. s \ PAST TENSE. IMPERFECT. Part. 28 itti, been, or that was. | @000 uppandi (o2 g oD ijjyandi), not been, that was not . PERFECT. Ger @&, ittudu, having been emsgozS uppande ("5\2&30(3 ijjyande), having not been. Part. 28, itti (s, ittudi), having been, or that has been. o000 uppandi; having not been, or that has not been. &e. &ec. Defective Verbs. ANV ¢ MR e - e P e b RN e T ¥ g T R art. DS, 1Lty (DS 0 ARGl &c &c Defective Verbs. 97. There are few Defectwe Verbs and a number of such Verbs as are commonly used only in the third person neuter; as: a., BHo®> kondu (Gemmd of the Verb 3wesod konum, to hold), is used in composition only; as: Bwo 2> w2F kondu barpini, to bring, Swory Fped kondu papini, to take away (or to bring to another place). b., 300322 kariyuni, to pass by, to be possible, of which only the following forms are used:— Singular Positive Negative Present tense. 3003203 kariyundu, it is possible 20032023 kariyuji, it is not possible e e Past » F0o* karindy, it was possible FO0202 kariyiji, it was not possible Future ” F0030 kariyu, it will be possible 20030 kariyandy, it will not be possible Part. 3903000 kariyandi, that is impossible 2003009 tariyuni, to tarry, to stay, of which only the Gerund and Imperative exist Singular Plural Ger 30%° taridy, having tarried Imperative. 3oF tarla, (20 tari), do thou tarry 3SF tarle (30 tari), do you tarry Positive. Negative. Crude Form: eVDC30R uriyuni, to burn. Present tense e0003200%0 uriyundu, it burns. 00030023 uriyuji, it does not burn. Past » eu0o®® urindy, it burnt. 0023 uriji, it did not burn. Future ” 000300 uriyy, it will burn. 003d0cs® uriyanduy, it will not burn. Crude Form: S0N320Q mugiyuni, to end. Present tense 20NR0Ry mugiyundu, it ends. S300N032023 mugiyuji, it does not end. Past » SN mugindy, it ended. 20N mugiji, it did not end. S0NG3 mugiyy, it will end. Futumla % SN0 mugiyandy, it will not end. Remark: There is scarcely one Irregular Verb in Tulu; but some verbs have two forms in the Imperfect, a regular and an irregular; as: = UL IMPERFECT. Regular. Irregular. WQFQ barpini, to come, W3, batte, 2353 beide, or 25223 houde, came. B ) D jeppuni, to lie, 33, jette, ﬁécg jeide, or 23223 jouds, lay. S Q leppuni, to call, 33, lette, Q%Cg leide, called. s ;.: el LSS St = = E (}0 =t <D E <D | = = — 111 — FIFTH SECTION: INDECLINABLES. 1. POSTPOSITIONS. 98 1. Governing one case, vizi— a., Genitive case of nouns and pronouns:———aoéi&m ottugu, with, along with; 2,2+ keitaly, near, at hand; &3, lekka, 89,8 lekkane, like, as; R0 vitays, DRo3HR visayodu, about, con- ° o) cerning; evsod ulayi, inside 1D oT* prakars, like, as; S50 03 (389, mukhantra, through; =ni8n¢ pagategy, instead of. b., The Communicative case:—e.3, oppa, agreeing with, to- gether; as: g0 @R, dyadoppa (£033 dyada+ 2 oppa), With him. Remark: “2,3," is never used separately, but always in connection with the Communicative case. 2. Governing two cases, vizi— The Genitive and Dative cases; o3:@°c® yedury, in front of; Ro3, sutte, round; R039,53008, suttumutta, roundabout. 3. Governing three cases, viz:-— The Genitive, Dative and Ablative cases; ©yo2s dumby, in front, before, formerly: %#73, hokka, afterwards; @wgrod hortande, 2o horty, except, besides, without (&e. may follow any case); 3z°F tirty, below; o=, mitty, above; 233 piravy, behind. 2. CONJUNCTIONS. 99 9:93_6365 @ttgda, or, but, besides. 03, 0B attande, besides. RRIZFor hortande, besides. ©ows®or andynda, namely, that is, viz. esotsoor andanda, if it be so. ¥ As gaadnprakara is a noun, it is often used without the case; as: B¢ TBoT 1 prakara, this way; & =590 a prakara, that way; 83 ©;333 aSoeéi)e) i prakara malpula, do in this way. — 112 — @omwoiw% 30 andayineddavara, therefore, because A, 3o anda, but, if, supposing it be so. oo andala, but, at least, though. &3 avady, either, or. Z 6%8_ lekka, like. § '32%& ijjida, or, but, besides. k] {8063 ijjyande, without. 30T, bokka, and, after, afterwards. 3 SR nanala, more, yet, still. 03r02390Bwo yenéandald, however, notwithstanding. @9 la, and, also, even. it) op! fazé 15 ijji, ©» &, la atty, neither, nor. &) 20T eikady, therefore. W Wwewo® bodady, for the sake of. X saha, also. ¢ as 3. INTERJECTIONS. in 100 6503.@8 ayyo eVBRE urd o, ulappa Expressions of sorrow and pain. 0903 o, ayyappa % o o) JQ;)-) ppa 9%, vappa 3 ah Wo) 5350 aha % 0 \ Expressions of surprise, pleasure, admi- ca £.22¢ oho ration, jest or reproach. Sea 03¢ hehs @3, appa (TRRY, danappa) ) ¥ — 113 — otso anda 8000 inda 0! oh! ¢ hs BE° 18 25028 ¢ 8161 ¢ 8hi ©0ee shishi 101 4. PARTICLES. 6 (803 iye) an emphatic particle denoting affirmation. @ da, if (see Remark 3 on page 57). e &, 9o 13, 2§ denote question or interrogation; as: S8, wo? maltara, did you make? a’ogm‘% maltana, didst thou make? ooy De303d? undu nitiys, 1s this righteousness? evony 3wets o7 undu totans, 1s this a garden? wdwwe, shall I come? wowy dama (woF danet o nd) denotes doubt, and is com- monly placed after the word with the interrogative particle; as: ol oﬁoz&% o0 ©oEY By RS undu yeddend dannd yany pinaye, I do not know whether it is right or not. ¢ &, and, also, even. e ——— (D, , € ———— L III. PART: SYNTAX. 1. Chapter: On the Structure of Sentences. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 102 A sentence is a complete thought expressed in words. 103 Every sentence consists of a Subject and a Predi- cate; as: ¥TR) w3, the king rules; 93¢ 308 wror, the ’ adﬂli‘ sea 1s large. 104. The Predicate asserts what the Subject does; as: WTRY 5033, the king rules;—or what it is; as: o3 93z Siat 15 — 114 — Rama is king;—orhow it is; as: 3¢ 308 ooy, the sea is large. 10! 