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COMPARATIVE STUDY

ENGLISH AND MALAYALAM

AS A

|

GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION

1

For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges

BY

?;

T. KANARAN, &.a

EDITED BY

JOSEPH MULIYIL, B. a

Headmaster, Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras

Part 11.

WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING

A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

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PRINTED AT THE BASEL MISSION PRESS, MANGALORE.

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Part II.

B

——

.

e

e

Contents of HPa,rt L1,

CHAPTER I.

Page

The Complex Sentence (Supplementary).

.

i. Adjective clause under ‘such as’ and ‘same as’

Exercise — A. English

.

B. Malayalam

ii. Adjective clause introduced by ‘but’.

Exercise —A. English

Ut B O DD ke e

B, Malayallam

CHAPTER II.

The Direct Narration (Supplementary).

Exercise — A. English

14

B. Malayalam

CHAPTER III.

Correspondence.

24

a.)

The place and the date

b.)

The name of the addressee

25

27

c.)

The address or salutation

d.)

The body of the letter

s

29

e.)

The subscription or conclusion.

29

31

)

The superscription

g9

The etiquette of letters

.

33

37

Exercise — A.. English

B. Malayalam

58

Part I. Private letters

.

37

II. Business letters

44

99

ys 1II. Official letters.

.

48

CHAPTER 1V.

The Equivalent Forms.

.

.

0

67

a.) English

b.) Malayalam .

.

70

VI

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

Proverbs, Quotations, and Mottos.

Page

i. Introductory remarks.

.

.

72

ii. A Collection of English Proverbs Wit'h the;ir M;alay

alam equivalents 77

Exercise — A. English

»

.

.

89

B. Malayalam

.

91

CHAPTER VI

b,

Comparative Notes.

i. The Alphabet

.

95

1

The Parts of Speech

99

a.) Noun

101

Derivation

101

Noun Suffixes Compareoi

102

Gender

.

104

Number

105

Case

.

.

.

105

Clasgification of prepositions according to the case inflexions

they represent .

106

Uses of prepositions illustrated

107

iil, |

Prepositions in idiomatic phrases with Malayalam equivalents

108

b.) Pronoun

117

Exercise — A. English; on the idiomatic uses of pronouns

119

B. Malayalam

.

120

e.) Adjective

°

120

A list of archaic and poetic adjectival suffixes

121

.

122

Adjective-suffixes compared .

d.) Verb

124

.

125

Classification of Malayalam verbs

Voice

.

126

Mood

126

Tense

.

.

127

Auxiliary verbs compared .

129

e.) Adverd .

.

130

f.) Article

130

v

g.) Conjunction.

131

'I

CONTENTS.

VII

Page

131

Important Malayalam Conjunctions — @0, o@, & and aga

Pags

Important English Conjunctions ‘And’, ‘both — and’ ‘either —

(1)

‘neither — nor’,

‘lest’,

‘unless’,

‘as if’,

‘now’,

'

1

‘well’, ‘only’, ‘that’, ‘in order that’, ‘so — as’y ‘whereas’

ivalents 77

and ‘for’

.

.

.

.

182

8

'

il

Malayalam translation of Psalm No. 139, versesland 2 criti-

135

cally considered. as ‘a rhetox.'ical exerci.se in Malayalam ,

.

137

h.) Interjection

Classified according to emotions, with f

ull explanations anll

Malayalam equivalents

.

137

%

%

Pain—*‘ah’, O, oh, alas, ugh and ouch

138

139

101

Joy—hey, hurrah, huzzah

.

139

101

Surprise—eh, ha, hah, oh, ho and lo.

139

. 102

Contempt—fy, fie and fagh, pooh or pugh, oat on, out upon

104

139

Invocations and Calls—holla, holloa, hem, hist.

105

140

Consideration and Doubt—hum, humph, um and why

105

flexions

Exclamatory Expressions

(1) abrupt

(2) elliptical and

.

140

106

(3) inverted

141

107

iii. Poetry

)

141

{valents 108

Poetic diction compared

Poetic literature

.

153

1

Ballad literature

.

153

ronouns 119

Ll

.

154

@@.0108 g |05 — its origin, style and metre

120

.

157

2@ )@aiwo (Darika-Vadham)

1

159

89000 and @yo@o (Thottam and Sthothram)

122

160

&89 105 and aJep Qg |05 (Kalappattu and pulluvappattu) .

1%4

161

&0om)g |05 — o’ lwebea (Kurathippatta and Nizhalkuthu)

1%

162

@950 88 @b (Ottam-thullal) .

1%

.

162

126

@6m)eyasgo (Manipravalam)

162

121

Satirical and humorous poetry algocdho, @ a0

1

163

Epic Poetry — &1g)gJo5

130

Dramatic literature — @gg@ng ), MNISdo .

°

163

130

iv.

Metre and Versification

°

163

31

.

168

v. Figures of Speech

CONTENTS.

VIII

CHAPTER VII.

General Exercises, with Notes.

Exercise — A. English

.

170

B. Malayalam

205

Appendix.

1l

cl’

ke

A Glossary of Technical Terms

‘48’ ]

Botany

.

249

Chemistry and Physics

25

2]

whic

E%

Geography

262

Grammar and Rhetoric

269

BVer,

Sam

b}

Law

.

274

)

Mathematics

2¢

]

292

'\‘@0 (o)

Medicine and Surgery

Natural History

.

298

Philosophy, Religion etc.

304

and ¢

(;;;)

Physiology and Anatomy

311

ol

6arl

of the

Sentey

et X o 95 0 W o

1E0ess

{nor

put to

ha

170

Chapter 1

205

The Complex Sentence. (Supplementary.)

i. Adjective clause under ‘such as’ and ‘same as’.

«Such’ is a composite word made of ‘swa’=‘so’ and clic’=

Jike’,

The word therefore means ¢so like’.

In ¢such ag’ the

‘as is hence a correlative of ¢so’.

It will thus be seen that

94

he phrase ‘such as’ is in reality equivalent to an adjective in

251

which form it is translated into Malayalam.

In English, how-

93

ever, ‘as’ is regarded as a relative pronoun, after ‘such’ and

269

it

‘same

ot

i

]

Model

‘There is no such book as you mention’ adleed aao

29%

Qo) SIPPER @IV WIN@IT aJTRSH QYo MEY

298

\

Note 1

aNwodleyge, aNwazes, (J)SROBILIeR, OF (@J&I0Res,

304

and others of a like nature, in which the force of the original ‘so’ is

31l

clearly visible, are the Malayalam equivalents of ‘such as

5

According to the rule laid down as to the precedence

of the qualification over the qualificant, the latter portion of the

sentence comes first in the Malayalam Translation.

3.

With ‘same as’ an oo, just before the predicate, becomes

necessary to bring out the full force of ‘same’; as afeorEg g @.a10d).0y

(@008 @mo@mda @OHAN EDTBER 050 @_ruoe’\:% ‘the same questions were

i

»

put to us as were put to you

1

EXERCISE A

1) This cloth is of the same quality as others

2) She is not such a wonder as her mother imagines her to be.

3) He went by the same route as he had come

) His education had been such as might have been expected to deve-

lope his understanding

5) That is the same coach as ran here two yoars ago

6)

The ships now encountered the same difficulties as they had done the

year before.

)

The long galleries were crowded with such an audience as has rarely

excited the fears or emulation of an orator.

8)

The same persons as had formerly hooted him, now applauded him,

9)

The soldiers now established a dictatorship such as no king had

ever exercised.

10)

Such things as could be locally obtained were procured for his use.

11)

Then ensued such a scene of woe, as neither eyes had seen, nor heart

conceived, nor tongue could adequately tell.

12)

Kindness is preserved by a constant interchange of benefits and

pleasures ; but for this end, only such favours must be bestowed

as others are able to appreciate.

13)

The arts of simplicity require, among other things, the suppression

of all needless qualifications, and shortness in the statement of

such as are necessary,

14)

The English teacher can give no preparation for essay themes, such

ag are usually exemplified in books.

15)

The pupil is here supposed to have such a command of our general

vocabulary as cannot belong to a pupil in the most advanced

English class.

16)

For the present treatise examples are chosen such as will vary still

further the poinés brought into prominent illustration.

17)

This is the same sttory as you told me yesterday.

i

EXERCISE B.

tive 1

But

1)

alenor e @emeneal pes aflsad mo @0E3) O @b ggiEo.

2)

OO wE@ead alnay MSEe ()SMOZEE B QERASMEY

]

@naiad,

bay t;

3)

oz aflovlaed 98 aflWo OIS )&g6em . Ce1dor )l ERUS)S

Ree o

that {

4)

@poaee ailtoe ailgag;oave AFIgPIRe ag)N@)lejo B@NDRIG:AN.

cate (

5)

senaorleh &2z oflaidesm ERgdmd G ©O

appro;

@, B0 188 0 @ aw.

Clangg

6)

@D ailOS el0smp Qile ©EIOVEMEBXD &S lkhd EYRLEWINS QI

@ dm6mo.

tOgeth.

7)

Nl wo, Bgog (e, @ldlwele Gmeanw) mo @0£3, @ Jeflpjomm

Hetiy

@O0 I6Al RBAMO2 830 )0jeg llemwergle p@mmonanbo

I elativ

ey o gadleyiw2man,

(%0’)0‘

PRlitl

3

SRR

06 the

8)

EAles qudloamdlejge WaomBd MZEs LMW G@mIAD.

9

@ailos ailoid)oye)®monarlejge Ayl &5)ad awm I3 OO

Tarely

moa'\g__j\g:loc‘fb 2)

10)

T loanGgoeel 9 e QIds Slesaonind MRy megls ailuwenrmey

him,

6o

¢ had

11)

aOERS)NaCIN@INIYSE RNOBREE S 8HIS SR ME0

alel)enwgjwegyr allesmimIsmimn MyeIGRIAmMo

3 186

r heart

12)

MO G 0681 9 8 QICMIG BW &06m)gjord alos)gy

13)

M0 ©mIEInao altsmblaye AVIUDIPEMMIRIBHMRIMOS ) SW Bd

ty and

Srsman 25 1ah o 88 ey

stowed

14)

QIOM OB Ba 1Ol QBT MITVISHWQYSE o jmeEnmod enycy)2s

MRIHENHANIT aidMo

1ess100

15)

OO E2 W) Maf)ey SOV OW (@yoilofldleem @SR aggyo

pent of

aflwarilaje @200r8)9nOEn QG AN

16)

@oeg S &lm.alga)ch @YBIL) LI(TFEJ2EMBBOHS ERIVE ).a)

5, such

Sa@mmaid afleoRdyoseg o) ayeilofld)eso.

17)

gencral

MEEHMN ONHE QIO AR ag)@cggo @003 )0 20Yes @%m @10 QRGO

oeog @))s)al AUCAMTME M RAEBEaIem EHalelo aflemous)

Iyanced

of 1) esamn

1y §

11

Adjective Clause introduced by ‘but’

But’ is not a mere relative, but is equivalent to a restric-

tive relative and a negative adverb qualifying the predicate

‘But’ is equivalent to ¢that—not’

h g

‘There is no bov but comes late sometimes’

‘There is no

ol

boy that does not come late sometimes

It will be observed

W

that the auxiliary verb ¢do’ does not form part of the predi-

cate of ‘but’ in this sense

Generally a negative or words

2060,

approaching to a negative meaning precede the adjective

. 00

clause under ‘but’

We may translate ‘but’ and its predicate

‘There is no boy but comes late

1S Qb

together by simple afleenuwwosnimn mo

sometimes’ o{leiBg jodo @o@AV)g) QIO B gy, and Conversely the

mq%ﬁ(m

relative ‘but’ is an elegant form of translating a ofleawocesny

i0rbo

cg('f)o

1*

2.

EXERCISE A,

1

There will be scarcely a room but will be occupied.

2)

There was no excess but was encouraged by the ostentatious profli-

gacy of the court.

3)

There was not one heretic in forty thousand but was villain.

4)

There is scarcely a village in Europe, and not one university but is

furnished with its little great men.

5)

There was no section of this victorious party but had been the object

both of his flatteries and of his machinations.

6)

There was not a bay or a haven but the pirates knew as well as the

natives.

7

There is no reward, no sum but I will cheerfully pay.

8)

There was scarcely a family in the country but felt itself aggrieved.

9)

‘Who is there but would pity our fate?

10)

‘What man is there but commits errors?

11)

No man but prophesied revenge for the dead.

12)

Scarcely a difficulty they encountered but were soon got over.

13)

Not a housetop but was crowded, not a jutting projection that could

support a spectator but was occupied.

14)

There were few ships of the fleet but suffered severely in the storm.

15)

Hardly a day passed but skirmishes took place.

16)

Not a man of them but stood his ground.

17)

There is not the smallest orb thou behold’st

But in his motion like an angel sings.

18)

On the house-top was no woman

But spat towards him and hissed,

No child but screamed out curses,

i

And shook its little fist.

19)

Not a pine in my grove is there seen,

But with tendrils of woodbine is bound,

13

Not a beech is more beautiful green

But a sweet briar entwines it round

Not a brook that is limpid and clear

1

But it glitters with fishes of gold

Not a shrub that I heard her admire

But I hastened and planted it there.

‘S eweunwes ofo

Gr

OmoUs @EOI® @RS P HMoE semery OEE(RLY(Y

‘S pfomnce

QO P(EBOO (EOQEVCEP(NMITVT ofg LLM([OEIv @

(e1

Boe MpeoBimme csefico we ewieBD oBuim Bwwo

‘@ @ eoE

MUt fo@wrw ©iEt® eis® Gus(purvy avroew

(a1

R weesw PR E@CED 6T FOfie QIVEIT WIT(OU OBV

Rz Fowm owifd pwom

cF wose (@ eofd(eoorog

cFleolwwre s ety

of8 @foscroro ewcfdgreoo

ofS @ Benwe f§ prago

F(pBewor® ewfd(proaw

ofg BEwNSRVID 0BIWED

om0} 97

(11

Orgeep 0d36r0 PLPEIITVO SOLT T

*oCm

[[Rod 4¥T

oro

wew apf8e® @t efo@Bor 888 @utetsuw 8 (@M

wanffo (fwo eeoees

19

oap oEce W ofg(woede quobB(

fSro uvse|Y(mirwSeoo® ﬁoﬁﬁ@gwmc oque|eoansBeEro (&)

(or

‘PO ®oawT (VS @(HIWwdEL (AR e

(6

Boo Qooses|se (@i @im(@eHee Soasaneco® o

¢ pooroawsfd poetve Eeoran

(8

"posaiade

dosue9Pence®e orrcuaaw ULfUCEP(MB(QWL @OLSE oW IBUY

(

FS Bewwes

QEsR(TLD) SB Scews Errowiro|@Ps EEDEEE JEIeERT IO

(9

o1 80 [

‘@ wecse (B meaw we

S8 queas oBEwCPMCE wieetm Fm(peusoro upe®e proee

(g

el amy

‘@ @ eoewts cant@o

@ @ FPEeIEBEEourmB0 Boew Gacoun quEEO

&

s Iy

(g

*05f58 ofP@E° ProEELULLEY OrOCFOTOUR WERIVUIN

om0 ewfSo BeeThes weooee

(08 @oimfE(B Y Boermauswr

(z

+1goad 0

rospfe owe ewifd(Eewoe @ir@ae ofs(@tunweg| Ve

Ga

'q ASIOUAXT

——

§

Chapter II

repor

The Direct Narration. (Supplementary.)

In English there are several verbs to introduce the direct

speech, such as, ‘said, cried, shouted, remarked, began, added, continued,

and [

repeated, exclaimed’ ete. But in Malayalam we have only one verb

600

atosoy to take the place of these verbs.

True that our poets

in their compositions make free use of Sanskrit and other

words such as, p9ea, cisiem, ©omom, &.amonb etc., but they

can never be used in ordinary prose.

Consequently the Mala-

yalam translation of a conversation between two persons is

apt to become very uncouth and inelegant by the too frequent

repetition of the word aiosom.

Take for example the following :—

‘Father’, said a boy one day, ‘I saw an immense number of dogs, five

hundred I am sure, in our street last night’.

“0f

‘SBurely not so many’, said his father.

died’, 1)

OO

‘Well, there were one hundred, I am quite sure’.

‘enim

‘It could not be,’ said the father; ‘I don’t think there are a hundred dogs

Q.lom@

in the village’.

“Well, papa, it could not be less than ten: this I am quite certain of’,

‘I will not believe you saw even ten’, said the father; ‘for you spoke as

Ala

confidently of seeing five hundred as of seeing this small number.

You have

@ho0g

contradicted yourself twice already, and now I cannot believe you’.

o of) g)

‘Well, papa’, said the discqncerted boy, ‘I saw at least our dog Dash and

another one’,

If we translate the piece in the narrative form, we shall

have to use the word aiosmy seven times.

This repetition may

be avoided by translating it in the form of a dialogue thus:—

z@nb-mﬂ%éo! smoth manseal @) megss aflidd e & asellw @so

MIY,0e S, @S GosWegyan ogaslaes o).

@0 ol tb—e @ )9nej ERE @Elgmeow]d)enwgy ete. ete.

Sometimes it is quite idiomatic in Malayalam to omit the

reporting verb altogether. For example:—

‘a)a@Qg e @mem @¥ly’ agan b,

tag@bo QIS BOHINO ®IUSIPRY MR Bgnab.

6 irect

When the dérect speech contains Imperative, Interrogative

and Exclamatory forms we can find a few substitutes for aio

ontinged,

16 verh

m@.

1

I poets

The thperative Jorm.

d other

1) He said, ‘Stand up’ ‘agya’sle),’ egam @oaiah &pila) or @b og

ut they

oSggond @ gf) 2y

e Mala-

9) Marmion said, ‘Forgive and listen gentle Clare’ ‘®a00g) 0Io W

500§ 18

@M 520b A 1I0YM® BHHEEEMO’ af)

SHWEO! g3 )Bs 20

an 20ddlead @ @ oy &) o).

requent

3) The teacher said, ‘Do not waste your time’ qVA@o MNEQAIGIBD of)

m p@monad eny @Y) Y ol 88 ] i

11

The Interrogative form.

dogs, fire

¢He

<Of what did your brother die’, said this General to Horace Vere.

died’, replied Vere, ‘of having nothing to do’ ‘adlenbo VB2 oD B

DO 2B)0)’ M DO HSTOM)dUSlaiad Bacne0gy oflwdlemog @ a0 .

{EPAIAD WINIM ()OI Yd oo lmoch adley agm alwd o o™ © o

ndred dogs

a1l 060y or 2Q a!S) alo emy.

nof!

iii. The Exclamatory Sform.

¢Alas ! he said, ‘Think of your immortal weal!’ ‘@o&go! adleoabo aflayeo

1 spoke a8

You have

@J&m@ecﬂﬁ ad) @8god m’)m’lcesy@@mo!’ agan @0 il g) 0] a1 0 60g

or af) &) o1 & a1 @ad) o).

¢ Dash and

3.

EXERCISE A.

1) Mrs. Madison to Philip Troy ‘I thought we should have had a quiet

e shll

lonely winter.

But the dear child makes friend wherever she

tion may

goes.

Of course, a girl likes that kind of thing, but I am a

thus:—

little bit afraid of it for Hespera.

Suppose she fell into wrong

ol B

hands.

Do you know Mr. Paul Westboy™

‘The man who writes nasty storios for the Lion’s Skin ®* said Philip.

uﬂ};@’ﬂ;'

‘Oh, yes, I know him’.

‘Hé is a genius’, said Mrs. Madison plaintively,

‘I hate a genius.

Then there is Mr. Venables, the painter.

¢The impressionist’, corrected Mrs, Madison,

tHe wants to paint her portrait and exhibit it’.

‘You may safely

let him’, said Philip.

‘No one will recognise her’.

‘Then, there is Sir Algernon O’Flynn.

I am told that he is a man

with a past’.

‘A mild description of him’, put in Philip.

‘Mr. Throgmorton has asked us to dine and go to the theatre with

him to-night’, continued Mrs. Madison.

‘When will you come with me again’? said Philip who did not like

the picture of Mr. Throgmorton playing host to the Madisons.

2) Mrs. Lister came up at that moment.

‘How do you do? How do

you do’? she said somewhat breathlessly.

‘Hot isn’t it? Oh,

thank you Sir Piers’, as he moved aside to let her sit down.

‘What do you think of the flowers? It isn’t at all a bad show this

year’,

‘I haven’t seen them yet.

‘We were just going round’, said Sir Piers.

‘Mind you look at the roses, I am quite proud of them’.

‘I shall certainly pay special attention to them. If you are ready — ,’

in a more deferential tone to Noel.

She got up biting her lips, and they disappeared from Mrs, Lister’s

sight round a corner of the refreshment tent.

‘So you know Cofxway’? he said,

‘I know him a little; we met him when we were at Florence in the

spring.

My cousin saw a good deal of him’.

‘Conway and she seem gréat friends too’ with a smile.

‘Is he staying here’?

‘No, he is making a sketching tour among the hills.

He came

over here for the day.

I fell in with him and asked him to

luncheon,

He is a clever fellow — good

I like his pictures.

company in his way’.

‘Yes, he is clever’.

‘If you wish it, I will invite him to stay with us at the Park.’

‘Oh, I could not ask you to do such a thing’, she said hastily.

) Mr, Holroyd said to Noel —

‘Did you know that Fordham is going to stand for Parliament’?

¢No’

‘He didn’t mention it this afternoon’?

Noel was silent.

)

‘I suppose that young man had it from him

He ought to be in

Parliament: it is the right thing for a man with his position and

ay safely

money.

But I hope that he is not going to stand just yet’,

finished Mr. Holroyd.

) 1§ 4 man

“Why’?

‘Because if the election takes place before you are reconciled to him,

it will be very unpleasant for you

Everything about a man 18

16 With

raked up at such a time and all sorts of disagreeable things will

be said about his wife

id not like

tAbout me?

But what have I to do with his politics? What can

(180D

they say about me

He will be

9 How do

‘Every scandal that they can invent, you may be sure.

tit? Oh

attacked, because you don’t live with him, and his supporters will

Jown

defend him by making out that you are the one to blame’.

| show this

‘Well, they are quite welcome to do that

It is true enough

it 18

my doing that I don’t live with him.

1 Sie Piers,

Mr. Holroyd uttered a groan

¢Good Lord! you don’t know what you are talking of

If you don’t

) pgady —

care for scandal and slander —

15, Listet's

¢TI do not’ said Noel composedly

‘Why shoald I? I am a stranger

to these people, and what they may say of Lady Fordham will

not touch me.

anoe in the

4)

While they were at the breakfast

letters were brought in

Among

the rest there was one for Colonel Brandon;— he took it looked

at the direction, changed colour, and immediately left the room,

¢What is the matter with Brandon’? said Sir John

He came

Nobody could tell.

kel him 0

tIt must

«I hope he has had no bad news’, said Lady Middleton.

Jlow — go0d

be something extraordinary that could make Colonel Brandon leave

my breakfast table so suddenly

In about five minutes he returned

Pai‘l\ /

‘No bad mnews, Colonel, I hope’, said Mrs. Jennings as soon as he

hastily

entered the room.,

‘None at all ma’am, I thank you’s

ent!?

“Was it from Avignon? I hope it is not to say that your sister 1s

WOrse .

10

‘No ma’am.,

It came from town, and is merely a letter of business’.

‘But how came the hand to discompose you so much, if it was only

a letter of business? Come, come, this won’t do Colonel; so let us

hear the truth of it’.

~

‘My dear madam’, said Lady Middleton’, ‘recollect what you are

saying

‘Perhaps it is to tell you that your cousin Fanny is married’, said

Mrs. Jennings without attending to her daughter’s reproof

‘No, indeed it is not’

“Well, then, I know whom it is from, Colonel, and I hope she is

well’

“Whom do you mean’? said he colouring a little

‘Oh, you know whom I mean

‘I am particularly sorry, ma’am’ said he addressing Lady Middleton,

‘that I should receive this letter to-day, for it is on business

which requires my immediate attendance in town

5)

1

caonot express my disappointment in having missed you the day

before yesterday, nor my astonishment at not having received any

answer to a note which I sent you about a week ago.

I have

been expecting to hear from you, and still more to see you, every

bour of the day

Pray call again as soon as possible, and ex-

plain the reason of my having expected this in vain

You had

better comse earlier at another time, because we are generally out

by o1e

We were last night at Lady Middleton’s, where there

was a dance

I have been told that you were asked to be of the

party,

But could it be so? You must be very much altered

indeed since we parted, if that be the case, and you not there.

But I will not suppose this possible, and I hope very soon your

personal assurance of its being otherwise

6) ‘Well

my dear

it is a true saying about an ill wind

Colonel

B

will have her at last

ay, that he will

Mind me, now,

if they a’n't married by midsummer

Lord! how he will chuckle

over

the news!

I hope hs will come to-night

It will be

a better match for your sister

Two thousand a year without

debt or drawback — except the little love-child indeed

ay, I had

forgot her, but she may be ’prenticed out at small cost, and then

what does it signify? Delaford is a nice place, I can tell you;

exactly what I call a nice old-fashioned place, full of comforts

and conveniences; quite shut in with great garden walls that are

11

USInesy

covered with the best fruit-trees in the country; and such a

s only

mulberry tree in one corner! Lord! how Charlotte and I did

lef ug

stuff the only time we were there! Then there is dove cote, some

and everything,

delightful stewpounds, and a very pretty canal

you are

in short, that one could wish for, and moreover it 13 cloge to the

church, and only a quarter of a mile from the turn-pike road, so

od’, said

’tis never dull, for if you only go and sit up in an old yew arbour

It

behind the house, you may see all the carriages that pass along.

Oh, ’tis a nice place! A butcher hardly in the village, and the

e she is

parsonage house within a stone’s throw.

To my fancy a thou-

sand times prettier than Barton Park, where they are forced to

send three miles for their meet, and have not a nearer neighbour

than your mother

Well, I shall spirit up the colonel as soon

iddleton,

as I can

One shoulder of mutton, you know, drives another

husiness

down’,

7) ‘Ladies and gentlemen, it has recently been discovered, as you are

, the day

no doubt aware, that the electric light has an extraordmary effect

ived any

upon vegetation

If when day-light fails, the electric light is

I have

substituted, the processes of vegetation which are normally

01, every

suspended during the hours of darkness, continue uninterrupted,

, and ex

and as a consequence the ordinary rate of growth and ripening

are accelerated in a remarkable degree.

It was the knowledge

You had

of this fact that led me to the remarkable discovery I am about

rally out

ore there

to show you, a discovery compared with which any other of the

be of the

present century must sink into insignificance. It suggested itself to

me that if the electric light could do so much, the electric current

h altered

itself would be likely to do still more.

My expectations were

o0t thete

more than realised.

Under the direct influence of the eleciric

500 Jou

current

egetation is quickened to an extraordinary degree.

which had hitherto taken a

The majestic oak of the forest

(olone

couple of centuries or so to attain its full atitude,

ill now,

me, now?

starting from the acorn, attain the maximum growth in a period

11 chuek

of about three weeks

It will be

“You look incredulous, and I don’t wonder at it.

Such a discovery

ar W houb

But I don’t expect

I had

is enough to stagger the nerves of any body.

I will show you the process

ani then

you to believe me on my bare word.,

from the seed to the perfect plant

1 shall pot, however, use the

tell o0

oak for the purpose of my illustration

In the first place you

comfotti

might not care to wait three weeks for results, and secondly,

g that aré

12

full grown oak is a rather awkard thing to handle, particularly,

as from consideration of space, I am obliged to do my gardening

in a tin canister.

I shall therefore use a quicker growing and

more portable vegetable — the familiar cress’,

8)

A system of competing nomination to the public service.

H. Taylor to Mr. Gladstone.

Nov. 19, 1855,

Ly

am much obliged to you for your motice of my plan, and very

glad that your far-goings and my short-comings do not prevent

our travelling the same road for this stage.

I am myself of

opinion that, in a matter which is so new, it may be better that

there shoald be more than one project and experiment agitated

and tried before the government goes the length which it may

very possibly find it expedient to go in the eund.

The system

already adopted can hardly fail to light the way more or less.

‘Irresponsible nomination I am as much opposed to as you are; but

I think the endeavour should be to make nomination responsible

and otherwise guard it, and not to abolish it.

-

find it objected to my plan, in some quarters, that the political

patron’s nominees would be rejected by the civil service commis-

sioners in a far larger proportion than the official patron’s, and

that this would throw discredit upon the political patron and

and the inference

expose him to comments in the newspapers;

which I draw from this is, that it would make him responsible.

$E

have long thought that a good deal might be done independently

of examination for junior situations to attach some sort of responsi-

bility to recommendations for employment and promotion in the

1(

public service.

Even if no more were done than to make such

recommendations matter of public record instead of being kept

and taken away by shifting private Secretaries, a step would be

gained.

And in the event of any delinquency on the part of

public servants the records should be restored to and produced

to Parliament if called for.

And I think that the record and the

delinquency should always be brought to the notice of the person

responsible for the recommendation, with an intimation that in

case the papers should be called for, any explavation they might

wish to give should accompany them.

‘It must also be enjoined that a person who had already been employ-

ed in one branch of the public service should not be employed in

another without a report from the former upon his conduct and

ieuiar]y,

qualifications.

I have known persons dismissed for scandalous

1rdening

misconduct from one branch of the public service to be presently

ving and

re-employed in another, in a better office than that which they

had lost’.

g

9) ‘I threw myself at the feet of the Christian Chief and implored his

1835,

protection’

and very

“Who has wronged theé fair one?” he demanded in a gracious toue

prevent

of voice, as he took my hand and raised me from my suppliant

mysel of

posture.

ther that

‘By what right do you interfere, dog of a Christian®’ ejaculated the

agitated

indignant Mussalman.

h if may

‘Seize the miscreant!’ cried the Polish Warrior to his attendants,

16 system

without suffering himself to be irritated by the discourteous

1 Logs,

language of the Turk.

aro; bt

¢Beware whom you molest!’ exclaimed the latter, ‘You may be

gsponsible

haply sorry for this breach of the armistice 1

“We merely resent an injury offered to a defenceless woman’, return-

o polifical

ed the Polish chief, ‘and we break no treaties.

Seize him I say’.

3 CoMMise

¢You dare not!’ thundered the Mussalman drawing his scimitar, the

ron's, and

atron and

handle of which glittered with precious stones.

y inference

¢I dare all — were you the General of yonder Ottoman army himself!’

said the Christian Chief.

esponsible.

opendently

‘By the soul of my father, you carry your audacity to a rare

pitch!’ exclaimed the mussalman.

{ responsi-

don 1n he

10)

The old man desired the travellers to enter the room, and he placed

‘While they partook

make such

a frugal but plentiful meal upon the table.

of the refreshment set before them the old man questioned them

heing kept

as to their nation, plans and their pursuits, with a curiosity

) would be

e part of

which by no means suited the naturally cautious disposition of

} produced

Leizynski,

¢You are Christians, I perceive’, said the old man,

d and the

the person

“Your perception is acute’, answered Leizynski,

on that 10

¢Allah! If I could not discriminate these distinctions’— began the

fhey might

old man hastily, then suddenly checking himself, he added, ‘it would

be singular indeed’.

on employ”

¢Are you then so much accustomed to see travellers of all countries

\,mployed in

in this deserted village?’ asked Leizynski.

onduct aud

14

‘I have travelled much’, said the old man with some embarrassment

of manner.

‘But you are the subjects of the Sultan — are you

not ?’

‘You judge us by our garb’, observed Leizynski

‘And my judgment does not deceive me.

In which direction do

you journey £’

“We will tell you in the morning, when you shall provide us with a

guide’, responded Leizynski smiling

&

The old man appeared offended at thig reply; and for some minutes

he maintained a profound silence

‘Your hamlet is situated in a charming spot’, said Leizynski by way

of soothing the old man

‘A beautiful streamlet, delicious mead-

ows, numerous flocks, and extensive corn-fields — everything in a

word, calculated to ensure the happiness of those who dwell in

these regions

When compared with the adjacent country, these

spots resemble the oasis of the desert’

‘Yes, Allah be thanked! We cannot complain — we are very happy’,

returned the old man

‘There is much freedom in this hamlet

and tyranny of despotic rulers never reaches us

While the old man was thus speaking, a short stout individual about

forty-five years of age, and wearing the Tartar costume — stopped

at the door looking into the street,and which was allowed to oper.

‘The salute of peace be unto thee Yakub’, exclaimed the new comer.,

‘Allah bless thee Salamet’, returned the old man.

‘When dost thou depart’?

‘At sunrise’, replied the Tartar, ‘unless thou hast ought to detain me’s

‘You will do well to procrastinate your departure until midday to-

morrow’, answered Yakub for such was the name of the old man

‘Be it so’, answered the Tartar

and after having scrutinized the

two Christians with the most offensive earnestness he passed on

his way

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24

yalee

Chapter III.

ence &

Correspondence.

part o

ahove

Letters may be considered as a kind of written conversa-

withou

tion, and almost every observation that has been made con-

In

cerning conversation may with equal propriety be applied to

of the

the writing of letters.

The language should be pure and simple, neither vulgar

nor overlearned; correctness is even more essential than in

common conversation,

In the latter ¢slips of the tongue’ are

often excusable.

But in writing, we are supposed to have

more leisure, and therefore, there is no excuse for the use of

an improper word, for the violation of a rule of syntax, or

for the mis-spelling of a word.

Tl

fo hug

With these general remarks we may proceed to consider

met wi

the general rules and the points of etiquette with regard to

letter-writing.

For

this

purpose,

we may conveniently

8, D

are str

consider the letter under the following heads:

NOt (

a.) The place and the date.—Write the date near the right-

educati;

hand side of the first page, one line below the name of your

Nalaya)

place of residence, giving, if in the city, also your street and

number, if in the country your post town.

But in Malayalam

the Jear

the true national style is to write the date, the month and

the styl

the year in one line at the end of the letter, just above the

This

b)

signature, and it is not usual to mention the place.

place'

q:

diversity of taste would seem to have risen out of the differ-

Dondeng

ence in the material used by the two nations in their corres-

In off;

pondence, viz, the paper and the palmyra leaf.

The latter

the pers

being long and narrow the writing runs lengthwise, and

hence if the date and the place were put at the top in three

Fxa

or four separate lines as in English, three-fourths of the first

The Mala-

page would be occupied by these preliminaries.

yalee would seem to have been actuated by motives of prud-

ence as well, in thus delegating the date, the most important

part of a business communication to the end of his letter just

above the signature; for there it is less easily interfered with

DNVersy

de con

without disturbing the body of the letter

In English the place and the date may be written in: any

plied to

of the following ways:

Poona, May 7

1895

Ylllb&l

(3]

36 Lower Chitpore Road, Calcutta,

han 1

7th May 1895

2Ue" are

Church of Scot. Miss. Instn.,

Madras, May Tth

1895

0 have

St. Thome Seminary,

16 188 Of

Mylapore, Madras,

7th May, 1895

fax, or

The forms 7—5—95, and 7/5/95 are generally confined

to business communications, though the latter may also be

consid

met with in private correspondence as well

But such forms

eeard

as, Dated the 7th day of May 1895 or Dated the 7th May 1895

yeniently

are strictly official forms

Note 1. It must however be noted that with the spread of English

the nigh

education, the English style is coming more and more into use in

o of your

Malayalam correspondence of all kinds

treet and

2

In English, first the date, then the month and last

playalam

the year is the usual order while in \Idlayalam just the reverse is

the style; as, 10th September 1895,

1065 & &9)So 14-00 @B,

fh and

love the

6.) The name of the addressee.—In business letters this is

ce. T

placed at the top above the salutation, and in private corres-

he differ

pondence, at the end, to the left, a little below the signature

In official letters the name and designation of the writer and

I corres

the person written to are placed at the top

The |

Examples:—

y1se and

n fhree

1

Messrs., Higginbotham & Co.,

{ the fir

Book-gellers,

Madras

(Business)

The Yol

26

9

Lha e PR SVEC SRS M T O S SR i PG @ T W NS [ e el R o SN O S i A e L

Inc

Ll L AT o B e I B TG A S el s L, G i

8 [ lelfe "4l 0N e The lon

the pers

Yours Bincerely

(Signature) P. John

To

gg

Thomas Clerk Esq

Bu

Bombay

(private)

or Tathe

3.

From

at the

L. Garthwaite Esq.,

oA

Inspector of School

only &

Coimbatore.,

To

H. B. Grig

8q .y M, A

5 0

Director of Public Iustruction

Madras

(Official)

4,

From

Mo

The Collector of Malabar,

Calicut

honorific

To

/

English

The Board of Revenue,

§lons are

Madras

(Official)

Exampl

This formality is not insisted upon in Malayalam corres-

Za000)

pondence of ordinary nature

In some cases the names of

UGS ¢

both parties are written at the end before the date, thus

AU O

Here

RSt e ML e @ e bl e e e e e TR et et e e e e g e el S

)M og)S o) @b @Ho M0 @gmos'ﬁgﬂoaum

@20d MIwd agwo @

£0@6) S ISHho 6) B~

6 .

In business letters the names of both parties are put at

e linc

the top, and the nature of the communication is also specified

fop of ]

as whether it is a oo (receipt) emwoce (document) or aq

NI |

avso (lease) ete

Dear §,

Example: —

iy st

1

SHEBAICINIS )2 BHB AN &S QDD ﬁ:mﬂb ag),t,ofoﬂqv o&ﬂ@

My deal

CMISIAV agOaBANID.

I

“a

@mog,_;dasmronb 080985@) 0209l &) ee ) meﬂuﬂe.t@m

hy lity

SLITDAD ag) LD 8NISOD EUS)H).

0 Ry (

—

27

—

(RO

In official letters from subordinates to their superiors ‘to

s ChiiEs

the person’ is put before ‘from the person’; as—

o o) moong’ zgﬂ@@g’\@m@s?’

i

an@gmmosu @08y & aaoaﬁ’cso_meﬂcmo%_\ué sansoudlg fl@san Slegos.

But from the superior to the subordinate, only the name

or rather the official title of the person written to, is shown

at the top, the official designation of the writer appearing

only at the end after the signature; as:

BHISWoILY 35 2gRa) @owo ERUS @008 Seym.

AT S O MO PR AN RN S TR DI TR S TR N s S PRt el AN Rl e n e e e tuiliel S pr g et et a i SO ST el e R e 1e,

AT S B RS O O RV S CY TR T I SR R BRI T RS AR o ial de e e ey et e s w6 s el et eyt ian it

g3 le@cmOIn (®g4)-

{ficial).

B&HISWomoeyds @IMS IabB0d.

Note.

The Malayalam etiquette favoars the employment of

honorific titles and expressions to a much greater extent than the

English ; and sometimes highly flattering and hyperbolical expres-

sions are superadded even to official titles and honorary degrees.

Example:—

D GOrres-

Pa0IDIRPIM) PIBEF) AW SBbESD EHB00 aLIE WeRMb

pames of

@UdSHG OS V2 B O 1 FHSRIDs .

thus:

Here the English style would simply say:

R

To

W

The Collector of Malabar.

ISého 6) &

¢.) The address or salutation—This is written in a sepa-

rate line, towards the left edge of the paper and just at the

16 put at

top of the body of the letter.

) speciﬁed,

«Sir’ is used in official letters, and in addressing strangers.

nt) or 24

‘Dear Sir’, between strangers of equal rank or position, and

is usually adopted by tradesmen in addressing their customers.

Dear

My dear Sir’ shows a certain degree of familiarity.

AU

My

9

and My dear Myr. are used when there is friendship.

In writing to clergymen, the usual form of address is Rev. Sir.

;e%l’ﬁi?if”m;

or Rev. and dear Sir.

Such forms as My dear Colonel, Dear

LR

Capt. Smith, My dear Doctor, My dear Doctor Wilson may

Betw

also be used, provided the degree of familiarity subsisting

i lBam:

between the parties warrants the same.

jounger

a0

In addressing the members of the same family,

My dear

followed by father, mother, uncle, son etc., as the case may be,

But

or the Christian name of the person written to, is used; as,

M

‘My dear Father’, ‘My dear Mary’, etc.

‘Gentlemen’, Or ‘Dear Sirs’, 1S the

of &t

correct form to be adopted in addressing firms.

their Ma

tranglati

In addressing royalty, the aristocracy, governors, lieuten-

superfiuc

ant governors etc. such forms; as, ‘May it please Your Majesty’ Or

‘Your Majesty’, ‘May it please Your Highuess’, ‘May it please Your Grace’, ‘May

M

it please Your Excellency’ etc. are used.

line afte

In memorials to Government, The Board of Revenue etc.

1ts last y

‘Shewth humbly’, ‘Shewth’, ‘Regpectfxllly shewth’, ‘Most respeetfuuy shewth’

The

are the general forms.

which ap

In Malayalam ¢3), o=l (contracted into @ — ) and

Apri

Ba00IR2TY @3] (. 1. . ) are the usual forms of address-

clear anc

ing strangers, the first to perfect strangers of equal or sub-

letter gh

ordinate rank and the rest to superiors according to the

lefter sho

degree of superiority.

An of

)2, evasmbloasglejromd etc. are made use of in

aldressed

addressing Brahmins.

the houogy ¢

In business and official letters, the salutation is omitted

In s

being incorporated with the name of the addressee (part b.)

It ién

example:

10 what

2e1@0 HRIGOIVIPNDSIOS AVABM O BELIG .

tone, sy,

0T Occag)g

In demi-official letters, and in addressing one’s superiors

part 0. is omitted, and semnugNesans, wemembd EvLdSeE

e)T

een_mw"]g:ﬂcssgmmn\f’ qVEWo Galeal @Qcﬂgzﬂcsscmfoﬁd etc. are pressed into

tlose g

service in the place of the English salutation and occupy the

0f the y,

same position in the letter.

Ollow

B

PO A

29

Sl

lson may

Between members of the same family, egwlaies, weam,

subsisting

avoflesmmmuacowo etc. are used by the elders towards the

younger members, who in their turn begin their letters with

My dea

Ben0uSlg Nesanay, adlg{lgjoab ete.

¢ may be,

But such exotic forms as, «goabo eflwges ogp, oo e flw

used; as,

@0 210, a@oo @flw weamem, etc. never escape from the pen

Sirs', 19 the

of a true Malayalee, though foreigners frequently do so in

their Malayalam letters.

It will be seen that they are close

translations of the English salutations, and are perfectly

s, lieuten-

* Mojesty” OF

superfluous in the language, and can never become naturalized.

Grace', ‘May

d.)

The body of the letter.—Begin all letters in the next

line after the salutation, the first word coming nearly under

venue efc.

its last word.

fully shewth’

The student will here call to mind the opening remarks

which apply with equal force to letters of all kinds.

- and

A private letter should be simple and direct, and in style,

of address-

clear and free from all attempts at fine writing.

A business

al ot sub-

letter should be precise, clear, and concise; while an official

ng to the

letter should be strictly formed respectful and courteous.

" when

An official letter begins with ‘I have the homour to.

s e o o

> ‘The undersigned has

gse of 1n

addressed to equals, and ‘I veg to state

the honour to.

.” etc. when addressed to one’s superiors.

1 omitted

In Malayalam this official formality is altogether unknown.

e (part )

It is quite imp\ossible to lay down hard and fast rules as

Its

to what the body of a letter shall or shall not contain.

tone, style, and substance are determined by the circumstance

or occasion, and the mutual relation of the parties concerned.

guperiors

e.) The subscription or conclusion.—This is written at the

close of a letter on the right-hand side. Besides the signature

of the writer the subscription usually contains one of the

following : —

—

—

30

In )

‘Yours truly’, ‘Yours faithfully’, Or ¢Yours sincerely’, 1n addressing

@nsms, ©

strangers, and the same forms with ¢very’ or ‘most’ between the

themsely

two words in addressing friends.

The order of the words

may be varied as, ‘Truly yours’

9

‘Most faithfally yours’ etc.

An

parties,

intimate friend may, however, frecly depart from stereotyped

of the s

forms and say ‘Ever truly yours’, ‘Yours always’, ‘Lovingly yours’ etc.

omitted,

In busm

The subscription is usually prefaced with I am’, I remain’,

only of

‘Believe mo to be’ etc. These are allowable, though not necessary

strictly speaking ‘1 am’ would be used in your first lstter to

£l

the person addressed, and ‘I reamin’ in your subsequent lett-

after the

ers; but this is not always attended to even by correct letter

mto one

writers.

blank,

In business letters the usual forms of subscription are:—

0 even

1

We beg to remain,

Exan

Dear Sir,

-

Your most obedient Ser'va.nts_,

Oakes & Co.

2,

We are, Dear Sir,

Yours taithfully,

Binny & Co.

I remain, Gentlemen,

Yours faithfully,

4. B

.

In official letters the forms of subscription used are:—

1

The )

I have the honor to be,

Sir

1o o ¢

Your most obedient Servant,

down g

C. Rama Iyer.

to omit «

Do

I am, Sir,

jﬂi[i&]s 0l

Yours most obediently,

but this §

C. Rama Iyer.

We il

The first is

more formal and is used in strictly official

B2 sory

communications.

H]ﬂ]l: the

31

lressing

In Malayalam afieabo, cdlesges, avimo, @REyl@m, eoaisoc,

66 the

aoems, etc. are used in private letters; these words are in

- words

themselves sufficiently expressive of the mutual relation of

¢

A

parties, and require no further comment.

Between members

of the same family, this part of the subscription is generally

‘eqtyped

€16

omitted, only the signature being put in with ogan’ before it.

In business and official letters too the subscription consists

[ remain’,

0e85A1Y

only of the signature.

atter to

f) The superscription—In directing your letter do not,

it lett-

after the fashion of so many persons, crowd the address all

cf lefter

into one corner, leaving nearly the whole of the envelope

blank.

It is better to begin nearly half way from the top,

) 46—

or even one-third, if the direction is to be long.

Example:—

Stamp

Andrew Roberts ESQ.,

22 North Circular Road,

Madras

From:

e '—

The lines must be kept separate as here shown.

It will

not do to write

22 North Circular’ iIn one line and bring ‘Road’

down into the same line with ‘Madras.

It is more courteous

to omit ‘To’ than to put it down.

Many people write their

initials or their name in full in one corner of the envelope;

but this is quite a matter of inclination.

We put Mr. before the name of a person in humble life,

as a servant, and omit ‘Esq.

If «Mr. Roberts’ 1s a clergy-

iy official

man,

the

address

should be

‘The

Rev. A. Roberts’

or

‘Rev,

—

32

—

Andrew Roberts’.

If he has an academic degree, B.A., D.D.,

or LL.D., it may be added; as, ‘Rev. A. Roberts 1rL.D.,” instead

of adding D.D., or LL.D., Dr. the abbreviation of Doctor, may

\

be prefixed, and the initial of the Christian name is often

g ]

omitted; as, ‘Rev. Dr. Roberts’

The form ¢The Rev. Mr. Roberts’

9 10 the

may stand if we do not happen to know his Christian name.

mill e of

But

¢The

Rev,

Mr.

A. Roberts’

or

‘The Rev.

Roberts’ 1S n ever

Letter

allowable;

and a clergyman’s name never takes ¢Esquire’

the mitia

after 16.

For a c

If the gentleman be a Medical Doctor, with the degree of

envelopes

M.D., the address on the envelope should be ¢A. Roberts Esq.

letter: bt

M. D., O ‘Dr. Roberts’, but never ¢Dr. Roberts Esq.” Or ‘Dr. Roberts

for husm

M. D

in such ¢

The following are correct ways of writing the name on the

Use

envelope, ‘Esq.’ not being added in such cases:

il pa

¢Captain Sharp’, ‘Colonel Strongbow’, ‘Professor Spring PH.D.,” ‘The honor-

alwags b

able Alex. Mackay C. 8. I.,” ‘Rao Saheb Narayan Bholanth,’

if 1t gets

of enyelg

In addressing the envelopes for official letters to persons

occupying official positions, it is usual to write the official

3 very |

designation in a separate line after the name; as:

except f

1

T. L. Lawrence Esq.,

able hay

Director of Pablic Instruction,

your Tnit

Allahabad.

pond it

o

Messrs. H, J. Roses and Co.,

plain )

Carpet Factory,

With exg

Bombay.

auly pra

Note 1. Inthe case of native officials, there is a separate Govern-

I yo

ment Notification specifying the honorific titles to be affixed to their

hear o 1

names in all official correspondence, which the student would do well

to remember.

thlS : for

2. The envelope is a peculiarly English appurtenance to a

a fow iy

letter, there being nothing of the sort in Malayalam; it is better

mll he 0

therefore to follow the English style of addressing covers as to the

befer

form and arrangement; as,

£lage | y

33

4, D.D,

@. ©d. . ).

Ingtead

S DHEQIOD gy b @M udS NG

SanQlo

tUI‘, may

@aDaIom .

18 often

', Roberts’

g.) The etiquette of letters.—A few words may now be said

0 nane,

as to the etiquette of letters in English, which it is hoped

will be of service to the Malayalee student.

IS nyer

. Letter-paper of good quality, but perfectly plain, except

} ‘Esquire’

the initials of the writer embossed on it, is the better taste.

For a ceremonious letter, the paper should be ‘letter-size’

legree of

envelopes should correspond in style and quality with the

berts Bsg,

letter: buff, yellow, or pearl coloured envelopes may be used

), Roberts

for business letters.

Ruled paper, though admissible, is not

in such good taste as unruled.

06 0n th

Use good black ink; pale-ink is inexcusable when with a

little pains, and at a small expense, a good quality may

The honor-

always he had. Blue ink is never safe to use for letters, for

if it gets damp the writing will become illegible. In the form

of envelopes, fashion is almost as variable as dress; however,

) pEl‘SOHS

o offcial

a very long and narrow one is hardly ever in good taste,

Square looking ones though fashion-

except for small notes.

able have a clumsy appearance.

Your envelopes may have

your initials embossed on the overfold, at the point, to corres-

pond with the letter-paper, in colour, if you wish, though

plain white is more elegant.

Your letter should be folded

with exact care to fit the envelope, that is, not to fit exactly;

only practice can teach this.

to Governe

If your letter is to be a long one, you may commence as

od to their

near to the top of the page as you please, there is no rule for

jddo well

this; for a short letter, begin proportionately lower; for only

a few lines, arrange it so that the whole signature and all,

nance 10 &

will be on one page.

If you make a mistake in a word, it is

( is better

better to score it over and write above, rather than trying to

g to fhe

erase by scratching with a knife and writing in the same place.

3

——

34

-

PRE,

In all communications with strangers it would be correct

Liette

to write in the third person

A very slight acquaintance

]

etters.

however, or a faint personal knowledge, would authorise a

ably

b

1 com

letter being written in the first person, if it were to be of any

length

into disfy

It is idle to devote the first page of a letter to trivial

be readil

nay he

excuses for not having written sooner, when a still longer

ed to 2 c

delay might have been allowed to elapse if it suited the con-

peaking

venience of the writer, but when a letter requires an immedi-

he sligh

ate answer, it is then a matter of politeness to give the reason

preferency

for delay, but this should be explained without circumlocu'tion

determine

Enquiries after health in a letter should be made with deli-

fommence

cacy and discretion, always remembering that some are thick-

ments at

skinned on this subject, while others like to discuss it cow

00g

Th

amore

prelimina;

A clever writer keeps his affairs very much in the

back ground, unless they are at a crisis when they would of

Opening g

course possess interest of an unusual character

otherwise to

enonch fc

relate trivial matters for the sake of having something to say

conrse of

1s foolish and egotistical

In these days people do not accuse

1\ tes are

themselves of writing stupid, dull or uninteresting letters, as

8 the fy

their friends are only too likely to take their composition at

and ey f;

their

own valuation and to endorse their written verdict

Tecient

while the affectation of laying the blame of bad writing upon

fIve ty yy

pens, ink, and paper is now confined to the servants’ hall

bruct ack

where writing materials are perhaps not always of the best

{ prongyy

quality even when ready to hand

In answering a letter it 1s

@Xpediont

a proof of poor imagination to minutely paraphrase each para-

itia] ot

graph of the letter under treatment

Questions naturally

{u ¥ for i

demand answers, and important facts call for comment; but

115 g}

trivial remarks

and observation,

perhaps pleasantly put,

bndyyig,

should not be returned to the author with poor platltudes

attached to them.

Ve mygh

0ld g

e

35

PR

)¢ corpect

Letter-writing may be said to be divided into notes and

laintance,

letters.

Formerly a note written in the third person invari-

ithorise 3

ably commenced with «Mrs. Jones presents her compliments to Mrs. Brown’;

he of any

but now the words ¢presents compliments’ have fallen very much

into disfavour; and whenever any other opening phrase can

to trivial

be readily substituted, it is in better taste to employ it. Indeed,

it may be taken as a rule that compliments are only present-

I

longer

1 the con-

1t

ed to a complete stranger or when officially or professionally

1 mmedi-

speaking; and whenever an acquaintanceship exists, even of

the slightest possible character, other expressions are used in

the reason

preference.

The nature of the note itself would probably

mlocution,

determine the most appropriate expression wherewith to

with deli-

commence it.

To frame a note without introducing compli-

ate thick-

ments at its commencement is the received mode of writing

uss 1t con

one

The subject under discussion does not require this

ch 1n the

preliminary introduction, and it is best to embody it in the

would of

opening sentence.

There are few people ignorant or careless

herwise 10

enough to lapse from the third person into the first in the

ing to $2

course of a short note; but still it is worth guarding against.

ob acouse

Notes are principally confined to the briefest of communications,

Jetters, 88

as the frequent and necessary repetition of pronouns—she

position i

and her for instance——or the surnames of the writer and the

) verdich;

recipient of the note becomes tedious; and when it is impera-

tive to write in the third person, it is most desirable to con-

ting upon

ynts! Ball

struct each sentence with a due regard to an extravagant use

f the best

of pronouns, and never at any time to resort to the vulgar

Jetter it 1§

expedient of attempting a sort of compromise by making the

each pard-

initial letter of the writer and of the person written to do

duty for their respective surnames.

paturally

ment; but

It is observable that a cramped style, or a small Italian

atly i

handwriting is no longer in vogue, and, when seen appear

platiades

very much out of date.

The prevailing style of writing is

bold and free.

A free use of capitals is also indulged in,

3*

—

36

P

which gives a dash of originality and spirit to a letter when

put P

not overdone

It used to be an idea that to underline words

yords

od, tha

in a letter was rather bad style than not; but now, if a writer

wishes to be very emphatic, or to call particular attention to

any remark, an additional stroke of the pen is not objected

to; but it is a liberty not to be taken Wth writing to those

vuth whom one is on ceremony.

‘A want of punctuation in a letter will often cause a

sentence or a paragraph to be misunderstood, and made to

convey the reverse of what was intended. Notes of interro-

My dea

gation should not be omitted from a letter when questions

are asked, though many consider it a waste of time to make

better tha

use of them, and notes of exclamation, when required, materi-

ally assist the clear understanding of a passage, which with-

Barker, ¢

Iready: g

out them might have a vague meaning

Another practice of

hag been

the past, now happily discarded, is that of crossing letters

have a oy

only a school girl would cross and recross a sheet of paper

good-natyy

am afraid

and two sheets are used, if one sheet will not contain all that

is to be said

If half the second sheet of paper is left blank

girls in th

4000rding

it is not torn off, a whole sheet being more convenient to hold

Ninne, ap

and to fold than is half a sheet of paper, and if a few last

words are necessary for the completion of a letter, they are

writtén on the margin and not across the writing on the face

of the pages

LT

A strictly business habit is to write on the first and third

pages of a note paper, leaving the second and fourth pages

blank, or to write on the first and fourth pages leaving the

Dear i

This is done for the convenience

other two unwritten upon

of having the letters so written copied by the letter-press

litf]

€8 pa

A postscript was formerly supposed to convey the pith or

Memmg g

aud dan( mg

gist of a lady’s letter—a poor compliment, it must be confess-

ed to her intelligence

it is now considered a vulgarism to

ey

37

Al

ter when

put P. 8. at the bottom of a letter containing the few last

ne words

words; if something is remembered when the letter is conclud-

1f awriter

tention to

ed, tha@ should have been said, it is added without apology.

t objected

3

EXERCISE A.

g 0 thoge

Part I.

Private Letters.

1 02Use &

1 made to

From a young lady at school to her mother.

West Grove Academy, Brighton,

of interro-

April 3rd, 1895.

questions

My dear Mother,

¢ t0 make

I have now béen here nearly a week, and like my school life

better than I did at first.