105 The verb must agree with its subject in gender, thi as number and person; as: 1st Person 03T 208, I made. al 2nd b 8 3P0, thou sawest. Singular. rd ” 18 0 33;09@9% ﬁ@u%aﬁ%’*’, the girl plays. » » '-UZS 5301980, the hand turns. the 1st Person oTE (F) 308, we made. 2nd » RTF T93TVRTF, you speak. 0mt Plural. rd » RRETOR 30%,530°, the boys do. 36) i) ” 230,50 396, the cows feed. e 106 Exceptions to this rule are the following:— 1. The honorific pronoun of the third person is fre- quently construed with the predicate in the second person; as: 3FTH o T, Ry BlRth ﬁd?@doeﬁ, you are a great pass man, treat me kindly. | 2. When the subject eXpressesa number of inanimate things, the verb is regularly put in the singular number futy even though the subject has the plural form; as: o3 @y ol WP, B[peory, a great many houses were bu_rnt. 3. When a sentence contains several nominatives which are followed by one verb only, the rule is as follows:— the ) a., When there are several nominatives in the singular K?raf, number, the verb must be put in the plural form; as: o, Mang 9 DR w3, father and son came. b., When there are several nominatives of different gen- ders the verb must agree with the last one; as: 3o eggiwe rally, ooedwe w3of, the elephant, the king, and the queen came. — 115 — 1 c., It the subject consists of two or more personal pro- nouns, the first person has the precedence of the second and third, and the second has the precedence of the third, where- ) as the verb is put in the plural; as: &e» eodos w3 o, thou and he came; Wz o wd, I and thou came. 107 When the nominative is a personal pronoun, it is often omitted, the person being implied by the form of the verb; as: Fpes, (I) go; Rody o9, do it (thou). 108 In the same way, in certain sentences the verb is omitted; as: 83301 @3, (wvory), man hasa soul; BEHET Bo B (900@), birds have wings; 0% 8 83 (@myory), the wick- ed men will receive punishment. USES OF THE INFLECTED VERBAL FORMS. fre A. Present Tense, on; 109 1. The present tense chiefly denotes an action, reat passing at the time in which it is mentioned; as: c3a¢ Wi 3, I read; odvow wvzoss, I live. nate 2. It is used to express determination with regard to a gber future action; as: 8 waF, [ (shall surely) come tomorrow; 3% o &0 w33 oIw® Wpe, it he come(s) I (shall) go. 3. In vivid narration it is frequently used instead of hich the past tense; as: & 830BRR FRRRITITIR RonFdRTors 2 BFT, ITR 0est WY v, at that time the Coorgs came to ;u]ar Mangalore, then I was ‘ghere. &), B. Past Tense. 110. gen- 1. The Tmperfect describes past events gene- o rally; as: woeors 30¢), we took our meal; Zesoocdnr Speod, yme: he went to church.—Sometimes it expresses certainty with 15% — 116 — regard to an action that is to take place immediately; as: ik s w3, o, they (have come=) do come immediately. 2. The Perfect represents an action as entirely com- an pleted; as: mwef of wd, (wd3), I have left the house;—or as prior to a former action; as: 3o D 1¥ ﬁos&&;ﬁﬁ 303 Tpe3, when I came to the house, he was gone. ) 3. The Pluperfect expresses priority to a former action 1ne already completed; as: Bpodr Sos@ER Wa* 0T, 638,, when the sun rose, I had risen. 2 (. Future Tense. 111, 1. The simple future denotes what is to happen in future; as: 83 Sw3oy A3, we shall all die; waAF WA, (n it will rain.—Sometimes it expresses probability; as: ez Vel 30eRE o of, they are likely in the room; 0 203, he it will probably come. ha 2. The future perfect sometimes expresses priority of an e action with regard to a future action, sometimes doubt with a8t regard to a past action; as: eo3 wdoeR o So¥, 3o, when ¢ he comes, I shall have done it; o3sow® 5,303, 1t may ?e I have laughed. Pre 3. The negative form of the future tense is often used to as express resolution or emphasis; as: o35 308,085, 1 shall never of do it; e503 Beacd, he will never say it; waF wdors, it will not of rain. fin THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. an 112. 1. The first person of the Imperative mood is used to express intent with regard to an action; as: c3w g 3n3, let me see (I will see); 33 ma,Frd Fo¥yn, let us pray. by L M 2. The second person is used to order, or give com- mandments; as: & Fpew, go thou; 3 wd, come you. Nl 3. The third person (30%,&, 33, w3, ete.) is rather a3 an optative, though it is also used imperatively; as: ¢35 3, @ 3¢S T, they shall or may do that work; sz.8s @Z?aa w0 @, may they be (or do) well. 0 4. The form =h¥RR), wpa, ete. signifies urgeney or 1611 necessity of an action; as: {0 wdHRR, you must come; 2003 BTORN B3O HR,Ry, do give us a present. USES OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS. pen 118. .2, to become, to be. The third person singular o (neuter) of the future tense (ess3), it will become or be) is 4 very generally used in answer to a command, or to the ex- he pression of a wish; as: Seotdn® Fpers v Bwody vy, go to the bazar and bring some rice; 53 (it will take place=), very fan well! The third person of the Imperative is used to express with assent; as: wo¥d ¥, be it s0, or may it become so. (Its hen use as a Conjunction will be treated hereafter.) yhe 114, PR, 0 be. Added to the present gerund, it ex- presses continuancy of, or habit with regard to, an action; el 10 as: %030y w03y I (o1 eus), I am reading, or I am in the habit Vel of reading. Added to the past gerund, it denotes completion | not of an action; as: S0¢5,0f evg), I have done. Added to the in- finitive, it signifies intention or readiness with regard to an action; as: 2pe33 evg, I am about to go. 115. ol 8 2@ (the negative of the affix %®in 98,9, ete.) denotes inability; as: o3os® BpesSS @, I cannot go. e’ CL 28,8 w@, he cannot do (it). Y — 118 — SUPPLEMENTAL VERBS 116 To express a continued action, a final verb is added to the gerund of the reflexive verb; as: Q5% deo'w® VI BR MUF) 0By, the fish is living in the water; o3sox® %83® o g0 Jpes, I go reading; wad oont 9w, wIF, he comes R ¢ SINging 117 Frequently the past gerund with a final verb is lo used to represent an action in its successive steps of com- O pletion; as: eong 3, Tewo, take off the coat, and put it away; o3 35,%° (or 33%,) Zpeody, he lost the way and went on, or he went astray; 3% So'a® w3,of, they came drunk hi 3030 AT SPeadd he died THE VERBAL FORMS (VOICES.) o 118. In the active form the subject appears as itself W, acting; as: gz w3, the king rules. 119 The causative form represents the subject as caus- ing another to act; as: ¥33), 38 N wed,mecdhd Sw,03 (or 35, &0d), the father had his son called by his servant sul 120 The reflexive form (or middle voice) is generally o used when the subject is doing something for its own ad- vantage; as: o3o%® 2023 @A, didweni, lacquired property for myself. S LR ¢ 2. Chapter: Of the Complemental Parts of Speech e 121 When the verb by “itself does not suffice to 8] convey the entire meaning of some action, it requires to be completed in one or more of the following ways:— 1. By an object; as: ¢8R veedny s w33, the king rules 0y -2 the empire; DORPIF D 02F TORTT [ReT0d, William de- the feated the French Lk — 119 — 2. By words that express circumstances of time, place, 18 manner, cause, etc.; as: [ ~ ) a., Time—eod Bwed w3, he came yesterday; esod ey o 00308 028 638 ¢rg, hels ill since along time; gz S0z 163 ReF «urd, he eats thrice a day. b., Place— o350 Rrortshethzds 598 309y, I live at Manga- 18 lore; TH,0° BRowWaNE 3peshomy, the ship sails for Bombay; 0 8% RTOT w3 ¥, she came from Mercara. uf ¢., Manner—=o33, @ex ©9ds0my, the horse runs swiftly. nt d., Instrumentor cause-—esadoms %zss @t S0, they killed k; him with a sword; 5oz waPY@) X2, 1 die of hunger; o SRJRTRD wuoiy ¥h,0w, the eye has been made for seeing; @by Spepdy Fog,, he acted from anger; & Ased Zom o elf 0%, 0w, the wall is made of mud. USES OF THE COMPLEMENTAL CASES. I Nominative Case. (or 122. 1. The nominative case commonly represents the subject and precedes the verb; as: S¢S3of me3003, God spoke; lly Sow® wfoi®, the army was victorious. 1d 2. It is also used to express the factative object; as: 1ty wodh® ©d D¢, they made him king; @e3o° mod s 3 QedT030® ¥,3, God makes sinners righteous people; oofd 9T RNy wonn® JeTepory*, the queen adopted her as her daughter. to Dative Case. 10 123 The dative case is used: 1. To express the object les to which the action is directed; as: w338 Jnor, give to de the poor; 38 gocsore wg ©p, admonish the evil-doer; 3¢z33 n Jpeao, fear God. — 120 — 3 2. To denote possession or authority; as: 83393 n¢ & () W evory, man has a soul; e3zry ©5HF3 wory, the king has th power; B3¢sS8n¢ AEFIYee evoiy, God is almighty. 3. To denote intention or purpose; as: o3 z;)i\ v P, a0 he was sitting for alms; &% Zeo°n® Bpeasos®, she went for milk. [A[iy 4. With words that signify pleasure or displeasure; as: oot Bo¥ RodWes, singing is pleasant to him; =00 98T i g2, death is a grief to many. 5. To express price or worth; as: cRd SR SANES N Bomeodn¢ B0l Judas sold Jesus for thirty rupees; & won 3% =T domoor' 33RO, that bungalow may be sold for i thousand rupees. 6. To denote measure; as: aldwzy SR I8 wdr, he she comes thrice a day. 7. To signify time; as: w037 wzF, we shall come this ad evening; & $o8n® Jmemi3c?, they will start at 2 o’clock. lar 8. To express motion to a place; as: o3 Bymwdors Fpead > he went to Mysore; 208305 230 ¥ Spemyomdy, the rivers flow towards the sea. 9. To show difference, likeness, or distance; as: ed3re HOTOD WY B’ TED, there is a great difference between (AR an elephant and a mouse; Yor¢wds Sows =¥ w5, Bangalore is far from Madras. e 3 10. To signify relationship; as: &3 00z Sy wATS Iy he is my younger brotl}el'. Wey ACCUSATIVE CASE. 124 The accusative case is used with transitive verbs a3 to express the direct object; as: oo oz 3w, I see him; FToNRD eV 00, Cain killed Abel. the — 121 — g 2. Many verbs govern two accusatives; as: Ros 230 as Bo9 Be3B ToBRg R 200%B 309, the schoolmaster makes the children read the Bible. b Remark: The crude form of the noun is often used instead of the I accusative case; as: e85 Rex® FaBdr, God gives life; Fgroo, B3r0FoSR 3o Beeo®, Lord, show mercy on us. S Locative Case. 125. The locative case signifies: 1. situation; as: aef & D%s 0oy, 1t 1s 1n the house. ot 2. It expresses time; as: & R vl ﬂés‘ 2pecdy, he for died on that day. 3. It denotes cause; as: @%° & SREARRY STT® POV, he she died of that illness. 4. It is used to express the superlative degree of ths adjectives; as: &8 393 YRR g, the elephant is the ok largest of all the beasts. o Ablative Case. fow 126 The ablative case is used: o9 1. To express the cause or instrument of an action; as: jech WOONT Ho3303, we speak with the mouth; WRE R, & ARENT, lore we understand with the mind, 2. To express the passive voice; as: gohg D, 2oz, 9635) I was beaten by him; szosh BOUTE, PR TWBRPORT, they were deceived by that fellow. 3. To denote the material of which a thing is composed; as: FOBRR R wvemacd, man was made of dust. obs 4. To express motion from; as: Tk F3RAE) wRBR, i, the fruit falls from the tree. 16 2 408 &0 5. To express beginning or origin; as: &&w o, hi from the beginning, moRpmy Rodes weF,orF, death has come through sin. 7 6. To show comparison; as: o8 33,a° 098, the horse is bigger than the ass. to b Communicative Case. 121 The communicative case is used: I 1. With verbs like 263 ; as: ¢c3:@ o, I told him. set T300Y; as: 3R 3B, 1 speak to therm. he Seeaod; as: TSR Jerna3, I ask you. S8,e0R; as: 3383 s8R, beseech God. It DeFODRIY; A8: HREIFR MNFedRow, inquire of them. 2. To show relation; as: =03 @odhd 3 wwordd, I am on good terms with him; 033 0% mows @23, I have nothing Al against him. Yocative Case. H, 128 The vocative usually commences sentences; as: ¢ Be38¢, woT AT Sy, O God, help me! vzm),, wy, O father, come! USES OF THE POSTPOSITIONS. frg 129 Postpositions are used to express more definitely 3 the relation implied by the simple cases. The relations expressed by them are chiefly the fol- al lowing. hig 1. Concern (DRI, 5)33_63); as: RBNTT MoBT DREHE [0T D3eR ﬁ\raoéz??