I share a bedroom with three young ladies,

Miss

od, mater-

Barker, the eldest of the three, is very kind to me, and we are great friends

hich }vith-

already; she is only a year older than I am.

To-day is half holiday, but it

practfce of

has been raining all the morning, which prevents our going' out; however, I

ng letters;

have a great many interesting books lent me, and the girls appear to be very

t of paper,

good-natured.

In my next letter I will tell you how I get on in my classes

I

in all that

am afraid I am very backward in French, as I am placed with the youngest

girls in the school.

I hope you will not forget to send me a basket next week

Teft blaok;

according to promise,

Please give my best love to dear papa and Johnnie, and

ent to hold

Minnie, and with the same to yourself, dear mother,

5 fow last

Believe me,

L they are

Your very affectionate daughter,

on the face

Marion.

2

To a little girl asking her to tea.

¢ qnd third

Elm House, Reading,

orth pages

Decem‘ber 4th, 1890.

Jearing the

Dear Minnie,

qnyenience

Next Wednesday is my birthday,

Mamma says I may have a

little tea party, and I am te write the notes of invitation myself.

I hope your

n‘.pfess,

mamma will let you come.

We shall have tea at half past four, and game

the pith Of

and dancing after tea.

e COerSS'

I am, your affectionate friend,

Edith Woodhouss.

ggarisn 1

e

38

CEYLEL

3

Reply, accepting the invitation

rankly 8

x montl

5, Stanhope Terrace, Reading,

ng 1t

December 5th, 1890

My dear Edith,

ever ge

Mamma says I may come to tsa with you next Wednesday, and

I sh

5hall be very happy to see you.

I wonder if you will have many birth-day

1 om aff

presents, mamma is going to send you one which I think you will like

sif me

I am, dear Edith

I hay

Your affectionate,

a3 long s

Minnie Moore

further d

4. Complimentary letter to a son-in-law

W0, dea

5, Grove Road, N. W.

November 10th, 1893

My dear George

I was very giad to hear such a good account of you all from

Carrie, as, although it is some time since I have been to your house, still I must

always feel deeply interested in all that concerns you and yours

Perhaps I was foolish in fancying that the advice I afford was unpalatable

to you

it is, I know, the received idea that a mother-in-law’s interference is

never welcome, however reasonable may be her remarks ;

but believe me, dear

Ay dear

George, what I said I meant in good part, and had no mtentlon of censuring or

criticising any arrangement of yours.

I should have expressed the same opinion

to any friend of mine under similar circumstances,

had I been consulted.

The

of spirits, |

fact of your being my son-in-law induced me to imagine that I might speak

Lam

frankly to you without fear of giving offence ;

indeed, I regard you as a son,

house, ang

Do you thiy

and you must not be too prone to resent words my motherly affection prompts

me to say

You dis !l\e

With kindest love to Carrie and youarself, and many kisses to my dear little

113 inflyg

grand-children

g Dosition

Believe me,

g that

Yours affectionately,

ﬁﬁ"ilrg, and

E. Barlow

Pray do po

5

From a youth to his father, respecting dislike of his

Charlie

present occupation

bolday with

88, Lincoln’s Inn Fields

I Suppo

¥y

April 10th, 1892

My dear Father,

I am afraid you will be disappointed at what I am about to say,

but I hope after due consideration you will not think I am altogether wrong in

P

39

fr;nkly stating my great dislike to office work, I have now been here nearly

t, Reading,

six months, and I find this employment as little to my taste as on first commenc-

1890,

ing it.

I have done my best to become used to it, but 1 am quite sure I shall

never get on in this line of life.

zlnesday, and

I should be very glad to talk the matter over with you; it is not that

iy birth-day

I am afraid of work, only my present occupation does not and never will

like,

suit me.

I have given it a fair trial, and have put off writing to you on the subject

as long as possible; but as there is no chance of my changing my mind, I thought

foore,

I shall hope to hear from you in a day or

further delay would be useless.

two, dear father, and with love to all at home,

Believe me,

oad, . .

[0, 1893,

Your affectionate son,

H. Millar.

{ you all from

e, still I must

6

To a married sister, soliciting her husband’s influence.

s unpalatable

3, Madina Vilias, Claphom,

nterference is

- June 10th, 1890.

lieve me, dear

My dear Charlotte,

f gensaring 0

I have not written to you lately as I have been rather out

¢ same 0pioion

of spirits, besides being very much occupied.

psulted, The

I am beginning to discover there is little chance of promotion for me in this

| might speak

house, and that it is almost time I should look about me for something better.

you a3 8 §01,

Do you think your husband would interest himself for me in any way, and would

ootion prompts

you dislike speaking to him on the subject? I do not exactly know the extent

of his influence, or indeed, if he possesses any, but I thought from the responsi-

my dear little

ble position he holds with Messrs. Kent, he might perhaps know of some open-

ing that would suit me.

I have never as yet spoken to him about my own

tely.

affairs, and if, on your part, you feel any reluctance in making this request,

na

E. Barlow

pray do not hesitate to tell me so.

Charlie seems very happy at school, but is looking forward to spending the

like-of 1S

holiday with you,

I suppose Ethel’s marriage will take place in the autumn from what she

T Fields,

sayes.

i, 1892

With kind love, believe me,

Your affectionate brother,

about 10

887y

i

i3

Herbert Head.

fher WIOI8 i

40

e

7. To a cousin expressing Christmas good wishes

10,

9, Fern Villas, Gunnersbury,

Dec. 23rd, 1890

My dear Edith

Dear N

I wish you and dear aunt Lucy a merry christmas, and many a

happy new year

company &

It is a long time since we have met: circumstances do not bring us together —

quite the contrary;

and were it not for the annually returning season of

christmas tide, I fear we should almost drop out of each other’s recollection.,

I am therefore glad of the opportunity of loquiring after you and dear aunt

11

Lucy, and trust that you are both well,

I fear she is rather dreading the

severe weather which is prophesied to be in store for us, but prophesies are not

always fulfilled, and in any case, I hope she will not have a return of her old

complaint, bronchitis,

Degr Mr

Your affectionate cousin,

Mabel Clarke

to dinner ¥

8

From a butler to his master giving notice

The Grange, Dorring,

Honored Sir,

July 4th, 1894

i

1

i

take the liberty of saying that I wish to leave your service this

day month,

I have the offer of a situation as butler to the Earl of Cariton

providing that I can have a good dmmcter from my present employer.

Dear §

I trast that I have given you satisfaction during the two years that I have

lived with you, and that you will be kind enough to recommend me

kind fnyitat

1 am, Sir,

month, 4nq

Your humble servant

and seg yoy

John Silver

9. From a parlour-maid to a lady, excusing herself from

13 1

taking a situation

High Street, Bury St. Edmound

Honored Madam

March 4th, 1890,

Dear 3y

I hope you will pardon my saying that I wish to decline your

situation, as I fear the work would be too heavy for me

I had not sufficiently

fo be helg i a

considered this before engaging to take the place of parlour-maid in your family,

Stal] g Imbgp

but I feel that I am not strong enough for all that would be required of me in

that capacity.

Of Wh()m VO[] 1

I beg to remain,

Your humble servant

Harriet Jaggard

41

10. From a lady, inviting a married couple to dinner.

iy,

7, Chichester Gardens, N. W.,

May 10th, 1893.

nany &

Dear Mrs. Hamilton,

Will you and Mr. Hamilton give us the pleasure of your

company at dinner on Thursday the 24th instant at 1 to 8 o’clock?

her —

son of

Very sincerely yours,

lection,

E. Morton.

AL aunt

i

Reply to the above.

ing the

5, Enfield Tervace, N. W.,

are not

May 12th, 1893.

her old

Dear Mrs, Morton,

It will give us much pleasure to accept your kind invitation

to dinner with you on Thursday the 24th instant.

Very truly yours,

G. Hamilton.

g,

u4

1

P

2

Reply declining the invitation.

5, Enfield Terrace, N. W.,

iop this

(aniton,

May 12th, 1893.

Dear Mrs. Morton,

t T have

We are extremely sorry that we are unable to accept your

kind invitation to dinner, but we are going up to town on the 20th of this

month, and shall not return home till after the 28th, when I shall hope to come

and see you.

Very truly yours,

Vel

G. Hamilton.

f from

13

To a gentleman, inviting him to a picnic.

Roseneath, Ryde,

g,

August 3rd, 1894.

Dear Mr. Lumby,

line your

Can I persuade you to join our Picnic on Saturday next? It is

heiently

to be held at Copley Hill, but we are all to assemble here at 11 o’clock, and

shall number between 14 and 15, including Miss Laws and Mrs, Unwin, both

oo fomily

of whom you know.

ofmeid

Believe me,

Very truly yours,

H. M(?a.dows.

42

14. The reply.

Moss

5, Park Road, Sandown,

whih the

August 4th, 1894.

J

Woul

Dear Mrs. Meadows,

for which

I shall be very happy to join your Picnic Party on Saturday

whether

next, and will be at your house at the hour named in your note,

Dedding e

Very truly yours,

W. Lumby.

They

15

expect o

From a gentleman to a clergyman, requesting his

you could

immediate presence.

of these h

10, Campden Place, W.,

It wo

Dear Sir,

December 14th, 1890.

avoid the

Will you do me the fovour to come round immediately for the purpose

entail,

of baptizing our little boy, who has just been given over, and we are very

anxious to have bim baptized, I fear there is not the faintest hope of his

Tith |

recovery.

Faithfully yours,

To

Henry Lloyd.

The Rev. Mr, Brooke.

16

To a friend, requesting a loan.

y

18

5, Sidney Villas, Tulse Hill,

December 18th, 18.96.

My dear Thompson,

I have a great favour to ask you, which I hope.you wili be

able %o grant.

I have a most pressing need for &£ 30.

Do you think you c¢an

Yy dear

oblige me with that sum for a couple of months, when I would punctually repay

you? I feel the greatest reluctance in making this request, and only the

extreme urgency of the case induces me to do so, although I feel that if it is

and MTS. Ds

bad 3 g .

in your power to serve me in this, I may count upon your friendship,

time I your

Believe me, dear Thompson,

Ever yours,

It seem

H. Peters.

Wl“ d() greﬂl

17

From a lady asking a friend to enquire about a

If yoy |

furnished house.

woulg Anpreg

8ing

8 1 camg

Hill House, Torquay,

April 10th, 1896.

1 trggt ou

Dear Mrs. Barnett,

beligye e,

We are thinking of coming to town for a couple of months if

we can find a small house to suit us.

—

43

SR

\

Messrs. Roberts, House A gents, have sent me several particulars of houses,

down,

which they highly recommend.

)4

Would you be so very kind as to go over and examine two houses for me

for which I have received orders to view, and tell me your opinion of them,

Saturday

whether they are fairly furnished, and thoroughly clean — I mean as regards

bedding ete.

by,

They ask a very moderate rent, 4 guineas per week —so that I do not

expect too much in the way of furniture and carpets, and I shall be satisfied if

g bis

you could give a favourable report as to the general condition of things in either

of these houses.

e, IV,

1830,

It would be a real favour if you would do this for me, as I am anxious to

avoid the long journey to town that attending to this matter personally would

¢ purpose

entail.

a1 eIy

with kind regards, and hoping we shall soon meet,

pe of his

Believe me,

Very truly yours,

H. Summers.

d

18

From a gentleman in India to a friend in England,

Is¢. Hill,

asking him to show civility to a family returning

896

thither.

Dehra Ismail Khan, Punjab,

Fou wili be

February 24th, 1890.

ik you ol

My dear Llloyd g

ally 16pay

Since writing to you I find some great friends of mine, Mr.

1 only the

and Mrs. Darcy, are going to England immediately; he is on sick leave, having

ghat if i 8

had a bad attack of low fever.

They talk of spending the greater part of the

time in your neighbourhood.

It seems he was born near Denbigh and he has an idea that his native air

)y

will do great things for him.

I hope it may, poor fellow,

Peters:

If you have an opportunity of showing them any ecivility I am sure they

about &

would appreciate it; I have received much kindness from both him and his wife

since I came out, which, I think, will induce you to give them a kind welcome.

To'y'q 1y

I trust you are all well at home.

Please remember me to Mrs. Lloyd and

, 18%6.

believe me,

months if

Very truly yours,

of

C. Roberts.

44

Ll

r

4

Part II.

To

Business Letters.

1

From a tenant to a landlord, respecting repairs.

Dear §i

Il

. Claremont Villas, Barnes,

off the twe

March 22nd, 1896.

Dear Sir,

your clients

I shall be obliged, if you will send some one at once to examine the

interest in

roof of this house, as the rain comes through in several places.

I am sorry to

it i3 quite

Wil you a

say the pipes are also out of onfder, and require immediate attention to prevent

further mischief.

I am, Sir,

Yours faithfully,

I

A. Thomas.

€

2. The reply.

1, Carlton Road, S. W.

Mrs, M

March 31st, 1896.

but would |

Dear Sir,

therefore se

I am in receipt of your letter of the 22nd instant, and have desired Mr.

for the wor

Smith to have the necessary repairs done without delay; but as regards paper-

moraing, ap

ing and painting the rooms you mention, I think it must be deferred until next

837 50,

year, when I will see what can be done.

I must remind you that you were

aware of the conditon of the house when you took it, and that I made no

6. A

promise respecting redecoration, as the rent paid by you does not warrant my

Messrs, By

incgrring the outlay.

Gentlomg

I am, Sir,

7

Yours obediently,

agumey f

J. Wilson.

To

H. Thomas Esq.

Ietbers of

line undep ¢}

II iS o

3

From a firm, enclosing account and Bill for acceptance.

Velture o g

The Royal Cloth Works, Bradford,

be paid to ¢

December 2nd, 1890.

10 ogp cate,

Dear Sir,

We hgp(

We beg

to forward you the statement of your accounts up to present

el fo vefey |

date, and with it

enclose a bill for acceptance,. which please return in due

s i

course,

bae aly

Yours obediently,

Harding and Cliford.

i

45

—

4. To a solicitor, giving notice to pay off ra mortgage.

To

St. Leonards,

Mr. Lion,

January 13th, 1892.

y

1

).

Dear Sir,

17168,

I beg to say that I have determined by the advice of my friends to pay

off the two existing mortgages upon my reversion, and will you therefore inform

36,

your clients of my intention, and ask them if they will consent to take three months’

mine the

interest in lien of the required six months’ notice, as I am given to understand

oty to

it is quite usual for mortgagees to take their money back upon these terms?

Will you acquaint me with your clients’ decision at your earliest convenience.

0 prevent

Believe me,

Faithfully yours,

Charlotte Stebbing.

)

From a lady to

a

coach-builder

asking for an

OINas,

estimate,.

April 24th, 1890.

Mrs, Mason wishes to have her pony-carriage repaired, painted, and relined;

ST

396

Will Messrs. Woodward

but would like to go to as little expense as possible.

therefore send her an estimate of the lowest possible price they could charge

aived Mr,

for the work she requires done? She will send the pony-carriage over tomorrow

s paper-

morning, and should it not be worth the outlay Messrs. Woodward would kindly

uofil next

say so.

I SOLI yere

Tiverton Villa, Mitcham.

6

A circular.

| made 00

Messrs. Bell and Co., Broad Street.

London, 1st January 1890.

qrrant my

Gentlemen,

We beg to acquaint you, that we have opened a house of general

agency at Mauritius, under the firm of Young, Forbes & Co., the two senior

members of which have been some years established at Port Louis in the same

o1

line under the Firm of Young & Forbes.

and we

It is our intention to confine ourseives to commission business;

venture to solicit your countenance, assuring you that the strictest attention shall

eplancé

be paid to the management of any affairs which you may think proper to entrust

yadford,

to our care.

0

We hope it will justify our confidence in addressing you that we are enabl-

ed to refer to the annexed list of commercial friends comprising houses of the

{0 preseld

first eminence both in Europe and India, on whose consideration and sapport we

amn 0 008

have the advantage of being permitted to rely.

We are, yonrs faithfully,

Young Forbes & Co.

oydl

——

46

e

T

A letter of introduction.

48 Portuges

each sheet:

London, 1st October 1893.

Messrs. Bright & Co. , Bristol.

of copper 1t

Gentlemen,

When ti

We beg leave to introdce to you the bearer of this letter, Mr.

fhe Bill of ]

Richard Templeton, a partner in the highly respectable house of Moore,

Temple-

ton & Co., of New York

, who is about to visit your city for the purpose of

extending the commercial relations of his house with the principal firms of your

place.

In strongly recommending our friend to your notice, we particularly

10

:

request that you will not only forward his views by your influence and advice,

but that you will also render his stay in your city as agreeable as possible, by

Edward 0dg

showing him every attention that may be in your power. In case Mr,

Templeton

<

1l

should have occasion to take up any money

either for travelling expenses or

Than

operations of business, you will please to supply him with funds to the extent

sheathing,

of five thousand pounds, taking draft upon us at three days’ sight in reimburse-

ment.

a3 W8 verbal

We beg that upon similar, and all other occasions, you will freely

command our services.

abliged to h

will invariah

We remain,

Tenderdon, y

Gentlemen,

Your very obedient Servants,

G. Lunch & Sons.

8

A letter of credit.

11

I

London, 1st May 1887.

)Iadam;

Messrs. James Pope & Sons, demoum.

Gentlemen,

I h

I take the liberty of opening a credit with you in favour of the

a 1%, Glong

December pe,

bearer, Mr. John Aston. Any sum of money that the gentleman may require

Dated 93y

to the extent of fifteen hundred pounds,

be pleased to advance on my account

either against his receipt or his draft on me to your order,

as may be most

To ¥

agreeable to yourselves.

I am, gentlemen,

Yours truly,

)Y

??- N

T. Clark.

9

I hepe]

An order for goods,

Ish

all quif g

Broad Street, 20th January 1893.

JOu situateq ;

Messrs. W. Green, Felt & Co., London.

of Middlessex,

Gentlemen,

Have the goodness to ship on board the Tenderdon, Captain

Wity

Benjamin Russel, for Lisbon, 150 sheets of copper sheathing, the whole to be

T ¥y, gy,

ey

47

omaebenes

48 Portugese inches in length; one half to weigh 18 1lbs. and the other 19 lbs.

03,

each sheet: each box to contain an equal number of sheets.

Likewise one box

of copper nails, proper for the said sheathing, not to exceed 500 1bs. in weight.

When the goods are shipped, you will, of course, send me the Invoice and

‘;ter, M,

the Bill of Lading.

Temple-

I am, Gentlemen,

1pose of

Yours faithfully,

of your

Edward Odger.

ticularly

10. The reply.

| advice,

London, 26th January 1896.

sible, by

Edward Odgeé' Esq., Broad Street.

empleton

Sip:

eIses 0

Thanking you for your kind order of yesterday, for 150 sheets of copper

le extent

sheathing, we beg to say that we shall immediately attend to its execution ; but

mburse-

as we verbally informed you on Change, the length being unusual, we shall be

Il freely

obliged to have the sheets made expressly ; and consequently, some little delay

will invariably occur.

‘We trust, however, they will be ready in time for the

Tenderdon, which vessel, we are informed, will not sail for a fortnight.

We are, Sir, Yours {fly.,

W. Green Fell & Co.

Sons.

1L

Form of notice to quit, from landlord to tenant.

1881

Madam,

I hereby give you notice to quit the house and appurtenances, situated

at 17, Gloucester Road, which you now hold of me, on or before 25th of

ur of the

December next,

y requie

Dated 23rd of June, 1883.

(Signed) John William Everett.

y acoous

(Landlord).

he most

To

Miss Potter.

12.

Notice to quit, from a tenant to a landlord.

Sir,

I hereby give you notice that on or before the 25th of December next,

I shall quit and deliver up possession of the house and premises I now hold of

9

you situated at 17, Gloucester Road, in the Parish of St. Peter’s, in the county

189

J

of Middlessex.

N

Dated this 23rd day of June 1883.

Witness:

M. Pryke.

Susan Patter.

’ (aptain

To Mr. Everett.

ole f0 D

48

13

A Promisory Note.

London, July 1st, 1886.

No

£ 100.

Three months after date, I promise to pay to Mr. Henry Jones, or

order, one hundred pounds, for value received.

T. Robinson.

14. Receipt for rent.

London, August 18th, 1887.

Received of A, Wigram Esq. fifteen pounds, being one quarter’s rent

Sir,

due on midsummer day last, for the premises occupied by him at No. 14, South

Rupert Street W. C.

Tnd

honour to 1

£ 105204,

4 W) Phﬂlips.

date, list

Part III.

per Iensem

Official Letters.

1

A memo.

Mr. P. C. Raman, Revenue Inspector in charge of Thiroorangadi

Range, is informed that his application for leave dated 10th March last, has

been forwarded to the Tahasildar of the Taluk, whose orders will be communi-

cated to him in due course.

6th April 1893.

C. Subba Iyer,

No

Deputy Tahasildar, Tiroorangady.

+ Office of the Inspector of Schools, Western Circle,

Camp, Kollengode, 24th Feb. |89.

From

The Inspector of Schools,

Western Circle.

To

The Headmaster,

Bir,

Basel German Mission High School,

With |

Tellicherry.

Sir

of Publig [yg

On scrutinizing the Tables in the Inspection Report filled in by you and

13th Decemp,

furnished to me when I inspected your school last month, I find that tables d

Tensen wij]

and e do not agree.

00rmg) trainjy

92

I have the honour to ‘request that the discrepancies noted may be ex-

frai‘ning y be t;

plained or corrected.

loft

I have the honor to be,

0 your g

Sir,

Your most obedient Servant,

E. Marsden,

Inspector of Schools.

AL

49

Municipal Office,

1, 1886,

No. 19.

Tellicherry, 5th April, 1889.

From

Jones, o

The Chairman,

011,

Municipal Council,

To

Tellicherry.

387,

The Manager,

Parsee High School,

arter's rent

. 14, South

Sir,

Tellicherry.

Under Sec. 62 of the District Municipalities Act 4 of 1884, I have the

lips.

honour to request you will be good enough to forward to this office at an early

date, a list of employees in your school drawing salaries of Rs. 30 and above

per mensem, showing the amount drawn hy each.

I have the honour to be,

Sir,

iroorangadi

Your most obedient servant,

A. Raman Menon,

oh last, bas

Chairman.

)6 commutis

Teachers’ College,

No. 1595.

Saidapet, 16—12—1889.

angady.

From

o, Cireley

The Principal,

8.

Teachers’ College,

To

Saidapet.

The Manager,

Basel German Mission Parsee High School,

Tellicherry.

Sir,

With reference to your letter No. 45 of the 3rd instant to the Director

hery.

of Public Instruction, transferred to me under his endorsement No. 10907 of the

13th December, I have the honor to inform you that a scholership of Rs. 20 per

o by o0 and

d

mensem will be available for a graduate from your school wishing to undergo

ot tables

normal training in the Teachers’ College, Saidapet.

He will, while under

training, be taught some of the special subjects the selection of which will be

{ may 0 &

left to your choice.

I have the honour to be,

be

DILy

Al aﬂt.

Your most obedient servant,

A. A. Hall,

! l]f Sfm{'?'g’

Principal.

4

50

Ci@jil Dispensary, Romapuram,

recent 6

No. 139.

28rd June 1890.

Aggistan

From

Telliche

stances 1

The Acting Civil Surgeon,

To

Ramapuram,

derived

The Chairman,

and the |

Municipal Couneil,

the displ

Ramapuram.

Sir

?

»

In taking over charge of the Civil Dispensary at the station of Rama-

Your

puram, your letter No. 187 of the 19th instant was brought to my notice by Mr.

Your Exe

Cooper.

In it you seem to doubt that I, as Civil Surgeon, have any authority

among th

over the Branch Dispensary at Karote,

I have the honor to inform you that

and kind

prior to this there has been another Branch Dispensary here at Ramapuram

which was placed under the control of the Civil Surgeon without any question

being raised.

As the name ‘branch’ signifies it is dependent on the main dis-

pensary, and being responsible for the working of the Main Dispensary it follows

ES

that I must have supervision over the Branch.

%

g0

*

Reg

In conclusion I have the honor to inform you that the day I took charge, I we

nt

the Yoniej

over to Karote with Mr, Cooper, and although it was 20 minutes to 4 P.M. I

recent chay

found the Dispensary closed, and no one to tell me where the Hospital Assistant

was to be found.

pensary at

Testoreq op

I shall deem it a favour if you will ascertain and inform me at your earliest

Ord

convenience the views of the eouncil on the subject of my supervision and the

The Govy

extent of my control over the Branch Dispensary.

I have the honor to be,

Sir,

To

Your most obedient servant,

D. L: Ratigan, M.D.,

8 4

Ag. Civil Surgeon.

(@]

To

K

The Right Hon’ble Sir Belbey Lawley,

Terrace, Ha

Baron Wenlock of Wenlock,

Paid, gt and

Governor in Council, Fort St. George.

Stregf, £

The most humble momorial of the inhabitants of Chali

ang ggld) i

and its vicinity situated within the Municipal limits

¥h

the gouds,

ﬁfff"«‘PYer7 r

Sheweth,

of Tellicherry.

i }"\". 14, §

That in humbly venturing to approach Your Excellency in Counecil

Stgyly, the

through the medium of this memorial for an indulgent re-consideration of a

O ey, by :

51

Vi,

recent G. O, No. 501 M. C., demanding the dismissal from service of the Hospital

Asgsistant Mr. P. K. Chathu, attached to the Branch Dispensary at Chali, in

Tellicherry, momorialists beg leave to subjoin a brief history of the circum-

stances under which the said Dispensary was opened, and the good they have

derived from it through the experience of the patient and painstaking habitg

and the kind and obliging manners of the unhappy Hospital Assistant now under

the displeasure of Government.

ES

¥

*

E3

*

Ramg-

Your humble memorialists, in concluding, };umbly and earnestly entreat

by Mr,

ithority

Your Excellency to give them back the Hospital Assistant, who during his stay

00 that

among them, proved a real blessing to them.

For this act of gracious justice

and kind consideration,

ApULaI

Your Excellency’s humble memorialists shall, as in duty bound,

question

ain dis-

ever pray.

; follows

7'

Proceedings of the Madras Government.

Local and Municipal Departments.

Ed

Read the following petition from the inhabitants of Chali, situated within

o wen%

fpo ]

the Municipal limits of Tellicherry dated 28th September 1891, stating that the

recent charges against Chathu, Hospital Assistant attached to the branch Dise

\ gsistant

pensary at Chali are the fruition of a conspiracy, and praying that he may be

¢ eatliest

restored on a reconsideration of the order dismissing him from service.

Order dated 28th October 1891 No. 1871 M. Mis.

and the

The Government declines to reconsider the order already passed in this case.

(True extract)

N. S. Brodie,

To

Ag. Asstt. Secretary.

The Petitioners.

Dy

8

A Bill of Sale.

~

oo

Know all men by these presents, that I, A.B, of 17, St. Peter’s

Terrace, Hammersmith, for and in consideration of the sum of £ 250, in hand

paid, at and before the sealing and delivery hereof, by C. D. of 14 Vincent

}e()[ge.

Street, E. C,, the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge, have bargained

and sold, and by these presents do bargain and sell, unto the said C.D. all

g of Ol

the goods, hounsehold stuff, and implements of household, and all other goods

71[]3‘1 hmlti

whatsoever, mentioned in schedule hereunto annexed, now remaining and being

in No, 14, St. Peter’s Terrace, Hammersmith.

To have and to hold all and

0 (ouneil

singular the goods, household stuff, and implements of household, and every one

ation of3

of them, by these presents bargained and sold unto the said C. D. his executors,

*

4

ts

Lo

52

administrators and assigns for ever

And I, the said A.B. for myself, my

fo make

executors, and administrators, all and singular of the said goods unto the said

been 1mp

Taluks or

C.D. his executors

administrators, and assigns

nd against all and every

other person and persons whatsoever, shall and will warrant, and forever, defend

Mol

by these presents

of which goods I the said A. B. have put the said C. D. in

Calicu

possession by delivering him one silver candelabrum etc. on the sealing hereof

Note

In witness whereof, I have hereunto put my hand and seal, this 21st day of

June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hunderd and minety-one

letter wo

A.B

student ¢

E.F

Signed, sealed, and delivered

G

H.

y und

in the presence of us

}

D

A Will

Thig is the last Will and Testament of Robert Parker, of 17 Church

Road, Saffron, Welden

I hereby give and devise to my wife, Jane Parker,

her heirs, executors, and administrators, for her and their own use and benefit

absolutely and for ever, all my estate, and effects, both real and personal

whatsoever, and of what nature and quality soever, and I hereby oppoint her,

the said Jane Parker, sole executrix of this my Will.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, this last day of June,

one thousand and eight hundred and eighty three

f

Rober Parker

Signed by the said Robert Parker, in our presence, who in his presence and in

the presence of each other, at the same time, subscribe our name as witnesses

hereto.

Richard Ryenolds

James Turnere

Residing at Saffron Welden

N0€2

[

ﬂddlessmg

10. A Memo

To

All Tahasildars, Deputy Tahasildars and Sea-Custom Superintendents

(8)

It having been brought to the notice of the Right Hon’able, the Secretary

of State for India that books entitled ‘Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the

English Language by Noah Webster L. L.D

reatly enlarged and thoroughly

revised to 1891, by Right Reverend Samuel Fallows A, M

L. L. D., etc; etc

(b)

Chicago, Webster’s Dictionary publishing company 1891’ and printed apparently

in America and containing English copyright matter, have been offered for sale

in India without the permission of the proprietors of the English copyright, all

0

Tahasildars, Deputy Tahasildars and Sea-Custom Superintendents are requested

R

53

Rl

lf, my

to make enquiry as to whether books bearing the above-mentioned title have

he said

been imported into any of their ports, or offered for sale anywhere in their

- every

Taluks or Divisions, and to report immediately the result of their enquiry.

defond

Malabar Collector’s office,

V. Chappen Menon.

5D, in

Deputy Collector.

Calicut, 13th February 1892.

|

hereof.

Note

day of

1. The following abbreviations are in general use in

ne

letter writing. They are given here not with the intention that the

student should make use of them in his letters, but chiefly that he

may understand them when used by others.

cld

=could.

wid.

= would.

shld.

= should.

7 Church

&

= and.

Parker,

compts. == compliments.

d benet,

recd,

= received.

porsonal,

advt.

= advertisement.

oinf her,

1/6/83

= 1st day, 6th month, year 1883 (used chiefly in business).

affectly.

= affectionately.

of June,

affete.

= affectionate.

fily

= faithfully.

eI

Yrs.

= Yours

108 aﬂd in

v

= very.

itnesses

Yr

= Your.

s

Ld

= Lord.

_ Note 2. The received forms of commencing, concluding, and

addressing letters.

i

The Sovereign.

infendent™

(a) Commencement of letter officially.

Madam,

or

ity of the

May it please Your Majesty,

Lord—presents his humble duty to Your Majesty.

thorﬂ‘dghly

(b) Conclusion.

£ etc; efC.

ly

I have the honour to remain,

aappareﬂt

Your Majesty’s faithful subject and dutiful servant

rod for sl

(¢) Superscription of envelope.

oy

ight, 8

To Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria.

0 quueste

54

o

To a Prince of the Blood Royal.

Y

(2)

Commencement of letter.

Sir

J

May it please Your Royal Highness.

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honour to remain,

Sir,

(

Your Royal Highness’s most humble and dutiful servant.

©

Superscription of envelope.

.-

To His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales,

Marlborough House, S. W.

(¢

London.

11

Members of the Aristocracy.

(t

To

a Duke.

(a)

Commencement.

(¢

My Lord Duke,

May it please Your Grace.

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honour to be,

T

Your Grace’s most humble and dutiful servant.

©)

Superseription.

®

To His Grace the Duke of Wiltshire, k. a.

)

To

a Marquis.

(a)

Commencement.

My Lord Marquis,

(¢)

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honour to be,

Your Lordship’s humble & obedient servant.

(©)

Superscription.

To The Most Noble The Marquis of Sussex.

4.

8 To

To

an Earl or a Viscount or a Baron.

0

(2)

Commencement.

My Lord,

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honor to remain,

(b)

Your Lordship’s most humble & obedient servant

(c)

Superscription.

To The Right Honorable The Earl,

(o

the Viscount or the Baron of Kent.

55

To a Baronet.

(2)

Commencement.

Sir,

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honor to remain, Sir,

Your humble and obedient servant.

(¢)

Superscription.

vanks

To Sir John Westmoreland, Bart.

6.

To

a Knight.

Commencement.

(®)

oot

Sir,

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honour to remain, Sir,

Faithfully yours.

()

Superscription.

To Sir George Essex, K. C. B.,

or

K. C. M. G., etc. (according to order of knighthood).

i

To

an KEsquire.

rant,

(2)

Commencement.

Sir or Dear Bir,

(b)

Conclusion.

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Superscription.

(¢)

To George Cole Esquire,

or

To George Cole Esquire, M. P. (if 2 member of Parliament)

servant,

111

The Clergy.

To

an Archbishop.

(2)

Commencement.

My Lord Archbishop,

or

May it please Your Grace.

Conclusion.

(b)

I remain my Lord Archbishop,

er';alltv

Your Grace’s most humble and obedient servant.

(c!

Superscription.

The Most Eeverend His Grace the Archbishep of —

56

To a Bishop.

(a)

Commencement.

My Lord,

(b) Conclusion.

I have the honour to remain,

Your Lordship’s humble and lobedient servant,

4 T

(©)

Superscription.

(#)

To The Right Reverend the Lord Bis%mp of —

10

To'a Dean.

Commencement.

(t)

(a)

Reverend Sir,

(b) Conclusion.

I have the honor to remain,

Your Lordship’s humble and obedient servant;,.

(c) Superscription.

15 T

To The Very Reverend, The Dean of —

(#)

11,

To an Archdeacon.

(a) Commencement.

(b)

Venerable Sir,

(b) Superscription.

To The Venerable Archdeacon of — or

The Venerable The Archdeacon Bird.

12.

(9

To a Canon, Rector, Vicar or Curate.

(®)

Commencement.

Reverend Sir,

16. T

(b)

Superscription.

(8)

To The Revd. Canon Wright, (and as in other cases).

To The Revd, James Wright, D, . &ec.

(®)

1v

The Army.

13.

To a General, Colonel, Major, Captain, or Lieutenant.

()

Commencement.

Sir,

I Ty

(b) Superscription.

To Lieutenant General White.

To Major General White or General White.

(b)

57

To Colonel White.

To Major White etc.

(To a Lieutenant) H. White Esqr.

Vee

The Navy.

ervant,

14. To an Admiral, Captain, Lieutenant.

(a) Commencement.

Sir,

(b)

Superscription.

Vice-Admiral, Rear-Admiral or Admiral Stone.

(To a Captain) H. Jones Esqr., H. M. 8. ‘Syne’.

Vi

The Government.

servant,

15

To a Secretary of State.

(2)

Commencement.

My Lord, (or Sir according to rank).

(b) Conclusion.

I have the honor to be,

Your Lordship’s most humble and obedient servant,

or

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient gservant.

()

Superscription.

To The Right Honorable the Earl of —

Secretary of State for India.

16

To an English Ambassador.

(a) Commencement.

3)0

My Lord, or Sir, (according to rank).

(b) Superscription.

To His Excellency The Right Honorable

Sir George William, K. C. B.

utenat

Her Britannic Majesty’s Ambassador Extraordinary and

Plenipotentiary at the Court of —

17

To a Consul.

(a) Sir,

(b)

Esqr.

Her Majesty’s Britannic Consul at —

Lol

58

SRSy

18

To The G

Governor of Colony.

oo

(a)

My Lord, or

@;G'Er)g e

May it please Your Excellency.

2040

(b) Superscription

To His Excellency Sir George Hamilton, K. C. M.

2 o

Governor of —

EXERCISE B

Part 1

21000 966

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——

number of: examples, therefore under Exercise B. has beencurtailed,

but it is hoped that those given are sufficient to convey to the student

4]

an adequate knowledge of the formalities of Malayalam letter-

writing.

Chapter IV.

The equivalent forms.

English is peculiarly rich in equivalent forms, which afford

ample facility for variety of style and copiousness of expres-

sion.

In the hands of a master they are docile servants that

answer every purpose, and dance in obedience to the slightest

The. :

inclination of his will; but in the case of those who cannot

l

handle them properly, they become unruly and turbulent,

A” A‘

creating no little confusion, and not unfrequently betraying

such into very awkward and treacherous positions.

This i1s a mine of wealth to which the translator has often

to resort, and dig deep too, when he finds himself nonplused

by difficulties of idiom and construction.

«A first work in

English” is an excellent help in this respect, and cannot fail,

if properly gone through, to give a very fair mastery of Eng-

lish. The absence of a ‘similar work in Malayalam is highly

2:;

to be deplored.

It is to be hoped, however, that when Mala-

Te v

yalam can boast of a classical prose literature, and when

greater stress comes to be placed upon the style, construction

and idiom of vernacular languages both in the class teaching,

and the university papers, this desideratum will be supplied.

It is beyond the province of this work to enter into the

details of the subject, and a bare enumeration is all that can be

attempted here.

On the side of Malayalam, the list is necess-

An Ad"c

arily imperfect, as that would in itself afford sufficient scope

for a separate work.

—

67

—_—

rtailed

a.) English

iden

leffer

A Noun may be replaced by each of the following

1

Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns ¢this’ and ‘that’, and their

plurals ‘these’, and <those’

Indefinite pronouns ‘one’ and ‘they

Numeral pronouns ‘one’ and ‘none’, ‘either’, ‘neither’

‘both’, ‘other’, ‘such’ and ¢so

) afford

Relative pronouns ¢who’, ‘which’, whose’ and ‘what’

expIes

2

An Infinitive

nts that

3

A Noun clause

lightest

) cannob

The Pronoun is likewise replaced by the ‘noun’ and ‘noun-

clause

rhulent

1aying

An Adjective is replaced by each of the following

A Participial phrase

A Prepositional phrase

g often

A Possessive form

A Participle

nplusel

work 1

A Noun-in-apposition

1ot fail

An Adverb

=1 o O I Q b M=

f Eng

An Adverbial phrase

18 hlghl

8

An Adjective clause

en Mal

The Verb

nd when

1. Complex predicates consisting of incomplete verb

gtruction

and noun, or incomplete verb and adjective, are

teaching;

replaced by single simple verb.

Supphed

2. So also, the verb and its object may be repla,ced

by a verb and adverb.

J mtO the

of can be

3. The active voice by the passive and vice versa

18 neceSS

An Adverb is replaced by

et 5608

1. An Adverbial phrase

2. An Adverbial clause

=%

S

68

An Infinitive (Absolutg) by

1

. A Noun,

2

. A Noun clause,

3

. An Adverbial phrase,

4. An Adverbial clause,

A

5

. A Co-ordinate sentence.

An Inﬁnitive (Gerundial) by

An

1. A Prepositional phrase,

An .

2. An Adverbial clause,

3. A Co-ordinate sentence.

A Participle (Simple) by

1

. A Co-ordinate sentence,

4N

-l

9

. An Adjective,

3

. A Possessive case,

4. A Noun-in-apposition,

5

. A Prepositional phrase,

dn 4

6

. An Adjective clause,

7

. An Adverbial clause.

An Impersonal Participle of Condition by

An Adverbial clause.

A Simple Participle with Conjunction, by

An Adverbial clause.

A Possessive Case is replaced by

1. An Adjective,

g

¢

2. A Prepositional phrase,

3. A Participle,

dn 4

4. An Adjectival clause.

A Noun-in-Apposition is replaced by

9

1. A Participle,

2. An Adjectival clause.

A Prepositional Phrase by

1. An Adjective,

2. A Possessive case,

gi

69

SRy

3. A Participle simple and absolu’te,

4. An Adjectival clause,

5. An Adverbial clause,

6. A Co-ordinate sentence.

A Prepositional Phrase of ‘cause’, ‘manner’ or ‘purpose’ is

replaced by the ‘Gerund’.

An Adjectival Phrase is replaced by an Adjective.

An Adverbial Phrase is replaced by

1..An Adverb,

2. A Co-ordinate sentence,

3. An Adjective clause.

A Noun Clause is replaced by

1. An Infinitive,

2. A Noun,

3. An Adverbial phrase.

An Adjective Clause is replaced by

An Adverbial clause,

Do

phrase,

An Adjective,

An Adjective phrase,

A Possessive case,

A Noun-in-apposition,

Z;;

A Participle,

A Prepositional phrase,

An Adverbial Clause is replaced by

. An Adverb,

. An Adverbial phrase,

. A Prepositional phrase,

. A Participial phrase,

. A Gerund,

An Adjective clause,

%

. A Co-ordinate sentence

e tdary

L

70

A Co-ordinate Sentence is replaced by

1. A Prepositional phrase,

2. A Participle (simple and absolute).

A Co-ordinate Sentence Adversative is replaced by

An Adverbial clause of condition.

A Co-ordinate Sentence Illative is replaced by

1. An Adverbial clause of purpose,

2. An Adverbial clause of cause.

A Co-ordinate Sentence Imperative is replaced by

An Adverbial clause of condition.

5 0

A Co-ordinate Sentence Interrogative is replaced by

An Adverbial clause of condition.

b)

Malayalam.

The following are some of the equivalent forms in

Malayalam,

The Noun (onozo) is replaced by each of the following:

1. o) @anmoo.

o0& 5lwaind; 1008 ; A G0 ©alsld)

o mMeaMo.

0ot

2. &@omao.

@oaith cidle@en (1ea) ®emg) alo.oich pSaE);

§ o

QUOBELJ0 OISENLY0.

Tl @

3. @Qaﬂ@wom MNo. oM oo @@; (@lab), EPo®IW

orlan @gala o Mmeies) (&d).

8 o

The Adjective (ansaafewasmo) is replaced by

The 4

1. Apposition (qvamets)®memo).

agmmes availesaad, aflead

8uweLnad.

La)

((

2. Compound nouns (aozsavmoasmsd).

®am@ed, Mmooy eL

S e .

(

3. @r\cwom Mo.

©al0Me aIAMAj OHSHISOMd @RIV 20 ;

ming Balemo

@RI PVSISINSHNIO® ORI @)88wQY0;

(

@0E 18 mB0 D8 AWIW),

4. 01201EHm B 00.

(d

(@) crvogemocdvm. Chiefly in Sanskrit construction.

Go

eniosal, mao_\aaﬂ@'\agﬂ@gm, MO IWICS .

‘

fF 0o Suwcecfwon

O

(BT ey fFor Buoro fFwee .ogwwbogr\@y@@. ‘T

*Gosorv TS

e Fow (p)

*0rguUv o @ WeRI(fo

ouuorog B

¢qoBew oo TO(© 081D ‘P80 Eoowowe® aurwe@ Auv

; %a@é_

*DO(W

Aseeamme ‘quw(suweeeife Swonsd .o@@oado (@)

Q@mo Fow

Bes oo ScUDROIEFO® ¢ awro oo

‘euTfOw(@oe (v)

oo ¢

noo.,m.urgmu% c.—”

£q peoeidex st (ccwsrersiocm(@) QAP Y],

(29 SPBewSro wewecw@oro *(9010A DAISSEJ 0T) WS 8

Flonod

ron BBIe®(MNE®

of@crorocwwsl fven g

‘ogcL ‘9

#mem@ @f

' PCEERYY ‘oBBroL (BT o foengervd o Qe

210N 1

"100[qns oy mopjof oseo sy} ut sunou [euosiod oy,

*00fmOEO@ ProULIo PO(LO QUIE9

%ﬁas 0

AL ©

‘evwe pBefDin YO Wbro = qLew

+ Stuae

*(owroroGorae ool f8fv)

e EEPW el VO

FW@

0l STAO

Euo0@ OB UL QPEWY ) MEYUWRD(YVCY

QOO P@

*(oTo o Gorue @ abofvw)

oy Bw =(wo roffw ermme

RS @ Burog| @e e quifBw coroee

‘ocffpowee E8T

- (owrT ro@ @ eavofow)

= ocffouEsbivoe - ©F(porrvee

S0PV TO °G

(BP9 Sow) orer@(Hrorew mR(5ee

“etow (/)

*0ros @ ofHOPO( W eNOrD

Gacovee omvmeﬁoacbrﬂga ‘oS OICELAD TV medmﬂc va

(Brud eULO(Ww WERDCY

(Prworo (p)

F0QEIErv WESE PIW(eeH | 95@@ Auv

‘@(orvy EBSCBI@

roeg = @(Yirvy Sc¥@ros

*Buo v | ™ cLLIO BB 109

wErouw = Swe 05wy(N0s WErvAU

‘E@y owroTo

BWOoSe(0ew = S5©8imorsS@(WEWTD

o(@(gocaw (g)

—

Ll

IL

e

72

et

8. @oailglwom) mo.

a100ab aiae; moeacim QIR pal

of the ¢

@8te0 VLR IRIMWBEDRI .ol D.

nof. yet

4, B0 @)oo,

WUIPCHn ofS; PROD @PS); MIERK BHANIHM

bare col.

afleaoeg).

Suciety,

The Verb (0qailm).

Nor are

like - the

The Neuter in @ serves practically for finite verbs

9

3

as, @@ maIsle @MIDDe; LE@OHNWAID oY ©F e @

in othe

(past).

fore e

8oLt ©.amed eagg wenb (future).

on the t

BIOMBALS MBI W HLOWERO (negative).

In s¢

@Ooj]@mom mo by BOE @M, Mo, AS—HVY SOE] = SO

will hay

Qo gsos); aidloy @seos.

and note

@Q@Oo_o\ @3oNMO2i0 by @VoEQIM, a&S—mangy aoooo_xo@zomm’}

99060000 ; Gailebad)MeS @ oy )sal aimile®Iaegyo.

Jalee m

enhance

anueeaaim by @W@oc%mo A5—@mIWo &S o BN Lodego.

selection

yalam R

a8 Chan

Chapter V.

tions of

Proverbs, Quotations, and Mottos.

gems of

Proverbs do not hold the same dignified position in Mala-

that the

Sabha b

yalam that they do in English, nor are they of the same

general occurrence in the writings and speeches of the educat-

From

will bg |

ed Malayalee.

They occur but rarely in Malayalam poetry,

and when they do, their plebeian garb is usually exchanged

the ifeys

they are

for a more refined one; and it is in this latter form that they

are generally quoted in classical Malayalam. A good many

‘B&rking d

frighten ay

of them are vulgar, a few are colloquial, and only a very

m@@@(@m

limited number ever attain to the position of their English

@\WAO% &0

cousins.

0]

It thus happens that Europeans frequently fall into the

Chaff? ng

error of introducing in the midst of a solemn discourse in

& brothey §

Malayalam some proverbs that are low and vulgar in form,

*Dr. i

though they may contain great truths, to the great detriment

and Pogipy,

Plation ty ¢

ALY

ST

73

The Malayalam proverbs have

}j‘mb oy

of the gravity of the subject.

not yet received any systematic treatment, and beyond a

AMIBM

bare collection of a thousand of them by the Basel German

Society, Malayalam is yet without any work on proverbs.

Nor are they to be met with in its literature with anything

verls;

like the copiousnmess or frequency with which they occur

) il

in other languages.

The Malayalam proverbs may there-

fore be said to remain still unwritten and to dwell chiefly

on the tongue of the middle classes.

In searching for proper equivalents therefore the student

W= a0

will have to ransack Malayalam literature and listen to,

and note down carefully, the conversation of the true Mala-

ag)@mmﬁ

yalee middle class society.

The difficulty of the task 1s

%3!

enhanced by the absence of any work on quotations or any

Z(\&go.

selections in prose or poetry to fall back upon. The Mala-

yalam Readers in use in our schools are either entire works

as Chanakyasutram and Panchatantram, or prose transla-

tions of English pieces. No attempt is yet made to cull the

gems of Malayalam literature, and it is a matter for surprise

i Mala-

that the ‘Vernacular Literature Society’, or the ‘Bhashapdshini

Sabha’ has not made any attempt in this direction.*

Lie same

From the collection of equivalent proverbs given below, it

) educats

will be seen that very few are exact equivalents both as to

) poetry,

the édeas they embody and the form of expression in which

(changed

they are clothed; a few such may, however, be noticed; as—

that they

‘Barking dogs seldom bite’ &0@s0als) &S )@,

‘Burn not your house to

od many

¢Care’s no cure’

frighten away the mice’ ageflo® ©@ogyaIMd @S0 2YOSIRY.

- Vel‘y

mw@@mrmﬂma am@ailgy.

‘Do not kick against the pricks’ ©&g® 20

Fnglish

BOMIS STOBD.

‘Give and spend and God will send’ @aNE @MY )l

@0 mamocd aflango @@ @A &TE R )Bs0.

‘Every corn has its

chaff’ emgilad aldlclegyam aio.

‘An enemy near at hand is better than

1nfo the

a brother far off’ gEG@® IMPHAIEHID @R BB (@) mgl- But in

course il

#Dr. Gundert once published an Antholog‘y containing selections in Prose

i forth

and Poetry.

A second edition of it has just appeared and it is under comtem-

plation to continue the series.— Hd.

dfriment

—

74

the majority of cases they differ both as to the syntactic form

is expr

and the verbal arrangement, and sometimes

(1) a general

iThe use

statement in one language is met by a particular instance in

(Unused 1

the other, aS——*Venture a small fish to catch a large one’ ©&emuab BB @Y

ssalw

O&®H0g QWIOM Qidaemo. (Bait a prawn to catch a carp). The English pI‘OVGI‘b

the great

here makes but a general statement and advises the baiting

pumber

of any small fish for catching a large one; but Malayalam

frequent

particularises the kind of small fish to be used as bait and

or the

the kind of large fish to be secured thereby. So also in the

tional o

instances ‘Be slow to promise, quick to perform BYMOIG(EgLjo BYULO&IG

and im|

#9g). (Give an elephant but never the hope of a present).

‘Blessings are not

the peoy

valued till they are gone’ ®smGolswocal Gerleabo S0 @dly. (Sight is not

ariginat

valued till you lose your eyes). ‘Crooked by nature is never made straight’ anod)

sake of

(Put a dog’s tail in a straight

oo e eseswellailgonjo m@emﬂ%.

EXPIessi

reed-tube and it will be crooked still).

‘Cut your coat according to the cloth’

cally i

Qiailae avaimo .afleinjedmeaiemo.

(Let the expenses be regulated by the

You wish f

income).

‘He that hath nothing is afraid of nothing’ ajo®lgjEmQIMOEEMEY

ete

(01

@l@g|S1? (He who has no house, is not afraid of fire).

(2) In some cases

virtaons is

the items of comparison, or the examples chosen for illustrat-

that hath o

ion might differ, as the objects and features familiar to one

10f the logs

country and nation might be unknown and unfamiliar to

8ong) g

another,

The following are a few examples of this class.

Dénemes;

‘The lost fish is the biggest ‘Gatow Q__]m()-] aleflw o__\mr)]’.

(The lost pig

Q@b pg

is the biggest).

‘A thief knows a thief as a wolf knows a wolf’ &g cem oeg

solf” manh

¢Between

=och @od)emy@s; 0 19mIlEm 0 10 NMVBI0) Eoamy@s.

thiﬂg‘ iS goo

two stools you fall to the ground’ @sng G@Y95MIWIOd ©98}PAILID Balosal.

Withoot o o

‘Do not make fish of one and flesh of another’ & o 106LIMRO &an G20

Is Silenceg!

000 OISO .

‘Fear not the loss of the bell more than the loss of the

away the

steeple’ @M @K@t ailomn @moé\ egﬂﬂ% @®s? ‘Had I fish, it is good

Select g

without salt’ GQ)OQ D10 8 Ll 0 10 GaiMmey,

‘I talk of chalk and you of

lb)’CUS, B!

ouatgiy

cheese’ @Ybaa )@ 0 IS,

¢One beats the bush and another has the

St of

hare’ @RSIHB0D00100d H0INE® O aimoe auemnd 2000000,

Wwod)y

(3) It is not rare to meet with examples where the same idea

H0 g1

AR

75

e

¢ form

is expressed by obverse statements in different languages, as—

oneral

‘The used key is always bright’ @(acaalo ol AN 6)HS0.

ance In

¢tAn old fox understands the trap’ engaoab

(Unused iron and trade decay).

JES)

HSAITF o,

(A young stag understands not the trap).

‘Empty vessels make

proverh

(4) In a very large

the greatest sound’ afloa10@o @BmI@W gy ete.

number of instances the syntactic forms of the proverbs do

haiting

ayalan

frequently differ and that to a very great extent, the assertive

ait and

or the imperative of one language being met by the condi-

0 1 the

tional or the interrogative in the other; and indeed the terse

098G

and impressive forms in which the hobnailed philosophy of

o3 ate 00

the people is often cast would seem to suggest that their

oht Iy nob

originators readily sacrificed every other consideration for the

ghi’ covel)

sake of a jingling rhyme, an apt illustration or a Laconic

a stroight

expression; so much so, that many proverbs are left grammati-

the clofh”

cally incomplete: as instances of this class I may quote:—‘It

ted by the

you wish for good advice consult an old man’ @BCMIND QB0 2@ omea]len QYo

¢He that walketh with the

QIS

ete

(Old man’s words and ripe gooseberry).

‘He

me (ases

virtuous is onme of them’ mpjAIB®IS G0IANICH ME® Qi GS.

lustrat-

that hath nothing is afraid of nothing’ ajod)gpo@aiceees @lsais). ‘Fear

1 £0 0ne

not the loss of the bell more than the loss of the steeple’ @M &)@ aildan

niliar o

Bmog) @sp'\._pé@ﬁs? ¢Grows are never the whiter for washing’ @003 )010@b

i class.

O@0IN@:E20? ‘A colt you may break, but an old horse you never can’ ERSH

The lost pig

@iwodd 2 @ ealente SYasIwosan? ‘What! keep a dog, and bark my-

self’ b &Lsamemo2Ecd MIam 8al800em329? ¢Too much of one

g6 88

thing is good for nothing’ a@;(ﬂeg__\om)a(o?) &y 18g 0.

‘What’s an army

(Befween

withoat a general’? mMOLAMARY 0 ISAOH0.

“When goid speaks every tongue

) galofEl

is silenced’ o0 aloana®mo alwleh & aiemo.

‘When the cat is

) B 620

away the mice will play’ ogoidlgy aflgleal egeilowsgooal.

(5) A

Toss of the

select number involve special allusions as the cranes of

p, it I good

Ibycus, ‘If the mountain will not come to Mohamet, Mohamet must go to the

ond o f

mountain,’

The wearer knows best where the shoe pinches’ HQIgE O 1ees

fher has the

01083, 0318w auIsMdl, ‘mm']ms@cz@qg@% MR SBmM Q@%’. ¢ 01608905 |YOS

@O@Omo'

1@od)an agedho 966 adlgd.t pesmo CaleWedo Qmﬂ&)@@’. ‘@sd)

same 128

£ED 29 9S)Es , BT S0 OSIFo Balodw’.

o

The above is a rapid analysis of some of the most frequent

phrase

verbal disguises in which the same proverbial ideas appear in

A dicti(.

different languages. How a study of proverbs even of a single

fage.

language is educating and refining in its effects, has been

Malaya

amply dwelt upon by Trench and other able writers; it there-

Jargely

fore goes without saying that a comparison of them in differ-

A bad jac

ent languages, must perforce be much more useful and inter-

A bad thi

A bad wo

esting. Nothing tends to the illustration of a nation’s charac-

ter better than these sayings —lessons in History, Geography,

A bird o

bush,

and Natural history may be fossilised in them, and no one

A black h

will ever repent the time and labour he spends over an inves-

A blind 1

tigation of them. It is undoubtedly a slur upon the patriotic

looking

feelings of the Malayalees for their mother-tongue that no

A bt ¢

attempt is hitherto made to collect and arrange them; it is

true as already pointed out that the Malayalam proverbs have

A child 1

mother’

not that dignified appearance which would entitle them to be

4 ohip of

freely and aptly used in classical Malayalam, but still it is

Al

necessary that something should be done in this direction,

accusat;

and that ere long.

A close me

A old 3

The student will carefully note the changes of Jorm which

fall and

proverbs assume in English and in Malayalam: it will help

A ot 0

him a good deal in choosing appropriate equivalents, and will

hors 1

prevent him from being staggered at their apparent diversity

4 oropkeq

at first sight, and above all, it will call forth one of the most

A oroy f

A ourseq o

important faculties in a student—that of recognising points

of similarity under difference.

It is needless to remark that

X ourseq g

translations of proverbs can never be proverbs.

They are

A ourgy |

pre-eminently indigenous growth that can ill bear transplant-

A deluge of

ing.