é, concerning the bottom of phe sea we do not know much; & 93883 0, wdeEd SoeyS, I will i think about this matter. 2 2OT,, BVOT Locality (3, 33, 8_) 3 s as: ngcs b T, wod zﬁesx% 8 ooy, on the mountain there is a temple; — 123 — 2%, e him e;?.o:b 337 & PI,T w0, that book (will be) must be with 3. Direction (@c%n‘,%ééz%né,sooéﬁ TRYTY); as: cMafenielad 56 2pecd, he went to the riverside; dzod FZin® wg,, I came to you; ewds Rt} o0k, he ran as far as the village; % & 0@y wg, come after me, follow me. & Time (B % , NF,, Boow); a8 VGRTIT z&@ﬁ& WRF, I shall come in the afternoon; &ev*s D&, Lvercdsct, they 3 set out after midnight; S38R3E) toown S8 ~ ~ Sonor o, repent before death. 5. Measure (;ﬁos%); as: 9%, RSF DF° Do) ?y\;}o'@am, you must forgive up to seventy times seven. 6. Intention, purpose (Bwe@an’); as: ©3e33 TRy BRe 0l wor® Hewed, labour for the kingdom of God; & Roner Lil’lg BReEan® 3on w3, I came on account of this matter. 7. Agreement (5,593, e’i%aﬁ); as: Q3T T,TOT Ty SCHF 3, he will judge with righteousness; ¥ I»ga S78 Soeh 3, a8 make it according to that pattern. 0 8. Communion (%%With——construed and always con- tracted with the communicative case—,®8w3r03, without, % ely Q) ; as: 3B, (0r B3 W) Fpeod, I went with him; g RRSFOT TSN TR 08,8 WY, without me you cannot do fol. any thing; sob wtm 993 eZoc, you should not sit with him (or near him). A 9. Instrument (B0559033, BBwid); as: BeST® SweFR WY o 0 38 ToHT BNaeg, wordd 3¢, God created the world by will His word. 10. Interchange (813n¢, wgerne, instead); as: ey sridn oR w3,; the son came instead of his father; AN WROIR® g ) =R 3wewncdy, instead of love, he show'ed enmity. 16%* " USES OF THE ADVERBS, 130. Adverbs are used to denote the place, time ol manner or cause of actions. i 1. Adverbs denoting place (t:%b, B89, @028, ete.); as: Bwo fo 290 2%y evomdy, where is Bombay? wowaod wo, S a* 1n sots, Bombay is here (in this direction), Madras is there (in al that direction); w=Fg To8eR) 33 F ot BT 0BT, N, to TIUD WRFYD WRTo0RY, In the rainy season mist is rising from below, and dew and rain are falling from above. d 2. Adverbs signifying time (@3 today, o8 tomorrow, ff 28, now, this moment, ANCES afterwards, etc.); as: @2 28,70 03 28 Rpes3, he who was (here) today will start tomorrow; Nl 08, WRF WBHT, Zwowy, now there is{ rain, afterwards there will be heat. I Remark: 1. To show the commencement of an action or condition, frequently the adverb is construed with the instrumental case; as: (wetd Y 5@ qoed or) ﬁ@eé’%oag g3 2303 GVoR, since yesterday I have headache. i 2. To express the point of time at which any thing ends or is finished, the adverb takes the form of the dative case; as: 4R € 363 8eTo0w, today that work will be done;—or it is coustrued with the postposition T SBoob,; as: 0 Soo83,, to the last; T8 Boot3, until here (till now); ez ook, until there; o3 doo&é 8 #, he did not come till now; €073 B0k, BT, 1N shall I wait so long? 3¢35 52o® 58 Boots, 593, God will keep us to the end. 3. Adverbs of mode or manmner (3¢ quickly, oo slowly, ~3r straightly, %38 crookedly, ete.); as: @¥er wo, come quickly; 1t 300 839, walk slowly; Zodneman® 3wood, he gave it glad- ly; Jpoor so® oon 308,0°, they sang nicely. 0t USES OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE AND GERUND. i Y 131. The first infinitive (S0%20 to make, 303 to sgzé % E etc.) is frequently used for the inflected verbal forms; as: 20° 23,9, who has come? 30509 28,2, we have come. — 125 — 132 The second infinitive (supine) is used as the neé object to a transitive verb; as: &8 WIBRIT VB SO ‘eﬂa‘ieu%v\, his desire is to deliver them; e%¢ 20033 Beor, she asked A for drink (lit. drinking). ] 7 Remark: The gerund is frequently added to the supine without alter- ZpoDBT &h 2 9 2. we came to receive some thing; | ing the meaning; as: - also the dative affix R is sometimes added to it; as: 53%8 Bpeod, I went o) to do it. I 133 The participle has frequently the meaning of an adjective or arelative sentence; as: 303 Zod 3ed, his work, W, the work he is doing; &= 3w 8, the tree we have seen. 00 W, 134. The gerund is used 1. to express actions in their ere SuCCesslon; as: Y S0’ e’, OTLT, AT, Specdy, Esau ate, rose and went away. tiOD) 2. To denote the mode how an action is performed; as: 2o 3 30306 w3, he came laughing; esodh oo’ Rovy TonT, they willingly told a lie. Lh@di o 3. To express the reason or cause of actions; as: <& ition To,08 38, this boy was ruined by not learning; 9% 2 NEly .5 Rowr wRTow, the fruits fell down through the blow- ) ing of the wind. end 4. To express time; as: & AR WF T B IIF FoT, iy, it is six vears since I came to this place. L]‘J 135 Participial and verbal nouns are treated like Jad other nouns; as: F2FIY ToT BRoo®), abusing is a sin; JJF 88 Po TUAR SRJQ, the fruit of abusing is shame; iéo%zifs Jpean wuory, they are afraid of dying; u30sy $08,3%° ol ] S?é zed 9, what may be said about their doings? as — 126 — 3. Chapter: Of the Attributive Parts of Speech. 136 Pronominal attributes. 