The best he can do is to give the equivalent proverbs

A diam()nd

if he can lay hold of them, or give quotations containing the

g dun;

same ¢deas; and only when both these sources fail should he

A fir f

think of translating them.

For further information on the

A fail‘ fﬂce 1

A ftng

subject, the student is referred to Brewer’s Dictionary of

—

SR

1

-

't uent

phrase and fables, and Trench’s excellent work on Proverbs.

pear in

A dictionary of quotations may also be consulted with advan-

) single

tage. I give below a few of the English proverbs with their

S heen

Malayalam equivalents, which it is hoped the student will

t there-

largely supplement by his own observations and researches.

1 differ.

[gy.

A bad jack may have as bad a jill.

G 0m gD aflmesl.

4 intep-

A bad thing never dies.

@RIQYEE Mo Zas1oel Halggo AUOQD

charac-

A bad workman quarrels with his tools.

OIUOMN G 26 & RIAIAFEMoO.

A bird in the hand is worth two in the

afSlaclomys allg 1082 )

graphy,

bush.

oo W¥lo® aloHWL.

10 0neé

A

black hen will lay a white egg

SO 388 HAIZOD PsIg.

1 107es-

A

blind man will not thank you for 2

SARSEMOTCAQIAD HemoS] &oge

looking glass.

Gn106)el,

patiotic

that 10

burnt child dreads the fire.

235O QIER OB e aflemoegel olo1®Ql

820 SHMRIBD A0S0,

m; i 18

child may have too muach of his

@R Gal1000)W Adego @A Gald

rhs have

mother’s blessing.

00 @ @B3¥)NYo.

' f0 be

chip of the old block.

ERQ A8 T @b a 1@ Wegy B gBo?

atill it 18

clear coanscience laughs at false

accusations.

@) HDINSHTHBLl OIS .

Jirection,

close mouth catches no flies.

903D ay.ol egeflew afls)eswilgy.

cold May and windy makes a barn

SoBONA 29O IQIT &g |OWEI0

G.aldqQ,

o which

full and findy.

colt you may break, but an old

ERSERIRIT 2S)Wled OBl D

gill help

6OB0OBRID?

‘horse you never can.

aud will

crooked tree has a crooked shadow.

QI3 60D BEOR AR 8IS WS lwd.

diversity

crow thinks its own bird the fairest.

S0n8s @amilgs calombailes.

the most

cursed cow has short horas.

&0 ods OSImilgy.

SHNBean MIPOM SHQES 1DSHSEMO.

g points

®

cursed cur should be short tied. }

SQOAD alwailam

®

nark that

curtain lecture.

@eI oM @000,

They aré

deluge of words and a drop of sense.

@m0 018 EPg|al @ 8.

ansplat-

Eg

diamond is valuable though it lies

| provel‘bs

on a dung-hill.

@&n’\m@ g @ailgoejo diawo.

ming the

A fair face may be foul bargain.

aozmagﬂg%u Q16m) &N,

@OSHAD SO IRYPo AJOMD o IO’ 1Yo,

should he

A fair face may hide a foul heart.

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

aQUBHBES

HM 83N

2R EIMNBLY0

eIy,

onaty 0

78

After a storm comes a calm.

A reconcile

2@ Saimeallamom Qlsho.

After clouds comes clear weather.

|

A full purse makes the mouth speak

eaig o asemgneesch oo )ah

A ralling 86

A scalded d

e@aTlwm ™M) o®o.

A full purse never lacks friends.

@A) ag)3 6o 9@d @Yo Hods. omegy

&) M2, @b a@)&ﬂcﬁ)’“%b@(‘m}o og)@o.

A glip of th

cB@IMZH e 2 @YIMZME ,

¢d; bat

A good servant should have good

SO IMsom @ef),

never.

wages.

2T )BAN S YNS QANDSSBRBD .

Ask my com

A good present need not knock long for

admittance.

™D 5l ZeIAD GModso.

A small gpa

A great ship must have deep water.

@owres @¥les adlares s,

A sfranger

A great tree hath a great fall,

Qe aflpemiod wmSlweg joglow.

brother f

A good name is sooner lost than won.

A thief know

2@ AUMADANEMO0QH al®uS)

Mo,

2O WEBBEULID B CE00

4 Wolf,

QJQ@@_E@OO.

A wilfal ma

A honey tongue, a heart of gall.

A wise heac

209 ) En @ e a0 199 cOBEWE a0Al)

abRlo, QW .AIEHE, HOE HSIBNO.,

A vise man

A hungry dog will eat dung.

wd)o®>sah ayaf) adgo @ lawo.

comes o |

A hungry man is an angry man.

alleeamismos &g la10ow@ogy,

4 young ty

A jest driven too far brings home hate,

&g S10Q dso.

an old tre

A joyful evening may follow a sorrow-

@oailoal G;esmaiad ey afld)

ful morning.

R0

[times.

Action iy the

A lame traveller should get out be-

ST SaIGED o j09Ng|BSemo.

A liar is not believed when he speaks

SBQ) aloymaith BmMd al10emDIejo

After g stopy

the truth.

@Yo aflveaavlesxlgy.

Against - Gog

A lie hath no feet.

&g aflan ooeflgy.

thondey )

A little body often harbours a great

@dlwaim emsIw mycy).

9.21Q®

soul.

SQD asem)ee Allmo.

A long tongue has short hand.

QIR aIED OO OEHIEND.

Al coret g1

A man that keeps riches and enjoys

@ G0 @ 68 9 @ 0 1Y HSITMEME ) @n0

All arg pt f

them not, is like an ass that carries

IDIH, @O MNQBeR ARG )0y jog )y

All fellowg g4

gold and eats thistle.

A Ba1IeAl,

Allis ot gl

A man’s wealth is his enemy.

@R@OAMN 00,

Al 0ng, byt

A mouse must not think to cast a

Ways,

shadow like an elephant,

2®)R1050B0_1062] 6).0)E8MIIOISEA0 P

A new broom sweeps clean.

ojomaboaIgn a4@g {00 @S )eso.

fottune baf

An ill life, an ill end.

BIY &0 i8I0 ©.alQYD .0l0QjodhiLlo

6mMoo.,

Ing are fh

the gate

A pin a day is a groat a year.

@)oo 22006M) ERQAIADRME.,

Alng are the

79

A reconciled friend is a double énemy.

UMPAISBM (1@ LE@DUMASIBR

&mo

Rl

A rolling stone gathers no moss.

@ailg {1oa)1 @gflan aye gy.

A scalded dog fears cold water.

£245®eR B )ah aflem oyl alei®Ql

880 &M20ad A9So.

&, ngﬁ

20 o) (o,

A slip of the foot may be soon recover-

agladmlan aflemocd agSante Qo

e,

ed; bat that of the tongue perhaps

D@dmlan aflemocd oSO @GS,

never.

SHRA .

Ask my companion if I am a thief.

Q) HIMNEHR0D B3 cﬁﬂgﬁ%o &HE8 OM

B 19681 & @ )88 ?

NIdRo,

A small spark makes a great fire.

@Yo ABEMRYo :0.0) 2.

018)

A stranger close by is better than a

gREOm EIMHAIGId BOG )& CE

’S:PQW'

brother far off.

A thief knows a thief as a wolf knows

o)

HBE BN SRS FHod mcﬂm@% a10mi)

@300

a wolf.

‘8 cwomil®moad @B oy @S-

A wilful man never wants woe.

@OBAMOAT) I Bs0 BRCEDOATI IBs0 AMATI)

A wise head has a close mouth to it.

[y

30 0/

aeoim dlegewlgl.

h 00800,

A wise man will make tools of what

QIIBEGER QIAD ajp@0QYWo.

\mo,

comes to him.,

BRSH WISEmIod 2S5 1 )@ Haianlo &

s

A young twig is easier twisted than

an old tree.

PORIWIGRIN? RS WO PSR %0,

2EIWIBRAID ?

glg 4]

Action is the proper fruit of knowledge.

oo al10)@O®G A ey, ©ed

S6Mo.

@@om@omaﬂma@@ anelo QIM.

After a storm comes a calm.

B MIQYOHMER NI aldLg.

0106000}

Against God’s wrath

no castle is

DL 10Dl 0o 2l0eAIMOS.alRIN AT

b

thunder proof.

oD@ )e:a @0 §a10Q 62 G

a0 18Ee M),

|

9200

288 o 8RO @%ﬂmjem.

All covet all lose.

[&d-

j

@10 @) 0RO O B @R @®No.

All are not friends that speak me fair.

g 9.0l |ElBeMO@mRJ0 01OBIT 1@

;gaasaﬂw

A1l fellows at football,

e )ed aniog | 2aab.

Aogs'9

All is not gold that glitters.

Alapano@eye Haloangy GEodo.

All one, but their meat must go two

&g Qo afldlgo @arlay, QYo QW

WayS.

Qo HAIBANO.

All the world will beat the man whom

omigee?

&emoo)ad aflem elard)es S0 a0

fortune buffets.

OQo @ 6M.

mé}m&)»

Alms are the golden key that opens

WMH2MEE HHBA aICMILj @GOS

139@)9

o &

Ba10(T30.

[ @ am.

the gate of heaven.

Alms are the salt of riches.

M@{gﬁ@@.

CIU%)WD(DOEJ')WJO @BMM MBEMeMo oM

Ay

80

Among the people Scoggin is the doctor.

Q991300 Mog @b @(ﬂ%mnb QJomunb.

Barn not

the mi

An acute word cuts deeper than a

sharp weapon.

But belp

@@alG eYyo a16)ofl50 OeQIg Mgy,

An artist lives everywhere.

allesod U ayRewmd.

myself

An occasion lost cannot be redeemed.

Gaow enyBY) M aseil oy aflog

&gy,

An old fox understands a trap.

@8 20b &HSaIa W,

Buying an

As bitter as gall.

960D |0 B0 ) @momm@:g&u '

By the str

As black as coal.

af the |

SHQOD , HQOD HA)EeS GalIeel.

As clear as a bell.

(all not

& e @1 )amn ®.algo Balvel,

As clear as crystal.,

(e,g'pn)os']g\g% Baioeal,

wounde

Cares 10 ¢

As the old co}ck erows so crows the

young.

Charity be

@) &Sy aag%‘ &) QYo &S )dso.

As red as a cherry.

0189 lg o Galoeal,

Come uneg

As you sow so shall you reap.

OSIRITh OME aid)ay. AllomEs

Canstant ¢

N @D HDPo.

Avarice increases with wealth,

@388 @b ©aloan @0 ds 0

Covet noth

LN O 12488 (0B 28).

Crooked b

Barking dogs seldom bite.

SOHRAN MNIW) &Sl lay.

sfraight,

Beauty without bounty avails naught.

BRYSI®BA SR,

aNudN@man

Croms are |

a)d)@s0.

ing,

Bent whilst it is a twig.

22 @)BaN QB &6Mo; FARIGHAD BS)

Cupid §s

AeBmIdd & ilg larasees smo.

Cut your o

Be slow to promise, quick to perform.

@YMORNISEFLJ0 EYUWANSHISENE.

Better half a loaf than no bread.

B5d1g)oom 04105109 B &HMBo OGO

Danger pagt

6130 B30,

Better one word in time than two after-

gaoiled alosweEm Adle® alo

Death gefyg

wards.

wey.

Deceiving f

Better

penny

in

silver than any

2S )@ EpdlYsncem o caloeez

Desperaty

brother.

aflg cadlessemes,

Care,

Between two stools fall to the bottom.

Qg Cooem lwleh &oey Halo® Balo

Dot

el

Bind fast find fast.

[sip the broth.

CHROD M0 S&HS gy,

Boil a stone in butter and yoa may

&S @S WG SHaIQo B.alWo.

Dist

ance Jong,

Blessings are not valued till they are

SHEMBGa 100Gl @gg’)anbo S0P W

Do ot i

gone.

Ay

Do wot 1oy

Bring not a bagpie to a man in troub-

@aiemas @2emo Caldlgy; ERRIBQl

le

amas aflemalnmnews.

Do gy

{ mﬂke

Building castles in the air.

@YSIROBITh 5 OBHGH; BBMD

othey,

@2E3)0 aNavd)es.

AN welly |

81

b Qleweh,

Burn not your house to frighten away

agellow @us’\% aJ® oJ50@d og)ei)

the mice.

219519 @ HOIaDo Galido.

JE

But help me to money aund I'll help

amgdamgaaﬂmb agaf) &BeMITDao

myself to friends.

og) Qo

@0@) ogC)emoicd @YD)

b g

@0 &0B9;, a@®IGB0 © HEH B @Y

[losing.

IMRASE.

[&o.

Buying and selling is but winning and

S 01SOB 1D 2198QJ0 CalmQo © OB

By the street of By-and-by one arrives

Mg sl moisa ) allemal)

L1098l

at the house of never.

®gyan (Tﬂ%mlo.

J,

Call not a surgeon before you are

wounded.

HMNITMITD HO VI 81O,

Care’s no cure,

@0 W BLHU M) I AN I8y,

b &Slam

Charity begins at home.

@@:al0 QIS WeRo .18

Come uncalled sit unserved.

aNg ®moe®m axmmocd aflg mie® Saio

B emo.

oot

Constant dropping wears the stone.

D BMYO Do BOYYo.

méhe

‘Covet nothing overmuch

@ 0318@%00 al@o -alaflSo.

never

made

2]

Crooked by nature is

o ombo anm eiseswailallgoale

straight.

QgD .

;‘x;mmﬂmm

Crows are never the whiter for wash-

ing.

&099&HE ) 0100 OB ENIS:EDD.

gm% @SW

Cupid is blind.

H0200 )M He3)ey.

Cut your coat according to the cloth.

aieallansom oflaioy; aieaflar’ av

3ggemo.

@00 .aflalay ALnealemo.

°

SR

) 00 O

Danger past and God forgotten.

a10Rlo HSHREQIIB 0 MNIVIWEM, A_10Blo

HSaNIBd GEIWeM.

Death defies the doctor.

ERAVMZ®, IOV a0 )gy.

Wow oo

Deceiving «of deceiver is no knavery.

SHFQAUBMIG SR @ PB @,

b Hoimeod

Desperate cuts must have desperate

2 PomeImilMm IO VS );

OR®

cure.

2e8 @Y¥les dlages ais).

Difficulties give way to diligence.

DON0ZER 0 JBEnad @3 )EHn0 TR

aogi &0

Ca®mQ Mo @IABRZWR0 alIRd)gy;

aslayeg;oad] @RMe Wgdso.

Distance lends enchantment to the view.

0 3O a3a), CMI08 SO alol.

210

Do not kick against the prick.

ODF)QW AEBOVIS RODRD).

bo g%

Do not look a gift horse in the mouth.

200 &5 auwailaabo aigy Mo

Ls 2l

Do not make fish of one and flesh of

AN alINLIaN. AR GAINRAMo QY

)

)

0

another,

DR .

26m)

)@gﬁ‘;

Drawn wells have sweet water.

eomdl@ &lemodlea poayes.

6

82

Had [ fish

Early sow, early mow.

&0e1oom ofl®0)0th SHIHOD B0

@0

He doubles

[oado

Empty vessels make the greatest round.

He gives b

Aloan@e @gmYR); @Oy PEC B8

Every one puts his fault on times.

@IMINADO B0 BLLYNS &Oo.

He may ill

Every tide hath its ebb.

B oGO0 A BT OGN0,

not talk

Every why has a wherefore.

B26Mo QBEMES; @b B galo Balemo,

Examples are better than precepts.

He maust st

LOTVMIT S Mo BEYwEyo.

Every corn has its chaff.

amglleh @@mmilogjm cimean.

Every man for himself.

@23md &B)ojallad @oamond ;

o ab

He nombers

DOD W VHLIBDG.

Fair féathers make fair fouls.

S0BNLINJ0 PBN0.01AWQ 0.

He refuseth

Fair words fill not the belly,

He that br

100N HOB Wodd @@ QYo

gy

door ope

Fair words please fools.

@3y BRI OB gEmmo (@IAVO

He that by

che@,o.

.

mst el

Fame is in the keeping of the mob,

alawaienabo amo

g2 )ewonabo

He that g

200X )EBD.

Ho that 200

Fast bind fast find.

G20 a0 GBS ey,

ing,

Faults are thick where love is thin.

@@gzﬂ%o&gﬂ%" DDISODEY0 BOT0.

HG that giv‘

Fear not the loss of the bell more than

@M &¥lesto alloan Smosg) &,gﬂﬁ%

outto us

the loss of the steeple.

B&eS?

He that £0¢s

Few things in the world will bear too

k He that gt

much refining,

o@0.afl@o B95eg g0,

]

should hg

From yielders all things take.

QAIMPCEB So 2. J9OB 0.

Frost and fraud have foul ends.

p@g o_ﬂm% afles.

Ho that hyg

Give and spend and God will send.

@MY @M @larl@anic alloan

He that hor

Qo @YD @ariId@so.

Pains for

Give an inch and he will take an ell.

allem eaidmnd aunale OIS cmID

He

lat’y mg

® E®Eb 6)QIBR0,

with colts

Give not pearls to the hogs.

@oa3lan oyl &l5lw Gaieal,

a1d work |

Go down the ladder when thou marriest

aailod ogglw sinyomlo, @amlad Qi

Ho thyt ligth

a wife; go up when thou choosest

pilw a1e30@); @ ladsg |we Hal

10 lowee,

a friend.

enbe’od); @arleh clellwm .ai16080

@)

He thyt

Iins

God helps those who help themselves.

@0RLo @D @PRVo OB,

He th

God never sends mouth but he sends

at Shfll‘!

0 pardgy,

meat.

Q) &)3)ows e Mmoo delldso.

fle thy

8in I}

Good mind, good ﬁﬁd.

o) oload gsalleanmao,

Upon 4 Saty

Good watch prevents harm,

e, e’

Grasp all, lose all.

¢ that Stealy

988 o ea_msvcsmbq%'\cmam.

L

83

M O

Had I fish ’tis good without salt.

S0 OMEH; I ©

o BQioMe),

[y,

He doubles his gift who gives in time,

[ G0S0m BT ST OGS OB

1

o 9

He gives twice that gives in a trice.

05 )1OSISOD anllo.

&000,

He may ill run that cannot go. He must

MSee0nb ald)eemaellan gean &5

)

not talk of running that cannot go.

Q1 a10)Be®D ;

) 8U6Mo,

0SB0 ZHMISIT M IOFE].

[GTDO;

He must stoop that hath a low door.

@INMIHANEG MIWITH, BN OB D |8

20,

AINLPOHINZ MIWID HASERJ 01 QIBHEMo.

)

He numbers the waves.

@0 QI ) EOWsMEIeM alsm3); o)

{his hand.

Wod HSAOD:.

He refuseth the bribe but putteth forth

9918 ad a1emo QIIBZBMIeA.

Dy

He that bringeth a prgsent finds the

door open.

ORI Q1@ AT GMIAs.

He that by the plough would thrive

o (v

must either hold or drive.

SCBOMAT0 HBOMAB0 B)d WIS,

Nswaanto

He that gets out of debt grows rich.

&So aflS woah tomo.

He that goes borrowing goes a sorrow-

&S0 &oaind.

ing.

He that gives to a grateful man puts

2% @000

out to usury.

&M O&somailog esdlesoalo.

i3) @913l

He that goes softly goes safely.

PR IMITd Zego @ lanio,

He that hath no silver in his purse,

2S00 9g)H; Iah MOAmE: BQIeMo;

should have silver in his tongue.

o9lod cod)egys o anwle o

Q@@ 8ali6mo.

He that has nothing is afraid of nothing.

a0 gjomaIaeEeE) @)l Wo.

njeb o

AN

He that hordeth up money taketh

MNO0AIWMD BOSIWE .2l@nEAWD

@ )amo.

30

pains for otber men.

a@agmm

He that’s manned with boys "and hors’d

with colts shall have his meat eaten

allgg o aiemolgiem);

adlggd a6 @nodso.

Bolt0Rl

and work undone.

He that lieth upon the ground can fall

@028 wiah WSlaeaoon

bl

& W)

0y a\mﬂf‘) w

no lower.

g 00 9™

eelc @_’)_QCQﬂ%;

goicmac gw

gy

g 498

He that runs fast will not run long.

a_196m) QD & @o.

He that sharply chides is most ready

mod)eges AWM alldlwres.

EHo

[0l

to pardon.

ICe8 08M @Q@%.

He that sings on a Friday shall weep

o @9’]@30:

upon a Saturday.

san of1d)oj0i0b neg & ®po.

[

He that steals may hide.

SO aid)lopm Gsmayaind aid)

BO6YNO0.

022,

6*

—

84

—

He that strikes with his tongue must

In times

Moy alosmplseg e Galodo Odoes

ward with his head.

ma af3)es .

(2enQR).

plenty.

one an

He that takes too great a leap falls

[

into the ditch.

1 talk of ¢

poandlne meglwich oo My

He that walketh with the virtuous is

21@Mo @ l@Id .alaBMo Aemdso;

It ds ll s

one of them,

|

mggm@(oogfs_oj(‘r'no%’o MR8 AINGS.

Lightly co

He that wants health

wants every-

Like maste

DAV H2OHANAD B.2108 ) 219HMOR M

thing.

Look befor

@ galyo 22000 0U5) GSIO®a

@mMo.

Love i3 bli

He that cannot be counselled cannot

@IBAMOIOT B0 BAHEMAT) /&30 @a))

Man, a bal

be helped.

gy

He that will not sail till all dangers

oo msm:—ﬂ% &g |ab &9500b O

Man propo

are over, must never put to sea.

a0 Gal1odAl.

He who has an art has every-where

Many a ltt

a part,

afleoad Q@ oyRcweb.

Measure i

He who would catch fish must not

Merzy is 1

mind getting wet.

A& MMEIOD Alab o L) enos29.

to the r

He who spends more than he should,

BQIMRIH® (WIRIE oo GaisEEEA

shall not have to spend when he

SO ®PIWIE 180,

Might s

should,

®

Misfortunes

High trees have great fall.

Moneg is op

High winds blow on high hills.

!

aim@o aflwemiods @;S"I‘Gvs)g:lo@"l@.

Nost haste,

His promises are lighter than the

Noney make

breath that utters them.

@PQINTO 010BR0 A1 al0BR0 GBS0,

Musie helps

Hold not a candle to the devil.

SR M ays ajlSldngy.

No at is ay

BMNM®d al0MDITd CMENHED BGa_iddho.

Honesty is the best policy.

No one'ig p

Hunger is the best sauce.

o_ﬂwgzﬂcrﬁ’ &HO)BQIME),

day

If I am a master and you are master

a0 BE B SHWI IR og)S

N0 paing

who will drive the asses.

g4oab @d caieMe?

No viper ¢

If the mountain will not come to

@ )o1@ BRI NSHNEMDIT MNSAN® )

(TR fl

Mohamed, Mohamed must go to the

3al HME IBBHEMo.

mounrtain,

ihe hare,

If you play with boys, you must take

afogg e DMOIRSINSRY.

e e g ¢

boys play.

fou o g

If you wish good advice consult an old

%@momm

QldBR0

22 omey esQo

man,

gaoiled @guo allom awéao.

One faﬂ]er 0

Il got, ill spent.

S5O 2ySBGalodo.

ten ehilg,

Ill weeds grow apace.

IS@8 @8 QIgo BQIED,

fﬂtherl

In at one ear and out at the other.

DI @S) CoHS BOEND B @S)

Ga o).

YO the p,

#ack,

—

85

—

In times of prosperity friends will be

RO RNTEH @ og)QIRYME, BD)

ho Mx:g@

]

plenty.

In times of adversity not

dlagmld emdley.

[

one amongst twenty.

@3 «g)@? IV,

90 0927

I talk of chalk and you of cheese.

[ 08y.

2maso;

It is ill standing in deadman’s shoes.

lE‘rDé_)é(Tb 2D H5)6L1I000d O&Id )

UGS

Lightly come lightly go.

&SSO 2J5B8a oS0,

BDN® M

Like master like man.

QORI @LOD &30,

Look before you leap.

aflgandlan oo afalo GmModnemo.

@Smal

Love is blind.

S0P I Sy lay.

&30 {g’ﬂ

R0 198 G g &HOa8an Galidel,

Man, a ‘bubble.

alglo zoacecgjcég @) REMIMWo.

A 66nm)

Man'proposes, God disposes.

OS] Gaomar adlgy, alludl Gauo

I QJ(@3.

Many a little makes a mickle.

aa1@es) Oameaigao.

Measure is a treasure.

@900t @ &ajo BPE M @ Hemo.

Merry is the feast making till we come

Semasg les es aflgan’ @)oo

ﬂém“’Za

to the reckoning.

0a19@ )8R0, HEOMDHNSTY BMIB

Qe

[right.

Smiodh d.g1ejo g )olelo.

Might overcomes

Might is

right.

@ dees U &Idnn.

[6)5.

Misfortunes seldom come single.

CWISHHAMO QAUBEMEATY GSSOO

Money is omnipotent,

Mol Flo® ol al0ds)gy.

waaaa“m.

Most haste, worst speed.

@@ W@ IO ®IRAIVo.

Money makes the man,

QI6MEe e E; 18al BeNRes .

Music helps not tooth-ache. :

wyaIsaemas aleman@m a10d)gy.

0680 BA0:

No cat is averse to fish.

Sl nzo QIO 04019 gy,

No one is his craft’s master the first

)0} 8o,

a10ldsa@lae gemi p@mesd @Y

day

&gy

No pains no gains.

@900 ERVBIWIN® o OSSR IBR0?

No viper so little but hath its venom.

aS)eameQo 2ef) EpOoWo @s)gJonb.

One beats the bush and another has

s cosmol

@RS IOH@E8 D SaidEgo alemo Qo

the hare,

oRo0b 20EE@IMRo; GHOEYo ®aigo ol

eflods, alge Q@ alem)ends.

One eye of the master sees more than

@OEIOIDO HEPOBHINE EMIBSAN G )

3

four of the servants.

Cn&mod @0 ollesles o@g

BMIdsanN® AT .

One father can support ten children,

S @A oD 29998 ©al0Qo,

| Z@&Ou

ten children cannot support one

IO 2D AEMOW GalioQd

father.

&

gy

(Open the purse and then open the

sack.

o 9] led @oo @oengIed Galog.

86

&So &opiab.

The moor

Ouat of debt, outp of danger.

Out of sight, out of mind.

of dog

go aflgimbeaizoe aflg.

Penny and penny laid up will be many.

@O0 @2026m) ERQAITBRMER,

The peril

Penny wise and pound foolish.

&G @QJO(DB(TD@ 0610 BIYN Bl

ed

There ot

@AON® Semgy.

were 1

Poor folks are glad of pottage.

DLPODAIBE BIYRAIS YoM,

Prate is prate’ tis money buys theland.

PRIQTIOG ® 00), 0 IMAR ) N 0®o,

Put another man’s child in your bosom

@PRISDOGHM BYOITE Ba 1303 )Wo

The river

and he’ll creep out at your elbow.

ejo @YEICDO® @YDICDO® @

The thor

Put not the hand between the bark

@amn.

and the tree,

Tha weare

aflodled @.ooch 3@osal gdly.

Set a beggar on horse-back and he’ll

pinches

@RELaD ERMNo &S )@Ich ERERLEIE)

ride to the devil.

N R A

The used

Set a thief to cateh a thief.

SEp 8D & ER B 0IS Jsuy @3-

To add fife

Sit in your place and no one can make

To naugh

you rise,

maigs adlamomd @eids aVRo.

naught

Sluggards are never great scholars.

Too much

apailes ailg) @lgy.

Smoke of one’s house is better than the

@abo @$g{Ital oy EYEINDO

fire of another’s.

s {)cer @lewaenid man; @ad)

Too much ¢

OGN® FOZHMEH|GaImal)s oabo

Too mugh

@.0f) @0 lY.

Smooth waters run deep.

HARNA BP0 N IDd BHeflae &¥)

Tothing,

Too tog il

(1)) 67_9_\%0.

So many countries so many customs.

@QMoISIeh agQEIx.

To stea] 4

@S )Wsess ) a0 lwo;

i alms,

Spare the rod and spoil the child. {

@RS )E@IBo MMMNE) ERENINMI].

To steql 1

Strike when it is hot.

o m&:SmIodd aiafldsemo.

in glm,

Such a father, such a son.

@Lnd mflRe LGS 0.

Tread ()

Talk of the deyil and his imps appear.

SWOROMOOHAN N of @Bame@d Al

Tvoof g 1

me@%amamm GmeaMo.

That is not always good in the maw

that is sweet in the mouth.

Q@B MQD AU@OGIaNIS:D.

Use makeg |

That, that is forced, is not forcible.

9 a0 @ WO | @oad © 0@ 18gjodko.

Venture g,

The best mirror is an old friend.

0106089 | NHANE @ SHeMIS | BAI=D,

We knoy Iy

The

that

boughs

bear most hang®

' ]lll‘kg [0

lowest.

[eream.

OEM SO Iah og@maila.

[©al,

What)

keep

The cat shuts its eyes when it steals

ogn @A) ooy 6N @&S)eg0 Batd

The cranes of Ibycus.

OHQGE OB 1N BaldBe O I8 VA ).

What is al

The longer east is shortest west.

QOB OBANG Galowomd a1enoos .

When g0l

8a0®@ auan) alefl@ aian).

The lost fish is always the biggest.

Slengeg,

87

afanallem

SMdy) MIY B E%0

The moon does not minq the barking

of dogs.

Ga1oeel,

mp\(b@‘go,

The peril passed, and the saint mock-

Q10Rlo SHSARBQB 0 MNOOINVEN, A1dalo

M Calim

ed.

&$HSNIDd (GOIWED.

There could be no great ones if there

aiewaioabo @smo

g waienabo

),

were no little.

©0082@; o3 WIS ogyE e o

ellwaiadlgy.

i) gmo.

The river passed, and Godforgotten.

aliflo &HSHS3QI080

MHIIWEM, Q1)

000w

[ward.

Blo &:SANIRD GEIWEN.

ehon @

&,

The thorn comes with the thorn for-

|_0

m

2es)an 23 &)ea gm QemIg.

The wearer best knows where the shoe

ﬂ%

oo e d)od @ @3 )@nd @0,

a3

pinches.

0 Blmgo H®LIaje DT I1BH O Fo.

The used key is always bright.

To add fuel to the fire.

SN @D HOM B g |SH@D.

9-

1BHEIO® 0500100 CHIOD &)

To naught it comes that comes from

20,

naught.

sm@@o_wﬁao.

Too much familiarity breeds contempt.

Aoosom 2gj8e 2emdlgy; Haidlwds

[ ;)(035)3‘53

ca1 @ dnnailgy.

m: oMl

@YEE0 @S worh alimio L& al;

Too much consulting confounds.

{

@ng Q) HSANLRd @RZ®o (NEDY.

aafl§lacbo

Too much of one thing is'good for

nothing.

0@ )Bg |oWodh 38E)Bg 100,

)@ﬂ(ﬁo Mﬂ

Too too will in two.

0g0 Quel) p10mb B3 0S)Qo &lQo.

To steal a hog and give away the feet

in alms.

wigaiem &glg &soflow wz2o

To steal the goose and give the giblet

®.alQjo Ba 109 Aal,

O

in alms.

Tread on a worm and it will turn.

20N wicd &S @oom atomilgy.

Two of a trade seldom agree.

DHUGY M DAL OM &G GSI; OO

(o ¢

Ded@ids OO »BG

gmumo.

s0; Moflds M) AW lHBOQERD.

Use makes perfectness.

@018 600 M ag) QDS RMD.

midd:

Venture a small fish to catch a large one.

OB SV D0 QAIHM QIBHEM0-

gHsﬁzo.

We know not which stone the scorpion

B0

a0 @b

mam‘;mﬁngcrn(ﬂcqg

0 ) GO

i

. lurks under.

arlgy.

What! keep a dog and bark myseif.

o &Neomemaescd mox e

a8

‘.’39)‘

Gal98006emER0.

' 551080 fod

What is an army without a general.

MNILOAT 1g0@D A IS@OSH0.

]

v (mwt}ﬁ)nv.

08

[}

When

gold speaks every

tongue

18

0§03 |0WYMAIDdo andlch e ol

(5}) Q_‘S{\éﬂ@oé ¢

gilenced.

amo.

Am!

s,

88

When I have thatched his roof he

would have hurled me from the

roof.

&g aflso@oich @RwId)® e orf)ah.

When the cat is away the mice will

play.

og21dlgp aflslear ageloweg joear.

When the fox is asleep nothing falls

into his mouth.

i

DOMFAD oyl ageilow aNS)esw .

When the steed is stolen you shut the

door.

)

QITRBGa1@IBAI 6njELISmITD.

When the tree is fallen every one goes

§

&lemodled aflemn auar)es Spjo a0

to it with a hatchet.

OQYo meM.

When the well is dry we know the

SHEMBIWIBRI Hhem OO S0P W

worth of water.

o’k@.

When you are at Rome, do as Rome

oo“.rosrg M5 1o 1Mt ad

does.

2

@O@)

mas;

CalR@Ian mMoiglad &)

i

g

aMord MS B0 @ lanemo.

Where the carcase is the ravens will

Al LIGODSTD SPS o ADSaUO

gather,

el

)

Where the dam leaps the kid follows

1)

@0.o{) per ) @S &glWYo -algo.

Where there is a will there is a way

]j

§)

B S o aidn @I0T8@A0 0.0,

Where there is smoke there is some fire,

@)@ gJo® 0 JSHQYTERISH gy,

Who eats his dinuer alone, must saddle

@A IMIY)ew 288 og®lod

ajei)

his horse alone.

[face.

S8aN peR.

Who spits against heaven it falls in his

paim &saw ©g{lwich @ooom .

2

g

;1

Wolves may lose their teeth but not

their nature.

ME) MB.o1Lj0 &S oo,

[oyelco.

) ]

Women’s jars breed men’s cares.

SMSo @alo @d)m3) @galo &ela0o

Y

Years of joy for hours of sorrow.

@0pL2RITT AN RS lmyalo.

)D)

You are very free of another man's

21RO IYHS WWOod)an ogeabo

06)

pottage.

P9® algo; «geOado ailg mich &

emod @YEIODO auamaila oo,

2

i

You came a day after the fair.

oglge &lsoy ailgaso «ggoegjo

8wy %) .

0)

You give the wolf the wether to keep.

MRlYes oglad @Solow Galng

A

§

Q1 OB:HISAHE.

) T

You have a tangled skin of it to wind.

@oog jal agaflemo (&wasee)

2l

8) 0

oosyene’,

4) 1

You keep Easter when I keep Lent.

ag)rildg .aajo a3lem®s @owalajo.

5) K

You want to taste the broth as soon

f) K

as the meet is in.

@a)aslgo goau alldaflegogs.

)

—

89

—

4

EXERCISE A.

1)

Right wrongs no man.

B a0Th,

Old sins breed new sores.

3)

Forewarned, forearmed.

WHDM\.

Common fame is seldom to blame.

4)

5)

Haste makes waste.

Slanwlyy,

6)

Little strokes fell great oakes.

1)

Slow belp is no help.

8)

Do on hill as yoa would do in hall.

) c’h@%o ol

9)

Good company in a journey is worth a coach,

)

10)

Evil communications corrupt good manners.

i&

11)

Murders will out.

12)

Man’s extremity God’s opportunity.

z()";ms@m

13)

Grey hairs are death’s blossoms.

Mgl Hal

14)

God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.

o

of)BGM0

15)

Fools grow without watering.

16)

A foe is too many and a hundred friends too few.

17)

Bear wealth and poverty will bear itself,

2050

18)

Who arrays himself in another man’s garments, remains naked in

200 g0

the middle of the street.

ey,

19)

Dead men open living men’s eyes,

o o)

20)

One sword keeps another in its scabbard,

21)

Extremes meet,

20m.

As he has brewed so must he drink.

22)

23)

Men cut broad thongs from other men’s leather,

[m}p_l@o.

24)

Every man for himself and God for us all.

ge}o HRla0o

25)

He who will be rich in a year, at the half year they hang him.

10y

26)

m ag):?)ﬂbo

Call Mingrva to aid but bestir thyseif.

27)

It is too late to spare when all is spent.

oflpal &

28

S

Tell the truth and shame the devil.

mefle 0

29)

Divorce from this world is a marriage with the n’ext.

0 @%m@&‘:‘g

30)

The tongue is not steel but it cuts.

31)

What the eye does not see, heart does not rue.

W §00200

32)

The mill of God grinds late but it grinds to powder.

Handsome is that handsome does.

33)

poe) A

34)

He preaches patience that knew no pain,

35)

Home is home be it never so homely,

2000

36)

Honest men’s words are as good as their bonds.

37)

If you cannot bite never show your teeth.

lag g

90

L

38)

It is a foolish sheep that makes the wolf its confessor

()

39)

It is

not the cowl that makes the friar.

1)

40)

Law

catches flies but lets the hornet go.

§0)

41)

Like author like book.

42)

Lookers on see more than players.

8

i

43)

Love and lordship like no fellowship.

44)

Make a virtue of necessity.

)

45)

Make hay when the sun shines.

46)

Memory is the treasure of mind.

47)

Men shut their doors against a setting sun.

7

48)

Never ride a free horse to death.

49)

No alehemy like saving.

50)

Opportunity makes the thief.

51)

Parnassus has no gold mines in it.

52)

Pride goes before and shame follows after.

2

i

53)

Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them.

)

54)

Punctuality is the soul of business.

55)

Quantity without quality is little thought-o’!

56)

Shameless craving must have shamefal nay.

f

57)

The easiest way to dignity is humility.

58)

The example of good men is visible philosophy.

i

59)

When the wine ig in, the wit is out.

f)

60)

constant guest is never welcome.

61)

courageous foe is better than a cowardly friend.

fault confessed is half redeemed.

89) 1

62)

63)

fool may give a wise man counsel.

64)

good beginning makes a good ending.

lig) 1

65)

good cause makes a stout heart and a stron‘g arm.

66)

good example is the best sermon.

67)

hasty man never wants woe.

1) ¢

68)

light purse makes a heavy heart.

69)

little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

-

z

70)

P e B

man surprised is half beaten.

6)

e

A wounded reputation is seldom cured.

gjg

72)

An ounce of mother wit is worth a pound of clergy.

73)

He who fears death has already lost the life he covets,

1)

74)

If to-day will not, tomorrow may.

75

At

It is not a sign of humility {o declaim against pride.

;.%

76)

Mean men admire \\'gal‘ﬂh, great men glory.

) ¢

77)

Riches have wings.

TS

1)

9

Self preservation is the first law of nature.

78)

79)

Second thoughts are best.

80)

Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves.

81)

Take hold of a good minute.

82)

That- which covers thee, discovers thee.

83)

The first step to virtue is to love virtue in another.

84)

The loquacity of fools is a lecture to the wise.

85)

The remembrance of a well spent life is sweet.

86)

The rich never want for a kindred.

87)

The society of ladies is the school of politeness.

88)

The sun is still beautifal though ready to set.

89)

There is no general rule without exception,

90)

Though the sun shines, leave not your cloak at home.

91)

Truth may be blamed but shall never be shamed.

92)

Valour can do little without discretion.

Virtue is the only true nobility.

93)

94)

Vows made in storms are forgotten in calm.

95)

Want of care admits despair,

96)

‘What can the virtues of our ancestors profit us, if we do not

imitate them.

97)

When the christening is over, you may have god-fathers enough.

98)

Young men think old men fools, and old men know young men o

be so.

99)

Who hath God, hath all;

who hath Him not, hath less than

nothing.

100)

The devil may quote seriptare for his purpose.

EXERCISE B.

1)

@3)eTDAISe BQD.

9o B EMDISe afle) Qoeos .

3)

SH2S WIsTDIM MG IQo-

S 0eyaNn oIRoaflar @)aran 2Q0) ).

5)

01600 1C@I8 82 (b HAISES.

6)

0608 aiS I 8I08 0.

7

9 0dan a@) ¢aiene),

eb

8)

a8 8ens a13)@amd ailod & 1Qo.

9)

AIaMmOAM a10QYEmdk aflemagp Qo aflzdso.

10)

cauef) @@mm aflag @ aoan.

11)

eg@d)apomaids OOl 6.

—

92

A

2)

P@§99§o&9 DDA

13)

Ga10om )onbo oo &lamre i) dso@alreal

14)

1)

aflemiad o @)ensamaiad aissods lwgy

15)

2000 )0 $0©f) caimn2A9?

%)

16)

@.a)®o QIAMILJo .af)mo BQIEMo

i)

17)

oooglaileal el »ySeles 8wz o

f)

18)

®.a1and), aland), &Med), e&sad).

93)

19)

Baldmianoe .0108]) HQ1g)CEn0 290 ©WOSIWE.

OOV

T

S Pleoy oW Gaidlem aaEg§o Q060D :RIHONL].

|

OHV

§)

9.0100] 108905, W )OEN0S, @i loos, @eg)ens .

22)

9)

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owv

@b o )EaM®o ®.algjan SRR @amod e meal)Ognemm

)

Q@30 gruo.

1)

24)

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@Qdawggog @ejanad Mo 1D Bmogo; aflemsos o & o0 19890840

25)

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B)

26)

)

wmo asopogekoQQQQB 210 ) oflessgy, WD T B mogo @0

)

anlesogy.

O.Nv

)

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mogalls mmoaje gomalls aik)go

28)

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67) ¢

29)

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)

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30)

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31)

0)

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.w.

32)

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)

33)

@O0 @AM aieI®o © MEodmo &Slg Joab moem =@

Y

34)

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35)

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Y

m

36)

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)

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37)

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38)

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39)

206310100 9 WIEM©B lamo Gy

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40)

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41)

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45)

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46)

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S00Qo @aIdlah .0 B0 OalODE.

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95

Chapter VI.

Comparative Notes.

1

The Alphabet.

The origin of the English alphabet is shrouded in obscurity,

though some philologians suppose it to be derived from the

Pheenician; but on the other hand there seems to be little

doubt that the Malayalam alphabet is derived from the Sans-

crit either directly or indirectly.

The English alphabet is defective and imperfect and nu-

merically inadequate to meet all the phonetic variations recog-

nised by the language; and hence various expedients and

conventional methods have been resorted to

as remedial

measures, which however render reading and writing difficult

and complicated.

Out of the 26 letters which compose its

alphabet, three—c, q and x—are superfluous leaving but 23

marks to do duty for 42 sounds.

While on the other hand

Malayalam has no less than 55 marks (em being left out of

account as a double letter) no less than 16 of which are

vowels.

Of these we find only two es& es to be discarded as

superfluous.

Malayalam is also peculiarly fortunate in having

no silent letters to complicate its spelling and pronunciation;

and those with a duel phonetic function are also conspicuous

for their absence, with only a single exception in the letter m.

As the initial letter of a word it has sometimes a slightly

Take for

different sound from what it has in other positions.

examples the words—amd), mmmab, mogaiad, aimo, Epaimaind, ms

Ny, @PMAIP@o, alaimad efC.

In Tamil there are two distinct

letters to mark this variation 5 and ar, but Malayalam would

seem to follow the Sanskrit usuage in this respect rather

han that of her Dravidian Sister.

But in its duplicate

orm and when compounded with e this tambiguity vanishes,

—

96

—

and though in that guise it never begins a word, it remains

B, &Y

firm with the sound of the initial = above-noted as, siemo, oy

o by o

60000,

a3, aasloo, @anidk, aian, saam etc.

100, (VD0

¢ and o are undoubted acquisitions from Tamil and are

Thoug

without equivalents in English; so also, «f?, «v’, and ¢z’ of the

hination s

latter language are unrepresented in Malayalam. Two long

Iike the 1

vowels og and eo have also been recently introduced from

In pr

Tamil by European scholars of Malayalam. em, the last letter

first shou

of the alphabet is really a compound of ® and « and must

with the

therefore be excluded from all scientific computations of its

numerical strength.

though th

B0

I

' W

Thus it will be seen that while English is driven to all

this point

sorts of shifts and devices to make her poor collection of 23

to the upp

marks to meet all the necessary phonetic variations, Mala-

i prong

yalam rejoicing in her abundance of five and fifty distinctive

guarded 4

simple marks, to say nothing of the numerous compound

but half 4}

letters, assigns to each but a single definite and well defined

The Jet

function to the perfect simplification and precision of the

the Engliy

spelling and pronunciation.

Stronger 4

In Malayalam, unlike Hindustani, Bengalee, and Maratti,

upon the

the sign of the vowel eo is suppressed with all consonants

Where ) 5

which should therefore be treated both in reading and writing

ered Dy the

as if actually combined with it.

For example aum is really

ed fOI‘mS (

Pronunciat;

equivalent to o'+ @0+ b} @o; just as ofls is equivalent to oV+

@+ S+ 9.

The vowels are not written in full except when

It mpgt

they begin a word; in combination, only short symbols are

used instead.

Who|

e is contracted into the symbol 1 as <),

Iy ung

(equal to @ -+s+ @), audd), aoms), eyex) ete.

oo i3 represented

a6 showy

by 9 as e@owid), afid), t@@o, alar ete.

o by Ly 0L aEs

Dronuncig;

2qy, @M, @alo, Wl ajeje etc.

go by , or 5 or ¢ as

Hernipe |

ag®o, @alo, @4), aywabd ete.

g by _ a8 qémMo, §®aaV, (Malad,

that )y,

Qa0 etc. og by o as agafles, eamumond) etc. o by ¢ as eod),

Wity

acce

__v97 6

TemaIns

@aiwo, swyem) etc.

oag by oo as &sno_\u.ooé)o, OHS® Ao, aan_xv@rob.

alaMo, (Y

& by ©—0 as eanm, asens, asmoge) etc.

@ by e—o as 8evsg, ca

S@®oa0o.

oo by o —0 as eongdo, eavw.

@no by o &8 Qlo

Wo, QU -lo, GQLo6elo.

@os by s as gsauw.

and are

Though the short ew is unrepresented by symbols, in éom-

7' of the.

Two long

bination with consonants the long eo has a distinctive symbol

like the rest—viz: s as cnmo, @o@ren), alo@m;o.

ced from

In pronouncing compound letters, the upper one or the

st lefter

first should be sounded without, and the lower or the second

and must

with the attached vowel sound; thus {) is sounded @'+ of),

ons of 1ts

though the sign of the vowel m is attached to both;

eflowo;

@ocead); Mac), Bqpace; avawomoe and other examples will make

en 0 all

this point clear.

But it must be remembered that to assign

tion of 23

to the upper, or the contracted first letter an inordinate length

s, Mala

in pronunciation is a barbarous solecism to be carefully

The metric rules of Sanskrit allow them

istinctive

guarded against.

compound

but half the length of the vowelled consonants.

oll defined

The letter oy should be sounded as ‘w’ and not as v’, and

on of the

the English terminations of ‘tion’ and ‘sien’ should be a shade

stronger than «, but ought not to be allowed to encroach

d Maratti,’

upon the sound of &, There is hardly a case in English

where ‘I’ and ‘r’ even when duplicate may be correctly rend-

consonants

ered by the Malayalam g and o respectively; slightly aspirat-

gnd wiiting

o 15 1eally

ed forms of er and o would approach nearer the correct

pronunciation.

Jent {0 o+

It must be carefully noted that while every word in Eng-

xoeph when

lish is marked by one or more accents, Malayalam words are

ymbols 412

wholly unaccentuated.

Emphases and accents in Malayalam

11 a5 25

are shown by lengthening the particular word or letter in

pronunciation; but in written compositions they have to be

)y o

01‘3‘33

determined solely by the meaning and context. It thus happens

l;Ol

g®

that Malayalees are tempted to pronounce English words

o @0

without accents, and Europeans Malayalam with accents be-

)y

3 16 008

7

——

98

—_—

[ §

traying in both cases their respective nationality. For instance,

maintains

a Malayalee would simply say ¢understand’, ‘inscrutable’, or

70 honia

‘illegible’, without any attempt at accentuation, while a Euro-

the first |

were £00

pean would say cruoavedles, ewoh VIleS wap, MHlead af)m

N1IQ0) {000

It is this defect of pronunciation more than any

and accur

grammatical or idiomatic peculiarity of style that has con-

stages of

tributed to bring European Malayalam into ill repute with

vatiety 10

fouching

the natives who bestow upon it the sobriquet of Saheb Mala-

yalam (cmocszﬂ&‘!amcmgo),

The English alphabet follows no

form the

This i

arrangement,—vowels and consonants intermingle, and pala-

tals, labials, and dentals come together with no apparent

Malagalar

order; whereas on the other hand the arrangement of the Mala-

are comp

yalam alphabet 1s, it must be conceded, more scientific.

It

from left

zontal or

begins with the vowels and goes on to the consonants in a

natural order.

The first letter o is produced with the least

& horizont

effort, by simply opening the mouth with the tongue lying

&= 0+ -

quiescent in the lower jaw; while the second letter erp demands

tic forms

The

a little more effort, but the tongue is still quiescent.

Malayalar

third letter @ on the other hand, comes out of a nearly closed

The E

mouth and calls into requisition the services of the tongue

In tritiig

and the lips, if not also of the teeth.

Thus each succeeding

are Joined

letter would be found to demand increasing modulation of

The stude

voice, and to require more and more, the services of the mouth

wants t 1

and its appendages.

The consonants too, are upon the same

principle grouped into six well defined classes, the last of

which, however, @, o, a1, a1, v, &1, av, a0, and & must be ad-

As & C

mitted to be mixed one.

lsh gy

A Sanskrit scholar in a recent issue of the Madras Review,

Hivisiop

attempts to prove that the basis of the Sanskrit characters is

0f parts f

the outline of the two holes at the back of the throat, evident-

ly the ends of the trachea and the alimentary canal, and that

Hhough ¢

Of 8pege)

all letters are composed of this mark joined wholly or in part

with straight lines vertical or horizontal.

The outline he

Tuch (i

Ty g

e

99

—

t instance,

maintains would be somewhat like the mark o : add to this

utable’, or

two horizontals and one vertical straight line and you have sy

ile & Buro.

the first letter of the Sanscrit alpbabet.

In writing, people

ﬂ%dﬁ QQ)@

were too careless to see that these two circles were perfectly

than any

and accurately formed, but in their hurry left them in various

t has con-

stages of imperfection, which, he says, is the sole cause of the

epute ith

variety to be observed in the shape of these two mutually

heb Mala

touching circles in their combination with straight lines to

follows o

form the different letters.

, and pala.

This may, or may not be the truth, but an analysis of the

0 apparent

Malayalam characters would show that the majority of them

f the Mala-

are composed of arcs, greater than a semi-circle, described

entific, If

from left to right, and joined with straight lines either hori-

nants 1o 4

zontal or vertical.

For example, acu=04—— ]/, 7.¢. an are,

h the\least

a horizontal and a vertical straight line; so also ee=o -+ o a;

ngue lying

&=o0+w+o0; and so on.

Facility in describing these geomet-

p demands

ric forms 'must therefore inevitably lead to a fast and fair

soent, The

Malayalam handwriting.

arly closed

The English characters too, the small letters chiefly use’d

the tongue

in writing would appear to be similarly formed, only the arcs

succeeding

are joined with vertical straight lines and not with horizontals.

dulation of

The student will do well to bear these facts in mind if he

[ the mouth

wants to improve his handwriting.

n the same

the last of

11

The Parts of Speech.

qust be ad-

As a consequence of the highly advanced state of the Eng-

lish language, we find that the process of differentiation and

s Revie,

cdivision of labour’ has given rise to a much larger number

aracters 8

of parts of speech in that language than in Malayalam. But

I&t) e\'ideﬂt'

though the Malayalam grammarians speak only of three parts

], and that

of speech against nine in Knglish, practically there is not

much difference between the two languages in this respect.

/ o in pétl't

outhne he

Pronouns are recognised not as a separate part of speech, but

7

—

100

——

only as a modification of the noun; while the place of the

partial |

adjective is taken by participles, and nouns and verbs do duty

Loy

for the adverb.

Nouns are copiously inflected for case which

the last

renders prepositions unnecessary, and dnferjections are denied

apid sh

the dignity of a separate part of speech being grouped with

$00, has

CONnJunctions.

the num

It is however worthy of remark that Malayalam gram-

ing the

marians following too closely in the footsteps of their Sanskrit

hoped th

predecessors, would seem to have based the classification of

rescue

words upon their derivation and not upon their function in

Miwshi 4

the sentence.

This renders Malayalam parsing confused and

it on to ¢

uncertain, and to some extent artificial.

For instance take

V.B It

the words awellw, agmges, smdle ete. which are said to be

Pa

Ie

participial forms of some obsolete verbs, instead of calling

them simple adjectives, as in the examples one) e, el

@), olsm2es o) ete.; here any one could see that the words

Deriny

in big type undoubtedly qualify the last, or in other words

clagses, b

they are noun-adjuncts, and hence adjectives.

But the pro-

Tariety uy

crustean bed of Malayalam grammarians twists and turns

all derive

them into participial forms; and, strange as it may appear,

sive tit]e

aigmaes is taken as two words, the first being the object of

the deriyy

It would be about

three oy,

the second and meaning ‘possessing size’.

as reasonable to split ‘beautiful’ into ‘full of beauty’ and

10uns, oy

‘divisible’ into ‘able to divide’ and parse them as so many

First,

separate words.*

Kitten; Chic}

It is only some twenty or twenty-five years since Malaya-

the abstyy

lam could boast of a written grammar, and that too, from

chieﬂy of

o, ‘UD@'_M

the pen of a European.

Though it is undoubtedly a monu-

mental work of patient research and critical acumen, still as

as A d?miggd)

™%, sz

the first work of its kind and as coming from one to whom

sz{lﬁﬁe& ) a3

Malayalam is only an acquired language, not even the most

G, ofy,

*A new grammatical primer has just made its appearance, in which such

Th

words are classed as a separate part of speech, moaafewensmo.—Ed.

8 Do

th bore: _ 0

101

e of the

partial critic would claim for it that perfection and thorough

do duty

accuracy which are indispensable in such a work. During

152 which

the last two or three decades Malayalam has been making

re dented

rapid strides towards improvement and progress, its literature

ped with

too, has received many and valuable additions, and above all,

the number of Malayalee graduates has vastly increased dur-

i gram-

ing the last quarter of the century.

It may therefore be

r Sanskrit

hoped that they would ere long make the necessary efforts to

feation of

rescue their language from the petrifying clutches of the

nction 1

Munshi and the Pandit, and never rest till they have pushed

fused and

it on to a place among the cultured languages of the world.

ance take

N. B. It will be seen that some of the notes appearing in the followirg

said to he

pages are reproduced from the body of the work for the sake of easy

reference and consistency of arrangement.

of callg

g, Cmol

a

Noun.

tthe words

Derivation.—In English the nouns are divided into five

classes, but the Malayalam classification recognises but a single

ther words

variety under the name of eoaimoze or the abstract noun, and

1 the pro

all derived nouns are jumbled together under one comprehen-

and tuns

sive title of @meN®Mz0.*

Below is a comparative statement of

10§ appeats

the derivation of nouns in the two languages: Bain assigns

o objct 0f

three sources to the derivation of nouns in English—from

1d be about

nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

peatty’ 90t

First, from nouns:—1. By internal changes, as: Tip, Top; Cat,

Kitten; Chick, Chicken.

In Malayalam on the other hand only

the abstract and the personal nouns are so formed, and are

e Malayer

chiefly of Sanskrit origin, as: edlem, 80@)8jo; .aaseiad, araiayo;

{ oo, from

adloo, alomoad; agmo.f), cuvmdlaiad; e, oecd).

2. By prefixes,

as

demigod, antipathy, unicorn, etec. corresponding to ompazad, &loem

a8

smab, grgenad, oasrmens) and similar forms in Malayalam.

3. By

)

a6 10 whon

sujj‘ixes, aS: Book-craft, kindred, magistracy, regicide, mastery, etc. and

e most

gai@ad, aflmg(s, e, wigmlo and others in Malayalam.

* The new grammatical primer contains the following classes in addition to

g, 10 shich sutb

the above: — QVo®mEmIMNIA0 (Proper noun) Gawmoro (Material noun).—— Ed.

o

Ed.

—

102

el

These are

largely t

Second, from adjectives :— By means of suffixes.

form the

for the most part abstract nouns, as: goodness, whiteness, width,

their fun

hardship, and misery; a few also show agent or instrument, as:

Britisher, adversary, simpleton, efe.

seitence;

In Malayalam too, nouns of

this class are either personal or abstract, as: mgaid, aflsw,

than the

&QD, H01Qanmd, Mmepd, HaImA, al®do, ajorad, ®emnad.

language

thorough!

Third, from wverbs:— 1. By internal modifications, as: food,

stroke, belief, speech, choice, life, breath.

True examples of this

occupies |

class are unknown in Malayalam, though the following may

4 compar

be quoted as near approaches, as: adle, aral; odlen, m@omo;

English

2@)on, Boemo; alalles, Qlamo; aiallds, alodo; Bad)ds, %00 or BadMo;

~ Negs—

but even in such cases, instead of regarding the noun as

10uDs, 41

derived from the verb, it will, I think, be nearer the truth to

8o0gy, @0

take both the verb and the noun as'derivatives of a common

Th—i

root through different vowel changes.

2. By prefixes, as: in-

jalam om

come, outturn, outcome.

Malayalam examples on all fours with

@0, Qe

the above can hardly be met with.

®OBAMOATY), A61B:0), ARBHWAI),

Tp—i

O 2 ®s), MIwsS), @ossmid), 23)@s), 8 s1@a1d), mosand), and a host

respondin,

of others could have been quoted as examples, but for the fact

ete, 0o IS

that the prefixes are added not to the verbs but to the verbal

this senge

nouns; the examples therefore properly come under First 2.

Qa),

3. By su/ﬁxes, as : Hireling, hangman, builder, father, desperado, laughter,

Co—T}

efe

Corresponding to these we have in Malayalam sa.oss, o

by the Say

S0, 8BNS, HaIMEN0, @ |@d, alisol@h, G.alol, Q‘ﬂo&zl’ anay, anoaf), aflse),

g, Galmemo, aflmamne and others.

By, gy

Noun Suffizes Compared.— A few of the important English

Note,

suffixes may now be pointed out with their Malayalam equi-

¥l g g,

valents.

This may be of service not only as tending to a clear

of partioyly,

conception of the noun-formation, and the meaning and appli-

0 the ey,

cation of the noun in the two languages, but also as affording

ffequent]y i

material help in the choice of appropriate nouns for the pur-

6 capacity

pose of reciprocal representation.

The list is by no means

0neg foy all,

exhaustive, but the student can, if he cares to do so, add

by a0y suf

—

103

These are

largely to it from his own readings.

In every language nouns

eness, widh,

form the bulk of the vocabulary, and from the nature of

Iment, ag:

their functions constitute the most important member of the

nouns of

sentence ; they are subject too, to much more inflexional changes

o, s,

than the rest of the parts of speech.

In the study of a

language therefore the noun in all its bearings must be

15, 48 fool

thoroughly examined and fully mastered; and it naturally

les of this

occupies the foremost place in all philological investigations of

a comparative nature.

The chief abstract-noun suffixes in

OWILg may

lon, 0 0;

English are:—

00 0 8OM;

- Ness—This is the principal English termination of abstract

16 noun a8

nouns, and is represented by the true Malayalam suffix o as

he truth to

@m0y, EOSI2, BalIy.

3 common

Th—is another native suffix corresponding to the Mala-

165, 48: -

y_ala,m @Mo, cha,nged into @Po, A§—BAUTBITHMo, &Py |TADo, G

fours with

oMo, QIS OO0,

), 08ud),

Ty—is of Latin origin, and the Sanskrit termination cor-

), and a host

responding to it is @.o, aAS—@YM® Lo, YO0, N0, flggle.lo,

for the fact

ete. @do 18 corrupted into owo as— egemaomno, afgglomo ete. In

) the verbal

this sense the native suffix of) is also of some importance, as—

Jer First o

aq@), daqaf), aflsal), 5o,

rado, laughtet

Ce—This is also of classical origin and may be represented

0 gounds , 21

by the Sanskrit o, AS—@oo, YOO, ANGO, BWW®, HIVIZY®), B

Y00, ol

>, aQVIg;®, A, ete.

ant Fnglish

Note. 1t may be remarked here, that in practice, fhe student

will find that the Malayalam terminations quoted above as equivalents

ralan eq

of particular English suffixes, are by no means individually restricted

gioa cleat

to the exclusive representation of this or that English suffix, but

g aad applie

frequently interchange their functions and often do duty in more than

one capacity.

Of course it is perfectly out of the question to decide

for the pr

once for all, that a particelar English suffixis in all cases represented

ly

ald

by any suffix or set of suffixes in Malayalam; what is meant is, that

dO 80,

ol qoar) s

in the majority of cases they are equivalents or make the nearest

shortene

approach to such, and for the rest, the student’s own ecritical judg-

D) for t

ment, and his grasp of the languages will be the sole guide.

(masculil

Other noun -suffixes: —*r’, car’, ‘or’, ‘eer’, ‘er’, ‘ier’.

These

015 ( %ﬂ

yolsnd)

show agent or doer of an action. The characteristic termina-

&, S

tion of personal nouns in Malayalam is @eaib and its feminine

and neuter forms enaik, and eem, as—spswaim, aimaimb, aflm

Note.

auab, esvanaimd,—aewaiad 1s very often corrupted into eeoab, as:—

examples

Ralm, @dlgm, easm, aiwmisa, @sc., The termination eoead

subject in

occurs in a very large number of examples in this sense, as—

) Ga

BQISENED, alemEnE, B&igyona; in @oflodsoad, aiem e, @an

Num

ammd, aremrm, @endlesipd ete.

it points to a trade or pro-

fession.

Sometimes it also indicates, ‘native of’, or ‘belonging

Euglish,

mation ¢

t0’, as In eaimoasioad, @RIBRE ) @n0@abd, QeOR® 2O @0, la0a

exressin

amomd, The student will note that eiwad as a noun-suffix has

language

a very wide and varied application, and examples might be

met with where in turn it serves the functions of all the

1tself nty

six English terminations given above.

and &0

Therg

‘al’, ‘ment’, <tiow’, <sion’, <ionw’, <son’ and ‘ation’ indicate

action.

deseryes

The corresponding Malayalam terminations are mod,

What is ¢

The suffix @@d is corrupted

o) and o, @y, and CRY.

o, 35-

into 21 @, @od and @), as—alesiw, anach, @0, Fadloid,

names of

@210, @ 00®d, a100®, 2j8dach, aflowed, mslweb.

mamﬂrn%,gm

o) and g call for no special remarks; oflogy, edlgy, ofley,

makes iy

&log|, ete. are”examples of their use.

the uge g

@, and @Eopq are generally used with a negative

of title

signification, as—epey, awoiy, agpy, Depy.

While op

Gender.

Malayalam is entirely free from the complica-

laudat(}ry

tions and uncertainties of an artificial gender; and while

of such |

gender follows sex in both languages, Malayalam has particu-

hjectiop,

lar endings or grammatical forms for each as in old English;

Cagp

for instance @road for the masculine, @odo, o, & and @w

Cages and

10

the nearest

shortened from the sanskrit gy, for the feminine, and @wo and

itcal ud.

o for the neuter.

AS—oyom, @aidd, meomd, cmmmd, as

e

(masculine); SO, HOMANOG], B)LHOD), ®Soi), EYIGlef), @y

', Thege

@9) (%Jﬂ and S| in these examples are but variations of ccfroﬂ)

¢ terming-

Ea2en?), eai), eeaf), eome, omea (feminine); qamo, a0, @gy,

f-

‘v

ts feminine

&, san (neuter).

ma, aflm

Note. In Malayalam poetry as a remnant of the Tamil influence,

Ao, 43;—

examples are frequently met with where the verb agrees with its

ation asonb

subject in gender and number, as—®@od SaloaNId; MIEMSHARYIM

sgge, a5—

aiab; GRS imonaid.

g, @m

Number.

Unlike the complicated methods which obtain in

de or pro-

English, Malayalam is peculiarly easy and simple in the for-

“helonging

mation of its number —there being but a single method of

»000D, &la0g

expressing number, and but two plural suffixes in the whole

suffix has

language. These suffixes are &,00 and @rd, the former changes

y might be

of all the

itself into @00, and the latter into @2, EVWd®HO0, 200,

and & 0o under certain circumstances,

There is however one peculiar Malayalam idiom which

i indicate

deserves to be specially pointed out. In Malayalam there is

1§ 416 @@b,

what is called an honorific plural form in ewroid and @poid

, corrupted

'03)607 AS—oRoIQId, WERMMAlda .

This is added even after

o, qallaid

names of offices and titles, as—egysdavigiaided, 85 egmaided,

@OV @20 aid.

The absence of a similar form in English

2(0')8__‘51 mr\%’

makes Englishmen liable to serious error in this respect, and

the use of the ordinary singular form in addressing natives

of title and dignity, has often led to unpleasant ruptures;

while on the other hand a lavish employment of honorific and

laudatory expressions, or even an indiscriminate combination

, complice-

of such by natives in their dealings with Europeans is equally

and hile

objectionable and highly ludicrous.

s patict

i Baglish;

Case.

Malayalam follows Sanskrit in the number of its

cases and has like that language no less than seven. Whereas

PR

—

106

Allo

a copious supply of prepositions has dispensed with the neces-

@ o

sity for case inflexions in English, leaving but a single inflect-

A2

ed case in nouns and only three among pronouns.

201008 8

I shall now attempt to classify the prepositions according

to the case inflexions they represent:

%']aaamffﬁ

Puss:

Instrumental oow.—By. oiowoiamoc wLInSoegls @F); md)

Mo 260

WId BLIE lMBR Lo,

With (Instrument).

SHEMDODONE SMods); Gaia

Lo

Buamle@es gues) aflojmod; angoeer eI aqLEMmIEIagQlie QIR MY,

Through.

agad gﬂa.o_\a@ao@&'gm) S hds.

anuﬂ.@’s

For; on account of ; in

consequence of. oqgile geiod) anseteiw); Bsnge mublese alow

(ra@ﬂ%!; f

@ato; ey mldlemaw) aan aflaiqeed; Boo @R ©.0100]) © BF ajonEo

msam &

SIY; FoPDo OaYOSTEIEg P )mo QAP GS); HHNIEIOMINEE8

Qagmaaﬁ

%_okaﬁmnb.

Of; about.

SENOMOSNITEER QNOV; ogDIMOBHITE a10S)

Note

Fnglich

2118 o); @y Elmooeasmmg af) i afand)esan; Qflleyomaedley (e

Q1608 o s)m%.

plified th

Social avradwmo.—T.

A fey

eg)@OMIS QIaM 060 ;

@D M)emMLS

helow,

(@0 ilesanmd Ganemily; ®oleenz ELBEMIS O63); EVAICEMIS

I He

BRI )S20 CVMITD ; 0 @)EMIS @Aayo; GalGomg Saiesad). From.

% The

Qgais] @omiellewos QieE); EPAIGMNIS QIMOGIE; ERIAAMBEMIS wo(Mgo

th

adley. Towards.

@IBEMIS .0l EVAIIW; O IERER IHSAY o._ﬂsp%

3 On e

e@od; @PSIWEMIG ()aves)ds; @&%msvsvmm"lmgmmmmemosg_/ﬂ@@am

by

Do

<gy. From (out of).

coReRIses afewawie a)demay); aflemos

G0 Flab.

b

4 0f t‘

Datwe anpod).—To.

@O oM Ee MEEMo; CHSEe 6adD; @Al

ac

Aoy Galoal; SOOIV o) @OMo; VeI EPEGOSS); CATMOHE

8 On g

1

OB & 1WHnI),

At; during.

@DQIOM 90188 OSOMD; M0N0y

n

@S)es aiemo @an uaﬂ% 2S@s | QOB 1H@ER%0; MIK IS8 @Yo &0

Note,

@o 0%0.

For.

aiSde Boallay; Elemend) eoMElmsam; ©IREIVAISs

address |

82525 ).2yn@n0 afememy; @i ow I Gemanale ailS)esemo; eeantbo

is &lways

aflaneoomlan wgean emem)odleam; wealf)si@lan EEOBIS uao_ﬂ%;

@O@ I FlOMNGnRI0; 2 NI I@NeEE (EJWEN H.algy; OTBhGEs EQl

{

6E) @ouondb @fmmomﬂésa’no.

fative g

(R

—

107

€ 16065

LB aflarloss) icaiaind;

Ablative asemnd).—From; out of.

6 1nflec-

@i Mo Yo Ica3)an ISEsg Gain®); @osIddadlan ZS)1exnigo;

SHaB)B0TVe GOEd ®ENAITVoAH® ag¥ilee &M @a0; aome faj@do

ccording

201298 8RB )P £@00 MIK)® 018 )eIIG0ISIBaD; EJa@Qlld Q@M

o I amoEogf) S (@) | WEID ).

Possessive, or Genitive weg).—Of.

a1esQes oflos ; @val

@d): md)

°}

)

oo 2&Hd; a1EMLAINAWOS MNUIO(E)BQILdMo.

LAY

Locative avayd).—1In; Into.

I, OB ITd QPS; el Oals;

o mg@

On; Upon.

HAOOEAT

it of s i

a0 ()8R ).a); Semadiad & )9 )eoy.

)@go mﬂm

uamﬂ%; @M S PO )BaIF); @it ERIRHR og)s TR SeNg NSAN; “@pflab

msan @b samean. Of; Out of.

smaid mnoeoglejo malach onaw;

D8 o)

9800915087

ag) ez e ©Q11®)nag, Ao,

195 00

Note.

For want of space I have been compelled to omit the

Eunglish translation of the above examples which would have exem-

s(ﬂgé (AL

plified the appropriateness of the prepositions given.

A few examples to illustrate the use of prepositions are given

y olsamg

below.

:qrgn_\@m&

1

He sat on a stone, under the tree, near the well, oufside the village.

0, From.

2

The river runs from the mountains by the fields, near the church, round

mig wu@o

the town, through the common, over the rocks lo the sea.

On a fine day, early in the morning, armed with sticks and accompanied

S10 ﬂ-ﬂ%

by a number of natives, we set out for the mountain through tracks

s lwgT

pointed by our guides, and reached our destination before the sun was

o; adlewsg

high.

Of the members of a family it is for the benefit of all that each should

act upon each with some degree of controlling influence.

§ 2\, el

On a windy unpleasant day in 1746 a great mathematician was exhibit-

@AY

ing to a select company, in the garden of the Charterhouse, his skill

; By

in shooting round a corner with a bent gun-barrel.

@@@ﬂ((’o al

Note. 1. It is not usual in English to call a person by name and

e

address him, as—¢‘Raman, come here;’ but in Malayalam aveganieccom

is always expressed either before or after the verb, as—o.algy o)

: snsh0

&g og|Bam MR D@ )a00aVo; @Y™ M) MYBLI2IEM ANBON 1ESH®EA.

s gl

] 6

2. quossniocom comes only in the imperative or the interro-

gative sentence.

e

—

108

The boy ¢

3. Malayalam vocatives terminate either in @1y or o),

He s nan

though in Sanskrit some nominatives ending in o take o, as—

4

O@, 08@; but this sanskritism should not be carried into Malaya-

lam usage.

Hig wife i

In Malayalam the vocative of such nouns is p®say,

as— e Qwanglwogant ciesamene pmeas (vide Ch, IIL, i, Part I.)

He had a

4. As for the equivalent forms of the noun see the Chapter

on ‘Equivalent Forms’.

He i at d

Idiomatic phrases containing prepositions with Malayalam

equivalents:—

The time

About.

1 kept hir

[sru@.

I sent him about his business.

§DOMD ERQAUBMNIS Ha 1B I8 og)

an alo

What are you about?

@) g eaga? of) «geInSesan?

Ho lags ]

I will see about this.

6o0d @mﬂam@gd)ﬁé ai)a)d)eso.,

What about the house?

afeabo @ogo agamowi)?

He yielde

It came about.

QME@GS).

He cast about for an opportunity.

@b @mmo BMNIes s amn.

Men were hanging about,

@ogo&dh @rallsailos memiladey wo

@ man,

He shoute

Above.

His conduct is above suspicion.

e Isabo CY')SSE%:J C)_J{1”1)£)€;)CSZJE£:3() gl @

D@0 o8y lgJoarslgy.

He walked

He lives above his means.

@b olpalleitdeo allaay ®.alpan.

I am above such meanness.

g0

Q® olalomo

S)JQJS;Q(TT)(IJCT)gQJ

b

I was disay

I am not above work.

Thb will d

@Yod] eaPMmE EveIZIMS2dD

soab afadlesarg;.

A man shall not be above his busi-

@O0 (L )QYoD) @B QIAVOBs Gald

They are a

ness,

To be at

PICTO®IY) GalOWaD @Yo afl

Across.

2390 S BD).

Af randop

I have not been across a horse for a

eo0b tﬁ;@qmed()o SWG)s 6@ OB0gy

Bels

year.

20 ).

The traiy

I came across him yesterday.

600D EPEZ0OTA aNeal W3 ) @o

J

&Mz g3,

Do 10§ 8pe

After.

s hol

He came night after night.

@i m’ﬁrzg)o U@ laian.

Ho left p

Did you go there after all.

@RHOS, BSdo O loBd EPANOS Gaid

Go?

He is a man after my owﬁ heart,

Toe behip

@ao_;i)m gMlse QB O ®6n19RL) @0

There

amn

Sugo,

o8

Bt

PR

109

———

The boy takes after his father.

1 0t

(ero_r_%anbo lale @SN @& Ao,

b 8, 45—

He is named after his uncle.

@paIan @R AHMO &HICMAUMNS Gal

((h[00)

(3

At

10 Nalaya-

is g,

His wife is at his elbow.

@oembo @iy a)8g-{0Po EOSHDD

(G)G)(TDGDDGTT;).

i, Part )

He had a dog at his heels.

Bm MY eraiontho e @ean

he Chapter

G252 I,

He is at death’s door.

@b 2adles0iw)d)esam; @ooiad

[alagalan

SN @d @oah oS @ samm.

The time is at hand.

&oRlo @I QIA.

[

I kept him at arm’s length.

oD EPMeI) ©SIYSMINAIWD

©

amn

8 oM 0l

He lays this misfortune at my door

MO @M@ ERAM agdbo afles)

)Omsesm?

1901880,

@ eemisamo.

He y‘ielded at the eleventh hour.

)

alm Syooled alilsloGglod @0@o

@i a0zRdlla); QAR Gorlsel

OO @Eg J0dd 20@o @PAIDd aVZA

;mﬂm‘}%@o

roﬂg%.

He shouted at the top of his voice

@M 988 GOQOIOME adlaial)

@"’5%.

n‘go\ﬂ )

He walked ten miles at a stretch.

@POIM B®m 90d A’ IGY MIK)H: M

sSaw; @AM D MiKle: S8d

0y am%j(m.

MS oMo NSAM.

ag Mg

I was disappointed at every turn.

@mgdané\@sﬂ@mocs@ RS VI@-

This will do at a pinch,

@)@gsIrd Oo 20 @ide; 200 lagy

012MAAM

) oo m(é‘.%&@;o@gﬁmoo.

Tﬁhey are at daggers drawn.

@QId @dleh BGeaim)@em .

o Gall

To be at fault.

@omDIE 1 8s .

| (8@@0 O-ﬂ

At random.

QIMmMalog.

Behind.

00 061

The train is behind time.

o)) ee oL aIan.

2 034

Do not speak evil of a man behind

B00d CHNBIND BYPWINE S 18

his back.

B

He left one son behind him.

EWId 2d)eecmid & adnd sflay

BMISMEI IBan.

pallas 6o

To be behind the scene,

2880 & IQo @G leuy 1d)ds,

There

18

something

behind his

@D aloQYME I @I Mo

) gy

suggestion,

2 ong

110

SestEl s

Beneath.

For

He married beneath him.,

I know hi

@P®Ik oanleh oggl® eumym.to

OE=1N

He was 12

He is beneath your notice.

@RId ailesdds AWGOQUSBND 20@o

This goes

Beside.

D&

Onee for

All this is beside the question

6D H®IDN B AVo 61 Mo,

tolerate

He is beside himself with joy.

@I AVEIMIEIoH oS rmmd'nqyo

20am 1@ )esamn.,

Between.

T could no

Between you and me, I think he is a

@o@td 8@ aflug) eganoem agad)es

stand h

fool.

GoomanN, ®mE oleEszIsIgly

MOG{{O’D@OGTDU.

or ME aVASIY

His face i

0 @396 S,

monkey

What with his debts and what with

@PAHMO HSoOGIMZo Qlafl@ G:aoenl

Do not for

his large family he is between

OOOOSHITEZo EOAIAD BalIOSRYo o)

two fires.

oMQYo @) @B8aN.

We gre fo

His speech must be read between the

@BZ0O 10adb0 (o TVowd ol lah © do

lines,

@P®m00 © 6.

The coat iy

He is the

Beyond.

Ho did not

He went beyond all bonds.

@M 8&asalo @0 |d&hallson ey

o) o).

The result is beyond my expectation.

&Ll mod alflandladlele m

For anyth

right,

oS08y .

Beyond all question.

WIH@I®M AVoLeW QAo (HSIN®.

This book is beyond me.

WO ayTR&e amMEslandnabd eganoal

[depth

CYDO@CL})O.

@oaiab o’ )els s & W o) ab Ga o).

Heis q 200y

He went into the water beyond his

By

164l topg,

I will stand by you.

e@00b afloan @emaso.

To come by a thing.

(03 TLVIVLDM AT HDENONLINBRD,

Ho iy Jame ¢

To lay store by a thing.

aflaiwaien; aeilwesy@og).aod)es.

It 1 ﬁile f()l‘

To lay a person by the heels.

&0l 2160BRI HIBS.

Fop

the time

He is dying by inches.

@oQiad @ranD @ﬁcﬂsm’]% QI@aD;

For gyep al

@OaNM ERAIlIY Galodan.

He i

$ good {

This is not large enough by a long

way.

For that,

DO WSO Qlgno &0y,

Ho is g f

I swear by heaven.

NNSALIBMIN AV 0.

To do things by halves.

@00 @010 O.aIQ; SF)eBal 6.al

Yﬂﬂ mal‘. do §

g@"]é@o@’lm’ﬁm.

LX1

For

M@0

I know him for a thief.

i)Yol a0) @v@gmomemm 6@0ab @A IYo.

@RAIOM 2@).0) GSODIT GS .

He was taken up for dead.

o 2000

This goes for mnothing.

DD aAVIRDlR); MOORHINTMRI® anal

2lgy.

Once fof all I tell you I shall not

MO QG HOEZAIS ITHEL I GRAaImd

tolerate such impertinence.

OB B W gy o) BS SO ()0

@M Yo

O_J(fcq)zsm;’ M0 a10RYAND).

I could not for the life of me under-

@I I

@mo@sﬂ%o

B eE3a00

M g

stand his meaning.

0I0Q@M @O0 @00 ag)(I e BM

g@momﬂgd.

Bsgosm"?%

) (ABIP

His face is for all the world like a

@O0 Zalo GEMEIHabo Zalo ald

monkey’s.

ORI , GPIEI0 VoL@ A )gy.

w aos

Do not for your life advance.

Hloiried oo gl gemiogal

195 4l

P&

2 S0OM @QJO@:Q:&T)G)@(T’DOGTDU 61@)6673@6)5

We éfe for going at once.

)

@0 E )@ Jowo.

The coat ig the worse for wear.,

B |9@o OS] aflowIsElow).

He is the worse for liquor.

@3 Qi @5@;@3 Gerod gy,

He did not want for friends.

@10 QM (B(T(’_l%ofﬂ@(ﬂﬁcé@ S0 )[R

lom Y

3

anlgy.

For anything I know you may be

o) oM@ «gebo @vdlaile eal

ﬂg’dﬂﬂ}‘) m

right.

BSSEOMIB0 V@) MBAN aGANIEM

goomanE; o3 oYM wdlw

)

epa@aIIM e@Ith avewa!l&hoeno

o ogmiel

an gy

He is a good-for-nothing fellow.

@ad @anidro H&I8E @I S

o ganwl

OOMIE

It all tarned out for the best,

OIMEIDNFEM EYHEIIDS Selwd)

210

He is lame for life.

@Al 2EEMOAINHE GSAVMIW 18g jo).

izl

It ig fine for the present.

B8O DBJI® EOO @P8HS gy,

ZJ%A" mﬁm.

For the time being.

@E),08ICOES.

For ever and aye.

ag) N BANER0.,

QIEN;

3

He is good for Rupees one hundred,

RQ 2Qg|led: @YK 2.

péh M.

For all that.

BROMIOEN 9 OMEFLjo; of)TNIAJo,

He is small for his age.

@I @RS o_ucmg@rm e 018

o1 )gy.

You may do so for all I care.

o) apeslom ©.01@Qdd «gM)O8eID

olaste 94

@ 2l™o.

S

S

112

From.

[(cﬂOQyo.

0f

He was driven from pillar to post.

@oQIa™ §.0lp1an ElasINends ESIWYo

You shou

He lives from hand to mouth.

habit.

@ QI R &;)5 lwIdh @RI &%laoy;

@ Qb BPANA & Yoy &g an.

1 am shor!

From a child he was fond of study.

©.21Qg|O0)3alI @I aJ0lgJoad aio

aQumyemg.

Yon are v

He has risen from the ranks.

He was tl

@I ©.aQe)g QB DO QINIET .

He went from bad to worse.

@I Qg s IODO 'sarm'h% ali)

this ney

BN Qo Qma sW); @oold @emioD

He is off b

In

@lajo ofloowow); @paid Haiw)

He died of

ell@dad)an @)@)ach a1,

This smells

He is a man in a thousand.

@OUHME 68 YD oom e S

I stand in :

COHM &o6ermond () @oaVo.

Bread is th

He cast in my teeth.

@b ogeado gei@e aod) alosoy.

Money Is

He lives in clover.

@80 Q1 O.J(D@(T‘Q@J@OGYT)U .

His indolence is bred in the bones

@M 2S) qLa0R2ET .

The news is in every one’s mouth,

)0 QORI @RS I J050W )@ esam.

A custom o

There is something in the wind,

Q& DS EW) allelp ooemy oo ey

A hatter of

QI @eNg.

I will do as much as in me lies.

& jowel of ¢

00D WLOIWEH) AVa0IR 1 Bndo.

He is over head and ears in debt.

@I &Soailsle) @ya8@IZe REE)

He s a bt

DS esamn.

His

The ship ra

strength

stood

him

in

good

stead.

Take yourse

@RAIAD L& IQYEs @ MNaNIW ),

[88%0.

This will stand you in a large sum.

He wag oyt

pa@lan olemes wg9o oileiay ails)

In a state of nature.

alse ez (@ )avalf)oy

muneds;

Cast ot clot}

Galom)el,

The bargam

This is enough in all conscience.

DD PDEW 2B); QIDOHIME BN

e brealg

3

& WiLjo DO 263,

StOl’y.

Put that down in black and white.

@0(Q)8:000 SEAING ST Mo,

The exanip,

He is still in leading strings.

@I @mEg oo POQER AIMNS QIIRJo

Lhope 4

o ¥ o106m MmsSsME.

In a word.

Tou bayg

2@ B Ig |OQYAD DOIdD.

He arrived in the nick of time.

@0 aiab VR )aR MO Gd eg) @),

fe s yg) o

He came in for a large property.

@RQAIaP QI8 O m@mc)o @10 QI a0

&g,

His speech fell in with my opinion.

0?2; Ul

RSO (@ )aTVow0 agdabo @RE o

Ouce t

WeEmIg BWoed).al.

!t

You had better give in.

avERGHssa@oem 03 lemes MayD ; &$)

ik gy g

PSS YM@oEm 0 lemds MED.

cld

113

[’Oﬂwd'o.

of; Off.

) @0S|g

You should break yourself of this

)

o) @0 Slato o_ﬂ%:a@_o_mnb BMICHH

habit.

6/mMo.

J

S,

FMW

I am short of money.

a3 E8 A IeMER021BINE. AIEMo &OO

ladicd o

S0Q06Y .

You are very wide of the mark.,

™| ERSg POSEHE ow leflos)eg o).

)JOJQ’)WI;J .

He was thrown off his balance by

D7 QIO 8&g @I EPIWIE .ol

this news.,

Ga1oa)).

mﬂ% o)

H g8auen

He is off his head.

@D QI @AIEs 18 nFeE.

i sl

He died of a broken heart,

o eul) o_ﬂs’“&é zrb")izé.

This smells of musk.

Do &

@) REMEsan.,

e em

I stand in awe of him.

ag M EH WO BRAET .

0

Bread is the staff of life.

aieabo @TUIR0 EOMEMAIETT .

0’\ 060,

Money is the sinews of war.

QD0 MSMB TN o_lmmcsmo; QRVo

MSBENH2H b milad &)1 woad

al16mo BQiemo.

@)01880M0.

A custom of long standing,

A JPIDN TVEBIWo.

) ojism

A matter of afew rupees.

aNgjoa e oB a0 @oo.

A jewel of a servant.

80y R0d1ab Halp) 2em3IWowaldh; gy

00

2o )@d o oand.

[(Qog.

He is a bit of a poet.

@ Baw &ollowled E@vayo

Qlomoo

W0 %@Q

The ship ran foul of a rock.

&g T a1008WIG alo6mD).

Take yourself off.

MO 05:5) «gSATHSE Ca10dh.

)Wﬁv {65}0.

He was cut off in early youth.

@AM

@ eJ0ay) o ) @b

@(lﬂ_gé

aillo) ofel

G 10q))

1 :@)ﬂh‘ﬂﬂ%

Cast off clothes.

RQIMRH® NS m@mm.

The bargain is off.

SQivg a3 )eon 3a10@ ),

He breaks off in the middle of his

9909 en

ER@ID SHLOYOS MFSe ©Qlo) 030G

story.

sMOSMO:

The examination came off yesterday.

a1@l8m @areel &Y leoy.

[S2am.

IS QUIBjo

1 hope the rain will hold off,

2¢ &am mlay e b o) a0r)

@REZa0 110 )HabO

QU AE0QJo

s

)

You have ‘hi’t off his character.

&) 20 aowd) of 1@ esamn.

b g

He is \fvell off.

@10 QJA10 C\'DO@OCE)O MY QHQYog: @Y

Qim &B)s1eilan @EeEeS)gy.

m m QJ@DL’OO

On; Upon.

Once upon a time.

Q16ng; 1M )Enmb; o j@o.

I throw myself upon your mercy.

MDBROS H@EONER oG IBHIEYWo.

I take my stand upon these facts.

DY WLOIBOAVONTHOS e 6o

0208

@020 a N o RN D.

s P52

8

114

—t

This is the rule we go upon

6106013 o @@ Q_)@om-osm MSHENQ.

Is there ar

He dwelt upon the subject

@Y @)Dgyo ®0383a00 o_ﬂmdm”‘):ga Q10 60m%).

The pot is

1 gained b

I am on familiar footing with him

eRbd @2ZA @ CELEN @06y .

He has stolen a march upon me

@PQIM ogHaN Sawn o__\ooL%

It is all ov

I will not be hard upon him

62000 @PIHM GGl esay; nyRLU)

@5 e lgy

To,

All advice is lost upon him

Q)0 0 I0MBIAJ ERAISHTHO 6.0l 0f)a) @b

What is th

SHSOW QY

I am alive |

I wait upon your pleasure

®ailgoom @MRAITVE(Q IS0

600b

QIR &HSM203 %0

We fell to

This is forbidden on pain of death

DO .01QY S I0WITE RREM@ET> U5 )b

The beam struck him end on

S )20

DAGOD) @EPAODO

crmd

aSlem

May T Lielp

Out of

[ laughed him out of his folly

1Bl @B @PAUWSHDO BB

He rose

[

@0 @003 |dng enry

An oceapa

I judge you out of your own mouth

leado aeeedIE @ean olleabo

Yoo my i)

QUARD )3 ) Ba gy enwd)esam

He did it out of envy.

@PQITD EPEEIOM O AQYD ERIYWE D

thing

M2o61

To fioht

The clock is out of order.

Q1S JWode of oo d)esan

He is out of temper now

@Q®Idba Bk WlAGsSER M@

I was fright

Q@26

To this d,ly

He is out of sorts

’BTO@@&LO(GYG)\(TTO @GBaOMpy&@lto &BOQYo

Worn t9 g g

This is ont of the question

0@ BRAVIRL)o.

The fire is out

dloag; dloagu.

Hear me out,

To and 1

6@00d aI0QYMN@ FZPaidBo @@adoa:ﬂnb

He laughed out

b 0195).0{)d)

Ho faingeq 1,

You are out on that matter,

Ep oogodled mloasd EReUERLED

£l10erm

[at08)

Supper g

The secret leaked out

&g ajoum

10,

8wvalje ajoaD 0195)

Over

Undy

He lords it over me

@M ogBAMIG AI(@IAV S5

Undey le 1o

I will sleep over the matter

@ @) EYBallay MSE dlal

Q10O Q0oo.

Under the

0 Came undy

He lives over the way

re‘rocgo_oo

m@mao_ﬂsmbo 2600 QIRAT

a_)OzB&m’o

N arg 10

There is a man overboard

8ok &gjefledailan @seiled aflend)

m&t[gr

5%

bis taloy

lxa[]()

I cannot pass over this fault

@O SQ00 I A0g [0dH® gy

e

115

—

MSaG,

Is there any money over?

Qigy alemQjo 6RIIEs IYBSED.

The pot is boiling over.

aN@o AIO®.0) AGIQYaD.

)

{!gé 0.\\')6@%}.

I gained him over to my side.

@M 6@oad o_)uﬂ@m’ﬁz% og)®abo

20020 ).

Qé.

ilay; anye)

It is all over with him.

@O0 S0 S¥leuy; ERANHDO &0

Qo ad)S@HI3)ay.

To.

) 9.20weh

What is that to me?

@O® OSIHTENOSTNEM P

I am alive to the difficulties.

@)@V D @WYOTEAD og)lee Mgy

S0 600

Qigmo @ oo,

We fell to talking about him.

SOEBD EOUNMGOG] MVoaVIE).0f

038 GBI,

o Ged

@Sos),

0N aleImoo 6D @pgo aFleBEs

May I help you to this ‘dish?

ofls mIGs.

He rose to the oceasion.,

iebo 68

08010000200 aVIZMY)0, Or EWIL®

[y YoRlen) @uomﬂ%.

s Ao

An occupation to his taste.

@160 @O a @@ ©E8)tto.

nng)a g,

You must pay me to the utmost far-

em i &¥lwInm o) ogadles @an

) {mngwmm

thing.

aflesemo.

To fight to the bitter end.

OENBILIN® BII0 MU IBANAUDD &Ll

o._cﬂcSﬂ.

G m

I was frightened to death.

600 @O_)Sr];gé rcﬂ%.

igenges T2

D OANEWIB0; VG IQYD IO,

To this day.

Worn to a shadow.

ooailsoy ozeflsoy oggle C@oR)BW);

1o B0

ozeilsoy o20leoy GHE.alRINMEg |0

HRIWIW ).,

To and fro.

Mo @@(})H’\"Nb'

@emo50 aileanogo.

He faintcd but was soon brought to.

@b @@oaﬂ:&é aflem agm lejo BAIWD

@) @b BEN1DLLRZMEIDBS ),

[a6]:

Supper was brought in and we fell

@) @uem

ODTBOL® Do

to

610603 0

@Qiwo

Mo &g joad

o) VB

GMODs ).

Under.

Under the rose.

8oy 20)).

qﬁ’ @,g%mo‘

Under the sun.

) M3 @ﬁ

4

G2 @bd.

He came under suspicion.

@oalnabo. Gamh mOoLe®o gacrﬂﬂ% or

S@oam ).

Y 2900 mb@@

You are under a delusion in this

afeBdhds MY GO e EeIELACW

matter.,

aflal WHReMQYeE.

ol o}

This calculation is under the mark,

WO HMBRGS @ TV BT WIS

gy,

\aa@q?é'

8

*

el

116

IIe spoke under hié breath.

epalod a g eds alosty.,

ith

The doctor brought the fever under.

m@mg)ab o_m'ﬂ (RIADBISS ).

He took |

grace,

Up.

He received

Let us be'up and doing.

M0 LW ORI (@)D )go0d BNIDs.

Prices are looking up.

oa) ®@Qaoms.

1 was befor

To keep up appearances.

&g8) 2 )oOmIQANG I BQTE]; @

oo ®>eE) @Yo OBISENIT D)

Eonb QI ],

O

Ho made fr

The barrister threw up the brief.

o

61’).10(6]%8& s ailSolley; G

@Go_meﬂﬂ:gé.

@ Qlan CHhialdo QIANR.

I will not p

His blood was up.

I cheered him up.

@b @QIHM al0oy AVEAMIAd)

The thieye

)y

%

traveller,

He came up soon after.

S0 SYIYSNNOYE @MW MS

I have brok

AN o) ).

T will close

This does not come up to my expect-

o b aflandlo© c:ncmacszﬂgd.

The estats |

ation.

I shall show him up.

sod @oaieabae &@Q ojgomoago-.

Rs. 5,00

I sat up all night.

620D o JRIREIIB 0 ® OB lsnm IR,

Note 1

also useq ¢

The matter was hushed up.

@0QJo 6 0QI_p|AOTS .

&

!

I can put you up.

Bleoeoz h O @eEEaIdW) 0_108':1'\

9000,

their cory

I put him up to asking that question

625 VLRIV ICR@ BY GoloB o

Students: ;

@OAIOHM S E9OES @moé‘@:ﬂ%.

length but

The roads are up.

NNoad e d MaNIBs |QOSEE .

threatens f

The hunt is up.

NG @56‘013']?8:‘0@'1

It is all up with him.

@RQINADO IR ag)Fe-|9000 HIGg |0

Qoo gD Ay,

Prongy

I knocked him up at 6 o’clock.

@QQ 2em)as b ErAIHM o_ﬂ@’u%

s

MO ).

Same 1p 1

)

I feel quite knocked up-

ma0h Qe O Bdlen3)oi)dasaw.

Peculiart;

He is laid up with fever.

@oouth aaon o) @758:;’191057770.

Bhe

He drew up a petition.

@RI B a0 g P © M208s .

in \I&]a)a]

This is a got up affair.

Do 05 .)5720051W SOP@oET .

He is well up in mathematics.

8 fing] (o,

@QIaR MEM eEB e Mgy o..\(‘fﬂ_fﬂ&)

Qo

33 \%@B%Q

The matter was patched up.

S B@ aNwod e alosoy o)

OJ; «'Y)"i&’JB% (]

8:93%)'

Bataphryg,

The meeting broke up.

aoe aildlsoy.

et

ELT

With.

)

He took the reproof with a good

grace,

M wdiro eds s)o_tQ&d 06 )

21 ay.

He received me with open arms.

laJond i,

@0 QI 0O SV SY ) a0_fl&d) .z,

or MBRIGAN OGS,

GQWEW; o

I was before hand with him,

@0QIth ogOaN 0l0d)esanNd)an Zmy

Da15Em00)

@Gan @b @paIHm a10dle) &

$leony.

ol oy @m”

W)

He made free with my money.

@ OO IO ME I

@’L%,

18 wiil not put up with your conduct.

mlaado mSgjaiaun «gaies avad)es

anlgy or GenlRY BT lgy.

y s

The

thieves made away with the

SHBERID WIOEHEHM QIWo @»sﬂ%.

traveller,

@nQmo MS

I have broken with him.:

QR0 @DQAIQD0 ®ZA @b 6)@00’\@8:]0@'1.

I will close with your offer.

iy

mle=de aoan aflel smonh aqOZAD] o).

The estate is saddled with a debt of

aagailenach @)oo 2Qg]l® &so

Rs. 5,000.

o gyong,

49@@9@90;

0.6\ A,

Note 1. In some of the examples given above, prepositions are

also used as adverbs.

) o]

2. The entire absence of prepositions in Malayalam renders

their correct use a matter of no small difficulty with Malayalee

) ggjzgjo

students; and I would willingly have dealt with the subject at greater

gl ol

length but for fear of increasing the size of the work which already

threatens to overstep the usual bounds of a handy volume. -

el

b

:

oo 08150

Pronoun._

Pronouns need not detain us long.

They are almost the

yusm QB

same in the two languages and are declined alike.

A few

peculiarities may, however, be noticed. Double possessives

ol

S0

(assm

like ‘ours’, ‘yours’, ‘mine’ or ‘of yours, ‘of mine’ are unknown

NPl

in Malayalam.

Those of the first group are translated with

m@z,em

a final demonstrative pronoun eem added to the possessive,

w0l

me

as — eIz esSY; mloegesy; «gemom; with their plurals ORg CS.

Q; mleegesal; ogemboas; but those of the second have to be

0!

paraphr

ased before translating

te})

a8—"*a book of mine’ agmabo ayoye

o3z 1ch @am, or agOMO B® ayTRMo.

el

118

B0 M0

There is however one important point of difference between

the two languages in the use of pronouns, which should be

(o @O0l

franslate

carefully noted.

In English there is no separate form of the

equivalen

pronoun to indicate respect or honor, and we use ¢he’ for His

manho O

Majetsy the king, and ‘she’ in speaking of our own mother or

An

has to be

the Queen of Great Britain and the Empress of India.

imitation of this usage if carried into Malayalam speech and

frisnds’ @1

u

Part . (1

composition would be deemed the height of impudence and

churlish barbarity.

Malayalam always makes use of the

Note 1

plural pronominal forms in such cases and have special pro-

cently exe

nouns to mark different degrees of honour and respect, as—

{

a3, ®om, Mlede, ®omsGo which are the usual personal

qualifying

pronouns of the second person singular.

DU e

oSl is, in most cases, decidedly contemptuous and corres-

ponds to the English ¢thow’ in all its applications.

oad 18

J

used in speaking to one’s inferior, mlesde to one’s equals

singular

8w gsm.

or to those a degree above the scale, and @00 to decided

superiors.

The nominatives @ooilsan, @, @lG2M

4

Jlave, with their possessives @poilsoom, @GS, olmamul

bave in Xy

2mnb @ooy

op) still represent the more respectful modes of address.

G

©ode, BREGE00, @RAID, are similarly used in the 3rd person

singular with almost the same difference in the shade of meaning.

In examples like ‘the father with his son’, ‘the servants

1) G

with their load’, the possessive pronouns are translated by

) He

) G

®edo (singular) and mssees (plural) and not by @eaisado

and @pRoIM®S.

The indefinite pronouns are omne, they and

4) Tl

) M

people; @oIMOIND, Or GoaMIsoBde Would in most cases con-

) Tr

The English idiom that ore should

vey the meaning of ‘one’.

) W

be followed by ome is not so imperatively insisted upon in

§) By

9) 1)

Malayalam, as sometimes esmomoeo may be found coupled

with @moamoad, but the laxity does not extend to the joining

0)

h

1

STt

together of mamond with @roimaind, or either of these with

Th

»ocoomomad. Thus, though we may say emoome @mmoebo

;)

N

Lo

e

119

o6 between

8®@owno @RGIaNad aisley, We cannot say ercimaim @mimeado sws

should he

o @RAGIaN0b asgy.

Positive sentences containing one may be

orm of the

translated by a repetition of one or the other of its Malayalam

he' for His

equivalents given above, as—‘one must know one’s position’ @moameab @o

mother or

o cunimo @ed)e®emo,

But in wegative sentences @wydo

India. An

has to be substituted for ome, as—¢<One should not be partial to one’s

Vide

speech and

friends’ ®Q@o @oLIMAIPDO SIS lBAES oidmo OAIYTBD.

1dence and

Part I. Chapter IIL; (vi.) for further information on the point.

use of the

Note 1. The idiomatic uses of the pronoun ‘¢’ have been suffi-

pecial pro-

ciently exemplified in the First Part. (See Chapter III. viia. &. and‘c.)

spect, 45—

2. Malayalam pronouns may take adjectives or other

. personal

qualifying expressions either defore or after them, as—enyellacmow

@0 Q10d DBEOM 9.2YD EY@Po; NE YIS 218)od)p sellaaiailmovemo.

and corres-

3. In addressing

b 18

7

or speaking about, God, pronouns in the

ey equals

singular number are used as in English ; for example, oosaiea 3)

, 1o decided

W ©@em.

4. Corresponding to the royal or authoritative ‘We’ we

0, O[)]O}Z‘m

kave in Malayalam onooj but it is awkward to use avogaided, we

oy

2xnad eoaibdéd ete. when speaking of oneself.

dress. 69

Srd person

5

EXERCISE A.

of meaning:

1)

God and His works.

he servalts

2)

Heaven! Thy ways are inscrutable.

anslated by

3)

God and His angels,

4)

The father with his son.

g, they and

5)

Mothers with their children in hand,

t cases 000

6)

Travellers carrying loads on their head.

7

i gio should

Wives clinging to their husbands for support.

'

8)

Father! I ask your blessing.

od upon 1

9)

When came you my friend?

llﬂd OO‘lPle

10)

The king in his mercy pardoned the erimnals.

the JO m]g

11)

Stop thy prattle, thou knave!

J these Wil

12)

These are thy glorious works, O Parent of good! Almighty!

13)

Napoleon said, ‘Soldiers, my own brother will march at your head’.

o @gm)ﬁm{m

14)

Thus says his Majesty — ‘Every soldier of his army must be ready

o form

with his arms at break of day’.

821U,

15)

I have an elder brother, he is now in the army.

Some

16)

The Emperor established his head-quarters at Weimar.

the follov

17)

My dear friend, I wish you prosperity and long life.

Give the Kaiser his due.

o )

18)

19)

The king crossed over to France to celebrate his son’s marriage.

odigl; ol

20)

Thee nature, partial nature, I arraign.

@’5\

math; og

EXERCISE\ B

610

1

BE3) 0, MWRZOS aJTRdo DOO.

There

2)

99EAICA! M) og)DaN PHM ISEH AN SA.

which are

3)

WER2IMBEM, EVOFAR e loie )00 BEa®o b .19,

never be |

1)

S8 ER®IHDO WER2IMHM BMIds | &OWQYAD,

5)

2RO )IaR &) MR ?

modern p

6)

220 @Fabo asemleseorlewrs ealges ofl

s (Th

\g’\aﬂ) @109, 0do

Q0ab alosmy.

Ol 155773

7

@PBUE I E0BalINEl §).0QY NS0 0.

Other adj

8)

QLB AN BNIMNE 31 B IS,

B1goN

TVM®RE )21’ 18Samo.

9)

B0AVMIBWINS WO HITYE & B0,

O

10)

S MIWSADFB0108M @1BdE) IS IWAN®EE 6mMe.

@ &80

11)

e gmowitslosmpywrd),

)

12)

8E3) B0, OFIVBEOS S &6 AVBIMIES) a1

200,

13)

ag)8S0, @b (@ GS) B0 MSANITH 6 H0ER 0.

14)

B8R0, @B OS M 298 QIO ZMo @O )WITG) INIch D&

afjfe.

208 QB O oc_;Jcrucvﬂ:e@m,

m?miﬂﬁmua

J

15)

@ Qds @MY OS @23 1ed a8 BMYa00 Gaeel @IaD

Q@ch

remgnaoés; ERAIMOS aJ@IB)EJ0 © TBIGANMIST)

QoI

}ﬂw

GeIm

C.

Adjective.

)

Simple adjectives are unknown in Malayalam and parti-

Ologn

ciples both present and past called wsnymmo or eaimoi do duty

@"5)\50

for them.

@n, @, and 955 are the most common adjective-

¢0Sim

dme

suffixes, as—eyam oaigso, A1W® a0, QigmRes 20, ERW and

02Jogy

oee may be added to nouns to form adjectives, as—emsmow,

ﬂc&;c

eemges. ©ow and epwyes may be added to eco and (yso

This Worg

21

5t be ready

to form adjectives of classmal origin, as—gaxoeies; GOWEY

B820W.

Some obhque cases also do daty for the adjective as in

the following examples:—

(Y\,QJ erA

S0S)ea1 HamalPlwmialo;

eoIQgROBI B HE

NAITIAZE

o892 ); o_mﬂmagmcsz)gg (00RO @D 0 ICRIIBIOWAD @mmomﬂagom’\q%ﬂ

ZQOEONOMIB 6 VIR o_le_lO_ﬂ(Do

o0 INIRd SHSS

oF\w.

v, @aMoGel Gaw ald@o .ald o]

0_16@.\79

©I2HEd N OMNIT GalS )

There are a number of adjective suffixes in Malayalam

which are properly confined to poetry, and the fact should

mméz'

never be lost sight of that they are highly objectionable in

modern prose.

Such expressions therefore as eodlwwaian™ afles

aflgés (The wonderful lamp) ;

92QPan & v (The true cross); O OHWY

B SLlAgLI

pom ogoe esamd, at once show the writer up as an ahen

Other adjective-suffixes of this nature

Brg,0VY5 WEMEBHE @YSAD HNAID @D

N AM.

@YNEe HWAD MIB): §.1p]lwaeaR I 2a5leo; Oded)

@an @80 N0,

mae

snosin

2M AIES)S BNV

[avoesd)

9 00.

0F5008000) HL1IGANI®R HHAIGHE

@031QI00 EnER;|Mm

6010084 Po

saumd; dleasye aflaegss; Elmom evlamoyo

\moa 6083

ad)¥o.

moroocmsm(p) 0No

@B )ME50y@g 19098 BLIIS0

son0 0

}Mo

[

2J®B8g|3)M @z d; ©gNo agdIm HaIldd

96m

()_@O an

03) QJ /O?)OA

21D 0@ HAIS @ADL

D\ﬂ a0

QImY @6E M IR o)

@ﬂ@()\'ﬁ

O @17 a51a100); Qigmo @ReEER QIoWg |weBd

n and parts

(H6Mo BmSo QIMTRR; ERITW® BMSI® UOMDRAM 0D

Cuade

[HEOISTe

gl do du

SOSIN SHoaANMo

on adjeet™

6)2_306013 0.

0.030@bsalosgo aildlemabd

(Y

@&;o.

00528 @0 3o @ 1a0d

50050

* This word was used by a Malayalee and not by a foreigner.—Ed

300

&Dd 530

12

When several attributes refer to the same noun, the Mala-

oy

yalam idiom employs the following methods for joining them

Honorary,

together:

musical, sut

1) 20 with eow,

e

or some other adjective-suffix

‘y’ : (1]

added to the last; a8 — @@nt)g {0aso UB1ARIlg |0000 @YW EIERQY; BSORH

Iy, shaky, §

BO®Wamo BAVIRID @B )HWARO @S O @ )HWIMe D e Go 1T .

For f

2) The adjective participles; all except the last are

First and

changed into adverbial participles; as— avgyanmee), wasmms

Note |

), L—ﬂg@@@g ©IE300y; B M B3 Mol @903 QIMNIYER AIb; avam

and co-or

@,QJ(T'TO@@_ Baaoeit@ob.

whole

adjective c

3) Changing the

into one compound

noun;

/

as — maee@ed; MNE.21QYRLENGNEes 1b; aliposaellmyes Hales 8ea 1o

in gender

&d. But this method is more appropriate to poetry than to

Malayalan

prose.

i a need]

syntax wit

Adjective-sujffixes compared :

may safely

‘en’:m’)dﬂg; P Mgy W; @peies; asS —‘wooden box’ @ooMIL)ER

info a e

@o_xgq;

‘golden ring’ Sa1VMOGINE oF)ZR)2) R0 (HaI0BNB0@)M0).

engraft sug

Of course we are at liberty to use the noun as an equivalent

a8 has latg

form as @magﬂg'ﬁ, ©a108RI@ 10,

Nalayalees

‘ie’; “ical’ = qvosniqweow, as— Britanie, civie, elefic, public, logical,

viﬂently di

poetical,

Added to nouns these terminations sometimes carry

3

the 1dea of aouRIIZes, OF dlaiges, aS—Angelic, comical, whimsical.

When refoy

‘OU.S’; ‘0se’, = @8, Moo, &S -- Verbose, calamitous, envious, murder-

comngcte] |

ous, uproarious.

@YDSY_GJAO @@(y

‘ish’ added to nouns= avoema).0y, aS—Dboyish, British, slavish.,

absurg g ¢

(LS D.JOO'Q

»

b

»

adjectives = neowxyeg, a5—Blackish, dullish, blueish,

possibly 0

‘less’ = mgfoom, @osow, oo, as

Senseless, careless, matchless,

and the ff

lawless.

Meaning jys

‘ful’ = aflosoo, Kleizow, as—Spiteful, scornful, slothful, forgetful, and

i ther e

wateliful.

W iy

‘v, ‘ble’; ‘able’; ‘ible’ = @oym, cwowaiw, as

Moveable, loveable,

%mzsmw

passable, eatable, attainable, credible, suitable, culpable, divisible

Molag,

—

123

g

a

e Mal

‘ory’, ‘tory’. ‘ary’, ‘al’, ‘an’, ‘n’ = avosnimwla, CVoEUMW2OW, AS—

them

Honorary, literary, semnsory, amatory, legal, local, vocal

theatrical, poetical

musical, subterranean, Shakespearean, Lutheran

ive-suffix

‘y’; ‘ly’ = avaecaiges, wleievw, aflwges, a8—~ickly, elderly, weak-

0y £5am)

ly, shaky, sticky, cleanly, cheeky, tetchy, bulky, dirty, doughty.

i

I and V. Parv the

For further information see Chapter

Jast. are

First and Chapter V. Part the Second for equivalent forms

W2 BN

Note 1. The difference of meaning conveyed by the restrictive

au? o

and co-ordinate uses of the relative pronouns which introduce

adjective clauses, cannot be directly brought out into Malayalam

nd noun

2. In Sanskrit, adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify

g BT

in gender; this sanskritism may sometimes be seen imitated by

But its general introduction into ordinary prose

fry tha {0

Malayalam poets

is a needless innovation that will simply complicate the Malayalam

syntax with all the intricacies of gender obtaining in Saunskrit.

‘We

may safely assert that Malayalam has by this time crystallized itself

! pOOmIRIER

into a permanent form and a settled syntax, and all attempts to

L6r2imI)

engraft such a foreign element upon it at this stage of its progress

QU alent

as has lately been the tendency on the part of some Sanskrit-knowing

Malayalees hailing chiefly from Cochin and Travancore, cannot but

v1olently disturb this settled state of things.

pil, g

3. Two or more numerical adjectives of the ordinal kind

imes CAITY

when referring to the same noun are changed into cardinals and

al Whlmﬂlcﬂl

connected by the conjunction po, as—gawo moaj @EOXIGISs caoE)

It is

nyion punder

@6emio BYQO @@)@ch O @BIHOOS0 D

& RN ODIMU D0 m@zgzé@c)a

absurd to say gmoo moewe @EEND; @@ BYN (@) )E:d; &N

m»h gl

avisll

@m0 anoeemead. The only meaning that the expressions can

ullsh, pelsh

possibly convey to a Malayalee would be ‘the 3rd 4th standard,

1850

natohless,

and the fifth sixth defendant, respectively’

This is suxely not the

meaning intended

The 3rd 4th standard would be correct only

al, and

if there were a second fourth standard, and a 1st fourth standard

I forgetl

and similarly with the other examples

‘We may, however

say

Joved

@I Yo

aNJRINAG 1) QYo

@OEHID

@10 6@ 02 B O RYo

@02 T Qo

preabley

@mﬂ@ch

ble

A

124

AR

BT

d. Verb.

enswe)

To enter into the details of the verb-formation, or of the

0l

niceties of application of its various modifications would clear-

Tet!

ly be beyond the province of this work. One peculiarity of

the objec

Malayalam verbs has already been pointed out, namely, that

bim go' @0

they occupy the last or very near the last place, in a sentence.

verb 1§ 11

Malayalam grammarians have thrust upon its shoulders

be killed"

duties which do not legitimately belong to it, and this, together

&l aans

with the erroneous basis of classification adopted by them

(lass

renders the study of Malayalam verbs intricate and perplex-

are divid

ing to the beginner.

ive, and

Some Malayalam verbs especially those denoting receiving,

]

Temar

K8

obtaining, giving, bearing, suffering, forbearing, and incidents

after if ¢

to the mind or body, do not take a nominative case, but are

Walayaly

joined with oblique cases chiefly the dative:; they are there-

Nega

fore without a grammatical subject as in the following

examples: Q@(Yﬂs);sm@ ajag®o &lg) I received a book,

B8YoQlamw

e wg |

1ot il

@em) eidlo) He obtained salvation.

100 &8 s@alds TVENZMEIHEA0

?