0 1. Interrogative; as: ©o 333599, which man? o8, 3 508, what kind of horse? ¢ 2. Demonstrative; as: & mo®, this way; w08, 3w, such an umbrella; & 3, that cow; ows, vef, such a house. : 137 ; Numeral attributes; as: 523 =00z, six persons; Soewd Ro, the third chapter; m»3 domeod, some rupees; 23@%\@&02\3 3000, another fowl. 0 138. Qualitative attributes; as: o3 Jo0td, a nice cloth; >t L Rep T, a small tree; 303 e, clean water. 139. Participial attributes; as: 295 B0 wdt;, the b young man who killed the tiger; zaﬁ;‘s’% 20 29, the tiger which was killed by the young man; ©3= s meder, the king David (or David who had become king); &35, esods Zes3c, God the father; W B ob C, the boy who had no under- standing; wog 28, ¢, an intelligent boy; cdedwer® ), e € 8059, the man named Jacob; 20w 23, 3y7, the animal called lion. o 140. The particle s&, is often affixed té nouns and o partiples, and the compound is then used attributively; as: WIS WD, as many men $o many minds; T o8 PonoT’, {0 so much gdld asstone; w8 T93° =00, S0 many men as have come; 03 Fpeohmezs® BR3, the distance he went. ¥ 4. Chapter: Construction. ORDER OF WORDS. 141 1. The subject always precedes the predicate; as () %Wt ©8R) %33, the king rules; dwes ey, the world is large ™ — 127 — 2. Words which form the completion of the verb as objects, adverbs, etc. precede the verb; as: gz TR ) ¢33, the king rules the kingdom; gy oeldagm ww & $033, the king rules the kingdom with wisdom; m%cs‘cgeﬁz? h T mdﬁrodg} Sowde, for what reason do the wicked not believe in God? 25022 B8R 2088 6% FoSE ROCRTE Sed & wotd Toneds® wdad, one day a boy wrote a letter with a 5, quill for examination at school. )S7 3. In the same way, attributes, or words necessary to complete the subject or object, must precede these; as: g Ah’ S0=@R, a good man; wBF Ry R, a very big horse; o0 ¥, 3RCUR MBS D oF wvordd), the water of the he boy’s father’s well is good; c3os® 2023 Spwor FFT 20D, ;’t‘l’ I read a nice story. he CONNECTION OF CO-ORDINATE WORDS. 7, ol 142. When several co-ordinate words are used in a sen- tence in the same case, the affix by which the case is form- }@0) ed is only added to the last one, and this has the plural nl form; as: 288, wwd, ne,BedE BHTEOWR P, there are officers in districts, towns and villages. nd a3 143. Sometimes different co-ordinate words are joined together by a demonstrative pronoun; as: 3wes, & BRRY, )7, 5! A B030 [oRIT mﬂacég), NI zSJaz%tbo:bazé@ & 089, 08 WO ) FB3RB) wdadso’, Noah, his wife, his three sons, and their wives, these eight persons were spared in the deluge. Remark: Repetition of words is employed:— 1. To represent a collective notion in its constituent parts; as: eSosm o B)o3ed Fyseg FTer, he gives to every one according to his deeds; a5 2.0 200 3T 8T DB BT BHdVTHT, every one is responsible for himself; ?13?5)\ 708 Be8 BeBaAY JowdId STy SNTITy éoﬂam@%, “Q@, rae‘soﬂ Beed, the 00 — 128 — beggar is travelling from country to country, roving from village to af village, going from house to house. 2. To denote intensity; as: -F"%@S £e®8 BTyen¥d 34T ded Rewah BpePo [0 @, very large vessels are sailing to a very far country; mobzclkh Doz &, I told him until I became tired. {1 USES OF CONJUNCTIONS. 2 144 Copulative conjunctions (oo, #0%, SR, &I th oF);as: o3 Bped Swe wiedy, I am going, come you too; 2,080 Boo? 030333 ;S'jzp'ass, love and grace are God’s nature; R SO HeT B3RY AT T, TR0, We gave him milk and sugar; T, BTOBND GoRYY, 3FF PRNT YoRUD, HRNT 18 33FF QRTT GoRU, WY, RS AT T DT AOFY 0N WA 33 wors®, of any thing that is in heaven above or that is in the earth beneath or that is in the water under the 10 earth thou shalt not make an idol nor bow before it; Foox e 1§ ow By exeE war, I shall come in the morning or in W the evening. 145. Disjunctive conjunctions (©3%,,93,08, RRIF, TR d 3rod, 8,3, ©39,0% and DY T, BWY,0%); as: FoPYRY VS,B WP 90 Fwody wy, bring me a red one or a white one; nRoe3 2B D), gruel or rice; £,FR ¥, ¥TR BowBIF, Not the minister but the king is master; mé’oﬁ@&ﬁ‘ éj ©3,008 TOWN oo &yordy, sinners will get shame besides punishment; Wi QeS8 TTy TRBF @¢3 Ry o5, BoT VL, besides the word p of God we have no other sacred seripture. th USES OF SOME PARTICLES. fr 146. Emphatic particle (n, o3, 3¢, 8¢) “x” is generally used after a final evor £; as: 0% RoRII R, what he told W was a lie; mde =on'ctor, even the house tumbled down. v «o39¢” is generally used after a final @ or o, sometimes f — 129 — fo after ev; ag: ReS3Ine ;332@&?3@ 3,08035¢, £,85° 03009 S odve, what God delights in is love, it is righteousness that P} 0 exalts a nation.——‘fa"e” is generally used after a final , some- times after ; as: &3 o%:05° BRORY) word PR, TR¢, what he gave me was a book; e3¢ w3z, he himself is to come.— 53 «3¢» is generally used after a final ov; as: rRodoSe &R, 0; the priest has come. e 147. Interrogative particles (e, %, 0359, §9, 9, and & nd 3¢, 3¢). Euphonically these are treated like the emphatic el particles, explained in the previous paragraph; as: 2,e803509, »0 1s it love? 238ove, is it a wall? Zow 2., 1s 1t a lie? &ec. %), ot With regard to their signification «e» or «ze» are used he in simple questions; as: o WBRED, shalll come? 3¢, 0o, have you doneit? 3wcdme, have you seen it?—and «» or «gde» ao'zﬁ n is used when the answer is expected to be a negation of what has been asked; as: o3soe® widwndde, shall I come? u&a@, do not come. 38 5. Chapter: Connexion of Sentences. {0 CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES. the ol 148. Co-ordinate sentences are sometimes put together without formal connexion; as: Bwcdr N $,T03 TRYFory, 03 s TR PRNT NF, WRTR), DI BROWIBY ToL TGE, TD0300RY, ol the sun is shining, its beams are falling on the earth, (and) from its heat the rocks are heated. 149 More frequently, however, they are joined to- allV gether by the use of conjunctions; as: I3=PR ?@&gﬁﬁ %’o% old o33 wQ, T, zSJa%;} SBBB Tou3, I3 29% AT N, T30 i 038 Rty Ry 3, when man is born he is not able to sit, mes afterwards he learns to walk, and after some time begins to 17 ~ 156 — speak; eteddre oﬂoz% NTI RR0B0RY, BoBD WIT IBYR Ia 0338 TP PRGF v%3, many people know (have) good means, but they are not able to employ them; SORPZ T 5 TORPR) WRODT', 0T BRI 8F TR, TRPpeSet, men 1 have fallen into sin, therefore they are suffering so much; O BeRT evord), mIBNowFod 03 BT 333, he is tired, for he has come from a great distance. SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. v 150. Incomplete subordinate sentences (which are formed by the use of the uninflected verbal forms) are 5 either adjectival or adverbial. th 1. Adjectival sentences qualify nouns; as: oires® 30 =T 8,8 wrdioddy, the tree which I see is high; & 20363 O 0P, ICI0R WRY WY 30eeIe0d, the man that did this fo work displayed much sense. 2. Adverbual sentences, like adverbs, qualify verbs and express time, place, manner or cause; as: §€ a., Time: gxroodd SR 0T 3R T35 Radetd BT, 0T, aslong as Dharmaraja was ruling, the people lived happily; G fo O30T WAFRT Roowd 03 Ppecdy, before I came hie went away; 5&; 30D T, m% W&, o, after he was punished he Cl] became wise; &3o8) war Sy, @b wiem w3, he was 0r reading until they came; esos wgon 8P 937, they were waiting until he arrived. LY Z b., Place: TS WROIIHH aoég 30w, where the stone struck there a hole was made. y by c., Mode: 28 333 ZoSwedR@ 52 ST PRNT NF, &3 @, thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven. I d., Cause: SOSRE T D% 08,8 T, ¥ or3DPYNT, be- cause men have sinned (therefore) they suffer. al] — 131 — 151. Complete subordinate sentences are either re- lative, conditional, or direct. 1. Relative sentences are connected with their principal sentence by the use of the relative and demonstrative pro- nouns and the particle «w» or «&»;as: 00 Tom P [T &od »3 P 8023, he who commits sin will eat the fruit of it; e > ) W33y, 023, TOTIFD Word Y, TOTFY Wadyh, as parents are, so will be their children; e s svome wJhsh B, the eagles will be gathered where the carcass is. 2. Conditional sentences are joined to their principal sentences by the affix «@»; as: wAF W, 0B RO Jpexod, if there be rain, I shall not go; 3w Fuu=R 2%, word wwe B0 83y, if youlearn well, you will get a present; ol St PF,RE & BT, 20T o, if he hiad been here, this mis- fortune would not have befallen me. 3. Direct sentences are either adjectival or substantival. a., Adjectival direct sentences are joined to their principal sentences by the use of the verbal form «a; as; &l o BRoB B, MY 0T WBF Bz FRHFomy, I am much grieved to hear that he has committed theft. f b., Substantival direct sentences are joined to their prin- cipal sentences by the use of the verbal nouns «aQ, 33 or, in the case of quotations, by the gerund «“woz‘z'»; as: 3¢S0 ARSI 23,700 2R, T 25033r¢ 300300030, Sor 03 a’ba’o%aaoﬁo ejdoeg) ’9%3%‘; 22, 805 o7 ZRTEN 30T0%e e o3 éeé@rm‘%c‘ 2,85 2odc’, all know that God is almighy, but they do not admit that He is holy, because they know that, if they did so, they would judge themselves; @e3c° 203 wor® o 3030 TH,0F, BB ¥ Ay Vor'n’ FoWITOTIF wod Pod, all say that God is seeing, but few only believe it. R 2o SN i — 132 — APPENDIX. 4. Specimens of the dialect of the Tulu Brahmins. 1. Examples of different expressions for the same thing: a. Common Tulu. b. Brahmins’ Dialect. & any, 535969 mani, boy. *BRe jovu, girl. @9’%% ponnu, 80305y Iyavu,- %93 papu, enough. 0300z Iyandy, oSS papany, not enough. B33°, betty, afterwards. 23&-)%8_ bokka, &e &e 2. Words with changed Consonants: QOEDY UnpY, e 0%Y) umpu, meal. wog dane, 3oR jane, what? oo dala, WO jala, any thing. o030y dayeguy, 2eodonv jeyegy, why? ?.3\@% bodéi, 23&)@% botri, not wanted. w3 N battege, w3, 33 battekere (or Teof kéry), it is said he came 8%, leppuni, P&, voleppuna, (to) call. &), dappuni, @), adappuny, (to) plough. 0%, malpuni, S00%) R mampuna, (to) make. 0¥y 53 malpuve, 0033 mompuve, I make. 208, malte, 53003 mante, T made. '&So% malpe, 003 mampe, I shall make. 'afe)d)o&@ﬁo hrydayogu, W) B3OSR0 hrydayoiky, to the heart. &9)6303@&%0 hrydayodu, 6%(7503@0&30 hrudayontu, in the heart. QUEDR TV unasugy, NEORF 0T° unasunky, to dinner. eVEOR T unasudy, UESE 0t unasunty, at dinner. # “fpe” is also used for child in general by the Holeyas, and the plural «eBeeFowd, children” is common to all. — 133 — B. - -Tulu Poetfry 1. According to metrical rules. (Tulu Brahmin’s Dialect.) 0% 305380 ZBRTWeS TRETP 8003 BoB%* DoDTIR g R %03 030 Ry, 33% 33 | @oBTSTE F03 B3 S0AD0WIRRC3 T T | BoBRoBREICT® FRZ) WoNETIBH V0SHBRBORF || 930 || NFID BHR3 3T m@o%%,@mw &%@&oam | 3RT03BP0N uowmmme WS, TF a,wwdjm | BRROTSN BRToDTF YRTIT F TG0 | ¥HR30% 0w RBR, ST W, BTN | 989 | SO0 BT, $BIN0TIBR FeoT S | P3ple) &e&&(@o&o 03 Bo8BR WRIRROD | TOTR03ED 3)0RTHR PI,T HRINR | [} 23 | %u%,@ DT BT TocoRBRy DIaIpotd TV u@@m&,@mw 0200 ORI EF R0 S | if 3o’ 3,7 IDoRFEBAY [0 | Jogh | O NTFED I, S WRERT F,T0 | a,m@@ S0P’ 33050 3T ¥, [ &% | 2. Folksong. (Common Tulu.) BTITORID IBOT B0 VBT | F2N8R BWFF T BTTO3 wok WIS | & | S3ER .d&w ToWRRT) | w@aww Jﬁa F0e2000¢ NoT | 53 SNTRON Few o | e 3 | 8&(@& TP TITRR FeoRTO | I3 NRT TIRTIT ewI3T03E. | — 134 — S | STEIR BTNTHO 500@365; [ TRDORTIO Gon® YR SorE | £ ] ejaﬁéé;j W33 5% SRV T | BWO3P0T BPBFBEY WTo3Z0de | S | wFIPT WHRBIMINR WR3ZR | 803 %023 caﬁ@gzéo 03203 ZOR %éﬁe‘d ] RO BReRv0D | 08 nE R DYy oz || C. Tnlu Proverbs. 9oB’R 2T T8RO, BRoRT 2390 T8RO’ Literal Translation: Of a vessel the mouth may be tied up, of the throat, the mouth can it be tied up ? Meaning: The mouth of a vessel may be tied up, but can a man’s tongue be kept quiet? 