LM ETB D B EIG: B8R0

WMo ez );

A0S 12JITE®I Bal0d @

ﬁs(mﬁlgg e

goooo{les; «gaileseaizm Vod)e) @SI; EH)es aVaS)@ITH GELMEIN.;

o

o.aiafles gayeoziw QOOLSXD; EPAUNHIDO WHIEEBXR ag)as B Bog HanQ

commang

g0 o¥ledly; @o «gailes @ozallgy I do not remember it

80

Q@ﬂ(mgd 20

a@BaMIg @0aEato@) I forgot it.

ag))By IS, @&oalo QI@AN,

Sense, ag-

MIEMAI&AD, 2S1WIBMD; ogBaNIs WEO®AJT); QNS SBRIG @go ol al;

A,T

ofe

920 aggdemlommoggled My mind is agitated; ogadles aflce@ean I am

vention of

t0 the v,

hungry; adlsmdods 29200 o o_ﬂoae__éo @ 3gy! have you no hunger and thirst!

@RQdhd: HAQ|IeeImo o_ﬂcw@(o{moe_ﬂi% she perspired profusely all over the

Chapter 1l

body; eqa)as auad)esan.

Cluigy

The nominative of imperfect verbs joined with the auxiliaries

sufﬁXQS d

can or may are translated into Malayalam not by @yws, but

. By

by Sp@s), 45— You may go’ Mmlamnes Galodoo.

‘A fast rider may reach

Csatiye

the place in a week’ @aiwOos)dh cmo_mrzﬂ@mg%mmm BT EYY OB EIY

or L/’"a‘]ie’

12

MANAIE) BDDN00 .

“You may come here, no objection’ a3lemadhds)ailas aioo,

afNemousd gy

‘Shall a hare dare touch the mate of a lion?” ©@Ig &Fe20

o of the

20D ION)O® oL@ 1AB P

1d clear

J,et’ takes an objective case after it, but in translating

liarity of

the objective must be changed into the nominative, as—-‘Let

Iy, that

him g0’ @D Ga &S

‘let me sleep

00D ® QaReSg

But when the

senfence

verb is in the passive voice, the objective is used, as—‘Let him

shoulders

‘let it be taken upstairs’ @om@)Om 208 1HQS

be killed’ @pQiom O&QONS

s, together

&b BB DS,

| by them

Classification of Malayalam verbs.

In Malayalam verbs

perples

are divided into four classes

Transitive, Intransitive, Negat-

ive

and Causativ

The first two classes call for no special

' TECEITINg,

remarks except that the object comes before the verb and not

{ incidents

after it as in English

We say, ‘He bought a horse’, but in

s, but are

Malayalam epoinb e edlesw sz

are there

Negative verbs

The chief negative suffixes in Malayalam

following

are megy and eogy; the first'is equivalent to the English ‘have

:

Ay

Qi

not’

avill not’ ete

and the second to “sg0t’, as—anaiad aa10)

0(/)25“3&3@23

@sari)gy he does not study; @paiab mgy alnmMaEmdEMEy he is not a good reader.

W) \puﬂﬂw

soe) way also be used to imply a promise, and @re) a

»g@m@mo

command or injunction, as—mad) sad Do SoP MNP Dey; PQD

3 003 Hadl

eonang) 2omeav; but enmg is the proper negative in the latter

pber 1

€0

SCNSe, 48—V )e®@® Ga108REMo 2SI WIND @M )E SO D) D SEBRD)

&00J0 m'ﬁ’m,

. @130 ol 19213

LN ote

In Malayalam, negation is expressed without the inter-

Noam 8

vention of auxiliaries, by adding the negative particle mgy directly

to the verb, as—‘He does not come @)D QimBATgy

(Vide Part I

yoer and £t

Chapter IIL;i.)

Iy all orer e

Causative verbs

The causative verbs are formed by the

¢ auxiiaries

suffixes o, nae and o 1lds, A5—eaiwsn; oagen; MSgflas; o

[

ofen. But there is mno particular grammatical form for the

)J (\JLM)

causative in Eneglish, and certain auxiliaries as <have

get’

rer moy "

For

stance,

or ‘make’ have to be pressed into service.

m%ﬁ)ﬁﬂi‘@ o0

gl

126

AL i

00D @ IOMOBNITE 0D ©aglo) I made him do it; emid e eaug)

form ¢

@&@oasﬂi% I had a box made; @YWL G ERAINMOENIEE 6ITD ®g O

49—

gy I got him to sign the document.

let me g0s

Note 1. The personal pronouns which stand as objects in the

B

above examples are not translated by eNolw, but by eolw with

mood, 1t

o@oas which is an equivalent form of gollw.

going 15 be

2. The chief verb-suffixes in English ave: ‘/y’, ‘z'ze’,‘ and

by enlle

‘ate’, and in Malayalam os, 0o, ca)(aa%, Gryds, 603, HoIF

suffixed t

as: Pacify aquaiwimeg|s@s; qLAUIMAISES.

Purify wo@U)

DD

formard with

&T)9; BERLIWIGN; WRLIN.AIY.

Epitomize M0o@al)@e; oj@®s.,

Pulver-

fOQIM MS

ize ®a10S)@n; ©al0S Wods.

Equalize aveass; avudled)es.

Germinate

28 o0

Regulate @@eg|5Q0e.

Inculcate ®a 188U )@s.

Criminate &00

If ma

Og iAW,

Iepresents

BB,

Voice. | The passive voice is undoubtedly a sanskritism,

It is too

and occurs but very rarely in Malayalam Prose.

Tose,

circumlocutory and cumbrous in form to ever become popular

b, a1

in the language, especially as there are shorter and more

of Eugl

elegant forms which may fully replace it.

For fuller infor-

often foup,

mation see Part I. Chapter IIL,; v.

;i)

Mood. Malayalam grammars treat of three moods, the

Jalam pro

‘imperative’ oNus), ‘optative’ ofaqgemo, ‘infinitive’ eiai@ato.

6

m; &g}(%s ;f,:f J

The conditional or subjective mood is considered not as a

mod, i@l

mood, but as a form of incomplete predication and is called

are of fre

QVoEQIM.

In Malayalam the imperative mood takes an express-

Dr. Gunge

ed subject, and its omission serves to convey a harsher form

Prose, ang

of command, as—aw mofes is harsher or more peremptory

Dravidiyp |

than of) maNes an.

Iefaing {}

The optative mood has two forms in Malayalam, one

the meye

identical with ayoe esai@ess and the other a derivative from

ﬁCiﬂl hO}}]og

it by the suffix es.

The first is not confined to the expression

family yiy

of a wish or desire but freely serves the functions of the true

[n By

imperative as regards the first and third persons, as—amoo

being

fOl‘me

Goitdh go we.

ep® My, etec.

The second is the true optative

PR

127

L

) o0 9ug)

form and may be rendered into English by ‘may’ or ‘let’,

aS—@paidd Mamif)@)eses let him be happy; 6@o0d Gan&es may I go, OF

0 ) ou

let me go.

See Part I. Chapter IIL; i1.

jects in the

esai@as does mnot fully represent the English infinitive

olw with

mood, it is rather equivalent to the participle as—canamg

going is better or desirable.

The gerundial infinitive is expressed

& ‘ize’; and

by esaf@wem,mo, with or without eoiarel or @908

)0, HQ

suffixed to it, as—eeoganad g 2d) oilossangomalcd he rushed

Parify @@Jﬂ

forward with a sword to kill (him); &96M2omNOW 1OEHEZQIAT came to see (you);

més, Palver-

@I MSg{ob oe®)Wlgy be is too weak to walk.

h

(ferminate

‘riminate @00

It may be laid down that on the whole eaiglw@ommo

represents the infinitive in <o’ better and more generally than

sanskritism,

Qi@ alo.

(vide Part I. Chapter IIL; viil.)

It s too

Tense. Malayalam verbs are not inflected for persom or

me popular

number, and this accounts for the fact that Malayalee students

r and more

of English, at least in their early part of their career are

fuller nfor-

often found tripping in these respects.

6mob alogaR; @RAIAd a9

Sam: a1eM)ed a195aP; MEKo BmEad algmo are all alike in Mala-

moods, the

yalam prose, though in poetry such forms as eaogflmeema ay

((elt}

?

el e

@%S:@é\maé 20Q4gmd .alpje8; aNwaamS)ofSined, aflmye)efls)

mad, a@a)oflmod aflzadlz; woesmleow e, Ands @eanad emoab

od nob 28 &

are of frequent occurrence as has been already observed.

and 15 called

Dr. Gundert deplores the loss of these inflections in modern

prose, and attempts to show that, as they are found in all other

harsher form

Dravidian languages, it would have been much better had we

) peremptm'y

retained them: but to purposely complicate a language for

the mere sentimental satisfaction of securing for 1t a super-

1a}'alam, s

ficial homogeneousness with the other members of the same

ialive from

family will not, I think, be either desirable or commendable.

o expression

In English the past is the only inflected tense, the future

1 of the 118

being formed by the help of the auxiliaries shall and will,

30113., &S/mao

and the present, the simple unaffected fprm of the verb. But

a0 opui®

128

in Malayalam all the three are inflected, and their distinctive

generally

suffixes for each, as gan for the present, @ and o for the past

English.

and 00 and o for the fut@W@, as —alman, Oal®m, @®Egan; alao,

franslatin

stances heay

001Q, @es); QGo, 2P, ®EZo, or AW, 9219, @eg.

They sho

The Present tense.

In English, as already stated, the

£ 0M80A30M,

present tense is the simple form of the verb, as—c<come’, ¢go’

the 1diom¢

sit’, ‘wall’; and in Malayalam it is formed by the suffix pmo.

0 M3k, G

There does not, however, appear to be much important differ-

the preser

ence in usage between the two languages, the universal, the

the natur

historic, and the future present of English are all seen

602000

represented in Malayalam as—(1) enapemis svoo 20N @ e

eaoll; ally

S0; OERAD PJWAIRHBOS P00AVo; Mo FLogan Eles e o .ojab @010

QU ORISTR;

om @@ Goaendlgy; (2) &Yl ailal umpesd, aflyarily ahaicms

2Pds0; )

ailg ofleid, @oeeg @wbla) 8208l olaid; (3) LMo EIONDEA

The

@legamimegy Gzeilab; emaad moeg aiman.

Note.

In Malayalam the universal present is more idiomatically

Ua/z r

expressed by the future than by the present.

a year” e

oan finish ¢h

The Past tense.

In Malayalam the student has not to feel

6)@'\;32@0. ‘]

his way cautiously through the uncertainties of drregular

GSQB%JFOGTD(

verbs.

The past tense is formed by the two suffixes @ and o,

the latter, however, is subject to some variations as-—ayoo,

My,

I have 4 19y

@, &), ©Qo), MG, 2S, aI0Q, @ROQ, M3lan, @D, ©AUD,

80 domg

OMIT, &@lavy, -ofleoy, oG, aiSan, @gse, e@em, aflem. The so-

he dig pgt m

called irregular verbs are entirely unknown in the language.

In the usage and application of the tense there is nothing

Mugt,

particular to demand the student’s attention, and so we may

fle Senteng

pass on to

EniBaam, o

The Future tense.

The tense-auxiliaries of English are

Ough,

unknown in Malayalam, and have the difference in the uses

be tl'llsfed’ o

of ‘shall and <will’ or of should’ and “would’ cannot be brought

@m' ‘Yo‘d <

out except through equivalent forms or a paraphrase.

For

Ty

the expression of a general or universal truth, Malayalam

Lot SIokg! ;

—_—

129

tinctive

generally employs the future tense and not the present as in

the past

English

This difference should not be lost sight of in

‘Sub-

3M: QIm,

ranslating such sentences as ‘Fever always produces thirst

tances heavier than water sink

‘The earth goes round the sun in 365 days.

ﬁted fl

They should not be translated as—aiad) aggypepioge esonmm

but

5 MN2oBR AN, OISR CERIGNMD CAIMEREE TVILOMEBPd @YESaIIG:aD ete

‘come’, ‘g0

the idiomatic and correct form would be aixd) agegiope 2208 @

sufnx pm

9 20830, CAIBE COMIENIC CAIMPZBE AVIVVMNERD EYMZBaIIG0

Similarly

liffer

the present tense should be used in translating sentences of

versal, the

the nature given below:

all seen

600 aflgniajo BRBME OO &@aog:ﬁgo

avgy £lof) oo Essilese ggy)

g &)

saaf); ofleames @ memItSlalth; MVIQVSHZ OBI5ER0 Elc@%iﬂ

0.0 BRI

Qich&ooimsg )b aggyo Seemz0 MEIB80 0oy 1@ 8o

@@ 183000 al@Bo

aflaisg

2j@dg0; aNoay Eles)majo moey 8lgmarde o)

a)

) GDIHMMEE

o

The auxiliaries compared

Can

@Yo, @YQI%0, &P 1Yo,

‘You can live upon three hundred rupees

diomaticall

a year’ adlemas OO0t FAOQQL|®:0:05 & Wlsuy GSo0.

‘Three men

an finish the work in a weak’ @anidhds SEILAMIME DD alem’) @lg joab

ot to feel

& S IQo

‘You can go, but return soon’ adlem@s Galo®do, aiGHM GAIWdo

J)llw

25608 )QI6Mo.

e @ ana @‘

‘May

May. egowo, ofemwdlyy, @owIdlent, @rwdlent ad)

1§ 45

—0y

=)

I have a loan of your pony for a day? Yes, you may’ o3)B29S & l0o®

) B0

HLD)

=1

‘It may be that

@ £)aVCIME: ogd)ee MMBA? @m0, allemiwdgy

e Il

8.80

he did not understand you’ @aimo o) al0emo® Bmgylenws)ey@oi1@leno

e language

Must

GQli6emo

“He must do it’ enaiad enm ©.aigsmo, In empha-

o is nothing

tic sentences eaismo @em may be used, as—:Go he must’ EpaId

Lk 50 We nay

B i98&h6mMo BN

BQIMEMIM

Ought

‘He ought to have known that fools are not to

rolish are

be trusted’ aflgflees aflwamdlgjad aioS)ogiam @oaith evdlewimeomow)

10 the uSed

@an

“You ought to be there tomorrow’ a’l Mmoo @SS o MW )G)CH

of heb oug!

seavery . With negatives eomp should be used as—¢‘Boys ought

phras

o, for

not to smoke’ &gld@d oy@g aellea® Sometimes a10s)gy OT at0S)gyd

\alayalan

9

e

130

—

ooooeae may also be used in this sense, as—¢Leave ought not to

be granted except in rare cases’ @00yQYRIWRPO® Sy GRAAIEgjoab aio

Slgy

In M

e

Adverb.

o, Of ¢

the mean

The adverbial functions are served in Malayalam by several

he transl

parts of speech. Negative adverbial meaning is conveyed by

ing certal

a single word—the negative wmym oo Wwith og, as—eodlwieo

fill-tempered

a10601),

2S5 )898®m Galod o).

Its position in the sentence, and

s ‘L

its equivalent forms have already been fully explained,

Gaom ‘only

Part 1., Chapter !

11

80 ‘nothir

favery ome o

S The Article.

and hag |

The article is a peculiarity in English syntax unknown

Chapter 11

in Malayalam. The particulars of their use and application

It nay

the student must learn from English grammars.

From the

‘Or’, ﬁS—@

analogy of his own tongue, however, the Malayalee student

his brother,

is apt to omit them altogether or make serious errors in their

loving exg,

use

In Malayalam such sentences as—aeoaich @sgio0 @aloa),

M0)) Batygyg

@b QIS) oS MIOHW © o, @S] aJmyo o_somﬂ_%acﬁacmvgﬁrzﬂ@gqm, Mmoo

@00 10 3¢

a@)MoEd gD P @g\ai(rcﬂ@ax rpsgaoo_:o(a?? apndo @ads golewoq, epaim

Mifister ,

avmaecacacs mdlesm, could be heard almost every moment,

eXamimatiop

but

their

corresponding

forms

in KEnglish would be —

Whlly aliey

‘He went to {he sea-shore’ ; ‘I took @ stick and beat the dog’ ; ‘The boy is read-

ing a book’ ; ‘What is @ noun?’ ‘Who is ¢he king of England?’ He was wound-

It il 4

ed on the head’ ; ‘He is sitting on an easy-chair.’

Note. 1. Either to import @ or ®p into Malayalam as equiva-

‘asﬂmmm (

lents of the articles in every case they oceur, or to omit the

appropriate one in similar English sentences is equally erroneous,.

2. The meaning conveyed by the idiomatic uses of the

articles has to be brought out in translation by means of the para-

phrase.

The Yaly

3. In such forms as ‘the poor’ ‘the loving’, ‘the wealthy’,

B f oy

simply use the plural form as——avopeads, BoRadleeamaid, waflemd.

d gy

€8 ¢

131

1ght ot to

g- Conjunction.

:’513:;33’3 w

In Malayalam, the important conjunctions are go, «g and

0

Of these oo corresponds to ‘and’, or ‘as well as’, while

the meaning of g is adverbial and shows emphasis.

It may

by several

be translated into English by ¢ounly’, ‘but’ and words express-

weped by

,ing certainty, as—neM: 9@z ‘only two’.

ggglamaitd e.a1Qg o leea

-0 w80

till-tempered from the very infancy.’

BMIGS 1HMHENIGIE 2 10T 1So @ I alg

tence, and

#e8mond ‘by mere glance ete.’

Q@ IMNIS CQIEMOAAT Q) @R CRwEa

explained,

atafleegos o_)mﬂgﬂg,(mmé@ Q90182 @ M2y

B2 10(®3 ‘only five towns etc.’

Q@ ‘nothing but sia ete.’

o¥leradlio)} BBMNIIEY) HBR|OEA a1 @5)Bg jodo

tevery ome of my wishes etc.’

@ is chiefly used in interrogations

and has been dealt with under the interrogative sentence

¢ unknown

Chapter III., iv., Part 1.

application

It may also be used to represent the alternative use of

Trom the

‘0r’, as— @@y EPE®S this or that; ®EPAEMI EPAIOMO B8 EGEMO he or

Jee student

his brother.

@y and oo are said to be conjunctions in the fol-

ors in hetr

].OWing examples: (Ct) RIZMNIDHPIW BRI DA L6 ; OB AVIRIY

00 gond,

MDO BaRINE HAD o) ME),

Use there’ and ‘there’ for oo and

|3\aam, 002

@ooo in such cases, as—*Here is the ring

o v o e s o s o

‘There goes the

B@ORy v

minister

(b) @naf); @ogypdl; @S

But even a cursory

1y MOWERt

examination of their uses would show that their functions are

oud be—

wholly alien to those of the true conjunction.

i boy 1 10

It wiil thus be seen that g0 is the only real conjunction

He Was \VOBﬂd

in Malayalam and its use is chiefly copulative or co-ordinative

aS— ERQIOH® o_ﬂ@’\:&éo_x@mroﬂ @DQI®Me QIAW.

am 85 U7

@INEAN @B Qg )0l @aSlg_jodRo

10 onf the

@AMOS BOMQY @SHAN .ald))g oo

o) asdeo e_ﬂeamoégzcscg

f the

io 1ses 0

afoan eamajemdley 2ocssea.

i of the P

The Malayalam idiom demands the repetition of go after

each of the items it connects. We say in English «John, James,

o vl

and Charles came,” but in Malayalam egpao, eseamc, mawmo

*

N

9

— 132' o

QIdmn

ogam 1s certainly a conjunction when it comes after

or simil:

tions are

verbs of ‘telling’, ‘speaking’, ‘thinking’, and ‘informing’ as in

@ ®MEaid @O YHAD 01060y; UBSo WIAY OB IEBHEMHRMBal

the alter

Lest,

o8l o); OO )EmOOIMoClay @20,

It exactly corresponds to

the English subordinate conjunction ‘that’ in such cases.

out 1n M

The conditional conjunctions are replaced in Malayalam

Junction

by a form of the imperfect verb called avogocim, as—1f you come’

os) axamocd and so also the concessional by another called enasain

alolpunh

ado, aS— ‘Though you are old’ adlemas Qiwgyoeem®lejo; ‘Though I am a

In involy

weakling’ 62O UILIMNUBEHHOMANIS 8o,

split the

You must t;

The conjunctive adverbs, ‘when’, ‘where’, ¢while’, etc. are

fo take care

translated as verbal nouns of time or place, as—¢When you came,

ac

Unl

0

0

I was away from home’ o) Qian@g o e@oad alflgleye=ocdlmarslgy.

It will

not start, u

be seen that the verbal noun in such cases is equivalent to

both the conjunction and the verb or the predicate of the

§090 ajo)

eld gomy,

sentence.

For instance, aimegpd in the above example is

equal to ‘when’ and ‘came’ taken together.

HGCGSSH‘L‘VS’,

pressed in

Some of the most important conjunctions in English:

aiSlad q

0

« Both—amnd’.

While the simple ‘and’ may connect any

LMZIJ%

number of separate items, ‘both-—and’ is restricted to the

920 ogmogh

joining together of fwo and only two items, as ‘Both Raman

@ﬂgg ete,

and Krishnan', ‘Both he and his brother,” ‘Both the rich and

s if.

the poor’.

Here, as in the general use of ‘and’ the ordinary

B uivaley

oo would suffice, but if it is absolutely necessary to bring out

o die, 1

the force of ¢both’ in contradistinction to that of the mere ‘and’,

8~y

1o E20sp,

osng0, @omeogo Or other words conveying the idea of fwo, must

Wlaseg,

B

be added, as—awiaamo ggnaee eMeIgo aigw.

bt

The first is translated

“Lither—or’, and ‘neither—mnor’.

SPecial eqy

like the alternative «or’ by es—eo, as—:Either he or his brother did it’

WOHM be f

@DAIGNO EDAINMO B EREMNI @Yem oy sawe. 1o distinguish

ettel" a8

it, however, from the simple ‘or’ eoewmimt @m, cmeich e@omb,

90 gy

G

133

el

nes after

or similar expressions will have to be added, but such addi-

1 38 10

tions are almost superfluous, as—eo— o sufficiently brings out

MAZMGa

the alternative force without any extraneous help

ypoads o

Lest,

This has a negative signification which is brought

1568

out in Malayalam by the aNemw@wimmeyoy@o ‘oo’ in con-

alayalam

junction with some such expressions as—m@g jomd, @dgjoabsal

f yon-come

o), a0 g Jonoegy0eg,

For instance,

‘Take care lest you fall’ af) atlwy

ed AN

@@ )goab agesiles, @ dlgoabsaiens) g e )oe, @ro’]&:;omom%osn“ [QEE L FsD)

ugh I am a

In involved constractions it may sometimes be necessary to

split the sentence into two, or resort to equivalent forms, as—

ele, are

‘You must take care, or you might fall’; ‘If you want to avoid falling, you ought

to take care ete.’

1 Y01 Come,

It will

Unless is translated by a aveescin with mogpewm, as—*T shall

Tvalent t0

not start, unless you give me permission’ aflesdd @m0 @AM BLJOND

sd ajoeg |sH@)

‘Plants will not grow unless there is sun light’ &

g of £

Sled 9 MR @RLEPOHD O.01S ey Qg m& gy

Of course

where

ampl

necessary,

ne or the other of the equivalent forms may be

pressed into service, as—oae wejremoch ©w)erdo Uz @egy

lish

O0iSlad Ag@manmd sl 8aismo

PUWId GSiom §mS)e:dd aig @

&gy

.01S & dd QB BREmM

ect Any

9aS1®>3OS QI8 518 HAID)ad @300}

(J(S)O-

920 og)aMI@d SV @ Galemo

1 to the

QWb weORMIG OB QI8 S

@lgy ete

[ Raman

As af.

‘He looked as if he were going to die’ is really

e rich and

equivalent to ‘He looked, as he might look, if he were going

o ordinary

to die’.

This may be closely translated by some such form

ring out

AS— 2@ )e90ad GauBmanAndo BIAe s OMN@I @aE)Hm EoW)dan ool

and

eabo @alo

fug, WSt

‘He acts as if he were guilty’ $000 S Qi ogeodlom @y

@ ) B8 @0

@D (@ )H0®0

@ainb

QBOQ_"OTO)I&)SGTO

But

such a close

translation need not be resorted to except for the sake of

special emphasis;

in all other cases, ogan coueer for ‘as if?

trans el

bro

ghor il

would be found to answer the purpose quite as well, if not

hstmﬂ‘lﬂbh

Better, as-—He talksias if he were a'lord’ @8 oD Baloeal or @gam

Ga 1068l @AM avoIVIR)Be M.

b OO

134

Ll

Now.

The conjunction ‘now’ has two uses, one to introduce

Th

a statement so as to enable an inference to be drawn, and

or purp

the other, to add an explanatory circumstance.

In examples

0r @ge;

of the former class, we may use ogamoeh, as—A man who has

5—"We

@, ‘H

taken a deadly poison cannot live; now he has taken such a poison, and there-

lost’ @0y

fore he cannot live’ @oem & 2I® Q.ﬂfa’@ogl)o &Y o) d@Bod ga‘\oj'légﬂm’ﬁaﬂonb

¢ 8

a0S)gy; e@aModh @OBZa00 EomElomIYes alleBale @a@@q%@"@’, @0

behind’ @

920 3500 e3)ai) ofl@)gjoad anoslgy. This is a close translation

SO

there is, however, another form as—ezesmsnerw al@mBaye &)

2{ldlesan emaind eflaflolldlesan@ayog, @oejo, ERBZa00 E@VMEONYes

TWhe

afleBayo @¥lo{ldleemolmonje @3ge00 eFlaflol@lgjotd ataSgy.

In

ble in 4

the latter class of examples «gam ci0mo®, @M o &0 May

£nactmer

ﬁﬂy take the place of ‘now’ as—¢Alexander was met at the banks of

follow,

the Indus by Porus; now, this Porus was the king of Magadha’ a§layméelaslo

Penal Code

OOOO0WEG [0 EPAISMIVOO o JBEANTDAMD ag)AD;

aJ@B oA

MANICAHM

am, ||

e @ afleS alomo® LW el PIRIANOMHS:ITEIM 0Or @O o jBEE

COAGMNI AU L] IR @A,

hand’ an

Was an hop

Well.

eRes, @RS, mdlensns, Or epegp may be employed

eherous ang

to translate the conjunction ‘well’, as—<¢He remained silent over all

oQmich 2

their jeers and taunts till they called him a coward; well, an Englishman never

13y, unjg

pardons that, and he made straight to the formost of the party and laid him

often mef

low with a single blow’ @b @oQI®MSS @ la0saVEBRZ0 aflESHS0 BBHYo

6600 Yo |

Bag Almiam afley, wodl@man, S8 |awiem EPWEAUNNOEHINE ) ag)dw

or the apy

Q0D ; @ oy e, 0PmMIY) BRadls) GBI 8o ERSOEIWd)osan

being fof]

/

@8Ry, EPDOSHME @D ete,

‘Well, did you go there after all?’ ©RQYS

i &FO,’J.

05, BSdno MRk @2IOS Bal198Wo?

DD 0a0)

Only.

The full force of the coujunction ‘only’ may be

But gy

brought out by «gamidd em @ogoe salems, OF cicem e @iz,

B N the

a8—*Do as you please, only leave the country as soon as you can’ o3B3 es

example f

D ER ()P0 Daigedmdailad, gt & S0 BQIEMo, @GSN GAIM

[Ym@ m),

In some cases ogamocd by itself will

o |@d @830 o.ﬂ%@o.w@ammo.

MQQJS!JB@ s

answer the purpose.

iMinzep

—

135

——

roduce

«That, <In order that, <so—as’, are all conjﬁnctions of end

or purpose.

i, and

The first is translated by QIPER ©EZULBOMIG @)

amples

or egogoesg; the second by saend); and the last by eescgpo;

who has

aS—*‘We sow that we may reap’ 10020088 © C3LEOMS GS) Ml oflO®

nd theres

®aam; ‘He secured his money round his person, in order that it might not be

{1l jorb

lost’ @ound @m)esee BJjo 810899800 1B g Jond BoeE), @endo BBaOm)

ré' mg

cmdh BN a@ﬁﬂ*ﬂﬁ ®Qloy; ‘He ran so fast as to leave all his pursuers far

behind’ @om aflaSMUNRIGRe WEOE afmiand) Balt&cmaaIgmo

slation;

SO )@ @I &30S ).

HJO a9)

Y

« Whereas’ has two meanings. When introducing the pream-

oy In

ble in acts and laws, it gives the reason or motive of the

) ) 1Ay

enactment, or the evil to be removed by the provisions that

o hanks of

follow, aS—‘Whereas it is found expedient to alter and amend the Indian

ylalo

Penal Code, it is enacted as follows’ @ a0 @lsel 081 BMI3 1R A0 BEBOL S0

902

MAMIBHHRY YSAOAAD EMIADS@IT MIN® A I0Qo ()BHa 03 lwd)o(1d)

) o @ER

Ly

<Bx M,

In other cases, it is eqivalent to ¢while’, ‘on the other

hand’ and is translated by eganoch Or egamocb — &0, 48 —¢The father

was an honest and charitable landlord, whereas the son was extremely debau-

mployed

cherous and oppressive rm_g(\énb QU@ Qoo wz‘zﬂ:agora@omj Q08w man,

ot over all

a@)aMIRd ASHEMO of)(@BWI @cr'ns&_ye)o(ocrao 8B2a0 ) Yo. It is unnecessary,

hman never

nay, unidiomatic to conclude the sentence with a @ean though

o Jaid bim

often met with in some works as-—a@:emo 200 @(';ns&_‘icszomcrao

530 BAYP

8Goadlge @oan., There is certainly nothing in the derivation

%

élm ogm

5

or the application of the word to justify an emphatic meaning

Jid)oleam

being fathered upon it.

Al B0

“Kor’.

The correct translation of the conjunction ‘for’ is

@I OBIOTEAMIT, G:006mo, dvowas) or words of similar import.

' may b8

But «gan e@eseansa should not be confoanded with «gommanocd

Take for

) 6194%%)

as in the Malayalam translation of the Bible.

' m]m %_ A5

example the following: wseotanales empo@oe g, oFem

AMOOD @0 1 Meyaiad, PO @D WSO SIEM of) ETNEREE OIS AN ;

@é(m s

OB NS mmemm’}m BMRI@o @mga’\ab AN ERAIHADO d@Em

sl wil

Q¢

Q) BN S8 ABR @IS AN,

ausslomo 136; 1. 2.

(Bailey’s translation).

—a

136

—_—

Sweseg ansallo, @Alew auemmiallas, alg|oaoRes asgangailab,

n the tra

HOMHANIOD @Bl OO BRMNHTD @Yo 1aVlg [lofld)esan.

fic and 0

The two expressions are quite different in meaning not-

tgood 18 ¢

withstanding their apparent similarity of sound —.gmoenme

the sound

aocd means literally ‘to tell (you) why’, and shows reason or

snotav

is certalnl

cause; while sgomana is literally ‘to tell (you) what’, and is

and would

equivalent to ‘namely’, ‘that is’. For example, coaab SIROM

@03 ) |eam @O ‘Raman informs Kannan, viz. Raman informs Kannan

I8 & reco

the following,

L0 PIMBY S ONaOCHNS® ) QIBsI@d, ag)o. S dmowd,

have been

e20L18amg M. BIRMAD DA GMHEIVMID BT w@PD @ o)y

anequival

BNSIAV ag®m D,

to be pass

As an exercise in Malayalam Rhetoric and Belles-letters,

n the wor

I propose to deal critically with the two verses quoted above

—asting

from - Psalm

136: — The

corresponding English verses

some such

are:—*‘Give thanks unto the Lord; for, He is good; for His mercy endureth

The af

for ever.’

‘Give thanks unto the God of gocls; for His mercy enduretin_for

Bible, if ¢

ever’.

be made t

The apad) form' wseosanwles is allowable only when

the nominative is @@aosainw) ending in o), a8—a 100 — asow)es,

an effectiyy

&0)) — S )ds, MIW — mogg), Gal0w)— Galow)es.

The application

This moe

too of the word appears to be almost as erroneous as its for-

the studen

franslation

mation ; for, the force of the preposition ‘unto’ is not brought

ation—it y

out by a mere apod.

@BaoraIo@aadlay Or better w@saoiciewog

will at the

would be the appropriate term; and again emy@o for ‘thanks’

and amhus

is an arbitrary translation, to support perhaps the charge

they have been levelling against the devoted head of Mala-

yalam for the last half a century and more, as a language

Intere

without a word to express thanks, though ma), gommwe, paies

106 entey ;

emyoem, are terms of general occurrence in Malayalam as the

\

proper vehicle for conveying the feeling of thanks.

% e

The word emjp@o is objectionable from another point of

i for yg

view; its general signification is ‘praise’, ‘eulogy’ or ‘applause’;

T The a

but it has also a technical application in the sense of incan-

itslateg

ntg

Bible i

Pring

tations, as @g)eemy@o, avgsmislemy@o; and it would undoubted-

Ward COrrespoy

ly have been wiser to have avoided such a tainted expression

Words

) Simply 1

i

137

—

150dleh,

in the translation of Psalms; and smyp@e eag) is unidioma-

mngyauad for

tic and ought to have been emoganab or eioailb.

g not

«good’ is an instance of translating-the word and not the idea;

ok

the sound and not the semse; for even when applied to man it

as00 0p

is not a very flattering encomium, and in the case of God it

and i

is certainly degrading.

augemab would convey the sense better

and would decidedly be more appropriate and dignified, as it

l @%Qm

13 Kannan

is a recognized synonym for God.*

Lastly, «gmmemeaso would

fenywd,

have been more idiomatic and more emphatic than .gesammeso as

) ogﬁ@

an equivalent of for ever’ and pesmemo for ‘endureth’ is too weak

to be passed over without notice.

The primary idea implied

atters,

in the wordy ‘endureth’ is freedom from change or destruction

i ahove

—-lasting or permanent; and hence aiwdgpon, wowimerw Or

VEIses

some such expression should have been employed.

The above will show how a page or two of the Malayalam

i endu\reth

dureth for

Bible, if critically read and compared with the original, can

be made to serve as a very useful lesson in translation, and

ly when

- LW 1&2,

an effective rhetorical exercise in Malayalam, at the same time.

lication

This mode of destructive and constructive criticism will teach

D 108

itg for-

the student not only what 4s, but also what és nof the correct

translation of the English word or expression under consider-

hrough

ation—it will not only point out to him the right path, but

0)0I8005

will at the same time put him on his guard against the pit-falls

hanks’

and ambushes to be avoided in reaching that path.

¢ charge

;

h

of Ma

;

Interjection.

language

Interjections are said to be extra-grammatical as they do

not enter into the construction of a sentence, but only give

g a8 the

i cn)@e‘mnb is a Vedantic term with a particular meaning that renders it

unfit for use in the Malayalam Bible.— W. D.

poiz of

T The author,

evidently, was under the impression that the Bible was

The word ‘endureth’ in the English

a,pplause"-,

translated into Malayalam from English.

of mean-

Bible is printed in italics, which shows that in the Hebrew original there is no

ndoubted'

word corresponding to it.

The translators of the Bible are not at liberty to add

words, simply to embellish their translation.— Ed.

ressiol

e

138

L

expression to some strong and sudden outburst of feeling

() /

They are partly isolated and partly notional words whose

87, o0ty ¢

determinate meaning has evaporated

Ellipses whose com-

interject

Hurral

plements are neither clearly present to the imagination nor

encourag

can be pointed out in the history of the language also belong

here

Owing to the indefinite character of sounds becoming

800y, Al

the involuntary expression of sensations, a strict division of

yalam

interjections is not perhaps possible, many of them though

(3) &

often produced with a different strength or pitch of sound

h vex

often answering to different modes of the mind

0r 8! ser

The interjections of

@b cm

(1) Pain are, ‘ahl’ <Ol «Oh!

Oh?

g

‘Ah!’ is frequently the impression of pain and complaint

Y

especially in the compound <ah me?

It is therefore properly

Variatio

represented by eosgp! or eogego! according to the intensity

tLo”

of feeling,

S—@R3RP, MM @e0sattal); EOQYSYD, OAYBED,

ing the robbi

DAY

4 Co

«Oh!

LO 1

frequently express pain and affliction

and

for thei

also sometimes indignation and surprise

a0o!

200200!

20! @Y

‘pon ) a

com! and

#g0! may be pointed out as their Malayalam equi-

nto Mala,

Valents, aS—a0) @220, 00 eIFNaMI, a0) VBN SHTORABER aSlem! Eelesalzly

Ind o

O & Ene, 03108200 )T I

agHaANI®W Hno!

But «0o &eao is not

$pecch uge

idiomatic though frequently met with in the Malayalam Bible

tress’ oflonh J

‘Alas!” is of Romance origin and méans ‘ah wretched!’

08 Dauggy

The word 1is

corresponding to eoewy @@go!

@a00mego! ete

s o)

‘alas

often combined with notion of time, as ¢alas the day!

the while!” which may be translated by @eto mafledlem aimas

()Ln

GaJo! @ oz lmo @PABEIRIW).

A popular deformation of <alas

We ca] )

With g

is ‘alack I’ from which calack-a-day!’ ‘1ack-a day !’ and jocosely

mith IESS 3

‘lack-a-daisy’ are derived.

2ol gy

‘Ugh!’ and «Ouch! are restricted to the expression of bodily

Uy g

pain, as—e0, pod) in Malayalam

S0me g

[}

feeling,

(2) Joy: ‘Hey!” withits compound ‘hey-day’ in English, and

- Whose

@, aot, oo and oF) in Malayalam may be said to be the usual

3¢ G0t~

Loud shouts of rejoicing are

interjectional vehicles of joy.

00 o

Approval and

«Hurrah!” and ¢Huzzah!’ equal to smoswe.

Delong

encouragement are shown by ‘Bravo! well done!’ etc. ouoel,

00ming

soniss, and emeaisenias are corresponding expressions in Mala-

ision of

yalam.

though

(8) Surprise: ‘Eh! ¢hal or hah!’ express surprise mixed

[ sound,

with vexation, indignation, or doubt, while engy! mgyuslem!

or ! serve the same function in Malayalam.

‘Is he rich eh?

@oQIT WMNMITMNE G 3gy!

«Oh” ho!” @osaoo! is an expression of astonishment; .N@eo

ymplaint

oN@o! eo@am@gp! may also serve the same purpose with

propecly

variations.

ntensity

Lol ag)fnmoroo@l\g'yo! @M Q_ﬂécroam@z! aS—*“When they were remov=-

kRN

ing the rubbish, lo! they found fragments of the marble tomb of Robert Bruce’.

(4) Contempt, abomination, and indignant surprise have

jon, and

for their expression ‘fy! or <fiel’ (often combined with ‘on’ or

om! 69

supon’) and ‘fugh!” c<pooh!” or ‘pughl’” The first is rendered

am equl-

into Malayalam by o), ot or og! and the second by s.ao!

! GEA

Indignant dismissal and contempt is shown by many parts of

. 15 nob

speech used elliptically, 2S—*‘I know not thy mistress! ouf on thy mis-

1 Blble

tress’ adlomo avd)O® @YD INIDESI, D Ga1w] .aAeS or oAl

petched

08 ©&0eg.aws | ‘Ouf upon him thou lazy loon!" &@laSIwo EOADMEITG

_n.\os" ad).

yord 18

|

als

]

(5) Lnvocations and cocllé. With ‘holla®” <hollo!” or ¢holloa!

oo e

we call especially from a distance just as we doin Malayalam;

with @eo! aoseo! m@ smoasiad! With them !’ and hist!” we call

t of alas’

d jocoseb’

with less exertions and partly privately, as-—¢hem! hem! madam’

‘Hist Martina! one word with you’ @S)mo, @I SO

mmo! 0! 2B98ZA.

nof hodily

Qnds closemoss. We may also use eox) for thist’ or ‘hem’ in

some cases.

140

—_—

(6) Consideration and Doubt are expressed by <hum !’ <humph!’

3

also ‘um!” to which is added ‘hem!’ also as the expression of

2 apeclal i

embarrassment

In Malayalam it is difficult to lay hold of

expressions corresponding to the above that are in common

use

The language would seem wmot to have got beyond the

onomatopoetic st

e in this respect

and in verbal reports

In the

the sounds themselves are imitated and reproduced by the

intensity of

speaker followed by ogm auosoy, agamoss) etc

In written

33— ZQOO,

Qimiem !

compositions the names of the general actions are given as—

allmaes), afles), msdlaicemy

‘Why’ is frequently employed in

his sense as an expression of reflection and a decision

following upon it as—aiess!, a1e8s caoww! afleyes! represent

Thoug

it in Malayalam

art, ate s

Note.

Imitations of noises and sounds also come under inter-

of harmo

jections

Ezclamations may likewise be regarded as coming under the

age has |

same class, the only difference being that while interjections consist

of single words, exclamations are sentences or parts of sentences that

peculiar ¢

are abrupt, inverted, or elliptical, under sudden or intense emotions.

conditions

These are

Rhetoric

1. Words or phrases uttered without sentence structure and

treatises

usually accompanied by interjections, as—

with thep

¢Dead

long dead, long dead!’

Gertainly

‘O insupportable! O heavy hour!

‘0, a chair! a chair!’

f the mg

In such cases, bring out the proper force of the interjection and

ever, he

add 0@, «0®© aigen, as—-0 insupportable!’

Q0 2@ Fgaoo

2

-~

Poetic:

Elliptical, as —

‘Oh for a lodge in some wilderness!’

N

‘Oh that this too, too solid flesh would melt?

f&l Obe |

¢‘And ah for a man to rise in me,

tha leet

That the man I am may cease to be!’

Poetical

Translate ‘Oh for

‘O that’,

‘Ah for’ ete. by a aveeiaim followed

48 anythiy

by 0@ mmiman, «g© @@@ao%eecm together with the equivalent

of the interjection used.

846 to e

For instaunce the first line may be rendered

thus:

lI

EOCR SHaxo! QILIAIMITDEOB IRje B@ QIOAVAVNAI0 m@'h% Q)8 @b

)@ MMM @ amw!

CEATA

ey

141

3. ‘Inverted.)

Iumph!

Expressions of wonder and admiration have

ssion of

a special inverted form of sentence with ‘how’, ‘what’, ete., as —

hold of

‘How very stale, flat and unprofitable

Seem to me all the uses of this world?!’

Common

¢Oh what a fall was there!’

ond the

How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished!

reports

In the translation of this class of examples, it is sufficient if the

by the

intensity of the emotion is fully brought out by some such expressions,

wiitten

25— 2009, @ aeflw! «goae, all@o ail@o!

B U@iQjo!

og)d® 10

60 88—

@NoeM ! ags19m afloa®)eso! a10020mode &¥)Qo! ete.

oyed in

decision

111

Poetry.

epresent

Though poetic compositions of all languages, as works of

art, are subject to a certain extent to the same general laws

der inter-

of harmony, melody and other @sthetic qualities, each langu-

ander the

age has its own peculiarities just as each nation has its own

1§ consist

peculiar customs and modes of life.

These general laws and

ynees that

pmofions:

conditions belong rather to the domain of Psychology than to

Rhetoric, but as they generally find a place in Rhetorical

ctare and

treatises of any pretensions it becomes superfluous to deal

with them here; and moreover the scope of this work would

certainly render it an unnecessary digression to do so. Some

of the most striking and important peculiarities may, how-

ever, be commented upon.

sotion and

00!

Poetic diction compared :

(@) The English reader of Malayalam poetry can hardly

fail to be struck with the number and frequency of expletives

that meet him at every turn.

You may take any Malayalam

poetical work and turn at random to any page and there sure

folloved

as anything these meaningless plugs of poetic gaps meet your

equi\"aleﬂt

gaze to wearisome profusion.

Here are a few examples:

0 endered

1. 92K0ena)d &)83@OMIT3 CSo8alm

gy 4

ﬁ%i)

_rz_ﬂoeaa)m 2106y afleyeeanomanh

142

L

BY0H90810 1003 1& (YD) GOMY2EANO0

The 1

@einNIdio Bsmualow e @EONRYo

meaning

2182050y ailg) oIS inoMmLe.

wdlew)

210 6M & My @ o.

i) e

The words in big type are perfectly useless and have been

brought in solely to meet the exigencies of metre or rhyme.

2

&

asmU &g ©S MsalleINIOD)

Some

261CMHONMBONINS as)ay.

famous, 1

S RI®o® gR M.

all anxiet

i

3

1§ such g

G, B MYBWILOM FZEINITIBRIS® QL

readers to

Baloos QoM vﬁa@ﬁ»@O@@OQ)@eJSGJQFQOD

CMNHD aJodglsd 0 10006)D) 5] @Slel,

) (@ ) @O M 9 &) Q) O o.

4, (@JEeME®o o_n@@s()émas'\@g_o

306MO) @@om@oqg@g QUcheBgo.

PO OBIMMDOo.

Recent productions are not only more sinning in this re-

spect, but the extreme carelessness with which these meaning-

less superfluities are pitchforked into the lines as an easy

device for meeting the exigencies of rhyme and metre often

0) F

are for the

leads to highly ludicrous effect.

Sometimes even in older

It will b

works of recognised merit, words and expressions are freely

el by Sang

employed that not only add nothing to the true meaning but

and not g

confer an exaggerated tittle or altogether erroneous sense

of the Jype

upon the pasdage.

acenooam in 1, and @emewe aimasd in

they are m

4 are examples of this class.

For

further

illustration,

tO a COM‘QC‘

I may quote:

ature7 ang

‘@cmaaﬂnbga%bﬂ afatooem &mc}%(ﬁrﬂ

¢ calls

CMoono gl e dd mm’)cscmuﬂj%

Leanigg wf

@Oy allgo aymangyans;le

8 oy g

U@ N0D6IBLL B)eai)of)s0,’

ambigy

Ja

LEN

14

The third line is so clumsily worded that it conveys a

meaning never intended by the writer: savmdbeqs) soglaed

a1B)ewiudley @@ (250m) aflgo @RORaNIS; 1@ (H®E Y& el )BLIUS 1@nd

Do

sUDIh) B)e) ofl50.

a1 Deen

(9.0106L) Q EOMOG Baeflavogy®

1

yIme

28] 52)0P)EHTMIT SabsayemIhad.”

officers

may

be

notorious

3£ iyt

Some Station-house

famous, but who ever heard of constables that are free from

)

all anxiety! The quotations are from eeosmsmm) ad@oe which

is such a rare gem in this respect that I shall treat my

readers to one more quotation before leaving this point.

‘& milDg |IRIHMEIT Q) H VD

2119 MIESITINNaI® aali@o

(X}

@M CWIRM & 1E)a%0

0ININIEEISZIMINVEL DO

VOB ECLISIPE) @ PWHTD

) Mo

@% o@@&@ﬂﬂ&@ W)l )

& nilws)soajsemnedl@o

o this &

'

2BMINS R OMIM 2QSIVEa 1000,

meaning-

g a1 6asy

(b) Figures of speech are very profusely employed and

yetre offen

are for the most part obscure and far-fetched in Malayalam.

) in older

It will be remembered that Grammar and Rhetoric are studi-

are freely

ed by Sanskrit scholars as separate branches of knowledge,

eaning bub

and not as subservient and conducive to a perfect mastery

pOUS §6086

of the language.

To the English scholar, on the other hand,

| mmmou in

they are meaningless and perfectly useless, except as helps

{fusteations

to a correct and critical understanding of the English liter-

ature, and as guides to idiomatic and elegant composition.

He calls in the help of figures to elucidate and strengthen his

meaning while the Sanskrit scholar employs them to show off

his own ability and knowledge, and loocks upon obscurity and

ambiguity as merits rather than defects of his style; in the

144

st

absence of an independent rhetorical standard of their own,

Malayalee authors and writers follow blindly the Sanskrit

usage, and fall into the same errors.

I shall quote a few

examples by way of illustration.

8IS BMIO I BazEo @A) )& AI

G2 JaN 2MWMoO HNME 6).016)ZA

(@12 @M VI MR g 20w

@A lem | @oB@Oms o108y Seilab’,

& ¢n oL,

‘&a@gmo@m@mﬂmm@oo 9ED O W

OO@BalE;Myasead &M2od Zadlaid)

enaiemyeflgmessilehesmgsad

& aI2aUIE) 9400b P00 @1, auoab

SIDOZHINTEYEIMI® 510 ®ESH 230

QdSIMB0 &HE Zano MU laiabd

16D 013 (@) 000AIR10S Qo

alemialva 0o salefl@oud o

BH.19G] Qgeid oleildleeniemiejo

omsailed mOBaaN a0ITVEQIBBZ 0.’

M3 ad) o @ﬂ@?gﬂogu.

‘@R AWOHIME ) ammerflse

RaAMB 0 o_m%l Qisd ofavhles@mab

210WRIQYEER I M@ @b Hai0qQ

2l lalo o @IBom3 6NUSAIGH 0D

OMOG I WIYHER 9T FOOBD LIIZAIQ

@oomeﬂ%@g efleiwegyo

2NN G0 Gaime afaflsa

ce@,(m@zaqzﬂ_g cﬁ;mgmﬂ@g:pcb

ool ejegs o aloddBd MIRHS

a1 loang i) aflememoo

ilgilossoey oflwmmog o

9282 @EE YO 2)O@BID

S06MBINId eIl BMIANRIQ B 93

S0 H®

smanlemeamod) moabd

:‘;

@QMaR MSINIS EMOPIAY Ga1dm@alomd

&

o1

0w M fg ¢ w T v W

ED([OCNY @CULY BoawooftwosS

(59 %8 IO (O LOUCRCR( (/I CVELAW

Suocwesw Suwod oevw oL

0BE( 0502 VLIV (ELD

EL(TOCN® ot @ o p Gwew v

0 WCOBLE@ M OBEWYUUDTD

wees(e Fom pewocuro

RCRIYUYQY &R E@ALCTVO W(POCYRWID

ED[OCN® (@500 BEWSIDUOV

war&u@wog@aqé@myﬂ

o @Eo(Waswhuserwangs

08(, 0@ SEPWE(LEILADDTE,

PBWT oo Wmew cws G

QLo ESER (W Bo e | Ve (Fe

ofoamuro (BfheftcGoepmem

R

[

“queco| ([T &0 QShoe pemweld

.

(8

QOULY B9 e P62 Bir@mew

wwefoutemoPonys

gef0o@ P LELWWIE @B,

‘CQWEYCOL O

ommenc?loa@@ﬂcgﬂc@rﬂeﬁbow@a

@ 0B e ©ElsBimeo

QN PWOIE9 cforaec Gegemeoo (83

raxu% eo@oglchuoC.‘GﬂrcﬂGi w: (O)]d7 (%) wel

o?@@QQE@FmFgw@“ O M9E6rvy BEUDO

YW orwap@rug| Bafoenr@dnen( (o

ofos||e wses (@Bsecross feoan

Corwo 0VCWY REQBYDTVCLID SOQIRLYUPS

0l

reerod o w moewe foervemseBifoiw

e feoanofo ormeorwe (reanwiofo,

gicw v @

e s Wem| fE[T@wBe

s S(E(me(aw iuer© Eeun®e

ombﬂ

HOCO QL (DDILBEBIV

w

PLLROAD| DD (P PE@(W B ®(@

493 % 9

VEWY (B YUWUWLYULY e U

$BQ)UVR LV ELILLS(T ADTT O MO S

NI

ofomero 08w [T we

M0 ] ]

pos ey

¢yl

———

146

e

(¢) Malayalam poets think nothing of appropriating, or

river Wal

rather misappropriating the ideas and sentiments of others,

forest ove

and the same figures and expressions are repeated over and

heen buil

the same

over again by each successive writer without the slightest

acknowledgment or the least compunction, so that it becomes

and mak

almost impossible to meet with anything new or original in

catastropt

this respect in the majority of modern productions.

able tends

For instance, columns of dust and smoke commenced

faghion.

carrying their complaints to Indra so far back that one might

0

reasonably expect that even the slowest of tribunals had

Malayalan

settled their case long ago, but at any rate it is high time

Sangknt

‘The abdominal

indeed they are allowed to rest in peace.

curiously

contour of some beautiful damsel centuries ago had struck

along it}

terror into the peepul leaves so effectually that they have not

their vocy]

yet ceased trembling, though the recent innovations in the

that they .

female habiliments of the natives of the country obviate all

inflexions,

neccessity for further anxiety on that score.

out 1mto Jy

The conches too have taken to the deep, there to hide their

that an o

diminished head and weep at their ignoble defeat by the

kind given

ivory neck of a certain damsel, in proof whereof witness how

the sort of

they scream when brought back to terra firma.

An aquiline

I we cap |

nose is always a parrot’s beak trying to reach at the cherry

Rarharoys

lips below. But the most ill-used of all, is the lotus-flower—

S0mething |,

1t treads the earth as the springy steps of a beautiful maiden

‘s’

and carries bliss to the hearts of youths as her blooming

e gy

countenance, while elevated to the dignity of human heart, it

1t woulg

opens out exhaling high sentiments and noble thoughts. But

all this multifarious round of hard duties it has been dis-

SOy gy,

alfract {],

charging these long years, has not yet secured for it a life

of retirement and ease—poor thing! So much for individual

fatiricg] Slo

figures.

Whole descriptions of forests and mountains, rivers

and cities are still more painfully monotonous and stereotyped,

and ong would think that in this land of Bharata the same

—

—_—

147

\

iating, or

river watered the entire country, and one vast and uniform

of ofhers,

forest overspread the land; the cities too would seem to have

| over and

been built after a single plan, and all gardens laid out by

slightest

the same horticultural expert; people fight in owe set form,

becomes

and make love in the same language, and even natural

riginal in

catastrophes such as great fires and floods betray an unaccount-

able tendency to repeat themselves after the same cut and dry

ommenced

/

fashion.

0ng might

(d) There is one peculiarity in the poetic diction of

anals had

Malayalam that cannot easily escape notice.

Not only are

high time

Sanskrit words and expressions introduced wholesale, but

abdominal

curiously enough even the Sanskrit inflections are imported

had struck

along with them.

All living languages, no doubt, enrich

7 have nof

their vocabulary by foreign acquisitions, but I do not think

ans in the

that they are ever taken on with their native grammatical

obviate all

inflexions.

The adsurdity of this practice may be brought

out into bold relief by a parallel example.

Let us suppose

0 hide their

that an original genius has introduced a few sentences of the

kind given below in a learned work of his; what would be

cat Dy the

ritness how

the sort of impression produced by them upon his readers?

An aquiline

If we can realize this, we can also realize the effects of this

- the cherry

barbarous solecism.

The sort of sentence referred‘to 1s

tusflower—

something like the following :—

‘Rog0ay’ QeE) @osmd GoIAw @@ )esam.

0] maiden

g ©.21aNGgodd, af] oqm

r blooming

Des egP@man. @, «gailOs $ Qo BaloGan.’

an heatt, 1

It would appear that this practice had become alarmingly

)ughtS- But

common even at an early period and bad already begun to

a5 heen

attract the attention of Malayalee critics as the following

e it o 12

satirical Slokas show:

I indi\"ldufﬂ

1, ‘Bl BLIEHD SRATD

fain

g, Livers

B2 Flrogo @LO

| stereotype

Flo@o BRIADHI Qe

2a108M00o aflniReom.’

. the ¢

10

148

e

‘@2 a0 ON)Qla0) a1S) eniaw Balg)o

which th

SIS0 HOEY 2G2S Yoo av)

exception

Aamod ) QeemR (D& ) OB 603 (105 )

orks sh

QIaYSWA] MAIRISS| OB Guowrdo.’

hazard a

I quote a few examples from some of the standard works:

the 50-cal

tion first

the student can easily multiply them to any extent.

ols,

@0 d9a16088 1a16) 1283 .l @ 2.01@)0 100 R2MIe) 1@

MAMERIRAIT ] RIAIMAMOANI® WE?I aim a oo JUOII0.

the tram:

abundant

@om?mm‘flmogémm'\@m;o

Do UDIB 1R P DY 8 AIMBAIWS 1G.0|0 BN B0 ¢6)al0

simple an

PAIISON -

Qos W ameilallmameas

e 4 o s o e o v e

@@@’)JOV(D.QJ@@OBGUO EIMOIMIS Do

‘ag@mm @20 @HBMAOAMOC anklo

g @ao (@JL0@e MBD@RLI

oMy 25 1eEElem a0 cﬁ»oc'g(‘écgog

@%rzﬁn @TI3MY @) Frbayrvae I3 s’

B2 0w &0 o,

‘@pE)IIS®QYo aISWYo

1@ )allomisiSInee s HAISIQe HaISIQo

2o)od NgHB®HIS Yo H IS IQYo

Q_J(ao_lcg 0\;8@@3@@%13 60195 )QYo H19S 1Yo.’

aj o od) @ o my @)

c'mg)% p_ﬂmﬂcxgmoa@om N @)@ o 9.a10gj01ab 8 dog {lom & )at

af)ggEoem w0y 2B0I88 &0 ISHEM afl1062)

The gy

il MuYEBE aemimalnail mmenrsleona aiorle@oso,

1ule of v

™M @) 2l B> o

DOetic diet;

(¢) Malayalam poets would seem to regard initial rhyme

(uoted yq

indispensable to all good poetry; and the shifts and devices

Preach heye

they are driven to in their anxiety to fulfil this paramount

4 Certain gy

condition of poetic excellence, are mainly answerable for most

Fial to 9]

:

of the defects and peculiarities of Malayalam poetry. It is

lmPOItant D

not easy to trace with any degree of certainty the source from

¢ ﬁowhere;

—

149

o

?)3

which this idea or this pfactice originated. It is rather the

exception than the rule in Sanskrit Slokas, and Ezhuthatchan’s

works show that it was not insisted upon by hém.