090500 TOI3BRNY TP 'azg. Lzt. Tr. True being to a word reply is not. Truth makes free. Mean. A right answer turns away all obstacles. eﬁzg 3903 N a&@z%@mm e353030. I Lat. Tr. The grandmother brought up son, for the performing obsequies will not be fit. Mean. A son brought up by the grandmother will become unfit for anything. BT W, TOIN OFFE 03 wwacdns? Lit. Tr. For buttermilk, he that came, of the cow, the price why? 1] Mean. What business has he who came for buttermilk, to ask the price of the cow? Engl. prov. Meddle not with that you have nothing to do withal! GV, SoDTI0 T WAIF. Lit. Tr. Salt, he who ate, water will drink. Mean., He who ate salt will drink water. 1§ Germ. prov. Wer A sagt muss auch B sagen.— Wer den Teufel in’s Boot geladen hat, muss ihn auch iiber’s Meer fahren. — 1 o 6 WD B 20T Sor® D T) TP0L SoTE Lit. Tr. What he expected dust it became, what was born a girl it was Mean. His expectations were not fulfilled, what was born, is a girl. Germ. prov. Seine Hoffnung ist in’s Wasser gefallen; or: Belge kreisen und gebiéiren Méuse. W38, LTI BorBAM WO, R DL,TY NoRRNY, NTA P, Beg) BVOTBRMNY Lit. Tr. The Bant, what he has done, for fine; the Brahmin, what he has done, for ceremonial balls; the Holeya, what he does, for drinking Mean. The Bant’s earning is spent on law-suits, the Brahmin’s earning on ceremonies, the Holeya’s on drink ToWIF 30 Wor'm® B3e0° Fookd 9N 07 6 Lit. Tr. Sugarcane sweet, having said, the root until do not eat s Mean. Because the sugarcane is sweet, you must not eat its root also Germ. prov. Man muss des Guten nicht zu viel thun T WS R 2 ~ Lit. Tr. To draught cattle, the beating stick s Mean. Draught cattle want beating. 10 TOW ARSFIYR DT WIBNRY, W3 AREFIIH %J@o% 65 AT WIBRRRY. Lit. Tr. The forest where it is fat the goat you must let go, the )y village, where it is fat the Konkanas you must let go Mean. Where the foresi is fat you must put the goat, where a village 1s prospering you must let the Konkanas go in 11 DISNOIaN 3% FRe, Be3Rn 5% PR, FoPRNY é% 200%. 06 Lit, Tr. For the time suitable the game, for the country sultable the language, for the drum suitable the dancing. Mean. According to the time must be the feast (or game) of the demon; according to the country is its language; according to the music must be the dance 12 38 3% 3 By Lit. Tr. To his forehead his hand.) Engl. prov. God givesus hands, but 18 Mean. He has no help but his own does not build bridges for us — 136 — 13 39T TR SoB nRd %’eéoﬁﬁ; Lit. Tr. He himself a thief, if (he) is the village a thief be. Mean. If he himself is a thief, he think the whole village to be full of thieves. Engl. prov. Every one measures other people’s corn by his own bushel. Germ. prov. Der Dieb meint sie stehlen alle. 14 FoT LT W0Z,50, B[N LI DGR, 38,33 TOE. Lit. Tr. He himself what he did, the best, the son what he did, middling, the cooly what he did, bad. Mean. What one does himself is well done, what the son does is not so well done, but what the servant does is done badly. Engl. prov. If a man will have his business well done, he must do it himself. Germ. prov. Selbst thuts ganz, heissen zur Hilft, und Bitten gar nicht. 2( 15 NOHT 30000 TINTY WIS IpeTN. Lit. Tr. To dance, to him that does not know, the fleor is uneven they say. Mean. He who does not know to dance says the floor is uneven. 16 [ONNT Ve 3pCoT TG 0B RBY B! Lt Tr. Of the dog the tail in a tube if you put, straight will it 2 become? Mean. Will a dog’s tail become straight by putting it into a tube? Engl. prov. A bargain is a bargain. Germ. prov. Was man nicht kann meiden, soll man williglich leiden. 17 T8 03,70 TIT' JBRRL. Lit. Tr. The mat, as far as it is, the feet one must stretch. 2 Mean. According to the mat you must stretch your feet. Germ. prov. Man muss die Fiisse nach der Dgcke strecken. 18 BYTE T LW’ %3,030. 25 Lit. Tr. In the pit having sat, young frogs he caught. Mean. Sitting in the pit, he caught young frogs. — 137 — Germ. prov. Sie schlagen die Schnecken auf die Schwintze damit sie nicht shreien. 19. AV moodn® TFR 23e3? Lit. Tr. For the ants why iron work? Mean. What business has the ant with the blaoksmith’s work? 20. Wo0E Ion, Son! wode® 3N, P3Nl ) Lit. Tr. In the mouth, darling, darling! in the belly envy, envy! Mean. The words are sweet, but the mind is bitter. | 21 30T WP ?3&3:3% FRRFN FRD TS HT WT? t Lit. Tr. On the back fallen blows, to the iron put water will it return? Mean. The blows given on the back, and the water put on hot iron i in order to harden it can never be taken back. Germ. prov. Diese nimmt ihm kein Jude mehr ab. t 22 Wot3T" TPETYE aaqgoﬁo 85,00, TNRB0W DPCTIYH T o S0t )} Lit. Tr. The Bants, where they come, quarrel will not fail, madenji fish where it comes silt will not fail. Mean. Where Bants are there is quarrel, where the madenyi fish is, there is silt. it 23 PR 2508 TBIT @Ront, WRARN @3 SReONT 3300, Lgt. Tr. The rich man reproach to tell is not allowed, the poor hope to tell is not allowed. ) Mean. Do not blame the rich, and make not the poor hope. Germ. prov. Bei grossen Herren muss man fiinf gerad sein lassen. 24 SoON Bef T WA HoR 2339@71‘ ood? Lit. Tr. Of the cobblgr, in the house, a dinner if there is, to the Brah- min what? Mean. What profit has a Brahmin of a dinner in a cobbler’s housg? 25 Y YA oY WIPR. Mgan. A heavy load you must put down slowly. 18 — 138 — 26 PPN T3F TFTT O3 faé. The vessel broken by the mother-in-law did cost nothing. 2% 2oon ‘@ééss 350637 BRD @3%% It is as if you gave a ruby to a monkey. 28 030853 2308 327 TR 000y boes the crow understand, or feel, the pain of the buffalo? 29 0000 Som'® WS S59D03. Having eaten the yér: fish, he sold the bullock. 30 0300PBR023 S F 03:0P B R0 FSFF, As children of seven years are foolish, so are people of seventy years. 31, OWIT & Tootionn DR e TTFotiwss. If you tease me, I shall tease you. 32 6@% BRBHNY TN W ﬁ%&oﬁod’ W3oTe? Will the dog which took away bread ask for ghee? 33 8“@@% 636‘%336 DT TAHFQA. Having washed the bread, he drinks the water. 34 ca%af 3P0 emr{‘%\e;ea‘ DRSO T WND 6%:} In daylight he fell into the well which he saw at night. 35 BReNNY Fpotdt RoTR, BYF ToTIEN® wowf RoTaR. The sick one has only one sickness, but the inmates of his house bhave nine. 36 Qj’gBJgaJm Doz ae DR, 6%% In clearing up the account there is no grief. 37 53@%_8_@083 wotf, g, Rmecd SR The tuft of the tenant is in the hand of his landlord. 33 SV wG vy, TN vFTIN VY. For money no interest, for the cow no rent. 39 SPOBRNY 853 T SO ¥ 330D 93#% NS.. A tree fit for a boat he seratched so much that it cannot be used even for a bolt. — 139 — 40 2023 FVERRB DTS, BT B0T° WRT 0B SPRETI03. What one ear heard is secret, what two ears heard is public. 41 38 B0F, wB, A2 303 di. After ruin one gets understanding, after death grief. 42 38 woas 2. Where the headman is, there is the town. 43 'r’v’éqsﬁe ne, FRrse 2. Truth is support, virtue is victory. 44 Ry QT T BNTFOT® 3R B3, 0. Truth cannot be drowned nor burnt. 45 DT e S0 38 NI, ToBRROR. The plague which was wandering on the road he took upon himself. 46 ﬁéé Qa’mrn*‘ DT Do, The dead cow had given much milk. 47 FSle) %’%%n‘ 20023 DTV, For a thousand crows one bow (is enough to drive them away). 48 56% 3e33n¢ ‘@J@% oD, To the village-god live-coals must represent the lamp. (4 49 TR T Eord, 080T ;%%8_ e3=$& It is as if you gave the discus to a coward. 50 e 5%&'@ 2%, ST ENEEASEY) 2. A fool will not be ruined, a wise man will not prosper. . TS T s for 18% INDEX. ~~ I. PART: PHONOLOGY. Page 1. CHAPTER: Of the Alphabet 1y a., Of Vowels b., Of Medials ¢., Of Consonants 2. CHAPTER: Of Pronunciation a., Yowels b., Consonants c., Syllables d., Double Consonants 3. CHAPTER: Of Euphony a., Elision b., Insertion. ¢., Permutation Joal o T OO WM DN e II. PART: ETYMOLOGY. 1. CHAPTER: Of the Formation of Words Distinction of Words according to their Origin Distinction of Words according to their Form a., Primitive Words b., Derivative Words 1. Verbal Derivatives 2. Other Derivatives ¢., Compound Words OIS eO) OG0 ¢ G0 D e 2. CHAPTER: Of Parts of Speech S First Section: Nouns . S II Page 1. Of Substantives 10 a@., Gender of Substantives 10 10 b., Number of Substantives C., Declension of Substantives 11 Nouns of Relationship 28 Verbal Nouns 30 2. Of Adjectiveé . 31 31 Comparison of Adjectives 3. Of Adverbs 32 Second Section: Pronouns 32 1. Substantive Pronouns 33 a., Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns 33 b., Reflexive Pronouns 33 C., Interrogative Pronouns 34 d., Indefinite Pronouns 34 2. Adjective Pronouns 34 a., Demonstrative 34 b., Interrogative 34 34 C., Indefinite 3. Adverbial Pronouns 35 a., Demonstrative 35 b., Interrogative 35 ., Indefinite 36 Declension of Pronouns 37 Third Section: Numerals 41 1. Substantive Numerals 41 41 2. Adjective Numerals a., Cardinal numbers 41 b., Ordinal numbers 43 3. Adverbial Numerals 43 Fourth Section: Verbs 43 1. Forms of the Verb 43 2. Tenses of the Verb 44 3. Moods of the Verb 45 ‘4. Conjugation of the Verb 45 111 Fifth Section: Indeclinables I1I Page 111 1. Postpositions 2. Conjunctions 111 112 3. Interjections 4. Particles 113 III. PART: SYNTAX CHAPTER: On the Structure of Sentences 113 Subject and Predicate 113 Uses of the Inflected Verbal Forms 115 a., Present Tense 115 b., Past Tense 115 Future Tense 116 Cey The Imperative Mood 116 117 Uses of the Auxiliary Verbs Supplemental Verbs 118 118 The Verbal Forms (Voices) 118 2. CHAPTER: Of the Complental Parts of Speech Uses of the Complemental Cases 119 Nominative Case 119 Dative Case 119 Accusative Case 120 Locative Case 121 Ablative Case 121 Communicative Case 122 Vocative Case 122 122 Uses of the Postpositions Uses of the Adverbs 124 124 Uses of the Infinitive, Participle and Gerund 126 3. CHAPTER: Of the Attributive Parts of Speech Pronominal Attributes 126 Numeral Attributes 126 Qualitative Attributes 126 Participial Attributes 126 4. CHAPTER: Construction 126 Order of Words 126 Connexion of Co-ordinate Words 127 128 Uses of Conjunctions Uses of some Particles 128 VI Page 5. CHAPTER: Connexion of Sentences 129 Co-ordinate Sentences 129 Subordinate Sentences 130 - APPENDIX 132 132 a., Specimens of the Dialect of the Tulu Brahmins. ., Tulu Poetry . 133 134 ¢., Tulu Proverbs —— CORRIGENDA. ————— - (The lines are counted from the top to the bottom.) Page 6, Line 11: Put “Table showing the alphabet with the combi- nations of vowels and consonants’ at the head of the 4th page. 14 Put “(?ﬂa?fqg)” behind «&ad. 21 %21” to be omitted. 21 Put ¢8R’ behind “3A", 1) 23 » &3 4 6877. 24 7 » “D‘Jaan « eggmn_ 1) ” 25 “«3 %33, ” 33, 11 ” » ©J avu, “that” instead of “this”. “that” after remark to be omitted. B, gt o s S U e o i O Put “Subjunctive Mood” instead of “Conditional Form”. 111, Put, “The” before “Genitive case’. 113, L 4-7: Behind these lines put “Expressions of disgust”. » 20 Read «o»”’ instead of « &, 27 Put ¢1” behind “124”. 120, 124, 19 Read “52%” instead of “ . 125, Add 457 to 4R, e tine e dine i laeiiino it o) oo o S e il o R 136, Add “g” to %think’. S OSESOOS ombi- ead of tional sl o _— » s E e T i — S $00040040006 904 4 >464@ b s BOUND BY E L. Joshua @ L d S Ma walore. L d ha 4604 .’ * 990900 s b d oA 2. o a 4% i " .. e P, i = S o # pe o o i . i i # w i p 4 4 o 2 @ i+ 4 o 7 o Wi o 4 i 4 ¥ o4 45 P i ” i o . = # 4 it ,. - v # i ,, 4 " i A o4 o & 4 # A i # A s ] 4 w i ) ] P i A # > g = > £ i " i 44 e i o & o i W 4 £ 4 & e " af A v A ) . " +H i~ i ”. ot g o # [ e AP i > 4l o 5 i o ¥ ! & i W b @ a4 o i i : - iy # i 2 iy e 3 4 7 sl A 5 i o L i 44 # i o B ! 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