If 1 may

hazard a conjecture, I think it was with the introduction of

A works

the so-called @sm)yango style of composition that the innova-

tion first came into vogue.

The earlier ¢ Pattoos’ such as, oye

avglg s , BeoaSlgog , ®Ba s , ajepalg s etc. are free alike from

the trammels of initial rhyme and the barbarity of a super-

0000

& wo,

abundant Sanskrit diction. They are, notwithstanding, elegant,

simple and ﬂowing. I shall give an example to court com-

parison :—

moisdo,

62003 ) 998 )88 aD A ITDRI DB 0

aQBAMIS BIOOIMNSIAVER QIBMIS

8010808 QGO &.alE )G D

@IZOWENODLO B.0198) B0 @.019 ) 010

o oo SIS OB a6 )E@se o

eaglewdlsanewiry)ayd) @arle

B&»S00aaab BreeLand Q10PemIods

mgo

QUM @) 12 )gy0suRy BQIBM HOSOGNIG

QUAaMalo QIS )M GHOEMO2OANESH?

2 @®8aES JWeo SHIAOHTD 6).2)0 QY )dh

AJO@IRIHZAD el ol®IHRESI?

DO.0100N B2l o Mmoo aflosese

@eJog b 8@oeilag Hale) WEIHESES,

;

nay P

eoogy glgles.

pmaie

The shackles, which a strict adherence to this conventional

50,

rule of versification imposes upon true poetic thoughts and

poetic diction, are amply illustrated by the examples already

{ﬂm(\ﬂ{mo.

oy

fial rhyme

guoted under <@’ and b’.

But I am not to be understood to

101

and Jevices

preach here a general crusade against rhymes of all kinds;

g pa.ramount

a certain amount of cadence, and rhythmic measure is essen-

tial to all poetic compositions, as otherwise one of the most

able for most

I8

important points of difference between prose and verse would

oetry. I

from

be nowhere; especially would such be the case in a language

) SOU.I'C?

150

like Malayalam where versification includes the fulfilment of

ol

i

the conditions of at least one musical tune called oo or B\,

8%

(/) Though the most glaring acts of plagiarism are com-

ale

(0]

mitted without the least scruples, Malayalam poets very sel-

dom make use of quotations, and when they do, it is only the

'TBCQ

n

substance and never the very words that are quoted. One

o)

reason for this may be the absence of any specific quotation

o

marks; but I think the main reason is to be sought for else-

ﬁ%}@!

where—the absence of printing which made a work generally

Lol

difficult of access, and the palm-leaf ‘Grandhas’ used in the

(e

place of books which made reference difficult and laborious,

800

Qs

offered a premium for plagiarism of all kinds by reason of

o

the security thus afforded against detection and discovery.

10

(9) But it must be conceded that Malayalam poetry,

84

whether in Slokas or Pattoos is, as a rule, more melodious

) m

D1

and musical than English poems in which melody and har-

mony are not the sine qua non of correct versification that

they are in Malayalam. An English piece has to be specially

(LA

set to music before it can be sung, but Malayalam poetic

DAM

compositions of whatsoever kind must be capable of being

20

sung at least to one tune.

In many passages the sense vibrates

Gener

in such admirable unison with the sound that one is never

@0

tired of reading them.

Here are a few examples of the kind :

09

1

S0 SBoaflen émdlRmocme@sal

208R1WAI®®Qi)ea198 )@ @210 6@

eflenesaom aflaead afaNem afemoe

@aiele audloemmycmreoams’lacoss ).

& ey MO a0 W Wl So & oD ).

BRI @ 1 D 1S0EQIMEY BHIDS THIRD 6 @A

o@o_ﬂ(ab olosoo 2@l mmﬂa@mﬂaﬁwﬂm @oabo a3lansals

aJoad 01 eed9IS)IeWI H.alqg G oS .210010 20K 18@0

alemISI@ISe AW IGel Ggalamizoaioge &w)Geo

@8R @12 20t &)SIG0I BLrIRS S IEL BANIEANESSIBA

@100 aan dwlews a1reawad)ewane & lg)ews

151

flment, of

andmmon it @) «goado 1w Gaomlad anrea

QIOBNVAY, PTNE) O 98&03@ 20 HQIB 0103 @om@uBQEQmﬂwo

0o 01 @),

=)

gt lte Q18210088 M GmsSOD 6ale allgEen

11216 COm-

Sodeiodess 0O agaPo CHSAIVIDEE ZBODD

@O @A 1R0 HB 01WER BO%oé@moL@m@@Q

Tery sel-

Q@&@J@J@ HE Ha_1RBS 0 Qoaﬂé&mugoo aNemorQIBA9

s only the

ted. One

amiol qUEMIEag]) OO HS:INIaE agom ayaigl]

afoeodlod 2eid ©.a18M20 moailar] almeLdd Sg),EM20

(uotation

1t for else-

&5%;8) @Obo PEMBER My TV BHNARBE WaME2D

0 g@EMERE00I $HIBOOD oGOV HaioaTsIeh SRIBANIT 29BAND

generally

$0.0{)88Q 89 )W 0108210 MRy LMWBAQe alad la¥]eoo

sed In the

n@ois o aF)aitan MmIg0WEAGBY Qo (DO

@0a00 &8 Qo RAIBRI PINREMIB0 HB Qo @EM BRI

laborious,

ansimag]le

®QJ0 600 @8%98&@@ wWmMBAY

163801 0

Sgplae gy S6m318®0 22& QAN olmozens 1@

Covery.

Eoeﬂ.@o@% NEIEw@o wﬂdg&eo@m«on @eabo &g )ews

E&mujmnbopav @eabo mgy emModIDlallg &d)ewo

. POELLY,

melodious

ogqam%@%w% 203)8010 ad)ellos)om Galdio WR)B.210

D00 OHIO aIEWO leO BIUe AIWAN a1$lew®o.

y and hat-

@IS .

cation that

3

TVIROBF)WOS 2IYYo EHSILNCBOB1PWANE 03 1EUE@IWo

he specially

HOAVIM0 21D HIMAIZ S coad R ewISIBIB) ays o Wo

lam poetic

20O )0 )SW e GHoaMIGE MHIBR OB IMWOS AVIZBUY) Wo

e of being

semailewimiad seemlsarilaidk semam olludlmoaisus o

nse vibrates

@8, Wo EVSMR) 6.a\aT) 3] BRI

s

ne 15 never

g@@J@@@Jao\VE

=)

of thekind.:

@YD) HMR0RI) o8B0 ete,

Nngadlmo &0

4,

@988 @alen?) Wdleicialzem)

Ba0 298PV A0

ElamEoE3MY @IS AW

80 @5&_%

aNHAOAIN QIA0

aLI2EUIRQIY2E GBS

1}

RIPBGCHH IS |0

)

el

A

19200003 )6m IR ol 8s @ro

a«osaonCJoLaﬂSoLaoo@aoSJm«d?

ME aBl®o & LoD )

o

15

5. ©g};08L108118H001(@ 10 J0a0® 21010SISAT) (@ BMUT IR B0

would see

aNEegx0E)mand) (s leigeizanowe(y £302100) €lgm 0

style call

@Boe’] Ve @) EyalESala j@md BB&:IZ saTVERCMO

But ey

&mm(@omocﬁm@@s@gwc@mm@mc mai@eﬂgsmms)@m.

askance b

BB WOWo &IOS

t00 of th

againsh 1t

(k) Sanskrit words and expressions are drafted into

Malayalam poetic lines with a degree of laxity and noncon-

cern that may well surprise the most casual reader; in many

cases they form the majority, in some the pure Malayalam

terms are limited to the connecting links, while a good many

slokas are composed entirely in Sanskrit as is the case not-

Malay:

yalees hay

ably with the dramas called egsesg).

These are annually

still the

prescribed as Malayalam text-books

for the University

day, 2 go

Examinations, though their sole claim to be considered as

yalam spe

part of Malayalam literature lies in the fact that they are

written in Malayalam, and not in Devanagari characters.

Poetic

Quotations nos. 1, 4 and 5 given under (g) are examples of

Ever

this kind of composition.

has its o]

Wise attai

The fact would seem to be that long after Malayalam had

secured for itself an independent existence, it was looked upon

Engiish; ¥

ches an 4

by the Malayalees as only a pafois spoken by the lower orders

of society, and as such not dignified enough to deserve the

Bullogs

notice and recognition of the educated classes, who still dealt

Iiterature,

only in Sanskrit.

In the indigenous Malayalam Schools Sans-

st he ¢

krit was introduced as soon as the pupils had mastered the

T&tiﬂg eveq

Malayalam alphabet, and was continued throughout their

exploits of

scholastic career, Malayalam coming in only as a medium for

Phenomeno:

translation.

The English reader will here find an analogy

with the position of Latin in the curriculum of early English

the ¢omy,

Schools. The few poetic lights too that rose among the people

a0 n gy

during the transitional period of the language, did dot dare

With the ne

to make pure Maltayalam the vehicle of their effusions, but

o

Ll

153

1}

would seem to have struck a compromise by adop‘ting a mixed

style called <Manipravalan’ (@smejango).

But even this compromise would appear to have been viewed

askance by the orthodox classes, and the wits and satirists

»g)

too of the period would seem to have directed their shafts

against it, as the following sloka shows:

afted into

B0 Al 1N ) QIBa0IWo

1d noncon-

GBS AIB 1B )2 N ERl

'+ 10 many

@50@@)6‘(’0%@@@(@ 8

Malayalan

MYRBLI8E rf)EMYEU(EIIVS

good many

Malayalam has since made striking progress, and Mala-

e ase not-

yalees have won academic honors, and risen to eminence, but

o annually

still the prejudice remains almost the same; and to this

University

day, ‘a good Malayalam Scholar’ is synonymous with ‘a Mala-

isidered 2

yalam speaking Sanskritist’.

at they are

Poetic literature compared.

characters.

Every branch of poetic literature from ballad to drama

amples of

has its full complement of numerical strength, and has like-

wise attained to the highest possible pitch of excellence in

ayalam had

English; while Malayalam is yet incomplete in several bran-

Tooked upon

Jower orders

ches and a perfect blank in not a few.

Jeserve the

Ballads. Malayalam is very poor in this branch of its

literature, though there is no denying the fact that many

10 still dealt

chools Sans-

must be current in different parts of the country, commemo-

rating events of local importance and interest such as the

patered. the

exploits of a hero, the occurrance of an extraordinary natural

wohort theit

But

, medium for

phenomenon or the visitation of same local calamity.

being confined to particular spots and particular sections of

g analogy

arly Toglih

the community, they are inaccessible and unknown to the rest;

and no antiquarian has yet risen among the people endowed

g te peopté

with the necessary earnestness of purpose, intensity of inter-

Gl do e

est and sufficiency of means and influence, to attempt a com-

fusions, 00

154

plete or even a partial collection of them.

I shall proceed to

ciation 00

due more

notice a few that are current in this part of the country.

(1) @eoyoslaos.

This is a form of ballad poetry sung

any inher

unlettered

in chorus by the labouring classes when engaged in any kind

of light work that does not require much moving about.

sing them,

Origin.

It derives its name from Thacholi- Odenan, a

from- eocn

ments of f

famous warrior of the Kirtip caste who lived probably some

three or four hundred years ago.

His abode together with

these are

I give helc

many confirmatory evidence of his wonderful exploits is still

pointed out in Badagara, in North Malabar.

There is a minor

8 well-to-d

temple (e00y) near the place where he and his squire .asgyob

are deified ;

and once a year during the annual festival

(20m01), the credulous are treated to a sight of these worthies

and a sham representation of their original exploits.

The

life and character of these heroes bear a close resemblance

to those of Robinhood and Little John.

Though these ballads

undoubtedly originated as a popular recitation of Odenan’s

exploits, they now include a variety of subjects, and their

number is such that a collection of them would fill a couple

of good-sized volumes.

They still remain unwritten and no

attempt is yet made to rescue them from their precarious

position, and secure once for all, a settled and permanent

place for them among the literature of the country.* From

an historical point of view too, they are entitled ‘to better

consideration, as throwing a flood of light upon many a knotty

point in the contemporary local history, besides enlightening

us as to the mode of life and the system of Government pre-

vailing then.

The style is simple, pure, and flowing, in fact, the langu-

age 1s pre-eminently ‘Malayalam undefiled’.

The large num-

ber of slang and vulgar expressions, and the corrupt pronun-

* A few folk songs, alluding to historical occurrences, including the exploits

of Odenan, have been collected by the Rev. E. Diez.— Ed.

—

——

155

Proceed

ciation one so often hears when Thacholy pattoo 1s sung, ar

untry

due more to the ignorance of the singers themselves, than to

0etty sung

any inherent defects in the composition

It is chiefly the

that

1 a1y kind

unlettered sons, or rather the daughters of the soil

hout

sing them, and they would make the same mess of a sloka

The mbellish-

Odenan, a

from eoenseamgo or a couplet from @acocoemo

hably some

ments of figures too, are not altogether wanting, and some of

these are short and sweet, and very neat in theirapplication

vether with

Joits 15 still

I give below the lines describing the personal equipments of

a well-to-do Nair

18 & MInor

e Am&:;nﬁ

A06MZRs Galnw l@an e&Hag |ab

al festival

%m@cssﬂm %O_)dam ite=1e0) @mmﬂ

I8 SEHAM 00 GHeIan

ose worthies

&V B)OWAN0 &S B6)AA0

ploits, The

MOAIN AT Ao BGalQ BN

resemblance

MWD &S| @RI GAIHO BMIg

hese hallads

Bwo &) gawo BQINO B

(denan’s

SHSADAIWIMIST AWRAIY

d their

@I IMISME 2105 OIS

fil a coupl

Qa_toaaaweé(oﬂ 2S)1QYo OB

2 os0g)al Bpj00aemIOER)

ften and 10

& (D) 921603 25901005 6o’

¢ precatious

2N og)O@®ITE @e1Ha D) .em@

| pelnment

u%(g@mooommmmﬂego &O.l:g

eyt Hrom

1<) ARSETISNO &.2IQ AN

o o hetier

oeg e aflmpd)s

moel aNeedss ©a.080200 o

17 & notty

@®mho HSEPEo LIT®e YW

6D (M3 @) O M2gmo MIWOAIN[D0

ernment Pré

@K@ @@)D@(Dm{)@gﬂo@m@%’)

MIB8 90 QIYEA] NGQIPHMI

oSlgo &8 0 aYsQIEOM!

he langl-

6D OZAN@ GHBIS Q0o 6 23D

o large DU

@OOZANE 1GOBLS QIIPEaNIDI0

pupt PO

@IS Itk Caag |ad mineasIZiwls @weh )b

ading

o explol®

N 290 S06mId Gy

e

156

st

The metre. 1t is difficult to ascertain with accuracy the

ing the |

metre of these popular ballads.

It would appear that the

short by

ordinary distinction between @ and ewq does not hold good

lengthen

in their case, and that they are solely regulated by the num-

split som

ber of avarce or vowels.

Each line has three pauses the

It 15 su

difficulties

position of which shifts according to the tune they are sung

to, for they are very elastic in this respect, and admit of

vulgar tor

being accommodated to a variety of tunes.

The following

QoMY Do

couplets are divided after the most common tune.

would hec

comm [ aflerles | dlgsan

900,165 6y

as single |

omogial [ dlgengo

/ @B S .

particular

The vowels would seem to be disposed in the following

method of

order in this arrangement :

Q(ﬁ):mo+

v/

/

7

/ s

stands red

The first two pauses are of equal length, and contain three

the it 1

vowels each, while the last has four.

The third, fourth, and

alamgog gy

the tenth, are doubly long vowels, 4. e. their musical length is

koS

equal to twice that of a long vowel and are marked thus

?

able to g

the first vowel may be either short or long.

This tune is

regulation

most popular in South Malabar.

grasp of I

1

Thachg,

EREOBIS | eoessss | esmosamio

o/

/V\./

/UVVU

three Pause

2

the diffepey

@108 1n

/ egj02m

| ®eos)Qemmab

NS\

/

N\ / A A

Dlaces it}

QP a0

| ompaD aigs’)

/ 8g|2@BaN @0

() Doy,

R

Wm[)osition,

VY

e

/ 7\

~/

dicton, |

The above represent some of the most popular tunes

Tather Jop /

current in North Malabar.

Ten letters to a line seems to be

ring fho |

the ordinary rule, though sometimes as many as thirteen are

found. But it must be remembered that in the actual sing-

N(frth Malgh

&h ang 3

ing, the extra letters are either hurried over or elided, bring-

ultimate]y .

e

157

——

uracy the

ing the line to the normal length; so also, when a line is too

* that the

short by a letter or two, the remedy resorted to, is either to

hold good

lengthen out certain letters to twice their usual length, or to

- the nume

split some of the compound letters into their components.

auses the

It is such conventional methods of tiding over metrical

ate sung

difficulties that are mainly responsible for the quaint and

0 admit of

vulgar tone of these poems.

Take for instance the line «gyo

¢ following

QIEMYP DA IEE |8g |I@BEIN o,

In the actual recitation the line

would become og)spm? @Y@Cx’;’ o) O o@@gﬂ@aﬂoma@mmo 0r QPO 10N

someg’leg pmeanao the @ @, ™ o and o og should be sounded

as single letters combined with an eooweseo followed by the

particular vowel coming after.

I have adopted the following

¢ following

method of marking these singular compounds: © o= + e,

6)0"5’::0’;)—*-0@), 6)(‘61’0?:(01’0?—{—0@

Thus manipulated, the line

So also

stands reduced to its normal length of ten letters.

the first line in the passage quoted: awemgees smean ggjob=

ontain three

fourth, and

aemges Sman ogaglm; and again eig)aessmoosmo @.01Ba =

0155 )RS I I6MoO @881 = oIS )ARSEBIEMo E.alQEsaD .

We are thus

cal length 18

| thus =

able to arrive at the genmeral law regarding the metrical

regulation of Thacholi Pattoo, which has hitherto eluded the

This tane 18

grasp of Malayalam rhetoricians:—

Thacholi pattoo has fen letters to a line, distributed into

three pauses of three, three and four letters respectively; but

the difference of tune may shift these pauses one or two

k

places either way.

i

(2) Darika-Vadham (eodieaio) represents a form of poetic

composition, not far removed from the ballad.

In style and

memo

plais)

diction, it ranks just above Thacholi Patioo.

The poem 1is

lar funes

rather long, and is generally recited by a band of young men

opt

‘during the annual festival in some of the Kali temples of

6 866

s fo.be

North Malabar.

< thirfeen 042

It celebrates the fight between the goddess

Kali and a demon called Darika; the goddess triumphs

. actual sing-

ultimately, and despatches him to the great relief of the

| elideda bl‘iﬂg

oppressed world.

The following quotation may serve for a

by

specimen.

style, and

the Thott

320} 01000,

of the wo

€000 L6

MNRIIBAIM 2YWE W GEAIGHAICW)

The Thot

MIAIDIS a0V 6)@10562(’(’0(3%0

MERIPESa0ITVo g (ECT)(O@’U;’

dancers’ o

®0EQ0Q 010 )& B0 BREG |50

for the p

@033 {9t ERYYIS80 SalERANEGR|0

them the

mgy 2odlge aflogaandgyo

landatory

afloan epmamro N smpanow))

manner o

@O0 2 ISOHRIB ASHs) ®Qla

esa1ga’)2opagsmeano

exploits,

B A2 SOOI Ga10@Ee|o

Stotrams

@AM §2)aR98 ) o1 )& b BnR

a very lig

gegaidlmoaio &0suyIAD

t0 all cast

Space will

@8g o aflasmneaailaemgymio

QIAPBBIS DU T 1060y @S )

mgd@eJcszﬂ%og@g BB D

BRQINIT B30 O3 106y MBLY0

afgio (OO0 OBINTEIM BILIGT

aFlgo HIRADEER IHDIT BIOT)

avoalo ©01@] pIO@ESMY .aflaid

(8o a_ﬂsﬁ__%Qggomroom BODOD

® 8 9 v o 4 4 o 8 s e 4 e e s s s e s e s e

eSlwemgan afleio@mmo

@sallg)asan ailai®eaeg jods

210610 NS BREANINDIT3 @S(D(GTO;’

Q10607 MNSELEANINDIT BIDTI

0. @)D )RIGNSDIT B DD

O&IMYo GHWL] IPHDIB EIUITDY

ag)Qlo aelasel AflUoEnB8gade

saaflavallow wamsor @s)

ME] NoWBAINA) aIPARALS

GRG0 MONMDIBH QI )erDEIN 0.

N. B. The metre is four @@ to the first, 7 to the 2nd and 8to the 3rd pause.

é

159

rve for o

(3) Thottom (6®0000).

Allied to this, both in point of

style, and the practical use to which they are turned, come

the Thottoms.

The name seems to be a popular corruption

of the word emp@. though at the present day emp@o and

emoooo represent quite different forms of poetic composition.

The Thottoms are chanted by the Malayars or the c<devil-

dancers’ of Malabar, during the annual festivities in ¢Kavoos’,

for the purpose of exciting the dancers, and inducing into

them the particular devil, or eom@xp.

They are generally

landatory biographies of these Thaiyyoms, detailing the

manner of their wonderful births and their superhuman

The

exploits.

The tune is a long-drawn monotonous bass.

«Stotrams’ on the other hand, belong to poetic composition of

a very high order, and are chanted by magicians, who belong

to all castes of the Hindus, during the ceremony of exorcism.

Space will not permit me to quote more than a few lines of each.

GdINO 0.

BN OO0 Q0™ O TVRAIGEaId

a@emMes) AB)HownHbo §.a3)w 2ICrEW

af) agPOaNER0 MEY V2o MBS OM

ag@sslag) mgy 02101 LHOMEW

o) MOModRIB] MEY Al mMBEaN

EP@ay) A emoeWIR) Ha 100D AGHM

S HISOHOGRY M eOado MRy 21 NIBEA?

caafl@gegy mlendo a0z a&:em

Mo21910 MIOMOO®I® WIZo HAIIBBHOHM

) WIATB D MEY AIURHIRABD

OO®d I2TBKD MLy alo@HIATB®d

I8} VIZEY LIOA ZaNo QEVALL L

&® go Aap MIewesd YAV )RICSMo

O NS WEBISEMo o3) &0 @IBSEeMo

SGBEAM@o0 G lHHWIAD QILIQY) HQIBSHEMO

@oallgano avalaoel a1¥) MSes8aN?

Q) HIMEYPINBHANEY0 HAIIBOBO HAINBSM

{ pauge:

o the 3t

ety

160

aJ@ B850 aJomailel Ha O HaIRBHAD

D@BMIBIWD Qo MNQY O EHRIIHD

P2EAOIBMAIDM) S@ess lotoooad.

0y @ SIB@E®I0 0o

[)

GOy 0,0)0-

w0l WBlal BlaIOM WBlAMHS MM

@AM WEMMIWSHHM LBBEMo.

0

RAUBAIS HDEM )@ o Q063

2o @ajeonm myeig lmaisem]

0

2O QIEMI AV EI&15mLo

algalel) 22 o9d) smom Al )amow)

X

oM )Ee 22 ogElud)dmaiwabd

&

DBRHHIWDRBo DBMNILNWDS

AlPREMAVBPIR0 ERLAM I IIDo

ete

etce

ete

ete

01e

(4) The <Kalapattoo (esgyps) and <Pulluva Pattoo’ (ejegal

gs) also belong to the same category. The first is chanted

il

by a choir of astrologers (eerlead) during the oyeles) (cor-

[

rupted from the ojoavaimo of the Brahmins, 4.e. the ceremony

]

o0

performed during the first pregnancy of a woman), the second

by Pulluvers (ayegcucb), also in choirs, as a means of appeas-

08

Qg

ing the manés of some departed female, who met her death

06

under rather suspicious circumstances.

Rlts

(5) Kurathi Pattoo (soodgps).—A step higher in the

)

ladder comes what is called Kurathi Pattoo, sung by ‘Kura-

R

thies’ or the gipsy females of Malabar, from house to house to

o0

81

a sort of musical accompaniment not far removed from the

f

primitive tongs and bones’. An excellent poem called aflwab

of)

eq, may also be considered here. It celebrates the achieve-

RS

ments of Kuraven and his wife, whose services in the ‘black

foy

art’ were secretly engaged by the ‘Kuroos’ and the ‘Pandoos’

0

The

)

respectively in their great struggle for supremacy.

metre is rather peculiar, but very melodious.

Here are a few

lines from it.

Z’QOg

1T

ES

cLCWPCIDOY ﬁchnvaCg QO OBy

§a1 ¥

a10 0100

*

*

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s 9

eFBpocoSase volumovecSEe

pa(W %z@

01

rooe ap(w e fFroctero Bemus(ro

ofsoro obuwwe olwsgerve ermmﬁ.

o) 004 oAt

WECMDMNS @Y FEirvy@RETveIO®

oy asn0g 0} &8

0@ 8w cfSpwem| Ve W WoNtE

s 44 fu

(N Yro QIO s WM @9 [ §HCERIOCTD

@comm?.e w8 (98 Eromusero

o 1 4

T5TOYY POWSSCEOH [FIEOWO

Ecoo| e fuwceo e [Fog cwsrase

ep 7 49

qQLCELIVO® Ao Wb @r@er%@

spalde Jo SO

fFoem orv@tes@ro oefusw

,

@ec.omhteur@@gmmoﬂc@ (@O A [y

LUAEE o} i

{aoma100 o

o (sieoweBloqwon

(poe woeoBoro &0 scfFgro

-100) (59(ET

ofowew elro oforgeeEro

POJUET !

SEErogY|fo (O ab(@8 mes verootE

rofefo) )

RSB Birvg YrouoL@®©

*

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L

*

£

ES

ES

s

QLULRFHCOO ood@oé*rmmﬁ @8 Bromro®@ o%Wm@c

QB sfee U Ep UL ® O EIo0r WoEeEeET

T awro PF(Fe SwieoE(sHistws seiwe|Houe

T (rFgw© covey WIFEEIwe WEorvroy ScroeSan®

ofd|@(ER@ ofp(Yirve( @B Wmo(o (Wwro Stewew

QPLLTEINID @@OWreN(fo £usr o pcmeBanUw fFroe

FE(UDE QE@OWTen(fO Qr@oeg@geo@ﬂo@

PBOMOW(©@ aro@ee B (Ws(rv s |[Sow

QoL B pw(@Ws(o rodbold sfs|pstwee

ofD(JHTO DO PSEPIOMUETD (O OPVRCDY(PTOO

000608

O0® £0rv E(WUICOUIFOVY W(LIOWIVO

L@ NV MNCN VBT B O PP QA

QUOMD(Q BEWUEPYMD OQUO(W CHPRFYID WYY

* QO @Q&ﬁt

191

16

al@1).o) os) aflvab@:or) ZS)oimn

hran

200.0) 03] cMLAIOE BS).ojo e

molal

20001 mnedleanar).ofld)lesw)gy

(!

210.51Qo Bal21Qo aflY OWanes Go

@"J&;ag;

S04 80 1000sB02IY ATl PWOE

havei

PHOHMNYo HS0MEE alaNIAIG 95T QIBDD

2@ oglab aGmniablmo m@dlasle s

the ]

§

2HOHMQYHAS O QI NSO L BmIodd

Rama

2Y¥BIAI HA YYD SHgrasldo

2S1WIO® S0QIMo MSATY &.0198])

gadha

its o

2&:M6M AIZIG00 A I0WIA)Eg {9dd

S@BMISAUIPEAM D 3R d

archal

embel]

Mo oERINSHAN &mmm%ommﬂ

;j§

@ ¥lallgemgsmen) a3)waje &or)

&l IMas 1OOMO 205,

o e oo .

(10

matic

The vast number of @@andlogs, posw@alsg, i,

00563

oodedslgos, also fall under this class.

%f

with th

(6) ‘Ottam-thullal (e0g0oamcd) is a new style of versifi-

1EW W

cation introduced by @smmbmayod, who has left behind him

a8 exar

many works written in this style.

Their composition is such,

Within

that by proper modulations of the voice a clever actor is able

j’

heen 1

to express various feelings and sentiments in a very vivid

Dumbe;

and 1Impressive manner.

-

having

(1) “Manipravalom’ ( @mﬂ@mogo) _This has already been

Veteran

i

referred to under (%).

The most important works belonging

Thampu

to it are @@ adloo, aiaflanoe) Qowo, D@aimymey Yomo and a

2

i

few others; it has also received valuable accession to its ranks

from among the recent productions, such as exenwamao, ege

The

avemwo €efc.

0f agogy

(8) Satirical and humorous works.—The Malayalam liter-

and pog

I am not aware

ature is lamentably poor in both these lines.

13y hay

of any poetic work, that has the slightest claim to be con-

Loetry

sidered satirical, though as a school-boy, I remember to have

Ineyyg)

heard a short poem in eight Slokas called assoeneo which is

a deﬁnite

truly sarcastic in tone.

We are more fortunate in the other

i 2 B S Slb Ne i

Comgy g

i

163 - —

branch, as we happen to possess one complete poem called

ndladloo lately published with a preface by O. Chandu Menon.

(9) “Epic Poetry’.—Ezhuthatchan’s famous Kilippattoos (&0

glgyos) are the nearest approach to the English epics that we

have in Malayalam. These are ‘the Ramayana’, ‘the Bharata’,

the ¢‘Bhagavata’, and some of the Puranas.

The ¢Valmiki

Ramayanam’ also belongs to the same class.

The ‘Krishna-

gadha’ (ggwon) ascribed to aymadled mmyeN@) has a metre of

its own.

It is written in pure Malayalam, though the use of

archaic terms and expressions, and a profusion of figurative

embellishments, certainly go to detract from its merits.

(10) <The Drama’.—Till very lately, the only kind of dra-

matic composition

known to Malayalam literature, was

AT

@pseng), of which there exist now, some fifty or fifty-two; but

with the impetus the study of Malayalam has lately received,

' yersifl

new works and new styles of writing have come into vogue,

ind him

as examples of which I may mention the novel and the mosewo.

15 such,

Within the last decade a good many Sanskrit dramas have

i is able

been translated into Malayalam, and what is more, a large

ry vivid

number have also been brought to the stage.

The credit of

having taken the initiative in this direction, belongs to that

eady been

veteran scholar of Travancore, Kerala Varma Valia-Coil

Thampuran, F. M. U., C.S8.I.

helonging

moand&

1V

Metre and Versification.

it ranks

MEY @%ﬁ)

The natural law of ‘work and rest’ makes the alternation

of accented and unaccented syllables essential alike in prose

and poetry, so that the voice, after it has made a strong effort,

o LeY

But in

may have some relaxation prior to a similar effort.

poetry this alternation must recur metrically, or at regular

o be ool

op 10 haT8

intervals, within a series of words or syllables called measures,

a definite number of which constitutes a poetic line.

It be-

ik 8

, the ofher

comes necessary to bear in mind, at the very outset, an im-

11

e

portant point of difference between the two languages in this

expal

respect, . e. that while in English, syllables are metrically

(_afarea

divided into accented and unaccented, determined by the cor-

of letf

rect pronunciation of the words in which they occur, they are

quarte

either short or long, ewy or o, in Malayalam, according to

e, 8

a conventional method of classification.

I give below the

Sanskrit dictum on this head, which is also applicable to the

Malayalam poetry with equal force.

¢ VoY B0 Blapio AVIABAV. 100 ATV AVOYB0

aNessm@admEo (H@a 1RIamMane aileseym’

i. e. those immediately preceding double letters, or combined

with long vewels, with eomaviome (@eo) or ‘with aflauge’ (two

dots one above the other) are called wm or long, and all the

rest eiony or short ones.

The student will here call to mind

the remarks already made under the alphabet, that all con-

sonants are pronounced in Malayalam, as if combined with

some vowel or other, and that accentuation and syllabification

are unknown in the language.

The real consonants (m@boceﬁa

The ty

@o) such as @, &, & and o are extra metrical, and left out of

compti

account in all metrical computations. A foof is called a ‘gana’

(uarter

(vemo) in Malayalam, and is made up of three letters, accord-

0ne or

ing to the metrical nature and distribution of which eight

Sloha w

varieties are known, viz., @, o, @, @, =, av, @ and o ‘ganas’.

Iefre,

The following sloka explains their constitution:

mnemor

‘ @QE 2R, 001 TVIBM e W@ A190alQlis

EERaVIHUINE QI W) POHMIY DDLINCAQID’,

iit. the

Each Sloka or poetic stanza in Malayalam consists of four

€ Zanay

|

lines or ¢ Padams’ (aaceo), which are generally similar or alter-

Dauseg ¢

nately similar.

The difference of length and constitution of

R’«dms,

these lines

affords almost an endless variety of metrical

Al

arrangements, that is enough to satisfy all imaginable vagaries

§overy

of verification; but when in addition, there still remain no

the 0thg,

less than sixteen thousand and eight mowo or musical tunes,

Subjegt {

by which this vast array is to be multiplied, their stupendous

ngeq ]]()tj

B

165

S

this

expansion almost staggers our conceptibn. The ¢Chandas’

cally

(aomad) is a classification of metre according to the number

) 001

of letters, irrespective of their qualify, which each ‘Pada’ or

are

quarter-stanza contains. Twenty-seven of these are enumerat-

)

ed, as in the following slokas:

the

1

o the

‘g:_ee@)o@ S0 @moa@g)o

()@ eomy 00y oy alf @0

e h(©) %2%’%.00’5%&55

@ao«ﬁ]a_x m N8 alal,’

hined

‘@leney, LW 181

@LOIDH IR DD DD

(to

W& 1TV oylioay)e

11 the

nind

ecﬁ@@@ﬂ LAY mésu@.’

3.

‘W @) W OOl

| con-

HP) ()BT

] with

ailgdf) gl dloau@ial

cation

@LIE ) BB @b @ ).

xoio&@m

The twenty-seventh is called ‘Dandaka’ (esmwe.comad) and

out of

comprises all slokas with more than twenty-six letters to the

quarter. Each ¢ Pada’ has further to satisfy the condition of

oand’

aecord-

one or more metrical pauses, called w@af.

The following

sloka will show the manner in which the coniposition of each

) eight

metre, and the position of its pauses are compressed into

=ganas’.

mnemonical dictums in Sanskrit:

‘ROHDIVMH OB ol MmO @mm@mowgg’ﬁm(o’]mﬂ’.

i. e. the metre called Wewosns) is composed of @, @, m, av and

of four

e ganams, followed by a a or ‘laghw’, and a « or ‘gurw’, the

pauses or o) being same as the number of fastes and of

7 alter-

ufion of

Rudras, or at the 6th and 11th letters.

etrical

All the rules detailed above, refer only to slokas, and

govern the Manipravala style of composition in Malayalam,

Vagaries

main 10

the other varieties of poetic composition being in couplets, and

subject to quite a different system of metrical rules, which

need not, however, be explained here.

pendors

—

166

—

Europeans are hardly ever able to understand, and appre-

ciate the musical fune, or the metrical structure of the Mala-

yalam poetic pieces they so minutely study in other respects,

and the result is that while some of them, and notably the

German Missionaries, are able to write books in Malayalam

prose, not one has yet dared to soar into the region of Mala-

yalam poetic composition.

There are of course the Malayalam

hymns called @mflwSlomak. But they would seem to follow

the European style of versification, and the musical tunes of

their English or German originals; many are not wanting in

the embellishments of rhyme and alliteration.

I give below a few extracts which speak for themselves:

Cor

(1

1

P&a0 @0 a1 Ao @@ﬂ!

from ¢

@ 6D Q100100 ey @)

mas, {

LISWESH S SHBO); — a0Og)ayWo!

oo @ @ s cnmaséabd,

very b

without

mﬂmg}} (o)o%am'] 2\QOS,

mefre ¢

mlea mezmsamad, — congyel@o!

3

-

aNwoallemed Panrs@o

gance, |

Ruomo ailg aydloo;

ailweoniseiogo @ Qlwo; — a0egiey@a!

2@ O 2POHANIR: Pa0d0d

aild)emo aflab aflg sgasad

)@ leh, emoaeo ooy aload. — a0®Rjaywo!

@@ anNIear o @) 0020,

2@) G Ids) avgies,

aILd) MS@) QIYPEI; — a0Nyey@!

(2)

GBad Qo @2a0a Yo @sg0—

B2 QIWEME 1) o_mgi- Qiab;

©4) aVgBo @Y ITOS0

gaoeido aies.pjaiab!

D& Ballo nlMI.AIE0;

aN@@iale o¥lab W loa0savmo.

Q08 Rjay Wo!

e

167

—

pre-

200k agar) 2a00(0)QyOD)

®g |&@d @t agS@s 1ejo,

[ala-

oﬂggo.;@mog crueocfﬂ%;m'\

ects,

D@0 Mpalloieeanyo

the

anmmyelscn ailssb

alam

Slneo Cnids) Galto aloab.

aosaggeé,cmo!

[ala

HOHUBDMOOD HaltQBz0 LI |

alam

mcég 106y GF8@0?

ollow

@saflah el LE@E@ds)

adlad @mﬂ@o%@o afeeo!

s 0f

292@)18g |0 2a0EIMO —

1g 11

sob aRal) aogo @EbAMEMo. — e lDIIN LN

&) ) @ 3 & o3 .

€8

«Comparisons are odious’, no doubt, but the following lines

from ‘Nalacharite’, as well as portions of several other dra-

mas, tend to show that the language is capable of taking a

very high degree of refinement, in alliteration and rhyme,

without necessarily deviating from the beaten tracks of its

metre and versification, or sacrificing the meaning and ele-

gance, at the altar of harmony and studied purity.

ke

@0 — © LRI,

@80 — Q3 WSD,

@OSES 10NIBMI MINSIGYo a joad

e o ences; o gueg, b

QJj 9830 O eMEscd eqgem

DHOROMN DY G&nwomd.

2l

O2wIAN ) — A IWSaD,

oames @W@nb o OO US leuy

A MOS0 1O ailemeny

&an G@@W@Eo@'\mﬂmowﬁ@m @060

BOOMOID o @& Iad ol almlsuy

@M@ N W) 02CW — BB BN BW

Galso (PRACW WABW,

168

that w

Ay tem) — eHalaus

of bis

@naflsesd qUBSORXD, ERGHO2 GLGUWRB D

tion, tl

@)oo &0 @Bk amavy alaavs afld)oe o oo

fine 1

S0208 )3 do @8N a3lm.2300b — E1208 0B )@d OO )G

GealnallelmeemmiseIPan@d)mod @ mwdo

seem f

Modl20@e MNQIRAVEMBZ0, MWAo EIWA0 BWQ o0y @Wa o

beauty

MISER g |QIBRIS MSE|®.

most {l

4,

differen

WMD) — OalmIS.

quoted

Q) EHNSIMR Ql0.ald0, D OFRANITVD BOERB:0

nature,

a)BANINSBANIG VAN L3 WM BFHAH AN HSHID B b

sentenc

Qian i aosoy @smuslndlamemmo.olamee

Dan EHS)Y MO OIS ZeId)ndmMDo

make, {

commor

v

0 gire

Fligures of Speech.

ence to

I admit, that the variety and importance of figures, entitles

enough-

them to exhaustive consideration in a work of this nature,

saps A

but it is equally patent that to do so would swell out this

emamﬁ‘),

chapter to twice its present size.

I am, therefore constrained

portant

to dismiss them with the briefest notice possible.

Some re-

coals to

marks about them have already been made in a rather in-

with ﬁgz

formal manner under b. and ¢. in iii.,, to which I can add very

little here.

It is however a matter of relief to the Malayalam student,

that from among the vast array of figures marshalled out by

Sanskrit rhetoricians, in a most appalling manner, in their

learned treatises, only a very limited number, indeed, has been

selected by Malayalam poets to compass the decorative ends

of their poetic effusions.

And, if we leave out of account

the Sanskrit-Malayalam productions which go by the name of

‘Attakal?? and the quasi-Sanskrit compositions called ‘Mani-

pravalam’, the number really dwindles down to the magnitude

of the proverbial nutshell.

One of the most important points,

—

169

[P—

that would strike an English reader, at the very initial stage

IS

of his acquaintance with them, is the subtle line of demarka-

tion, that runs between Metaphor and Simile in some of their

fine ramifications, and the almost unperceptible niceties that

seem to characterise some others of the fraternity. Feminine

beauty and erotic feelings are the two heads under which al-

most the entire stock of illustrative examples fall, and the

difference of taste and social etiquette, prevents their being

quoted in English works, especially those of an educational

nature.

The Sanskrit rhetorician sees figures in almost every

sentence we use, and almost every expression of sentiment we

make, that is in the least removed from the ordinary and the

common place.—To quote a proverb is a figure (eansssa)),

to give it a special application another (s.aeesoed)), and refer-

ence to the habits of plants and animals is also important

ntitles

enough to deserve the ensignia of a third, as when a man

nature,

says ‘A bird shoots up to the sky with its wings closed’ (avaeo

vut ﬁhiS

tso.meemﬂ) s

The interchange of tenses (soaflew), allusions to im-

trained

portant events of history (esomoaimino), and even carrying

me 16

coals to Newcastle (soaewsmo) are similarly exalted and clothed

her in-

with figures.

1d very

udent,

B D e —

out by

in their

15 heed

7o ends

account

name of

| M

&g[}itude

f points

1

1

through |

as if in 1

Chapter VII.

withont fo

of the e

General Exercises graduated and classified

the age, a

with suggestive Notes.

if possible

whatever t

Graduated Exercises.

She v

round, and

dinner par

EXERCISE A.

look, that |

1

did not kne

Narrative (simple and humourous).

After

1.

Bernard Cavanagh, the great faster.

usnal satis

One Bernard Cavanagh, doubtless a gentleman of very good connections,

EXpression |

announced some time ago that he had adopted a new system of diet which was

clearly not

Mr, Carang

neither more nor less than going without any food.

Now Mr. Cavanagh was a

good gentleman, comely and plump to look at, who conversed pleasantly on the

péople whos

never think

common topics of the day, and seemed, on the whole, to enjoy life pretty much

like other people.

He was to be seen for a shilling — children half-price, and

This m

although Englishmen have read of our starving countryman for the last century

10 866 in {}

and a half, yet their curiosity to see one, to look at him, to prod him with

Something f

their umbrellas, to push him with their knuckles, and otherwise test his

1an, who f

vitality, was such, that they seemed just as much alive as though the pheno-

words, of g

menon was new to them.

The consequence was that Mr. Cavanagh whose cook

This, lf ot

was on broad wages and whose establishment was of the least expensive char-

Way, not ing

acter, began to wax rich,

Several large towns and cities in different parts of

theoriey ahg

the empire requested him to visit them; and Joe Hume suggested that the

{ruily fop

corporation of London should offer him ten thousand pounds for his secret

Note,

merely for the use of the livery.

In fact Cavanagh was now the cry, and as

Bernard appeared to grow fat on fasting, his popularity knew no bounds.

Unfortunately, however, ambition, the bane of so many other great men,

Had he been content with London as

numbered him also among its victims.

the sphere of his triumph and teetotalism, there is no saying how long he might

have gone on starving with satisfaction.,

‘Whether it is that the people are

less observant there, or more accustomed to see similar exhibitions, I cannot tell ;

but true it is that they paid their shilling, felt his ribs, walked whom and

pronounced Bernard a most exemplary Irishman.

But not content with the

capital, he must make a tour in the provinces and accordingly went starring it

171

through Leeds, B!rmiﬁgham, Mauochester and all other manufacturing towns,

as if in mockery of the poor people who did not know the secret ‘how to live

without food.

Mr. Cavanagh was now living —if life it can be called —in one

of the best hotels, when actuated by the spirit of enquiry which characterises

the age, a respectable lady who kept a boarding house, paid a visit to ascertain,

if possible, how far his system may be made applicable to her guests, who,

whatever their afflictions, laboured under no such symptoms as his.

She was pleased with Bernard.

She . patted him with her hand; he was

round, and plump, and fat, much more so, indeed, than many of her daily

dinner party; and had, withal, that kind of joyous rollicking, devil-may-care

look, that seemed to bespeak good condition; — but this the poorlady, of course,

did not know an inherent property in Pat, however poor in situation.

After an interview of an hour long she took her leave, not exhibiting the

usual satisfaction of other visitors, bnt with a dubious look and meditative

eofions,

expression that betokened a mind not made up, and a heart not at ease; she was

clearly not content, perhaps the abortive effort to extract a confession from

1ich was

Mr. Cavanagh might be the cause, or perhaps she felt like many respectable

h as 8

people whose curiosity is only the advanced guard to their repentence and who

y o the

never think that in any exhibition they get the worth of their money.

ty much

This might be, for a fasting is a negative process, there is really little

rige, and

to see in the performance.

Had it been the man who eats a sheep, you have

t contury

him with

something for your money there; and I can sy}npathise with the French gentle-

man, who follows Van Amburgh to this day in the great hope, to use his own

fosf b

words, of assisting at the Soiree when the lions shall eat Mr. Van Amburgh.

o pheno-

ose 600k

This, if not laudable, is at least intelligible. But to return, the lady went her

way, not indeed on hospitable thoughts intent, but turning in her mind various

ive char-

theories about abstinence and only wishing she had the whole of the Cavanagh

; arts of

family for boarders at a guinea a week.

Nuts and Nutcrackers.

that the

s geoted

Note.

For the use of the livery aflgaiondlemn@es epaiwdlmo

Ty and 88

cquene),

Cavanagh was the cry ©&QIamDIdsIHADO Ba1B80 G

Devil-may-care look Q1MN® QIEOS, QIAND HIAMO

) bonnds.

c)oa_._;ooa@@.

paf 1Dy

®2an EiQloe.

That bespeak good condition gy SHIZHMEAN

[ondon 8

@)Hbo ERS®Iso.

Of very good connections MRy WOANSH0

©ab. Which was neither more nor less than D@ 29000AVARY.

‘homight

Went starring it through Leeds efl

RO eje Galo®)

)eople ﬂl’e

annot tel}

6a19S 101009,

Whose curiosity is only the advanced guard to

whom aud

their repentance ®@Qgjo IO EYUWRYo afleom aid)®moaloo

S06m3)eaa, or @Yalo AVIUS).o) &8erodd aloan alloeavo

¢ ith the

staﬂ'iﬂg i

06 BN QIS E00d .

——

172

LA

2. The vision of Marraton.

Nichara

was ot |

Marraton after having travelied for a long space under a hollow mountain,

He

arrived at length on the confines of the world of spirits, but could not enter it

by reason of a thick forest made up of bushes, brambles, and pointed thorns,

Iandseaf

so perplexed and interwoven with one another, that it was impossible to find a

shady v

sid, - b

passage through it.

Whilst he was looking about for some track or pathway

innumer:

that might be worn in any part of it, he saw a huge lion couched under the

side of it, who kept his eye upon him in the same posture as when he watches

diversion

the fgu

for his prey.

The Indian immediately started back, whilst the lion rose with a

spring, and leaped towards him.

breaking

Being destitute of all other weapons, he

stooped down to take a huge stone in his hand; but to his infinite surprise

ingenions

which ir

grasped nothing, and found the supposed stone only the apparition of one.

broken,

If he was disappointed on this side, he was as much pleased on the other, when

he found the lion, which had seized on his left shoulder, had no power to hurt

fisherman

him, and was only the ghost of that ravenous creature which it appeared to be.

angler {t

He no sooner got rid of his impotent enemy, than he marched up to the wood,

down by

and after having surveyed it for some time, endeavoured to press into one part

Not

of it that was a little thinner than the rest; when again, to his great surprise,

he found the bushes made no resistance, but that he walked through briers and

brambles with the same ease as through the open air; and in short the whole

wood was nothing else buta wood of shades.

He immediately concluded that

this huge thicket of thorns and brakes was designed as a kind of fence or quick-

hedge to the ghosts it enclosed; and that probably their soft substances might

be torn by these subtle points and prickles which were too weak to make any

impressions on flesh and blood.

With this thought he resolved to travel

through this intricate wood, when by degrees he felt a gale of perfumes breath-

ing upon him, that grew stronger and sweeter in proportion as he advaneed.

He had not procceeded much farther when he observed the thorns and briers to

end, and give place to a thousand beautifal green trees covered with blossoms

of the finest scents and colours, that formed a wilderness of sweets, and were a

kind of living to those rugged scenes which he had passed through.

As he

was coming out of this delightful part of the wood, and entering upon the

plains it enclosed, he saw several horsemen rushing by him, and a little while

after heard the cry of a pack of dogs.

He had not listened long before he saw

the apparition of a milk-white steed, with a young man on the back of it,

advancing upon full stretch after the souls of about a hundred Waghs, that

were hunting down the ghost of a hare, which ran away before them with

unspeakable swiftness,

As the man on the milk-white steed came by him, he

looked upon him very attentively and found him to be the young Prince

]

SR

PR

173

Nicharagua who died about half a year before, and by reason of his great virtues,

was at that time lamented over all the western parts of America.

untain,

He had no sooner got out of the wood but he was entertained by such a

enter i

thoras,

landscape of flowery plains, green meadows, running streams, sunny hills; and

0 find

shady vales, as were mnot to be represented by his own expressions, nor as he

said, by the conceptions of others.

This happy region was peopled with

athyay

der the

innumerable

swarms cf spirits, who applied themselves to exerciges and

Watches

diversions, according as their fancies led them.

Some of them were tossing

the figure of a quoit; others were pitching the shadow of a bar; others were

3 with &

breaking the apparition of a horse; and multitudes employing themselves upon

ous, he

surprise

ingenious handicrafts with the souls of departed utensils, for that is the name

of ong,

which in the Indian language they give their tools when they are burnt or

broken.

He at length came to the side of a great river, and being a good

r, Who

to hurf

fisherman himself, stood upon the banks of it for some time to look upon an

o fo ba,

angler that had taken a great many shapes of fishes which lay flouncing up and

down by him.

he wood,

Note.

A kind of living to those rugged

one part

World of spirits Gl ym@aiodo.

Surprise,

scénes @Y 9 W aBlNAIW SNYHBOS CRAUNOO B ailwo

riers and

S decmds or ald)a0d)Es DG,

Not to be represented by his

he whole

own expressions @aMocd Q1BOSEE 106D W Jg o aAVIRY)

20w

Who applied themselves to exercises

. fancies

ded that

or quick-

led them @QId ®ELAR0 @IHMI QJjRIAMBE Ao &M lajo

Shapes

of

15 might

28 czﬂ,%s)@asfé\mam.

fishes V) ) @RS .

Lay flouncing o 119S.oj0@ e l@an.

make 80y

to travel

og breathe

3. dJohn Gilpin,

advaneeds

John Gilpin was a citizen

| pefets 10

Of credit and renown,

) blossoms

And a trainband captain eke was he

nd wore @

Of famous London town.

1

As ho

John Gilpin’s spouse said to her dear

- qpon the

““Though wedded we have been

ittle while

Thege twice ten tedious years, yet we

ore o 887

No holiday have seen.”

yack 0f 16

“Tomorrow is our wedding day

r&ghs, that

And we will then repair

them yith

Unto the Bell at Edmonton

by him, he

All in a chaise and pair.

0 Prince

Sl

174

it

My sister and my sister’s child,

Myself and children three,

Will fill the chaise; so you must ride

On horseback after me.”

He soon replied — ¢‘I do admire

Of womankind but one,

And you are she, my dearest dear,

Therefore it shall be done.

I am a linen draper bold

As all the world doth know,

And my good friend the calender

'Will lend his horse to go.”

Quoth Mrs. Gilpin — ¢“That is well said:

And for that wine is dear,

We will be furnished with our own,

Which is both bright and clear.”

John Gilpin kissed his loving wife

O’erjoyed was he to find

That though on pleasure she was bent,

She had a frugal mind.

The morning came, the chaise was brought

But yet was not allowed

To drive up to the door, lest all

Should say that she was proud.

So three doors off the chaise was stayed

Where they did all get in;

Six precious souls, and all agog

To dash through thick and thin,

Smack went the whip, round went the wheels,

Were never folk so glad,

The stones did rattle underneath

As if Cheapside were mad.

John Gilpin at his horse’s side

Seized fast the flowing mane

And up he got in haste to ride,

But soon came down again;

For saddle tree scarce reached had he,

His journey to begin,

-

LSl

175

‘When turning round his head he saw

Three customers come in,

So down he came; for loss of time,

Although it grieved him sore,

Yet loss of pence, full well he knew,

Would trouble him much more.

"Twas long before the customers

Were suited to their mind,

When Betty screaming came downstairs, —

¢The wine is left behind!’

‘Good lack!’ quoth he, ‘yet bring it me,

My leathern belt likewise,

In which I bear my trusty sword

When I do exercise.’

How mistress Gilpin (careful soul!)

Had two stone bottles found,

To hold the liquor that she loved,

And keep it safe and sound.

Each bottle had a curling ear

Through which the belt he drew,

And hung a bottle on each side,

To make his balance true.

Then over all, that he might be

Equipped from top to toe,

His long red cloak, well brushed and neat,

He manfully did throw.

Now see him mounted once again

Upon his nimble steed

Full slowly pacing o’er the stones,

With caution and good heed.

But finding soon a smoother road

Beneath his well shod feet,

The snorting beast began to trot,

‘Which galled him in his seat.

So ‘fair and softly, John’ he cried

But John he cried in vain;

That trot became a gallop soon,

In spite of curb and rein.

—

176

So stooping down, as needs he must

who cannot sit upright

He grasped the mane with both his hands,

And eke with all his might.

His horse who never in that sort

Had handled been before,

What thing upon his back had got

Did wonder more and more.

Away went Gilpin neck or nought;

Away went hat and wig;

He little dreamt, when he set out,

Of running such a rig.

The wind did blow, the cloak did fly

Like streamer long and gay,

Till loop and button failing both,

At last it flew away.

Then might all people well discern

The bottles he had slung;

A Dbottle swinging at each side,

As bath been said or sung.

The dogs did bark, the children screamed,

Up flew the windows all;

And every soul cried out ‘well done’,

As loud as he could bawl,

Away went Gilpin — who but he?

His fame soon spread around;

‘He carries weight, he runs a race

’Tis for a thousand pound!

And still, as fast as he drew near,

’Twas wonderfal to view,

How in a trice the turnspikemen

Note,

Their gates wide open threw.

And now, as he went bowing down,

His reeking head full low,

The bottles twain behind his back

Were shattered at a blow.

Down ran the wine into the road,

Mogt piteous to be seen

P

177

—

Which made his horse’s flanks to smoke

As they had basted been.

But still he seemed to carry weight

With leathern girdle braced;

For all might see the bottle necks

Still dangling at his waist.

Thus all through merry Islington

These gambols he did play,

Until he came into the Wash

Of Edmonton so gay;

And there he threw the Wash about, '

On both sides of the way,

Just like unto a trundling mop,

Or a wild goose at play.

At Edmonton, his loving wife

From the balcony spied

Her tender husband wondering much

To see how he did ride.

‘Stop, stop, John Gilpin!— here’s the house’,

They all at once did cry;

The dinner waits, and we are tired;

Said Gilpin — ¢So am I’.

But yet his horse was not a whit

Inclined to tarry there;

For why? — his owner had a house

Full ten miles off, at Ware.

So like an arrow swift he flew

' Shot by an archer strong;

So did he fly — which brings me to

The middle of my song.

Cowper.

John

Note.

Of credit and renown €3MNGeIEY QL &loR IR 2e2.

Gilpin’s spouse said to her dear eeoend wIleiloabo w13

EOPBANS 01060y,

I do admire of womankind but one oga?)ds

Smack went

@0 eneanlch 3@ (1O 20@82 IR R8s .

the whip 8S! ogaw .a12Ag)WOBS &mogq:g%.

Loss of pence &0wp

GaldaN®.

Good lack @aep@o®)! To make his balance true

Galled him in his seat .1a®) @@ o).

Neck

aqimMo &g {lgoad.

or nought 2@)aypm 2Q)6OS g Qi)

Streamers 0@&9S @3

Q.

The dogs did bark ete. Render by historic present.

12

—

178

—

business.

4, Basilius Valentinus, the Alchemist.

hed lin

man of

Basilius Valentinus was a person who had arrived at the utmost perfection

in the hermetic art, and initiated his son Alexandrinus in the same mysteries;

time; i

but as you know they are not to be attained but by the painful, the pious, the

he himse

and in ¢

chaste, and the pure of heart, Basilius did not open toc him, because of his

youth, the greatest secrets of which he was master,

But believing from a

natural 1

certain indisposition of mind as well as body, his dissolution was drawing nigh,

life to w

he called Alexandrinus to him, and as he lay on a couch, over against which

{ime shou

his son was seated, and prepared by sending out servants one after another, and

Alex

admonition to

examine that no one overheard them, he revealed the most:

lionsehold

important of his secrets with the solemnity and language of an adept.

‘My

the day o

son’, said he, ‘many have been the watchings, long the lucubrations, constant

Basilins v

the labours of thy father, not only to gain a great and plentiful estate to his®

With one

posterity, but also to take care that he should have no posterity.

Be not

Suspicions

amazed, my child: I do not mean that thou shalt be taken from me, but that

disposttion

I will never leave thee, and consequently cannot be said to have posterity.

Alexa

Behold my dearest Alexandrinus, the effect of what was propagated in nine

Pathetio g

months.

We are mnot to contradict Nature, but to follow and help her; just as

to vaity

long as an infant is in the womb of its parent, so long are these medicines of

escape ﬂ]e

revivification in preparing.

Observe this small phial and this little gallipot —

the renowy

in this unguent, in the other liquor.

In these, my child, are collected such

and T sh)

powers, as shall revive the springs of life when they are yet but just ceased,.

into the pr

and give new strength, new spirits, and in a word, wholly restore all the

Renaty

organs and senses of human body to as great a duration as it had before

& Wixfyp ¢

enjoyed from its birth to the day of the application of these my medicines.

‘This phil,

But my beloved son, care must be taken to apply them ten hours after the

breath is out of the body, while yet the clay is warm with its late life, and

10 maky th,

hOme, but ]

yet capable of resuscitation.

I find my frame grown crazy with perpetual toil

of ﬂlacriiy,

and meditation; and I conjure you, as soon as I am dead, to anoint me with

Wholg bOdy,

this unguent; and when you see me begin to move, pour into my lips the inter-

Basih'us’ e

nal liquor, else the force of the ointment will be ineffectual.

By this means

EXpresy 10 )

you will give me life as I have you, and we will from that hour mutually lay

Ordiﬂﬁl‘y per

aside the authority of having bestowed life on each other, live as brothers,

Tehemgy,

and prepare new medicines against such another period of time as will demand

Would po i

another application of the same restoratives’.

In a few days after these wonder~

fr i Joung

ful ingredients were. delivered to Alexandrinus, Basilius departed this life.

Well, 4

But such was the pious sorrow of the son at the loss of so excellent a father,

Wam(]nnesS 0

and the first transports of grief had so wholly disabled him from all manner of

ang

Cast U f

——

179

e

business, that he never thought of the medicines till the time to which his father

had limited their efficacy was expired.

To tell the truth, Alexandrinus was a

footion

man of wit and pleasure, and considered his father had lived out his natural

steriess

time; his life was long and uniform, suitable to the regularity of it; but that

us, the

he himself, poor sinner, wanted a new life, to repent of a very bad one hitherto,

y of hig

and in the examination of his heart, resolved to go on as he did with this

from a

natural being of his, but to repent very faithfully, and spend very piously, the

o nigh,

life to which he should be restored by the application of these rarities, when

t which

time‘shlould come to his own person.

e, and

Alexandrinus began to enjoy his ample fortune in all the extremities of

16 MOk

household expense, farniture and insolent equipage; and this he pursued till

Ny

the day of his own departure began, as he grew sensible, to approach.

As

sonstant

Basilius was punished with a son very unlike him, Alexandrinus was visited

It is mnatural that wicked men should be

a 10 hig?

with omne of his own disposition.

Be not

suspicious;

and Alexandrinus, besides the jealousy, had proof of the vicious

but that

disposition of his son, Renatus, for that was his name.

osterity.

Alexandrinus called Renatus to his bedside, and bespoke him in the most

in ning

pathetic gesture and accent,

‘As much, my son, as you have been addicted

i

just a8

to vanity and pleasure, as I also have been before you, neither you nor I could

ioines of

escape the fame or the good effects of the profound knowlege of our progenitor,

llipot—

the renowned Basilius.

His symbol is very well known to the philosophic world;

tod such

and I shall never forget the vemerable air of his countenance, when he let me

t opasedy

into the profound mysteries’.

g all the

Renatus wondered to hear his father talk so like an adept, and with such

i before

a mixture of piety; while Alexandrinus observing his attention fixed, proceeded,

nediciness

¢This phial, child, and this little earthen pot, will add to thy estate so much as

after the

to make thee the richest man in the German Empire.

I am going to my long

e, a0d

home, but shall not return to common dust’.

Then he resumed a countenance

pet“al fol

of alacrity, and told him, that if within an hour after his death he anointed his

whole body, and poured down his throat that liquor which he had from old

16 with

the inter=

Basilius, the corpse would be converted into pure gold.

I will not pretend to

jig means

express to you the unfeigned tendermess that passed between these two extra-

fually 167

ordinary persons, but if the father recommended the care of his remains with

vehemence and affection, the son was not behind hand in professing that he

brothers

ill demﬁnd

would not cut the least bit of him, but upon the utmost extremity, or toﬂprovide

30 Wonder'

for his younger brothers and sisters.

i 1fer

Well, Alexandrinus died, and the heir of his body could not forbear, in the

wantonness of his heart, to measure the length and breadth of his dear father

£ 8 fathery

and cast up the ensuing value of him before he proceeded to operation.

When

pannet Of

12*

A

180

—

he knew the immense reward of his pains, he began the work, but lo! when he

achieve

had anointed the corpse all over, and began to apply the liquor, the body

advance

w

stirAred, and Renatus, in a fright, broke the phial!

The Spectator.

lightnin

Note.

The hermetic art @avomalile.

Initiated his son., .

.in the

The

mysteries @®bo admow mm&o@ﬁ@g@m @D AVIMLAIW

whisper

QVIBEIICELEBOE §.01Q). Unguent Homalo.

Liquor Goaudo.

airy qist

Restoratives goavsdlausmoeno.

Will add to thy estate af)

cleared,

Upon the utmost extremity @

9o avieDem aiellg eso.

Was a 1

@y Mo RGPS I @och @o@o.

Cast up the ensuing value o290

Fleming,

01000 Balodan wmo oo @emos PO @slemo

‘Con

B2 or M eed,

hail upor

blow, I

5. A School-fight.

He wag 1

rales of |

‘We want you, Fleming’, said the chief.

up again

¢Well!’ and I turned round and faced the speaker.

energy, b

‘I tell you what, Fleming’, said he in a rapid nervous style, ‘You may

fold with

think yourself a very great man; but we do not understand the way you are

distinguis}

going on,

There is Musceus; you and he were the greatest friends last half,

Wit ety

And we all think that

and now you do not speak to him, nor to any one else.

Thet' wag

you should give an explanation of your conduct.

And in short, we come here

generops |

to know what you have got to say for yourself.’

with infop

‘Do you!” I answered with a sneer.

I mady ¢

‘Well, what have you got to say?’ he contiuned in a firmer voice and more

peremptory tone,

‘Say, say that either you or I must leave this gate.

I was

and aftep ¢

here first, but as you are the largest number I suppose I must yield’.

lost y by

I turned my heel upon him and moved.

Some. one hissed.

I returned

knee Upon |

and enquired in a ealm, mild voice who hissed.

Now the person who hissed

‘Ap()l()g

was a boy, who was indeed my match in years, and perhaps in force, but a

Apilogise!,

great coward.

I knew it was he, because he was just the fellow who would

T liftog

hiss, and looked quite pale when I asked the question.

Besides no one answer-

off,

[ g

ed it, and he was the only boy, who, under such circumstances would have been

silent.

fhrough thy

‘Are you afraid to owa it?’ I asked in a contemptuous tone but still

the ha

If ingy

subdued.

This great mob of nearly two hundred boys were very much ashamed at

Note,

the predicament in which their officious and cowardly member had placed them,

So their leader, proud in a fine fraxfle, a great renowned courage, unrivalled

181

hen he

achievements in combat, and two years of superiority in age over myself,

6 body

advanced a little and said, ‘Suppose I hissed, what then?’

‘What then?’

I exclaimed in a voice of thunder;

and with an eye of

)i

lightning, ‘What then? Why, then I would thrash you’.

Jin the

There was an instantancous flutter and agitation and panting monosyllabic

MWW

whisper in the crowd; they were like birds, when the hawk is first detected in

30,

airy distance.

Unconsciously they withdrew like waves, and, the arena being

tate o)

cleareﬁ, my opponent and I were left in opposition.

Apparenly there never

nify @0

was a more unequal match, but indeed he was not fighting with Contarini

16 050

Fleming, but with a demon that had usurped his shape.

3g16m)

‘Come on, then,” he replied, with brisk confidence.

And I came, as the

hail upon the tall corn.

I flew at him like a wild beast; I felt not his best

blow, Ibeat down his fine guard, and sent him to the ground stunned and giddy.

He was up again in a moment; and indeed I would not have waited their silly

rules of mock combat, but have destroyed him in his prostration.

But he was

up again in a moment.

Again I flew upon him.

He fought with subtle

energy, but he was like a serpent with a tiger.

I fixed upon him; my blows

Yoo may

told with the rapid precision of machinery,

His bloody visage was not to be

distinguished.

I believe he was terrified at my frantic air.

I would never

y fou are

Tast halfy

wait between the rounds.

I crisd out in a voice of madness for him to come on.

hink fhat

There was breathless silence,

They were thunderstruck.

They were too

oome here

generons to cheer their leader.

They could not refrain from sympathising

with inferior force and unsupported courage.

Each time he came forward,

I made the same dreadful spring, beat down his guard, and never ceuased

working upon his head, until at length my fist seemed to enter his very brain;

y gnd more

0

[ wos

and after ten rounds he fell down quite blind.

I never felt his blows; I never

lost my breath.

He could not come to time; I rushed forward; I placed my

knee upon his chest.

‘I fight no more’, he faintly cried.

{ peturaed

‘A pologise’y I exclaimed ¢Apologise’.

He did not speak.

‘By heavens,

o hissed

apologise’, I said, ‘or I know not what I shall do’.

‘Never’, he replied.

008y but &

Some advanced to interfere.

ho would

I lifted up my arm.

‘Off’, I shouted, ‘off

off’,

I seized the fallen chief, rushed through the gate, and dragged him

o BRSVer”

through the mead.

At the bottom there was % dang-hill.

Upon it I flung

| have beed

e bt gtill

the half inanimate body.

Contarine Fleming.

shaed B

Note.

I tell you what ogmo®emam os0@o0.

The way you are going

placed

them,

on mloabo @wd), afleagho aqvgisaiaan.

Do you? oo mcw@o?

led

Fine frame mgy dlsdsea wo@)mo.

I would thrash you emsab o)

3 uul‘i"a

e

—

182

oan 01l )ens Qo

Come on 019S9.

I beat down his fine

W«;a brof

guard emond EPAIOMO ®SOWRI0 S8 ).0iB 60.

Rules of

e, but

mock combat &g 1RIw allgo@om®abe @ aard.

In his pros-

groaned

with him

tration aflemadleilab, afleemsqoadlar @mean.

A pologise

BINOQOMD 0.

Mead &oamomo.

Dung-hill &g |@mimbd,

marderer

&g |GaS .

11

Historical Narrative.

In 4l

1. Edwin the Atheling.

employed

Evil men came to King Athelstan and spake falsely to him saying, ‘Lo!

brought a

in the ma

Thy brother Edwin the Atheling is one of them who had part with Alfred, and

he also seeketh to take away thy life.’

And he who was the chief of them who

and emba

told this false tale was the Kiug’s cup-bearer.

Now when Edwin the Athel-

prepatatio

ing heard this, he sent messengers to the King his brother, saying ‘Believe not

Were ever

these men, for I am guiltless of this thing;’ but the King hearkened not.

and Sping

So Edwin the Atheling came himself to his brother, the King, and he made an

the house

oath before the King, and he swore that he had not done this thing, and that

Togiment

With recry

he had never sought to slay or blind Athelstan his brother.

Howbeit King

Athelstan believed not Edwin his brother, but hearkened to the voice of his

Netherlang

cup-bearer and of the other men who spake against him,

And the King said,

of Pal‘ma [

Lower Gery

I will not slay Edwin, for that he is my brother, and I fear to have my brother’s

but epeci

blood on my head; yet will I send him out of the land that he may die as he

goeth,

So the King commanded, and they put Edwin the Atheling and one

for the trg

that was his armour-bearer into a boat, and bade them sail away whither they

and prigges

would.

great ente

But the boat was old and leaky, and they had neither oars nor rudder

to guide it.

So the wind drove them in the midst of the sea, and no small

Gouzaga, ¢

tempest lay on them and the heart of Edwin the Atheling failed him.

And he

Ay under

So he

m&ny of th

said, ‘It is better for me to die once, than to live thus in fear of death’.

entertained,

leaped into the sea and was drowned.

But the armour-bearer took up his

body, and he let the boat drift when the wind was for him, and he rowed as he

ate skill,

might with his feet when the wind was against him till he came to the haven

Power, ang

of Witsand in Gaul.

/And when King Athelstan heard this, he was grieved

Twingiyy 4,

and his heart smote him saying ‘I have slain my brother’ and he did penance

in the church for seven years as one that-had slain his brother, and when the

seven years were over, he held a royal feast on a solemn day, and his cup-

bearer served him as of yore.

And as the cup-bearer gave the King wine to

drink, his foot slipped, and he bore himself up with the other foot, so that he

fell not,

And he said ‘so brother helpeth brother’.

And King Athelstan said,

sl

183

Sl

his fine

“Yea brother helpeth brother, and I once had a brotiher who might have helped

ales of

me, but thou didst beguile me that T slew him’,

And King Athelstan wept and

is pros-

groaned for the death of Edwin his brother, and he bade the men that were

with him seize the cup-bearer and smite off his head for that he was the

pologise

murderer of Edwin.

B,

Freeman’s old English History.

2. The Spanish Armada.

In all the ports of Sicily, Naples, Spain, and Portugal artisans were

employed in building vessels of uncommon size and force; mnaval stores were

ing, ‘To!

brought at a great expense; provisions amassed; armies levied and quartered

in the maritime towns of Spain; and plans laid out for fitting out such a fleet

red, and

them who

and embarkation as had never before had its equal in Europe.

The military

hg Athel-

preparations in Flanders were no less formidable.

Troops from all quarters

Capizuchi

oliove n0f

were every moment assembling, to re-inforce the Duke of Parma.

and Spinelli conducted forces from Italy; the Marquis of Borgant a prince of

ened not.

the house of Austria, levied troops in Germany; the Walloon and Burgundian

y made a0

and that

regiments were completed or augmented; the Spanish infantry was supplied

with recruits; and an army of thirty-four thousand men was assembled in the

heit Kil]g

Netherlands, and kept in readiness to be transported into England.

The Duke

yige of bis

of Parma employed all the carpenters he could procure, either in Flanders or in

Fing said,

Lower Germany and the coasts of the Baltic; and he built in Dunkirk, and Newport,

y prother’s

but especially at Antwerp, a great number of boats and flat-bottomed vessels,

- die 83 he

for the transporting of his infantry and cavalry.

The most renowned nobility

g and 016

ither they

and princes of Italy and Spain were ambitious of sharing in the honour of this

great enterprise.

Don Amadeeus of Savoy, Don John of Medicis, Vespasian

por rudder

Gonzaga, the Duke of Sabionetta, and the Duke of Pastrana, hastened to join the

i po small

About two thousand volunteers in Spain,

And he

army under the Duke of Parma.

many of them men of family, had enlisted in the service.

No doubts were

hi

4y he

entertained, but such vast preparations, conducted by officers of such consum-

ok 1p

And the Spaniards ostentatious of their

mate skill, must finally be successful.

ored 8

g e

power, and elated with vain hopes, had already denominated their navy the

) the havel

Invincible Armada.

Hume.

grieved

785

[hd penaﬂGB

3. The Battle of Agincourt.

1 when the

Fair stood the wind for France,

md his oup-

‘When we our sails advance,

(ing wine 0

Nor now to.prove our chance

:’ 80 that he

Longer will tarry,

pelstal saidy

— 184’——

By putting to the main,

At Kaux, the mouth of Seine,

With alk his martial train

Landing King Harry.

And takig many a fort,

Furnished in warlike sort,

Marched towards Agincourt

In happy hour;

Skirmishing day by day

‘With those that stopped his way,

Where the French general lay

‘With all his power,

Which in his height of pride,

King Henry to deride

His ransom to provide

To the King sending;

‘Which he neglects the while,

As from a nation vile,

Yet with an angry smile,

Their fall portending.

And turning to his men,

Quoth our brave Henry then,

Though they be one to ten,

Be not amazed.

Yet have we well begun,

Battles so bravely won

Have ever to the Sun

By fame been raised.

‘And for myself’, quoth he,

‘This my full rest shall be,

England ne’er mourn for me,

Nor more esteem me,

Victor I will remain

Or on this earth lie slain,

Never shall ghe sustain

Loss to redeem me.

Poictiers, and Cressy tell,

When most their pride did swell,

——r

185

P

Under our swords they fell

No less our skill is,

Than when our grandsire great,

Claiming the regal seat

By many a warlike feat

Lopp’d the French lilies’

The Duke of York so dread

The eager vanward led

With the main Henry sped

Amongst his henchmen,

Excester had the rear,

A braver man not there;

O Lord! how hot they were

On the false Frenchmen!

They now to fight are gone,

Armour on armour shone,

Drum now to drum did groan,

To hear was wonder;

That with the cries they make

The very earth did shake,

Trumpet to trumpet spake

Thunder to thunder.

‘Well thee thine age became

O Noble Erpingham!

‘Which did the signal aim

To our hid forces;

‘When from a meadow by,

Like a storm suddenly,

The English archery

Struck the French horses,

With spanish yew so strong

Arrows a cloth yard long,

That like to serpents stung

Piercing the weather;

y

None from his fellow starts,

But playing manly parts,

And like true English hearts

Stuck close together.

—_—

186

AT

When down their bows they threw,

And forth their bilboes drew,

And on the French they flew

Not one was tardy;

Arms were from shoulders sent,

Scalps to the teeth more rent,

Note

Down the French peasants went,

Our men were hardy.

This while our noble King

His broad sword brandishing,

Down the French host did ding

As to o’erwhelm it;

And many a deep wound lent,

His arms with blood besprent,

And many a cruel dent

Bruised his helmet.

Glo’ster that Duke so good,

Next of the royal blood

For famous England stood

With his bold brother;

Clarence in steel so bright,

Though but a maiden knight,

The dg

Sunrise the

Yet in that furious fight

Scarce such another.

began fo |

infantry ar

Warwick in blood did wade,

Plain, T

Oxford the foe invade,

And cruel slaughter made ,

each tugge‘

0 lephayt

Still as they ran up;

T, Were

Suffolk his axe did ply,

10t frop ¢}

Inbabity

Beaumont and Willoughby

Bare them right doughtily,

that hogp 4

Ferrers aad Fanhope.

The forgp

thousaz]d e

Upen Sanit Crispin’s day,

by Engligy

Fought was this noble fray,

Tanky of th

‘Which fame did not delay

on §

i QOIOm

To England to carry;

ang Gasco,]y‘

———

187

—

O when shall Englishmen

With such acts fill a pen,

Or England breed again

Such a King Harry!

Drayton.

- Note.

Fair stood the wind for France mm@“\mﬁ"mo% Bodess WO

WGLAY @M S903 .

Nor now etc, @O MG DEOBIOS

BWILY @I TBOB aadlestlg b @ad) ERUS )0 rmozcnﬂgﬂa_nb

@ooigeeol@milgy. In happy hour wegegamodlan. Which

he neglects the while alggoee@an Gaip| or oS gyoeass s

pINe

This my full rest shall be

oD &an © 0o{ld)esan.

No less our skill is MZas 8z pgeR AVIAGLY o @O It BFo GO

agy.

None from his fellow starts @gmo @M M0 aflg @03)

S Qar gy.

Arms were from shoulder sent ©9&:»8 .ay2ailcb

Down the French host did etc. a1

o’ an H&Ie)Z0 e,

gé’smcmcgs)m Sdalelo mﬂ@@ﬂ@zomﬁmﬂégom%o (@Jad®o

@s ).

And many a deep woand etc. @a3)8&M00 alel &FINBIW

23)@2)ba)lan EEme BPEr) H0IINTD OB |28 | 212 o]

O when.

. @oalo M) eg)3g|odd QIMo,

4, The Battle of Plassey.

At

The day broke, the day which was to decide the fate of India.

sunrise the army of the Nawab pouring through many openings from the camp,

began to move towards the grove where the English lay.

Forty-thousand

infantry armed with firelocks, pikes, and swords, bows and arrows covered the

plain.

They wero accompanied by fifty pieces of ordnance of the largest size,

each tugged by a long team of white oxen, and each pushed on from behind by

an elephant.

Some smaller guns, under the direction of a few French auxilia-

The cavalry were fifteen thousand, drawn,

ries, were perhaps more formidable.

not from the effeminate population of Bengal, but from the bolder race which

inhabits the northern provinces; and the practised eye of Clive could percieve

that both the men and the horses were more powerful than those of the Carnatic.

The force which he had to oppose to this great multitude consisted of only three

thousand men.

But of these nearly a thousand were English; and all were led

by English officers, and trained in the English discipline.

Congpicuous in the

ranks of the little army were the men of the 89th Regiment, which still bears

on its colours, amidst many honorable additions won under Wellington in Spain

and Gascony, the name of Plassey and tl}e proud motto Primus in Indis,

R

188

LA

The battle commenced with a cannonade in which the artillery of the Nawab

in loud 1

did scarcely any execution, while the few ficld-pieces of the English produced

both javs

gmphasis

great effect.

Several of the most distinguished officers in Siraja Dowlah’s

service fell.

Disorder began to spread through his ranks.

His own terror

and oomn

increased every moment.

One of the conspirators urged on him the expediency

with whor

of retreating.

The insidious advice, agreeing as it did with what his own

I may ad

terrors suggested was readily received.

He ordered the army to fall back,

Amir wou

and this order decided his fate,

Clive snatched the moment, and ordered his

Commons,

4 constant

troops to advance.

The confused and dispirited multitude gave way before the

onset of disciplined valour.

No mob attacked by regular soldiers was ever

sapient ph

more completely routed.

The little band of Frenchmen who alone ventured to

as the Ind

confront the English, were swept down the stream of fugitives.

In an hour

which if s

erusted i

the forces of Siraja Dowlah were dispersed, never to reassemble.

Only five

hundred of the vanquished were slain,

But their camp, their baggage,

ooncealing

innumerable waggons, innumerable cattle, remained in the power of the conquerors.

or Who he;

With the loss of twenty-two soldiers killed, and fifty wounded, Clive had

that he by

scattered an army of nearly sixty-thousand men, and subdued an empire larger

has met &

and more populous than Great Britain.

more prof

Macanlay.

path or gr

the Hup he

111

Personal Sketches.

Dossess the

into mogt

1.

The Amir of Afghanistan,

him ;- thog

his slaves,

A man of great stature, of colossal personal strength, and of corresponding

stoutness of frame when in his prime, he is now much altered by sickness from

the appearance presented, for instance, by the photograph taken at the Rawal

Pindi durbar in 1885.

If T may hazard a personal opinion, I would add that

Note,

he has profited greatly by the change.

A large, but in nowise unwieldy

figure sitting upright upon silken quilts outspread over a low charpoy or bed-

stead, the limbs enclosed in close fitting lambswool garments; furlined pelisse

hanging over the shoulders and a spotless whitesilk turban wound round the

conical Afghan skull-cap of cloth of silver or of gold and coming low down on

to the forehead ; a broad and massive countenance with regular features, but

compquion visibly sallow from recent illness; brows which contract as the

speaker is pondering or arguing ; luminous black eyes that look out very

straightly and fixedly without the slightest movement or wavering; a black

mustache close clipped upon the upper lip; and a carefully trimmed black

beard neither so long nor so luxuriant as of yore framing a mouth that responds

to every expression and which when it opens (as not unfrequently happens)

—_—

e

189

Nawab

in loud laughter, widens at the corners and discloses the full line of teeth in

roduced

both jaws; a voice resonant but not harsh, and an articulation of surprising

Jowlah's

emphasis and clearness; and above all a manner of unchallengeable dignity

n terror

and command—this was the outward guise and bearing of the kingly host

pediency

with whom I enjoyed so many hours of delightful conversation while at Kabul.

his own

I may add that for stating his own case in an argument or controversy the

ll back,

Amir would not easily find a match on the front benches in 'the House of

lered his

Commons.

Like most men trained in the Persian literary school the Amir is

fore the

a constant quoter of saws and wise sayings from that inexhaustible well of

a8 ever

sapient philosophy, that Iranian Pope, Shaik Sadi.

Nor do his written letters,

ntured to

as the Indian government knows well, suffer from any dearth of hyperbole,

an hour

which if sometimes florid, is always artistic, and which though commonly

Ouly five

crusted with the sugar of compliment, is suspected occasionally of but half

No one who converses with the Amir,

baggage,

concealing the barbeds haft of sarcasm.

or who hears him state his own views, can fail to carry away the impression

nquerors,

live had

that he has been in contact with an intellectual force of no mean order, and

has met a most remarkable man.

It should be added that the ruler who is

1o larger

more profoundly and more reasonably feared, by those who have crossed his

{

path or are his enemies, than any other living potentate, and who like Attila

the Hun has been a veritable ‘Scourge of God’ to his adversaries, appears to

possess the faculty of enlisting the devotion of those with whom he is brought

into most intimate contact.

In the inner circle, those who respect him revere

those who are his servants become

him ;

those who like him love him;

his slaves.

esponding

George Curzon in the ‘Times of India.

cess from

the Raval

i add thet

Note.

If T may hazard a personal opinion og®nbo qVLIMIE) @)oo a0

QO a10S)18EHEMORA MR, b,

Manner of unchallengeable

) anwieldy

dignity oflgflonseiw wElessalb.

‘Would not easily find a

0§ or bed'

match on the front benches in the House of Commons aflaiommni)

ned pelisse

round the

@oa HalnEMEWI E0C)EIa)IDIBOS owsejo @IB)

an qVAMRIEIWAINR GHINMAND ERE og)Bg |28

Nor do his

w dowh on

written letters etc. suffer from any dearth ceaoarar@@o_m&ﬂ og)MES.

abures, but

ratt 8

the

s20md)egyam g)_ngomo_:s)zbsf@’]m Worogo @G0 e e

®gyo

Though commonly crusted with the sugar of compliments ete.

i out 7Y

aVIUOIPEM WIW) © a3.alDECIIS TBS 9GH AT 200k Q) OO 20.0)00

]g; ablaGk

$20QOMEEajo @Ry o .aflaiGylod EPUWYSS oaswesHnw

mmed b\aﬂk

hot responds

SYBE0DHOS @RV P2 @S)Ses gD LEHE $HIEMZED

o geng.

Iy happelﬁ)

L

190

S

Note

2. The Boy at Home.

Our Boy is your Valet de chambre, your butler, your tailor, your steward,

and general agent, your interpreter, or oriental translator, and your treasurer.

On assuming charge of his duties he takes steps first, in an unobtrusive way,

to ascertain the amount of your income, both that he may know the measure

of his dignity, and also that he may form an estimate of what you ought to

spend.

This is a matter with which he feels he is officially concerned. Indeed

the arrangement which accords best with his own view of his position and

responsibilities is that, as you draw your salary each month, you should make

it over to him in full.

Under this arrangement he has a tendency to grow rich,

and, as a consequence, portly in his figure and consequential in his bearing, in

return for which he will nia.nage all your affairs without allowing you to be

worried by the cares of life, supply all your wants, keep you in pocket-money

and maintain your diginty on all occasions.

If you have not a large enough

soul in consent to this arrangement, he is not discouraged.

He will still be

your treasurer, meeting all your petty liabilities out of his own funds and

coming to your aid when you find yourself without change.

As far as my

observations go, this is an infalliable mark of a really respectable Boy, that

he is never without money.

At the end of the month he presents you a faith-

ful account of his expenditure, the purport of which is plainly this, that since

you did not hand over your salary to him at the beginning of the month, you

are to do so now.

Q. E. F. There is a mystery about these accounts which

I have mnever been able to solve.

The total is always on the face of it mon-

strous and not to be endured; but when you call your Boy up and prepare to

discharge the bombshell of your indignation, he merely inquires in an unmiti-

gated tone of voice, which item you find fault with, and you become painfully

aware that you have not a leg to stand upon.

In the first place, most of the

items are too minute to allow of much retrenchment.

I have struggled against

these accounts and know them.

1t is vain to be indignant.

You must just

pay the bill, and if you do not want another, you must make up your mind to

be your own treasurer.

You will fall in your Boy’s estimation, but it does

not follow that he will leave your service.

He likes service with a master who

is a Burra Saheb.

Hs is by nature a hero-worshipper, and master is his

natural hero.

The saying that no man is a hero to his valet has no application

here.

In India if you are not a hero to your own boy, I should say without

wishing to be unpleasant, the probabilities are against your being a hero to

anybody.

Eha

i

191

Note.

When you find yourself without change oflgjoses 603@0'7@%@0110()0,

The purport of which is plainly this @edilocbo mIRO2MIHEM

A& Q210@d ) MINEMIAR TV A gy,

Call the Boy up and dis-

steward,

reasurer,

charge the bombshell etc. enioay @m00em allg).e) wegsleoensles

Smiodv.

That you have not a leg to stand up oFl@saweg)w)gy

16 Way,

agan. Without wishing to be unpleasant @edl®@omegy emonb al

[easure

oYM .

ought to

. Indeed

ition and

3. The Village Blacksmith.

uld make

10V ich,

Under a spreading chestnut tree

The village smithy stands ;

caring, in

The smith, a mighty man is he,

you to be

With large and sinewy hands ;

ket-money

And the muscles of his brawny arms

e enough

Are strong as iron hands.

ill still be

His hair is crisp, and black and long;

funds and

far as my

His face is like the tan ;

Boy, that

His brow is wet with honest sweat,

He earns whate’er he can ;

u o faih-

that since

And looks the whole world in the face,

nonth, you

For he owes not any man.

nts which

Week in, week out, from morn till night,

of 1f mon

You can hear his bellows blow;

prepare f0

You can hear him swing his heavy sledge,

an unmiti

With measured beat and slow,

o poinfully

Like a sexton ringing the village bell

mosh of the

When the evening sun is low.

;md ag aiﬂst

And children coming home from school

must just

Look in at the open door ;

Jul' mi]]d tO

They love to see the flaming forge,

put it does

And hear the bellows roar,

master VB0

And catch the burning sparks that fly

agter 18 bis

jcation

Like chaff from a thrashing floor.

app!

He goes on Sunday to the church

say Without

g . heto t0

And sits among his boys ;

He hears the parson pray and preach,

He hears his daughter’s voice

Eho

e

192

——

Singing in the village choir,

And it makes his heart rejoice.

It sounds to him like her mother’s voice

She

Singing in Paradise;

with swee

He needs must think of her once more,

ready fo.

How in the grave she lies;

from conf

And with his hard rough hand he wipes

imparting

A tear out of his eyes.

golf — nv

Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing,

Her softlo

Onward through life he goes ;

tion of spe

Each morning sees some task begun,

Her gostun

Each evening sees it close;

tones, ]

Something attempted, something done,

ingide and

Has earned a night’s repose.

profonnd ¢}

Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend,

ing, leavin

indeed,

A

(

For the lesson thou hast taught!

Thus at the flaming forge of life

loving nat

Our fortunes must be wrougt!

€0nseions |

Dafure ang

Thus on its sounding anvil shaped

Each burning deed and thought.

verdiot of

Longfellow.

Il

0le,

Note.

Spreading ousan o<y,

The village' smithy stands @@ o2

OB 19al 3o @gel o3lay an.

The smith ete. B;HILIBMNO

@R LEBdMIEM .

The muscles of his brawny arms etc. @l

eabo OODHBONS B00aVAT)leMLOBHS HMRd

D S R ]

oG am

Gmoamo,

He earns whatever he can odlodlQeso aomiod)

0.

He looks the whole world in the face @I G108 @D @b

ERNOYo WAy,

He needs must think of her once more @0l

08 aleomyo SR,

“The last para.—oegeabo aipeeminyaeesIzal adlmocd el oild)

&3aN ALICEIAIGBLMB AR oD Mmas) cloQawp. D OISR

@0eMBRY MRS eflae@Isa ®allaeeTEldlesan pe

@b Moo EPAIROIMOS 80D BWILD) TBOS crﬂcgq;ﬂg%&@,o@@_

GTB@,

OO EJSH00 MIMNPIET @GR! /(a0 IRV 0T dsan

(1 b]av)]

LI R T T T R S S

@zrcbao,xﬁé NAROS LYW AV EEBSIW of)Ryo

m’)mommm‘QQo (YT &HHE QYo auowqg___"ﬁz%meao@@@_on.

p

—

193

4. George Eliot.

She was always the goddess on her pedestal — gracious in her condescension —

with sweet strains of sympathetic recognition for ali who came to her — ever

ready to listen to her worshippers — ever ready to reply, to encourage, to clear

from confusion minds befogged by unassimilated learning, and generous in

imparting her own.

But never for one moment did she forget her self-created

gelf — never did she throw aside the trappings or the airs of the benign Sibyl.

Her soft low voice was pitched in one level and monotonous key, and her delibera-

tion of speech was a trifle irritating to the eager whose flint was already fired.

Her gestures were as measured as her words, her attitude as restrained as her

tones.

She was so consciously George Eliot — so interpenetrated head aund heel,

ingide and' out, with the sense of her importance as the great novelist and

profound thinker of her generation, as to make her society a little overwhelm-

ing, leaving on baser creatures the impression of having been rolled very flat

indeed.

She was the antithesis of George Sand, whose impulsive, large, and

loving nature never became artificialised by her fame, never grew to be self-

It was

conscious by excess of intellect, as was the case with George Eliot.

nature and art once more as so often before; and by one’s own character, the

verdict of which was best, will be determined.

The Woman at Home.

Tow

Note.

She is always the goddess on her pedestal ®oQIg®S milal aLEO

(@)®IBOmISGS WS e @ @3 IYeS a@oem — o

s 69 02

a6 Qloj0@ @b o_xggo_ué@o SO0 S06M3 1B e H; Ieh @@

AeNRIeM?

el @vasauo@enem .

@9 eavailg jomb AIMMMAIBEIOS

5 efo. 0L

gJ00 MVAOIABEIVICOIS @S)W aId)lalWajo BIYYBIAIQJ B0

&M &0,

Minds befogged by unassimilated learning @mmooQu

oo

gmo Wb @O QYE S8 oﬂce,)m_ﬂcmm,sma@omt (mmnog'\:%

g asdl

To clear from confusion Voo

medlggmames emyrllow.

g

o) @daslan 8aigils s ).

But never did she

s e e e

self ogyamomd

o more 8003

AQUIWod el OO al2ail MANmINeMINEE VIR B

Q13805 B@ Mdlmeas)aj QllsGald)marlgy.

Her soft low

voice etc. @VQIZOHS AV I AV BB D 21@M)lajo BE0 Clo )

m)"i@&?!w

a)

(4

ejo @O Iman. Whose flint was already fired @ dogjo0d @)W

potf

AOBOEMINS GITYH S E )@ BN AIRIW @@oeﬁ.

Having been

Ham &8

rolled very flat indeed @n@)B0ZER QGO GEBIOS GG aflend

And by one’s

ﬁﬂ 26;6]3)5‘3@

C&HQAl NS BB 60 oD S@ B@IANML,

own character the verdict of which was best, will be determined

L

o ea

DA @D OOMA0 oM He{IEEHEMOHBAVEE TVoLe®o VA

g1y ol

0.

QU@mOS NS |QIMNNH ST @SAD O3 QO oo,

sp7=0

13

e

194

—_—

1y

Description.

1I

H. R. H. Princess Christian’s Drawing Room.

The drawing room is a capacious apartment, and if there is a state room

in the house it is this one, but evidently such rooms are not much in favour

with the family, for I am told it is seldom used, except when guests are present,

the smaller and more cosy rooms being preferred.

Grey and gold are the

predominant shades of its ornamentation.

The painted portraits on the wall

are those of the Queen, the Prince Consort, Prince and Princess Christian, and

Prince Christian’s grandmother,

The floor is polished oak with Persian rugs;

the furniture being upholstered in various art colours, making a harmonious

whole.

Here are two Russian vases, also several brackets containing antique

China of great worth.

Some of the pretty things here seen, I believe, were

silver wedding presents, amongst which I particularly noticed a white silk

cushion worked with pansies and silver thread, a really remarkable specimen of

needle work.

The Strand Magazine.

2. To the Night.

Note,

Swiftly walk over the western wave,

Spirit of night!

Out of the misty eastern cave

Where all the long and lone daylight

Thou wovest dreams of joy and fear

Which make thee terrible and dear —

Seéond

Swift be thy flight!

Wrap thy form in a mantle grey

Star-inwrought!

Blind with thine hair the eyes of day,

Kiss her until she be wearied out,

Then wander o’er city, and sea, and land

Touching all with thy opiate wand —

Come, long-sought!

‘When I arose and saw the dawn,

I sighed for thee;

Tho Jog

When light rode high, and the dew was gone,

And noon lay heavy on flower and tree,

And the weary Day twin’d to rest

Lingeriug like an unloved guest,

I sighed for thee.

o aga

Thy brother Death came, and cried

‘Wouldst thou me?

Thy sx.veet child sleep, the filmy-eyed,

4t Y00m

Murmur’d like a noon-tide bee

n favonr

Shall I nestle near thy side?

- present,

Wouldst thou me? — And I replied

| aro the

No, not thee!

the wall

Death will come when thou art dead,

tian, and

ian rugs;

Soon, too soon!

\Imonions

Sleep will come when thou art fled;

g antique

Of neither would I ask the boon

v, Were

I ask of thee, beloved night: —

phite silk

Swift be thine approaching flight,

pecimen Of

Come soon, soon!

gl

P. B. Shelly.

Note.

Spirit of night! aflwogeci!

Out of the misty eastern cave

Where 'all the long and lone daylight etc.

ag e @ Iea

@PAWSI003 lnilapao® NeoW i aldc FPaIaso g8 o lws

Ylman & $leecmiod af] MVa0®HAIYo BRINS20QYo PME(@Id:0

BREMYo DR AVIQIORNZ MYar 18s 3181208 @od aFlean (am

cmd)ég) BMeOQJo BRQJo 675,

Seéond

Stanza.— @inrvemiwaBEg o E0LIB OWIW o) DN QTNRAOW

QIPIRIBIVDBHZ WE)0)0S0MEPHMEE | @O Em@eas

08 oflad E&eEIEOLITh A0.) ERAIOE ajoenilal @ITWIHS)

aFlQo ay@) avg8 oy o8] augidleeselalo auem@).o) qLAMRQ0

aSloabo alGRiwee@ esmyn@oemg gyUdl.ooeo.

When light

rode high etc. a@@m&;womﬂ, oSla&emesd AWOED (0)oai

-] @RUYy9aMo eRILIAITIW] oé;cemejmoe%mé@ mow"l% ©SeB)

S)eMERICIGOINS B0

o alEYIRORIHANIWBEE ] AVLGMNEI

o SO ILE)OWE 199a) AVoL@EIGAIM a3)ay Smiodo,

The last stanza.—afleabo mwedme acemezme @) en20w)

@B 9 MBIGo Voo WA)gy.

Moo epeco)®mmd o3lBxyoe

Qian G.ol@io.

ag)amoed a318aMoS)Bg10dd @b @G IB 880 (o)

o)l @eavo

@000 VOO ajog 95 GAIEB)d YWD )eees.

@S9 QIaNAjo, QIMILJo ogdR 600D M QAId M@RAIGISe @O

Go1eM |en gy,

195

s

196

—_—

3. The Emerald Bird of Paradise.

This most gorgeous and elegant bird is about the size of a jay.

Its body,

breast, and lower parts are of a rich brown, the front is set close with black

feathers shot with green; the throat is of a rich golden green; the head yellow;

the sides of the tail are clothed with a splendid plume of long downy feathers,

of a soft yellow colour.

By these are placed two long filamentous shafts,

which extend nearly two feet in length.

Of these beautiful feathers

the bird is so proud that it will not suffer the least speck of dirt to remain upon

them, and it is constantly examining its plumage to see that there are no spots

on it.

When in its wild state, it always flies and sits with its face to the wind,

lest its elegant flimsy plumes should be disarranged.

Wood’s natural History.

Note.

The body, breast etc. @@)OMO 3200 P9Qo PG GHILj OB

glemo @aflg aodsem , ZadEIte BQOIW HQOM @ Qlejo OS

wso @8

Note

&9 )9S mgm%m"l&ﬂbo 2RIVWYo hIENMOABENE,

ogan aflomeodlalgnol @aise B30 200 .

aioefleabo

D @alhiodleje Elaae®) @zawss GO IZEMI0EAIYER

BETDOBAILBHD ODHITELIB B2 @@z, & @) 08,

4, The \Fountain.

Into the sun shine,

Full of the light,

Leaping and flashing,

From morn to night! —

Into the moonlight,

‘Whiter than snow,

Waving so fiowerlike

When the winds blow!—

Into the starlight

Rushing in spray,

Happy at mdinight,

Happy by day! —

Hver in motion,

Blithesome and cheery,

Still climbing heavenward,

Never aweary; —

Glad of all weathers,

Still seeming best,

S

197

Sy

Upward or downward,

Motion thy rest; —

Full of a nature

ts body,

Nothing can tame,

th black

Changed every moment,

| yellow;

eathets,

Ever the same,

Ceaseless aspiring

shafs,

Ceaseless content,

feathers

Darkness or sunshine

10 1poD

10 8pots

Thy element; —

Glorious fountain,

the wind,

Let my heart be

listory,

Fresh, changeful, constant,

Upward like thee!

e}0 610

Lowell.

;‘QJQJO 05

Note.

) g

ag@mcé\mﬂroﬁ, Ba]o_fp‘o_@@@ DEWITRAMOAINM 0105 1Yo @ 18 608 )

aflano

Qo, 2@ IW)ob

@O D)@

021 YOD06Mg

NR20TER

IO aidBjo SMMBaINNL) TVEIMIE] 8,

Motion thy rest

Full of a nature ete.

aflemaee aflwyoze @Ean aleIN@06 .

WID@IMDO SVGo & 19SEs QIIMILIRL) 20W ), af I )o@l @ocs)

oamEl@marlge ava MA@ IOTHEEM @ aeloen]) olId)

SMMOIW B EIH®) odlemses oygnacd] adledlallges.

Let my heart be ete. afloansgovaI®SmM «g®adO eHa®ajo

@ esflemaon), £I0IBEEIVEAMAIW), Mud)E@W) ©IGRL

B%EJ‘OJO

@) ®EaN W@ EeS.

5. A Duel.

Then each at once his falchion drew

Each on the ground his scabbard threw,

Each look’d to sun, and stream and plain,

As what they never might see again;

Then foot and point, and eye opposed

In dubious strife they darkly closed.

I11 fared it then with Roderick Dhu,

That on the field his targe he threw,

‘Whose brazen studs and tough bull-hide,

Had death so often dash’d aside;

For train’d abroad his arms to wield,

S

198

s

Fitz-James’s blade was sword and shisld.

He practised every pass and ward,

To thrust, to strike, to feint, to guard;

‘While less expert, though stronger far,

The Gael maintained uneuqual war,

Three times in closing strife they stood

And thrice the Saxon blade drank blood,

No stinted draught, no scanty tide,

The gushing flood the tartans dyed.

Fierce Roderick felt the fatal drain,

And shower’d his blows like wintry rain;

And as firm rock, or castle-roof,

A gaingt the winter shower is proof,

The foe invulnerable still

Foil’d his wild rage by steady skill;

N

Till, at advantage ta’en his brand

Forced Roderick’s weapon from his hand,

And backward borne upon the lea,

Brought the proud chieftain to his knee.

‘Now, yield thee, or by Him who made

The world, thy heart’s blood dyes my blade!’

‘Thy threats, thy mercy, I defy!

Let recreant yield, who fears to die.’

Like adder darting from his coil,

Like wolf that rushes through the toil,

Like mountain-cat, who guards her young,

Full at Fitz-James’s throat he sprang;

Received, but reck’d not of a wound,

And lock’d his arms his foeman round —

Now gallant Saxon, hold thine own!

On

No maiden’s hand is round thee thrown!

That desperate grasp thy frame might feel,

Through bars of brass and triple steel!

o for

Sweeping

They tug, they strain! down, down, they go,

ad the

The Gael above, Fitz-James below.

break gy

The chieftain’s gripe his throat compress’d,

His knee was planted on his breast;

The

His clotted locks he backward threw,

Mungipg |

sil,

Across his brow his hands he drew,

—

199

e

From blood and mist to clear his sight

Then gleamed aloft his dagger bright! —

But hate and fury ill-supplied

The stream of life’s exhausted tide

And all too late the advantage came,

To turn the odds of deadly game

For, while the dagger gleamed on high

Reel’d soul and sense, reel’d brain and eye,

Down came the blow! but in the heath

The erring blade found bloodless sheath

The struggling foe may now unclasp

The fainting chief’s relaxing grasp;

Unwounded from the dreadful close,

But breathless all, Fitz-James arose

The Lady of the Lake

Note

In dubious strife they darkly closed S®@onIRWEBD VLW

oo)ch & @)BeMON® (81031) YELo EBAID EPE @RV

OEE2:)

Fitz-James’s blade was sword and shield adloq em

Doadlan 019 @OM al1d)al@Io O IBWIUT 9920w | amn

Hold thine own adlomm @ad)g)n@ooeoajo They tug, they strain,

etc. @RQId 9 ad5IwYo rm@@_’]cqgo, oo aflemo.

The stream of life’s

exhausted tide mcﬁ(a)@moaomom’u oM@ @aflemo.

Too late

Translate as an adverbial clause of cause

the advantage etc

Unwounded ett. adlon’ emaloadlan gd)agasls)ey «am 2@

B2Weg .

@0 &0)N20w AW oSO o PaTia), CaICLYas

S®Qaltlo MBS QLo m@%@uoaﬂ@m

V.

Miscellaneous

1.

A Forest on Fire.

Such a morn-

On went the fire, rushing and crashing through the woods

ing may we never again see! The heavens themselves, I thought, were frighten-

ed; for all above us was a red glare, mixed with clouds and smoke, rolling and

sweeping away

Our bodies were cool enough, but our heads were scorching;

and the child who now seemed to understand the matter, cried so as nearly to

break our hearts

The day passed on, and we became hungry

Many wild beasts came

plunging into the water beside us, and others swam across to our side, and stood

still.

Although faint and weary I managed to shoot a porcupine, and we all

Rl

200

Lol

tasted its flesh.

The night passed, I cannot tell you how.

Smouldering fires

of mankin

covered the ground, and the trees stood like pillars of fire, or fell across each

pecuniary

other.

The stifling and sickening smoke still rushed over us and the burnt

He who k

cinders and aghes fell thick about us.

great knos

‘When morning came, all was calm; but a dismal smoke still filled the air,

mixed up-

sacrifice—

and the smell seemed worse than ever.

What was to become of us I did

not know.

corer the

Audubon.

getting, 62

Note.

May we never again see a3 $26r20ab &) SQUBOOTE@ G VU1,

vould argn

I cannot tell you how ogeBlomemm aloemod)@lg o smoab

What was to hecome of us

LHOMEY 0r of)aMI@D @0 aVIEL) 0.

Note.

I did not know e@eBges allu)n@amsnsman emoth @ )sws lgy.

2. A Letter.

Mr. Spectator,

I desire you will print this in italics, so that it may be generally

taken notice of.

It is designed to admonish all persons, who speak either at

the bar, pulpit, or any public assembly whatever, how they discover their ignorance

in the use of similes.

They are in the pulpit itself, as well as in other places,

such gross abuses in this respect, that I give this warning to all I know.

I shall bring them for the future before your spectatorial authority. On Sunday

last, one, who shall be nameless, reproving several of his congregation for

standing at prayers was pleased to say ‘One would think, like the elephant, you

Where

had no knees,’

Now, I myself saw an elephant kneel down to take on his back

to tailways

the ingenious Mr., William Penkethman.

Subjeet

Your most humble Servant,

A B.

20t belgngs

f()l‘ the ﬁ!ne

Note.

Discover their ignorance @&Bges oflyfl®ioH0m ojoQD 210S)

Companieg,

AN .

Who shall be nameless snaN@EOHB8AR AIOQYATI QY.

Ay contrag

Your humble servant

ay, for f)

Ingenious M@WBOMIW, TRYO2D VI,

aflewwad.

Works conpe

for the time

3. Money.

OVer auy Jay

By river,

The philosophy which affects to teach a contempt for money does not run

gﬂS-pipeg’ (

very deep; for indeed, it must be still more clear to the philosopher than it is

Aches fypy

to the ordinary man, that there are few things in the world, of greater impor-

tance.

®uduity gy,

And so manifold are the bearings of money upon the lives aud character

Proper,

SR

201

ting firg

of mankind, that insight which should search out the life of a man in his

108§ each

pecuniary relations would penetrate into almost every cranny of his nature.

the burtt

He who knows, like Saint Paul, both how to spare and how to abound, has a

great knowledge, for if we take account of all the virtues with which money is

| the ar,

mixed up — honesty, justice, gemerosity, charity, frugality, fore~thought self-

us' ] did

sacrifice — and of their correlative vices, it is a knowledge that goes near to

cover the length and breadth of humanity; and a right measure and manner in

Jile

getting, saving, spending, giving, taking, lending, borrowing, and bequeathing

would argue a perfect man.

DGR,

Sir Henry Taylor.

jurd omoch

Notes from Life.

ome of us

A contempt for money — use the equivalent noun-clause.

Does

20l o)

! Note.

not run very deep cAlNo &OWQo.

And so manifold are etc, —

as an adverbial clause of cause.

That insight which should

search out etc. SEIZOS AIAMAVOUMVAIW MSANGNHOS 2o )

@0o0Qlamo

@pem_i@i)aidlanmd GacE] ©.aYD EYAOO

@AM EDEZ0OB OO «gald 2ego SR 1Yo Q)OO AN «

generally

To cover the length and breadth of humanity @200« @VIE0QI0

( cither af

Would

@V SIQTNo Wal) |9@ER MW BB E5m N6

rignorance

argue a perfect man QUQUWEMAVEUANINIY o J@BEOHADO L1AM

her places,

amaosrﬁ’ .

1l 1 know.

(n Sunday

4, Law.

agation for

‘Whereas it is expedient to consolidate, amend, and add to the law relating

ophiany 00

on his back

to railways in India, it is hereby enacted as follows: —

Subject to the provisions of this Act and in the case of immoveable property

not belonging to the railway administration, to the provision of any enactment

AB

for the time being in force for the aquisition of land for public purposes and for

companies, and subject also, in the case of a railway company, to the provision of

) 29!

any contract between the company and the Government, a railway administration

oJocSz;fﬂﬂ%'

e servant

may, for the purpose of constructing a railway or the accommodation or other

works connected therewith, and notwithstanding anything in any other enactment

for the time being in force — (a) Make or construct in, upon, across, under, or

over any lands or any streets, hills, valleys, roads, railways, or tramways, or

any rivers, canals, brooks, streams, or other waters, or any drains, water-pipes,

gas-pipes, or telegraph lines, such temporary or permanent inclined planes,

{oes 0ot 108

arches tunnels, culverts, embankments, aqueducts, bridges, roads, ways, passages,

el than it i

conduits, drains, piers, cuttings and fences as the railway administration thinks

reatef impOl"

proper.

Act IX. of 1890.

g chare??

20

Note.

Whereas etc. Qamoam c:ismd®@oack, For the time i)eing in

and beati:

force ®RP®IDDIRI0 MSg i8s.

Split up this carefully into

sight app

clauses, and sentences, pick out the principal sentence and arrange

caused by

the clauses according to their mutual relations.

The student

prominent

will note that may make is the finite verb in the second para. Say

Just over

@O 0 10Qo(a)SIP0 (@)QON) | @noo.

enlargeme

to violent

5. The Pruning of Rose-trees.

that the

When, how, and to what extent to prune, are questions by no means easy

1§ not unf

to answer.

The extraordinary vigour and beauty of some rose-trees on which

The

goats had been browsing, gave the ancient the first idea of pruning them.

The

The giea

general rule may be stated to be that the weaker the variety, the more severely

by natuze

should it be pruned and vice-versa.

are widel;

Yellow roses, noisette and climbing varieties should be pruned sparingly,

with in 1

merely pinching, or cutting away the tops of the shoots, which then throw out

the Giraf

laterals and flower abundantly.

If the branches are too crowded to admit of

herds are

their getting the full benefit of the sun, a portion of the cross branches must

or ten foef

be entirely excised, the centre of the tree being left open to air and sun. E'very

exalted he

portion of dead or withered wood must be cleanly cut out, all thin spindly wood,

eighteen {

from which it would be impossible to get a fine bloom, must be removed with a

picturesqy

bold stroke of the knife, in all cases the branch must be cut off at a plump

Whose upj

healthy well developed bud which should point outwards and be cut at an angle

hich na

of forty-five degrees,

The cut must be clean, no splintering allowed, and no

fails to di

snag ends left above the bud.

Suckers should be traced to their origin under

the surface and cut out.

Rose Culture.

Note.

The top of the shoots then draw out laterals etec, O@omilaabo @0

Kashn

000D B3N aISOE MG MIBJBINAJ0 Bal0g) ete.

Open to

overstated

air and sun &50Qo OQI® Ao @%o_mnb @ &% Qlgmo O 0lg 1010 &) 8

61Mo.

Thin spindiy wood GnEw @atlem).oy OGImyddh. With

kind of ¢

therefore

a bold stroke etc. @@ O IX M FAS).0168 EWemo.

No splin-

supply i

tering allowed aflaoi)@g joiomb or el eogBaio0100d CLEAGG®D .

nndevelop|

Suckers anleiomlaoeg Jobas lan mo_ms"li% Qg @ma gg dHdv,

World ag

6. The Giraffe.

silver dep

immengg |

The Giraffe appears to bear the characteristics of the antelope and the camel.

The height of the animal varies from fifteen to eighteen feet.

Its beautiful

it will 4

Kashpip

long” neck enables it to browse on the leaves of the trees on which it feeds

arrea]‘s, q

On its head are two remarkable projections resembling horns. Those projections

are not horns, but only thickening of the bone of the skull covered with skin

frangs gy

ing hang

s

St

203

6 belng i

and bearingha tuft of black hair at the extremity of each. The fore legs at first

3fillly info

sight appear longer than the hind ones, but this apparent difference is only

d arrange

caused by the great length of the shoulder-blades. Its eyes are very large and

ho student

prominent, so that the animal can see on every side without turning its head.

para, Sy

Just over and between the éyes is a bony prominence resembling the projecting

enlargement of the skull.

‘When it wishes to repel an assailant it has recourse

to violent and rapid kicks from its hind legs; so light and swift are these kicks,

that the eye can scarcely follow them, and so powerful are they, that the lion

MEANS easy

is not unfrequently driven off by them.

y 0n which

The appearance of this animal in its native haunts is very magnificent.

em, The

The gigantic and exquisitely beautiful animals, which are admirably formed

to gevetely

by nature to adorn the forests that clothe the boundless plains of the interior,

are widely distributed throughout Southern Africa, but are nowhere to be met

sparingly,

with in large numbers. In countries unmolested by the intrusive foot of man,

These

| throw oub

the Giraffe is found generally in herds varying from twelve to sixteen.

0 admit of

herds are composed of Giraffes of various sizes, from the young Giraffe of nine

nehes must

or ten feet in height to the large chestnut coloured old bull of the herd, whose

exalted head towers above his companions, generally attaining to the

height of

. Erery

indly wood,

eighteen feet.

When a herd of them is seen scattered through a grove of the

oved with @

picturesque parasol-topped acacias which adorn their native plains, and on

whose uppermost shoots they are enabled to browse by the colossal height with

at & plump

af, an angle

which nature has endowed them, he must indeed be slow of conception who

wed, and 10

fails to discover both grace and dignity in all their movements.

Wood’s Natural History.

origin under

)

. Praise of Kashmir.

oilanho @

Kashmir is a country the natural advantages of which can hardly be

n Opento

overstated.

Its soil is of a fertility that certainly equals that of Italy. Every

gl

kind of climate can be had by ascending the slopes of the Himalayas, and

J@ﬂhv With

therefore every sort of fruit and cereal will come to per

fection; its water

No splin-

supply is perfect and constant.

Its mineral wealth is great though quite

0B EY:

undeveloped.

Its scenery is so magnificent that visitors from all parts of the

;@éh(b.

world are attracted to it, and these buy its products and leave everywhere a

silver deposit.

Its forests are inexhaustible; and finally its position gives it

immens

e value from a military and political point of view ; and in consequence,

it will always be protected by the English.

With all these advauntages,

Jld the ggmel,

Tts beﬁﬂtif\ﬂ

Kashmir is always on the verge of bankruptey, always in debt, always in

i it eeds:

arrears, and al

1 for want of a firm civil administration to prevent the endless

’

ofi0ns

frauds and corruption by which the revenues are turned aside into the grasp-

56 p10)

ing hands of greedy and lazy officials.

Cornhill Magazine.

g ith 62

fetaliay

204

Note.

The first sentence.

o BT @08y Boam ®0gloo. Leave a

silver deposit (o)@)@ocf) am@g’\mamgd OB O ISBMD.

With

all these advantages @@O@ids B oYORKd EVWGLINW) o=

@ﬂ%o.‘ Grasping hands @@y sWeSlegow.

8. Loch Katrine.

The summer dawn’s reflected hue

To purple changed Lock Katrine’s blue,

Mildly and soft the western breeze

Just kiss’d the lake, just stirr’d the trees,

And the pleased lake, like maiden coy,

Trembled, but dimpled not for joy ;

The mountain shaddow on her breast

Were neither broken nor at rest ;

In bright uncertainty they lie,

Like fature joys to Fancy’s eye ;

The water-lily to the light

Her chalice rear’d of silver bright ;

The doe awoke and to the lawn,

Begemm’d with dewdrops, led her fawn ;

The grey mist left the mountain side,

The torrent show’d its glistening pride ;

Invisible in flecked sky,

The lake sent down her revelry ;

The blackbird and the speckled thrush

Good-morrow gave from brake and bush;

In answer coo’d the cushat dove

Her notes of peace, and rest, and love.

Sir Walter Scott.

Note.

The first two lines. — GQIMNAY ILIOT 1HAI ERMEEMIBR D 1HIO

@98 00 Wbosieorla (e)oflmmlas afldlome @)

The mountain

OO qLIIReM aFlaiaigRo dgo.ajdg o) @G,

ghadow on her breast etc. caQiomad oo oflwdd @ e

a1@3 lsoRa; IS arh @ ang @’Wmﬂ% ag)aWo @} og)TWo a0l

a10s)gy.

The water-lily to the light etc. mizE&dk Oaigs)

S@oilgvesd agmilg{ISlom Galee @RBROS aJE MEOg

aflsom),

The doe awoke etc, o@emMEBRZo 9eman, odlasem

M2OBOB0eE EONE o flewins Bwidlesan mem(Edlw)3eies

@EBZOS GoNOOBEE QYo @GS MSan.

The lack sent down her

revelry @So& @ )@ban Jano @1Ya0 92LaEIYeE @:yaﬂ@u_\m']ﬁé—-

ag) TR )OS R AMO@D .

Good-morrow gave— Swele) B oé‘).nl%.

3 .@3@0%%

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weide ¢ freve oo ([T o

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w(Bawwo fFofoso grounw(o

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—

206

pRIGERES

Note.

o g1ef) the musk shrew.

oaig)glg 0520 was the oracle.

eaig)olg |og@eBsod] the oracle became silent.

@0 QIO PO HANILYZAINH O GHoaNAjo

2

Q100w aaascmﬂ% walead EaM et if these or those fall

it is all one to us— we may swoop down upon the carcasses and

have a feast.

2. @RPRMeMO ®Ea190ilYo.

(m@mn{) Q1O TEImES08I0 BHOHM @Al OEAL)

@EO@E®R00 alduyaImo AIE g |omo))

@moan alQieoe b Gaiginw e.aim @s)

aYazEMoe atempa@ad Q1A ldse &oalo

2 WAV MANSING BLINSHODRI0 BV

OED DEIOIDENHS O_@GY@ @B Q1MIDQ o

ERRRMOMHO ®Ea19ailealo WGBABASIEMEgjods

@0l @02 g 1905 WI@Y20ss ).

MyBE)20P@ &8l H.a1aN A INAMY@MRODO

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21Mal a1l Gie 8&d)QId ore s QYo

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0195 1210890HMB AORIANAIBy E@OAT ).

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&) OI®o o.xs@.ﬂg___\o%.

Note.

QIO &oflo once upon a time; in times of yore.

20300A%

QR b Ze1cisw eoaian@s] repaired to the foot of mount

Mandara.

BRSO BWOR s all the world stood aghast.

Q) ©BQHED 0 yog BEBOI0IRAY0 the Lord of the gods trembled

for his safety; the Lord of heaven became alarmed. mno%m@"]@

——

207

—

he orae

98g09S @WI@WY29®s) deputed the whole bevy of heavenly

nymphs.

aflenauesd aiai@o &og) made use of various blan-

dishments

0195 )210890HMB @RJAN QG I3 ] they were con-

those fall

moem

vinced of the utter futility of their attempt to entice him

cagses and

QOOSSOZAS )

retired crest-fallen,

momﬂ@mmﬂcmmaamo%

a0orilgo ciaw from that day their reputation was irretrievably

lost

3.

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80

—

209

—

Note. The first four lines may be rendered as a simile thus —Govinda had by

his wife Rugmini a son called Prathynmna, like the full moon out

Maes

of the churning of the milk-sea with mount Mandara.

@raIEmRd UG GSIO® HTRH®mE® how is it I see your

manners are not what they ought to be.

OORE) MIMHS GalddZLIGHNIVD0

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amm@;ega@moammm’] was translated to Vaikuntham.

@ao

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keep time.

2Q&n $eaid who have been able to master.

22

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%OO@&%G’DG@O(GO&@ 2820 avo

e I here

a1900 al1@)ad @) oflsmaide dds

owledze and

BoRIRM OGN TEAD GQIB2IBM 1S

)0 QI

agMadlelo e | aidleoad)

olhg 60

SNDOHME@ MG B @emo,

attained 10

egowe@madlaumgllnlowan

@ GO

BIDAIDORID @Iy @SR Imod.

] for & year

@ﬂ@'\o@mﬂ@mo $0g) 010D @SOS

e you do not

86180 &A1 QIOMD® G& BnWITd

y masters @

@021V D m’\@qﬁ;@@’]&gc&

large upol

@oalo @8a0E@AR Ga 10820100 &g alad

aSleso UDOEH@® @O aFlen@o

aSleso QIEs afleBd oila)).o)m @@oEmodb

aesdl@mmiflagomalaeimeoaciad

PG )M lo HBSAAIsuDoLe

Q1000 (@2 @O NS @ )ds lajo

BP0 HUORIND o3 as l@osrg an@o

@0yl QAVAICMIG e.a10g51Slonoad

e 0B00 o0,

Note.

ERWHOANAN H.010BRIEMER0? are you curious to know what ir

is?

Soodegmen eaigsaol)ed allene tumbled into a hoof-

mark filled with water

21001 {18 ojvamopanm emeo were

struggling to get out when etec.

95 ) @nSaea10w) stepped ovet

it.

@ J@oalo Odgaso shall put down the pride of Sakra.

L

214

/(4

@9y oLﬂ@ma MHINE0 IR 6

Soy0 ©.a@xslEmonileg 208 %

@@o@ogawo.o._o@m.@o@oE@@E

BUIHE@IML@ IANIMBo BAVIAT)E alo

“ayg@lem alompal mies ga3laio

PNER Bal Masm.

BFlor @aiav gl gdlommeal

120Re ZE10 @e.al AVIWDe @A

GO QUGHRIBRING:MNILO QIAVAI MY2BD

@ e Blajeaism BIMYELEAMAIAVED Hoalo.”

‘@ aINBMMOD BN

QUHHLIBZA M NECMI0

aanele 8CeMA )M E®

aflajel Moo @.afl@m

20 )9alna e ladlas eg o

BIIP0ds8 Q1A MIaIaTVAIY.”

Note

“opmledeanabo amnanimi)

288 onE r1oEdo

N NEsEMIId M IMNEEME)

aoeflg {lg joomagjalo

BN ORI AVAWD0 & o6eMosy e @b

SMOBYMEL@H (2)a)R0 @OE TLIUS e @b

0SS WRIP SOHZAD 1R, 6O

MABWaeto ®maIb al®e @Ca0Q3."

“apmmebo apedemo

LI

BRI OWB B W5 Th

%%Sm

golaig eemo ggjeo

@mwéaf

@l

2ERMd @J@BO%.@o

DM IYSmMId 2D ).030%0

S.E e

@ o )d cimar’laiGans

gléam,

@M@ g elo ay@l® caeayeal.”

sa‘E

“aflagammaaeeaBmEy VLM M)

99g] iga

208 514

aflegydlgyaid @EMMINST g a3 19aj@ MO

@& A AVIR06NINAZHEAD 3192

3558y

go88ar@odh QI IEBNZOD

Ya a3y

BMIARAMN EdhO

@A @Ry O&&J&w

sﬁﬁ o

LSemag

@MNOQYLaM a1BeildQle og)gjo@o .7’

L3S DRENMRUNE W)

215

amoda m@’\% ) o@o

@y QI QIQRLIE @b

@oag) BKR oolaflacds

CBQJQQJGGBOD NBDYEMEDB o

groo:c;)am&@ssﬂroﬁ Qe 1@no0

Q108 B 6 30

ag@lm a1payal MoazM)aln.”

“goa_.é@g@om(ra(oow

2 Q1 o B3 N2 6) DRI B Y | @b

wro'\gﬂmﬂmcfog)@

@) B 8ME0 Quallenoy

a1d)oflsaamaing waHeemMEU®D

®a@).g101d (TQ(O@G]CB)QQ_ @Qyod 180,

WAGEMMAIMI®Eal @ab qOAWoeNI8®

dlgloan Moo @l &ale0gMeo.”

Mngadlmo SO g

Note.

Seeing Narada and Parvata approach Indra heartily greeted them

in these winning terms: — ‘Good morning to you, Revd. Sirs’ said

The

he ‘to you my geuerous Sir, the son of the lotus-born etc.’

whole is to be translated as a dialogue between Indra and Narada.

11

Personal Sketch.

1. o0l GNOdsl OBy’

BSHISWomIBYEH ag)®R0 @OLOEINAl ailelntD o2rgflabagIgyes 2oem

e:og'yams___\ocﬂ @osmied) o) Gleg s ©.aIQIMMBIW SeyM(@E)Io cag]s)

BAYAIMIQL D 2185 cacmoss) emiodlg{leaame egOImaMomh: —

@S @9d)8amMaINRIERI5 @), 82g|SlocnflrbasIQYes wal 1@)8Lad

uﬂ%} MRNRINEM 1M 20Qo ©a1Qale &lg)w oo @Y G@sniad)

&:ﬂesmo.

3

2d)g eaflad mo

800 JR&E0b zogzﬂgcwosrﬁ". mall®s alam eal

aflpj0® 010150 9.21QY OBV aflg)@b

083 ) oR&HBBUoo GAD TVOQIBTVE AW ).

@oacm'\._,g%o_n@cm.

LIOWODEN HSERO VML) BR0 MEY. @08l @ndlatleb

§a135SEOMIB0 YRRV S0 SHRILAIW aatlolale poeodlsley. Mgy addg)

(@-)o®o, ageg.a’ 0o, B0 6NS |

QeR B©3a00, o@HEBU0 DCRAICRED) QI

moailemy aflzo, QISA@I0, 2oL @S)Wo, alldlam@Qo, 988 MOW) HeNg.

2o @moen .

alpy SlomEel Qid)

D SemE:ald @l BSIWA ) esan.

ab M@ EZo @B ISP B oy BlAIBleMO GSW® BSAD

—_—

s

216

®mMOod e allaiseam

Gono Sloneer mogrlwloh oG O MaIgIGes

@pe@leny dlgomlc @mo @8 aildles Gomem @iwaISoHch CaIeO

B DHRIQYo &g

geigmo &elleado ajoaisiaglemel @ngyo adldInado

L1BMEMEBD HIENIABEN

aIB)Es®dd WIN@IAWo &ME gy

&g Iwaid

a3t QREAQYo AVAF]aa0M0d al@S), @aIamm, @eIg, ©aIde CRg|S)HRo

@floe moelemy Elaicvaw) @wssm alas) aseslogmo eeaigm Gaialgy

oo .aile oo man,

@Ml ellHal aINE @Ry CBEZM2IY lman,

6 QIGBEAN o m@’\@eﬂﬂ% @) AR e SWsuy EoIWMRIN® BN

aflwo 2 MWLM A IOJYAD

00b 0082 &Wloy EPBMNIMEMED)Ejo

wQlo AN.al

TVORWSHEANW WINMIE AV SGo aJ0dgls doemoarilgy

%onb S IMNOSISOY ROLIGR a0 AS6E )

Note

wlo Q.:((ﬂ@(faow'h% held an inquest over the body of

[egvlatalh)

G -idemo m.mg conducted local investication.

allgjo @

So petty trade

alo@oads worth mentioning.

a@eg oo

dark brown,

o0wab @os) scanty beard

eﬁao@nbo_sgd irregu~-

lar teeth

OOAISBANR0 @G D3 ).0) grew Worse towards the

evening, or, in the evening there was a relapse

VoL WEh DA

@ WINGOIA0 aJOSg|g HHo6noamlgy nothing suspicious has been

elicited

2 @@rﬁd 0QIMI©0.

m’\m@ommﬁmmﬂ@o@aﬂ o) emmonems do

@eRgleh Galan adleanye o3 lwidoeeal

a1 WwIY) ciemyBmad asmyesa:abd

@ANOS N WM IWETBAIM IR0 ngﬁﬁb

2meeamlo® @sagmegallm

21@08] (WaOBEHS 81020 ®logo algpo

m’im’)@mm@om@ogaﬂ@g DA DD

eroamlaiwesd BmIQRNANYPo QySEI8 3W

20URIZEQOYB LD QR®@&:HoGe 8w

(20 A1) NS )RL M E WD EE BEE

ey (o )avdloidodlay o

M eM@E & d Omg ey 23.ef). o @o o

QilGmo ayEIAMIEY SHOMM MULD

g e g oaitloHm@oo WA Yo

5RO RECIMIBRIWOE@D

aSlermyey)r ooz nm@WYoe ailgaslmad

0, RIIWEBZ o MmTbBMEMe HOE leuyes

%

@M Mmeyc oo (@D

*QUCRRITE CVC@IDUD W W(W(BHE YEOOOE

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ﬁ w8 00

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1} SPABAO}

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(R0

]

| (gnceas Boo pesmsGe soBwinean

qUEWO(E B0 ewdifo orero 0eb@)oeR(@(fO

U909 0roY;

(| BEQMULE SEOQZVMOYAW(W(HBD

ofs gowsrs

er@@éraucncoﬂo 008 Boa@Crvd@ero

0609

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QYW EWST 0BEWUCELLCO(Y ﬁmcd

‘e e

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t g

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SR

VAL .

L1G

—

218

-

Note

@Tomﬂ@oo%zﬂ the eighth after the new-moon,

Qi@ emi®omo

Tauri.

aoarilelwsssde the proper mansions.

QBMIBEW when

the Taurus was in the ascendant.

M SM(@E )& o 6)@@_%@8 31

il aj@@o MeIRE)a) @S®EIMod ete. render all the past tenses

in this by the Historic present.

BEEAOSOBAMIBRIWO @A

etc. was rejoiced at the prospect of a speedy termination of all her

oppressive burdens.

eoam@ ey A taflem@oeo@od fell into a

death-like sleep.

3. B200v.

OO @818y MBTIEON2%0 HNEZ IO

OO@BRIG MYBE &R @aSlaid))

enolem)afly@psasilad oomgsab

G QeI E ) o1o0b @QOD@:Q(@QJO(Tb

00D INTBYIMI® g mEH220

QIOSIMBo &HZ GaNo MEIVSlaiad

a16mIF ) 013 (0 & 0UERIAINS Q Jo

16@12190.190 DG00I )Bo U3 1Yo

eoabe.andlaingeld olsmildnasemiaje

amMemilod @HOBaD 200 aVES QB 0

L S T TR T R R S Y ote W e el et id e

Q1B @Ma0IBEM a6 1Y U3 Qo

ovenilpemismilmo damilaige mgy

S06DIMN.ABIW AP0 LOHAVDAS R Ao

Q‘D@@)DSTTUJ@TB@O _a..\O('OBO_JOBSlS‘B%B_o

BN 22T, (0 )& 00

20 )38 & Lo JaBo ABM IO Mo

VIABMIO AVBIADI0 (T‘DO.ﬂCTBQJo

20NBA@MOD GHIGHTRE HHVD HIod

@YMAERAVINEGO 2UNMIY IS Inoabd.

M8 ol @)@ o @ﬂ@ﬂgﬂo%.

Note.

e1aism) o flgmeax)e dhasmgsa

B QL1200 IE ) 0100b 22008900 awoad he drank in with his eyes

the nectar of her charms.

@RMMBAVI 2 BUNmMI)SImnoab he

was steeped more and more in Elysian bliss as he continued to be-

hold her charms one after another—her locks which ete.

iR

ofD| O FTEC® G| @(WBOLBEBID

@O G| ZL(LB TOW®W(@

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[S8L]

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ol i)z egaassmo &on2omb

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221

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agameng .ofla0).o) a)ESHeI0 D

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& P ADBOYEER 0T (GTADAID

ag2Mo @A IER) CVAM@o B@DIARATS )

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aneRes @mils ailangoailango

@%@meﬂ 29 00mMmo aiegym.

@grs%mom.

Note.

Begin—Ambika was seen suspended in the sky with a splendour

unbearable to (human) eyes.

seafomanmecal 2aIem)o §.a10

p) o0r3) ete. my tongue is incompetent to do adequate justice to the

charms of the divine form of the goddess.

a@s@md‘mis @MMOS

S o@e.o10pjat0ad ete. but see, I am growing ambitious to

attempt a description of her locks!

o) MO %EJ@@W@E) Q1oL 90

o etc. therefore do I give up the task in disappointment and

leave her locks unpainted.

eane e eyees I Qicda))md @an

g

®S ete. half of the moon that adorned her head slipped down,

&l

but was intercepted by the brows above which it became fixed

&:lm']

:;

and formed what looks like her forehead.

BYMMo ®BANIG BM

(mﬂoé)?j@‘

ORIQD Galomalond ete. both the moon and the lotus bloom strove

2000 &0

to equal her face, when Facial attraction came out and proceeded

QJmm0d

to settle the dispute by dividing the domain of each. ¢Stand thoun

OMENGRM

above this’, said she to the moon,

‘and thou below’ to the lotus.

9:1_)0@@’?

This mark formed her brows.

8

0609 ¢

80 @O&

5. g

Not

$00Y) A IBUI@ @G B3N 0yQIMO®S) @ﬂ@sgpamfm aflsuecnmoages ai

o),

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©IIdndod emaiaee @YW man.

alo20dlowan alomy 2RY I ON

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S

223

ed down,

@oo{g)mos&oe}o@acmmgﬂmb M@RHS Sail@eMmid@m alsmibloyH o

e fixed

o fedan m@@gem@e‘;o 9 1M TS 8o

g100) @P@o 0 lssaMm®@ey.

Bmog 80

cmw@j)cgcsvowz@smgﬁe‘;o @PEZ0TH a0 MEy @G 1QITNRIWIMAD ogao @1y

o strove

2209 SQIYHS MNISH (@WEB D o_msﬂ_g’“;%@@_mé@ () @odVo GSIDD ad &9

proceeded

QI ISHAT.

em ®»ailas allgpavmiay @S )&208:MBMS GS) EYWIZ

Stand thon

6MEY B3N ﬁ)OQc.bqu)ﬂbO moaﬁ\@o_ﬂ@uaammﬁma SMWPMEISHO2ANEE BT

the lofus,

pogglal axmiloato aflemesn BAEHIYS GTled a5y lga o

QOB aI0QYSMIId g lee @O

Mo 1H@ 03] aI0QNAER O®ERY0

06y &$leoy.

sall @© oidrob&j«ncrao &0

Q) 6Bk @VE WIMEW leyas

=)

8o @Y.

oﬂ@om’\@moé?m”l.

LNote.

a0 @y O™ al0d) @@ andlesmogy the attainments of. .

Mg

.are undisputed,

em ®ailes allgjpavmiay ete. I may

oo,

sum up all T'have to say in this connection by stating that Bhava-

uc o

bhoothy’s works serve to explode the theory of an English critic

0

that as a poet advances in knowledge the attractions of his works

e 604

begin to fall.

ggosmmnas

g@(ﬁmﬂ(fl@

6. 6m10e1HoN ad.

oy

ajogyeaveilenilosnio ajoggy@avoa), 8.0

ogm o)

3o 208®@0 1@y @20 aflay0Galnal

o0l

BHHMRIMOS ACMNIAIOBOBR B®IQo MO

moam‘ffgf@“

00a B9 N8R SoSImeNdlsa

1

G080

RLES aag 1o @AVl aFlo

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SEIMI

adogieaVoayy thousands of millions.

Begin—8aw (lying) before

him in the guise of his child, god Vishnu resplendant as a thousand

00 %@

millions of suns brought together

The sight of his crown appear-

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ed as exhilerating to the minds of the pious as a number of suns

to the lotus plant; his locks ete.

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in the centre of the forehead which threw into shade the half-

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@PEWIRL, I0N DR O )b PIEIAAML Al O 102

GRL) mzced adloeeaflewis @&S) a¥lea0saLM @D 8@ @d

m@an@g ) all the rest of this long sentence are qualifications.

This example has been purposely selected to test the student’s

ability to deal with adjuncts of various kinds.

@A) @b av_ggo

Galome) like a heaven on earth.

mONS S 1So erown bedecked

with

gems.

SHSdo armlet.

D EHENo

bracelet.

B0 WD,

Qlows ete. see Appendix.

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arrival.

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-

0

-

. Rama’s question auvd its reply should be translated in

the direct narration.

This example affords ample scope for a full

display of all the linguistic elegance and niceties at the command

of the student.

The style in which it is to be translated will of

course depend upon the standard or class to which the student be-

N,

longs. Icommend thisexample to the careful notice of every student.

—

227

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Note.

The first four lines:

1 student be:

Storm-clouds over-spread the. heavens and

arery sudet

the splendour of the sun, moon and stars became subdued, while

15%

228

strong winds careered (over the land) frequently.

@oggemc)o av

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eny) savm susnw'\:% bursting the bars and bunds or anicuts

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down the very morsel of food they had in their mouth

Q1009 o

o) Mo ed ete

they fell down at the feet of the sage

one after another in regular lines and thus addressed him: — ¢Tell

us, Oh kind Sir, why you have brought us hither, etec.

229

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Is

lS'WﬂW‘ W

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o,

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cwi)mame)dd & ISy GUaJoaRd

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B2 Qo

Note

aflmyeedlaao qOA0 Bre@IRMAIS) ten yojanas square

@onan

8lo oy Yo o@YAM ajo MYQITROITd ete

seven walls of gold went

round the town with four towers in each

@@o%mm 8.2l

OS5 IOmND GMmawo would seem to brush the moon,

CT’O_\gTT)’)

a1CBH a0 D aggn@coma Bgo fountains filled with gold-lotus,

or, basins in which gold-lotus flourished

o) @Yo Qofd)) qanelo

aNmimessd

ecret recesses or cosy nooks. @emlailGao corals

arches or domes

8gjemailelavae) aflaego aflaiesgo floor

as smooth and shining as crystal

MV |MNOIWS(BAato B.TDIT3

26m)dnglad bLed-steads cut out of precious stones in the shape of

a gerpant

o_\cmszwac)a aseiawo Gmoam |dso Gl&lo&é@a(h irides-

cent curtains,

meW@@mmdc sculpture.

2 @emrd paint-

ings

Slaisg jemeocieado numerous glass lamps of

® s e e s s e

@msrmo_ﬂsmcass)@gdw @8N U3 DETBD ®.al@jo Q196 )& D aI0®D

O Lo B3O 2 (Yo self sounding music-boxes and talking machives.

@@a10@ @b secret doors,

Qflwe1@a00) @eabo aflayeal)all

@6 ete

nowhere did Vulean display his extraordinary powers

to such advantage

7. envellony gHlaiw @vo,

alglo &S)ojeid)od@nomg enioeilgo

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el hoa@eg @al)olly smeilow

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e ) 2y@s) (@)e0@) o)) @nc ol

OO Yo HITONS A IRFYDo @IALMO

—_—

234

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The first five lines— When Bali came rushing on, gnashing his

teeth and roaring loud, Sugriva received him with a fell blow from

his fist, which the enraged Bali returned at once

_a.\osﬂaﬂmﬂm

S

235

Qo etc. they rush against each other, jump high, ward off a

threatened blow and deal another in return, and then nimbly turn

away—thus t‘hey become quite exhausted and full of perspira‘xtion.

Mo 1d o .gﬁd;smgo with turgid veins.

aVIBQIBRANN0 &I MY

Wlaimwo etc. Sugriva, being quite spent, sent a piteous appeal in

the dircction of Rama.

@2 \yazoan afloslecanead ete.

when even the earth trembled; and the son of Aeolus applauded

Rama.

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Towards the dawn, darkness began to clear away from all the

eight quarters of the globe; the lotus lilies opened their buds

liberating the imprisoned beetle ete.

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Note.

with his brothers Bhima and others,

and his wife Droupathy wandered through the forest in the guise

.

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e s o o . .

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1B)9.a195 CaimaV) Gaay &)A)E) Kiriti fixed his mind

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emBLE@R0 eed)alaud @aidso

16

e

242

—

wEgTEI) Qe Bwoailae.

29120 Ep |®@ e 1eISAsan

QITRMNIBOHMN GANES 12108 IS0

QICBBEI.AM BIUDj0 aJ@P 9B

A IORMV0ER QIR0 a0®)8walla3.

M @ al QO M I e} Q) @M 0.

Note.

eaoavelaflenaensg e in the country of Kosala,

QIR &)

S aN208%) 21HD01@0 )

Sevgeng @ﬂm'mﬂ% forms an effective wall,

&omodso who would attract all the fourteen worlds as if they were

mere cotton.

ARYBHIPH D @GSIe® without partiality; without

giving room for complaint.

o 2ol es voleuoadl.

0 aNSHLIH2AD

@08 o a0RI@E@EENANOIDO 2a0IGEIMBHOS aJ00

CmMIPAQ D@ OFIEE), M GAIRIOWIW 2MAT IYNS S@hraade $H06MITd

QlaC ) Wogy @I Bald@®:aw o) B@iaRe ailWo ala3d Qsm‘:ﬂ@osrc@. D0 @

M) 0WBBR HEMOANG 102 INATD MIMNMEBo10 «g)aD BIANOVEHAIGENO LIS

Qo ERHAM.

@O0 AloLoBImMIY 0B II@OTDO &2 @O mcgom)@omﬂ

aGlomlHean B $IEAMANOAD BH:00l0 HSITE agID EMIANAIQ MYYJAB0

@IEAQY BAIHO BT BINAo HIAMIND A JORAINTD H&HINFBAID

Qe”ligg.

aload a’g\:% @ROAOM B288 1T ajes @@%‘ngo 2102 AIW ) @@’15% oo

ENIRIOIL0

aflwendl@aado

SS0000UGHEAOG Nj aIMBTIOW L)

g-oab o_ﬂuﬂg%.

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GG 1) o).

afleenigo & oo )a @Jc&)uog@omﬂ alleaileb iRear aian

&% g8 AP QeSS

a0 @) 0@ (@ o @ 9 6M o.

Note.

B@omo@Q as if prognosticating.

QU0 BT 20gHAo HEMIND®

seeing no other alternative.

@POROMEEs Job ajds retired to

the consulting room.

g8 adlan alemes) stood at a respectful

distance and made his obeisance.

i

43

6.

Q)08 HRGUD @&“opb& -a108M @) QB0

aflogan ooy wmang @oein

21EMBITVAR0 alemIBl0 BHSIH®

o o

202a00aV0 & a1 )Hm ®.010eilmoab: —

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RO O WA gy Ba @asad

| 21925l

210D YBRIS ©RIRQSSS

sif they were

0POS DEDOJADRER QIS 2

lity; withoat

9@o§JU£ QIMmoEd BS18BeME20 aflean

Q@A) Qiaw oo @ailSg oaflgy

CMOR daWYlo eaigise salomb.

alEmasavaslalgme Q106D @g|0cd

2as).0) Q106E) aflamod alem@sored

mggﬁgaa

mch @ueind

2 Ndna lah &8 MBI CdrSaim

aldem -2106M&)) ob@&w@m_oa«s&aa

0 20 @0

08911003 |6 M AN YRS o

éwwg og)

Relmogo esmuatnw et @smme

@9,@ ému%

AMME25Sy afle).oflsS mimia

) é@@

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v 9%3%,&0

0

fod

(202) @RMWMIR) 2o enimnyao@flsan

20

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16

n“&

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i U

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16*

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— 244

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&90 006N

grhag]len

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mleimy 8

901268

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QIR0 ¢

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dom &

eyl omo AN Alla @Ok

AQUABMORINE AVS DB QAIES.

og)am mﬁ@o._ﬂ:% adlgp,an ENEQY

ai0ho 2

o1 alilSlolle alcamaauem

Gmo @C

Smognn

@omom@cﬁ)omzmomoc&@%m

020y 02

@30&!0_\0(/006231) Qoo BGITLL)O_JOUOOQK_JJ Qoo

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ool

$001BBI A ORI D HE )3 a0

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@@@%ad\?

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Zemfl%ggro

Qonlwg

MOM@W@O.

ooy

Note.

@pwmn®) 2QY))ds eninyalflsan ete. as a direct narration in

Dmle

the imperative mood.

2@y Yaiml@Elom deiloy .03

Gl

MBITVEMINSNA ety lsailad these are His Majesty, Chandra-

MO8

gupta’s pleasures with regard to Chandanadasa.

@Yo €lan

29 81

maomﬂ&:\om@o_ub used highly threatening language.

L5 leclel

Sm),

[

dark cell; dungeon.

2B 00e!

D gty

7. 8100,

UD&)B:@ .'l

004) of

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m@ﬁl(& o

GE

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aroe® pﬂg.

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mocszﬂ% WIH@IMISQ 0 LJIODMIW BT BHIEM) &g, @) ORWoay @)

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og@oﬂwag

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2RO0D 9 MEBIds | WMINHEMAD ST ).

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o0&

oﬂgjoo_ﬂcsmoc—i]crﬂ.

){%o @m%“'ﬁ

Note.

a 01""“83};%‘:%

clggELes on the side of.

e lmieabo O_lgcﬁmg’(nﬂ iron ring.

Z@gmzmé’i

®QYRIdM) rope.

&sallo trepidation.

OO Po @oa1a106n) o)

mustered or plucked courage.

allg {lenmemedo fragments of

mother-of-pearl,

0\gA) moss.

aal oComIs &S |® of iri-

ngooﬂme

descent hues.

HE@)e2nDdlses artificial.

(03 (gﬁfﬂ)o(f)o B2

YL PO

s

248

—_—

g MSARGSIC M) @ﬁ@amﬂ' could not go a bit forward. , o\7A) o)

MO Q10610 @udam lZA! moss, gigantic moss.

Qes080 o)

owleh Bgo :o&Wgy as high as the knees.

@RS a’\m%o

a’los) separated the moss.

Soe)o®0a) slipped.

& allw

oy )alall@momno

ooled o3lal &)g) managed to find a footing.

surface. ws%@@ﬂmm%.mm”)@ﬂrmamﬂ by the multiplication of

echoes.

VY3 wemBgo a3 leMenaow)sg |ox)) we were beside

our senses.

@CWO v ILA)2IPINIMBAN al0soy@GS is nothing

when compared to.

Abras pre

Achyranth

Achyranth

—_— e O D

Hgle mar

Ailanthys

Alangium

Aletris hya

Aloe perfo

Alwond oo

Alpingsy g

ﬁmaranthu

Amaranthu

Amomgp |

A ndl‘Opogm

Anethum f

Anefhum _«;

Anise DN

Areca Cate

Aeoant 1

A

Hstologh;

Ay Owroot

Attimigiy 5

APTOFaerS

\'TOQ‘drpuS

UL eapy

“1dy tibi

iclepiﬂs g

; mZ’Zﬂ;@

285980 g8

APPENDIX.

~

o

~

g @”@m§o

&m aflw

A

nlaafamo

GLOSSARY

tiplication of

OF

6 ere beside

S is nothing

FEOCHNICAL TERMS.

1

Botany.

Abrus precatorins &ard).

Ash-gourd g id Smig s,

Achyranthes triandra OB 0P,

Asparagus racemosus Lo@oQi@d),

Achyranthes aspera &Sei0s),

Assafoetida & oo,

MHgle marmelos ¢igo.

Balaria cristata od)laidsd)soy),

Ailanthus excelsus aflmod),

Banyan tree @at.

Alangiom delapitatum &om.

Barringtonia acutangula o)@sSamy.

Aletris hyacinthoides ®oma@ami.

Bassia latifolia 80 Mg} QJSMo.

Aloe perfoliata ®ooauw,

Bayplum Go10os,

Almond enRo.

Bdellium ¢sjey.

Alpinosa galangula @oooo.

Belerica myrobolan @oad)ss.

Amaranthus Qiso2gi).

Bengal gram &Seiss.

Amaranthus campestres .01Q.oflw,

Betala o lailswo.

Amomuam Zingiber g eoil.

Betel-leaf ®»ai0d ).

Andropogon muricatus @921,

Bignonia indica aspi®aigom,

Anethum feniculum ®amensodo,

Bignonia longifolia aigpm.

Anethum graveolens ai@@g|.

Bignonia suaveolens ®aisnbaiswy)@)

Anise eSS0,

Areca Catechu &Yeg.

Birch gmgqyomo.

Arecanut tree &eog.

Bitter gourd ©&ag |os.

Blackbird wood &@)gmos.

A ristolochia Indica mowi0@g)

Arrowroot @;Qu.

Blitoria termalia af)om @00,

A rtimisia austriaca @ds)ol.

Blue waterlily ®@)as0ieiwo.

Artocarpus integrifolia o ileioqy

Lad.

Bombax pentandrum oyg, meial,

Boerhavia diffusa @d)woa,

A rtocarpus pubescens @y@as) aflein

Arum campanulatum G.aim,

Boswellia thurifera eog.

Arundo tibialis couwmygy’.

Botany @Ieg’\e_ﬂe, QMm@ lvomyo,

CT\IDOO.J(OUOO@O, CT’O(TB UoD@o.

Ascl‘epiasﬁ gigantea og)@)os,

250

Breadfruit aflelom)aiss, & flaiaiss,

Convolvulus

Ficus racem

batatas _.ol@»Es W3,

&g |00y, emabas]wab.

Ficus relige

Brinjal cu@ollodles.

Convolvulus turpethum @)8@ogyman.

Ticus venos

Fir tree 68

Bromelia ananas 66 & o .olds.

Cordia myxa mMQyd).

Buchanania latifolia @od.

Costus speciosus ®&ogso.

(alege 98

Cotton tree )@@ ),

Butea frondosa 0o, 90wy,

Gallnut 20

(fentiana ch

Cabbage 8osailaflo,

Cowhage moqy @em.

Crocus sativas &:&:Q0.

Calophyllum calaba &.01Qq jam.

(tinger 6

Cucumis anguinus mommog).

Geortnera

Camphor tree tﬁ)g_'.] Awo.

Cucumis sativus ©Ques @ )ds.

(Homorous |

Cannabis sativa @em100y.

Cucurbita hispida &migo.

Green gram

Caranga tree & @snowo.

Cucumber 0188 @&,

(Fuava o

Cardamum o@eIO®®@ ).

Cumin seed &5]odo.

Carat bean @em1S ).

Greens

|

Curculigo orchioides on)alg jon.

Heart-leave

Caraway seed B0WERRS0.

Curcuma angustifolia Gau.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum o $)eo.

Heart-pea ¢

Curcuma Zanthorrhiza @o@sond.

Hedysaram

Qarica papaya asg{owo, &g aV, &g

S 6012,

Curcuma Zerumbet & ) @o.

Hedysarun

Curry-leaf tree &@)@aig|.

Carpopogon pruriens mog) @M.

Hedysarum

Cuscus grass 002.0)

& .

Carthamus tinctorins &mpocoy.

Hedysarum

Custard apple @ o0 .01d9, EMIMNI Lo,

Cassada Jatropha manihot 2oos)weng,

adloawo.

gmng),

Cassia alata oo ©.

Heliotropiur

Castor-oil plant @T@O_m‘ndagr.

Dalbergia Sissoo spmaildamo.

Heliotropiy,

Datura fastuosa @_mrm;’.

Casuarina 21801085 @00, $I000S).

Helianthys

Dill auy@ )&,

Cauliflower ojssoall.

Hellebopys ,

Casalpina sappan g |60=0.

Echites antidysenterica SSdhg |oal.

Hemionitis

Cayenne-pepper (capsicum) Q1o@d@gg .

Echites frutescens aioabaigg)os Weng.

Echites scholaris o@@lalomioel, ABAl

Hogeplun ¢

Cedrela Toona ojaimyy.

Hogeyeq ;

Chaste-tree &@)lomMo.ofl@d,

8:‘09“

[@ow).

Horse-radis]

Chrysanthemum Indicum ®@.oi), ©.)

Eclipta prostrata &sogen).

&),

Eglantine

@0 ) B30,

@JO%QQJO)J

Tecebroy,

Cinnamon &®g {8@o@d, 61 AIQI0WUO.

Egg-plant aypoiladl.

%

Hlegehryp,

Elephant pepper mmroﬂroﬂgﬂlaﬂ.

Tndiag gy

Cissampelos hexandra assoigg),

Cissus latifolia 66 @ leRomyg)).

Eleocarpus ganitrus @Bcso.

Indigy Jolay

Citrus acida ®.a1QMoi@&o.

Erythrina folgeus @dozd)es .

Indian ggp,

Eugenia jambolana e30mJ.

Citrus medica @o@m8MIBo, AIgg Mo

Indigo Plai

&0, mflBRoymo.

Fan palm &d)laum, ogyaomoaioim.

Indian aigh

Tnks

Citysus cajan @Qiog|wd.

Fenugreek gajal.

T C})%

Clitoria ternatea oocja jgro.

Fern (c)u&\, BB ead, oil@

Juck freg o

Cloves &@@cC

s B3QJoUD0.

HN -

Jasninyy, :

251

maﬁﬂ%@l

Ficus racemosa @0 o),

Jasminum grandifiorum @oeiay),

a_{lg;

o,

Ficus religeosa @oo@owh.

&0,

Ba0a48m,

Ficus venosa égyomb.

Jasminum sambac maiag]le,

DG

Fir tree 8 QIBo®.

QY

Galega ©899)o{)ab,

Jatropha glauca mowoaad)).

Gallnut 2@ os.

Jatropha curcas &:Splalem®s.

Gentiana chirayta ajo@)oyoe.

Jonesia asoca ERGWIB0.

Ginger g emi).

Justicia adhatoda ®gserISS0

8

10

Justicia Nasata cnowagi).

[o>.

Géertnera racemosa &®EOM Q)

Glomorous fig-tree @@ ).

Justicia paniculata chiretta & l@)lws

Green gram .a1Qa1®@0 .

Kaempfera Galanga &@.oj0010.

Guava Galnds.

Knolkhol gge@oall.

Greens oflo,

Liantana @o@)at.

Ty

Heart-leaved moonsced afloogw.

Latifolius agLggmo.

Heart-pea o $leno.

25w

Lauros camphora @»%mzmo.

h

Hedysarum Alhagi 6®oS)omal.

Laurus cassia SQg |@mo.

Hedysarum gangeticum ®oim mas.

Lemongrass @mom@agjg’, 0010100,

Hedysarum gyrans ®@o@ens).

Letﬁuce cm@g_oéj :

Hedysarum

lagopodioides

@RM&Q

Lime-tree a8 monso, .a1QmModdo.

3mMIMUY0,

camoss).

Liquorice @ g)auyoo.

Heliotropium ay@j@2e1o; ¢aflacmglas).

Long pepper @lgjeil.

2004

Lotus @oam.

Heliotropium Indicum @Qung|ol.

Helianthus (ng,yo.@)

Maiden hair @@ofoﬂmmémgﬁmag.

Mace £30@ las@)).

Helleborus niger &S@m0ad o).

58l

Marigold ®.a15)oy.

Hemionitis cordifolia &oc)eai.

@aﬁ!ﬂ?ﬂ@@'@v

Michelia champaca .admid»o.

Hog=-plum momiswo,

108l gsel

Hog-weed @d)woa,

Mimosa &@050010S ).

Mimosa astergens aflod)@so, all@ano.

Horse-radish tree g@)eos,

[

Mimosa catechu &@)soaoel).

@;§adw

Illecebrum lanatum ©21Qay8s.

Mimosa octandra .ailoomom.

Illecebrum sessile ®a1vanisbeny ).

Mimosa sirissa N300,

Indian birthwort eowe_10ggy.

1339]\

Mimosa suma Godloydmmo.

Indian jalap @ )8®ocbasigan.

A0

Mimusops elengi g @60 ).

U

Indian corn @ni980,

Mint ®@sSomao.

Indigo plant @o2d),

Monk’s bean &ar) 8@,

o et

Indian nightshade ojom®)oyore,

Morinda citrifolia @Sadlaiay.

Ink-nut &gos.

Musk okra ®5&a0 dl, A10I&AV @)

=

A

A9

Jack tree afleiaqy.

Mustard &g6.

Jasminum auriculatum &Qo2048)ggy.

Mystica moschata gazﬂ(a?cesu.

—

e

252

Nelumbium speciosum @Qmid.

Radish Q%%Bﬂ.

Vogetable 1

Vitis Tndica

Nerium coronarium mMa, 2Q450.

Raisin © 6més)®@ Z0m)@)emBoa1wo.

Nerium odorum &emalloo.

Red sanders @& .0la3Mo.

Vitex trifol

Rose apple g,;O.l(Thgaocmu.

Nigella Indica .a1l800el0.

Nettle H&osoOBQA, 60100 e,

Rozelle mm@ggaomj’.

Nutmeg £007)800.

Rueliia longifolia 660 e Jab.

Nymphia carula & leQiei®o.

Saccharum spontaneum @YOQSE.

@analle

Indian 1

Ocimum album ®gs @ea av).

Saccharum suma ®0QA.

moalalls

Ocimum sanctum W@@a av).

Sago palm &gnlaam.

Okra &M o9,

@) F

Safflower &:MyoBay.

Oleander mog), ®emafloo.

Saffron &e:20y.

fig-tree

Olibanum &S dno.

Sarsaparilla mmamod).

fmmﬂmﬂ&

Olibanum tree g .

Semecarpus anacardium G.oldamo.

e Min

Serratula anthelmintica @)o"cf')s)oelrzﬂ.

Moo

Ophioxylon serpentium @Qfl@oaI0

Shoe flower &)@ EOD ).

plum,

@), WMWY,

Omum @BRWERAIRE.

Sida lanceolata @pimon=),

@02 Sacek

Orchard @a10)Mo, QJBHMIB,IMo.

Sinapis chinensis &g®s .

a0 In

Orris root Qi@ .

Silk-cotton tree ayg.

plant,

Oxalis monadelpha ayglwoomd. |

Siphonanthus Indica H01QENDs .

Aogds0

Snake gourd aisaleleso,

AW

Pederia fotida @cmommﬂ.

Soapnut aLIENY DO, aflwes.

carvi,

Panicum Italicum, Pannick-seed @5lmn,

Spinosa longifolia & d)Zeww.

s)o

Parasitic plant Q&Qﬂ?‘(m)ﬂ, @@’oﬂc)o@a%q.

Pavonia odqrata &Qeamos ).

Spondias mungifera ®oau0wo.

a00smy

Peacock’s pride ®oeiavlay.

Squash ojoea.

Enoo A

Peepul tree @oo@o@b,

Star anise @@d90al0, HHEHNALl0.

MOV

Pentaptera Arjuna oldoa@o .

Sun-flower ﬁg@cﬂaoﬂvﬂoﬂgﬁo.

rmr:ﬂ?% I

Swallow-wort ag)@)é@s .

Pericarp enfleEa 000,

mmmﬂa‘

Sweet potato @g|o9)1WeB, aldnOGs)

Phlomis Indica @mul.

@)y

Phyllanthus emblica ®mgilds.

wes , aeMB®S)wab.,

un

Pigeonpea & @0Qi0.

Tamarind tree ajg)@mo.

M@,

Pine apple ®O&@.a1ds.

Tapioca @S )PeoS .

@@SGB:

Pinus longifolia o)@80.

Targia cannabina ®&IgEBAI. 6.0190)

D000

Qsmo.

Piperbetel ©0103)016990S).

QU

Piyal godamo.

Terminalia alataglabra ojggg(da(tﬁ).

O

Plantain tree quoe.

Terminalia Bellerica @oa )ds.

@@Gﬂm'\n

Plumbago && 05810,

Terminalia chebula &Sas.

(T

Pterocarpus santalinus ©@#m.alaamo.

Thorn-apple 9 ZA®Mo.

B0,

Tree-turmeric @a60DD,

Pumpkin 2ooeR, &aig s,

Castor.

Vangueria spinosa oai@on.

Quercus insectoria 20 ®s,

®ogy

s

fol]

253

peliis

Vegetable marrow ailelnod &:ang ea.

Xanthochymus pictorius @@221200

"ﬂmus%.

Vitis Tndica &aimyoias).

Yellow myrabolan &se.

Vitex trifolia &@)eXm0.ofl@b.

Ziziphus jujuba e eiam.

Malayalom.

il

00088,

@email@aicno Aristolochia indiea;

60 ei) Amomum Zingiber; ginger.

Indian birthwort.

@ oo lddmy) Misletoe; a parasitic

mo)allSwo Betala.

plant,

@ooi) Ficus glomerata; glomorous

@ ey | Mimusops elengi.

fig-tree.

g lauyme Liquorice root.

@015 )@ )g_jafl Elephant pepper.

80 Mg |QyBfno Bassia latifolia,

:alb2no

@@y Mimosa Inga.

s @ajld Dalbergia sissoo.

uténeid),

@ I0%0

Spondias mungifera; hog-

60 2100 Ziziphus jujaba.

plum.

el (Qlo) ol Bombax pentandrum; the

l

®r@ Saccharum (suma) sara.

silk-cotton tree.

@oa®) Indigofera anile; the indigo

60 Vaw Boswellia thurifera; the

plant,

olibanum tree.

L)

@B ®o Physalis flexuosa.

eono Phoenix dactilifera.

®BNWWEAIM o

Caraway seed; carum

@l (@) @eil Helicteres Isora.

carvi.

Sl

Q@omoﬂ@ Horticulture.

@R 6oy )@ The buttress tree.

m

@a1aimo Orchard.

1040,

@ oern, &ato Hglantine.

oo Datura fagtuosa ; stramonium;

oo Alpinosa galangula.

[tree.

thorn apple.

SAn0el,

@oo®@odd Ficus religiosa; the Peepul

@ejas Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum

E“go

mm’\% Lantana.

gracum.

@oeiaylay Peacock’s pride,

a@)aﬂ@# Asclipia gigantia; swallow

@oailedea1od) Ophioxylon

serpent-

wort,

g, 2808

ium

2@ PBOMIRIAIM, See & @ lam.

@R CwItho Jonesea Asoca.

oerod@] Cardamom; elettaria; card-

@IY)SBrISHo Justicia adhatoda.

amomum,

g 82001

EQom.aids Custard apple.

og¥)eimioel Echites scholaris ; Jatropha

[osum.

manihot.

®YMgIM, see dglg (.

eoau@ Water-lily; selumbinm speci-

630somao Mint.

ﬁ;%zmo r

)18,

(BT@mﬂm'Wxa.ﬂewo,; Artocarpus pubes-

0@ )1 Hemionitis cordifolia.

cens.

00 )aiomoan Viola suffruticosa.

@Q@Qlem®s Racinus communis; the

dheamonio, sce @Bamoalo.

castor-oil plant.

&0\ @0 Curcuma Zerumbet.

it

@Q0QEE Saccharum spontaneum.

£Bol0alo Kaempferia Galanga.

&oemoal Cannabis sativa.

alloooo?

.aﬂ(')ogrmu Menigpermum cocula; the

@050l o) Eglantine.

heart-leaved moon-seed.

218008k

oo Assafeetida.

@m@%ﬂ Eeclipta prostrata.

e

afl0 Gree

&0 Alangium decapitatum,

&Sg{lainal Morinda citrifolia.

&288901@) Serratula anthelmintica,

§aglo) )

&Se1ge Cicer aristinum; Benggl gram.

&)d)@oom Justicia paniculata, chir-

62100

&5e10S) Achyranthus aspera.,

etta.

&sel )8aio

Aristolochia

the sho

Indica;

®Sdhg {01 Achites pubescens (antidy-

Indian birth-wort.

90l

A

senterica).

&5@ Sinapis chinensis; mustard.

§.alQMin

tree,

&m0 Crocus sativus; saffron.

&gden Terminalia

chebula;

yellow

SHID®O0 Olibanum; frankincense.

92

myrabolan; ink-nut,

&an) Abras

precatorius; the monk’s

§lalQelm

&5800asClen’) Helleboius niger; black

bean.

hellebore,

MQ%@ )

emigo Cucurbita hispida; pumpkin.

&6mafloo Nerium odorom; oleander.

Galm Ay

SO0 )70y Geertnera racemosa.

SRS Jatropha curcas.

€al080 Ind

SmyoBay Safflower.

Bsienm

@o%'\g:]m Sago palm.

SQeams) Sida (retusa) cordifolia.

&g jos ) wes Sweet potato; Convolvalus

2106 I

SQOR081Z0) Jasminum auricalatum.

batatas.

2l Eugq

@®s)a1 The Malabar cat-mint,

[tree.

tlnan Cur

&g 18 608, see alg |oWo.

@1 Curcuma

angustifolia; arrow-

& 6MRo Galedrupa arborea; the caranj

DN

root’

®®)gmainio Nymphia carula; the blue

M@(ﬂmﬂl:

@Qigo Aigle marmelos,

waterlily.

D60 Cas

OOd@oldm Bromelia apanas; pine-

&I )eooal) Mimosa catechu.

[tree.

Do Tahy

apple.

&@B)OMoo{leb Vitex trifolia; the chaste

O@enoal T

O dhg |d» Bitter-gourd,

& )mimn The

fan-palm;

Borassus

anise,

&S lomal Tragia involucrata ; nettle,

flabelliformis.

023810 Xan

a353aId) Plumbago; the lead-wort.

&m)gmds Convolvalus

paniculata;

(AT

ddosdo Costus spesiosus.

black biljd-wood 3

ey (g

o@9¥) ofleb Galega colonila,

g ©Q)dfmo Laurus camphora.

ericg,

O3 0YPg | Achyranthes triandra.

awens Areca catechu; the areca-nut

@20 Nymy

8&9aflaflo Cabbage.

tree.

Wn Panigy

@@83 Bdellium.

SHowomy Cloves; Kugenia caryophyl-

ULTRY

2 1@ &g | Anethum graveolens.

lata.

Dy Ci(ys

almudo Michelia champaca.

&3)ayone Spinosa longifolia.

the Digeo

alg {6080 Ceesalpinia sappan.

@ucﬂcscug:‘" The curry-leaf tree.

DBY) Byg;

210 Butea frondosa.

SQg @0 Laurus cassia.

Dy} Chry

280 Pinus longifolia.

S00w Aloe; Socotrine aloe,

%mmwo:

2\B99® ) The soap-nut.

BH0GHM @)

Hibiscus

abelmoschus;

%’3%@

2\@QIIES BP0 Casuarena tree.

musk okra.

gyrans,

o

255

L cocula; the

alloooom Mimosa octandra,

s

@18&0gdam Convolvulus turpathum ;

od,

ail@ooeio Nigella Indica.

Indian jalap.

ala.

oo’ @no Mimosa abstergens,

@GRaizcm The fir-tree,

rifolia,

2510 Greens,

N anad) Sarsaparilla.

®.a15lay Marigold.

; Bengfgl gram,

onavylwadalsoe Nariam coronarium,

Spera,

®almi®mo) Hibiscus Rosa sinensis;

mai2g]l® Jasminum sambac.

chia Indica;

the shoe-flower.

mMQ3IeE), see manad),

®.01Q.oflo Amaranthus campestres.

mqai®) Cordia myxa.

s mustard,

O.01QmM&;:o Citrus acida; the lime

mow@og | Trichos anthes anguina,

tree.

chula; yellow

mMowmead) Jatropha glauca.

®.21Qa 10 Green gram.

mowD

Mssua ferrea.

15 niger; black

mmq&é(m Calophyllum calaba.

mo2gf) Justicia nasata.

90lQaye Achyranthes lanata.

mowaigg) Bauhinia anguina.,

@.aln Arum campanulatum; a yam,

om; oleander,

Moy @lmy Saccharum spontaneum,

, C0rCas,

G.a1080 Indian corn.

m oy ®em Carpopogon

pruriens;

E3s02000V) (206mi)) Indian spikenard.

Negriba prariens; cowhage.

0; Convolvalug

£300) 1@ Myristica moschata,

o )aigjon Curculigo orchiodes.

20wy Eugenia jambola.

m)aiauese Tonidium enneospermum,

lo®o Cumin seed.

[free,

af)émsay Barin gtonia acutanglia.

B BY)@ leozoanyz) Cissus latifolia.

rea; the caralj

a3lda®@ Pentaptara arjuna.

©6@leow lad Ruellia longifolia.

arala; the blae

aigs e ) Barleria cristata.

@& Cassia (tora) alata.

HMBMAM Jalod Mimosa sirissa.

chu,

[free.

@ o Tabernemontana coronaria.

omgjles Phyllanthus emblica; the

@@dsoelo Illicium anisatum; the star

olia; the chaste

Indian gooseberry.

anise.

Im; Bomssgs

a_loileiaro, see maselo.

@@oelo Xanthochymus pictorius.

alsajeleos Snake-gourd.,

. paniculatd;

@d)woa Boerhavia diffusa; hog’s weed.,

1@ 100S) (o_;&mﬂmsﬂ) Mirabilis jalapa;

@031@s (@oari)es) Terminalia bell-

the marvel of Peru.

erica.

mphoté.

aig o@o Carica papaya.

@o2® Nymphia lotus; lotus lily,

the areca=nub

a1@jo) Bignonia longifolia.

@) Panicum Italicum; pannick-seed.

aimom)amo The cotton-tree.

© a1 Phlomis; or Leucas Indica,

alRldha QoM Bignonia cordifolia

1 ryopbyl

@aio Citysus cajan; Cajans Indicus;

a1sagg | Cissampelus hexandra,

the pigeon pea.

a0@ @) Bignonia suaveolens.

olid

@8 aV) Basil.

a0mboigg ) Bchites fruteseens.

af trees

®@.of) Chrysanthemam Indicum,

afloi®o Jasmimum grandiflorum,

BomMoImivo, see @IYOD\E9.

16 aloe,

aflawal Artocarpus integrifolia;

the

abelm030h“55

O@MIPHM3) (or @msnﬂ) Hedysaram

jack-tree.

gyrans.

o flmod) Ailanthus excelcus.

ax;myaﬂgs@ Gentiana chirayta.

@Rles Hyperanthera moringa; the

0_395 emo Terminalia alataglabra,

horse-radish tree.

Acconstics

aggd%q Parasitic plants (misleto).

@83 %) Radish,

Acid @020

Tamarindus

ajg)ano

Indica;

the

@o@a@)es Erythrina falgens.,

Adhesion c

tamarind tree,

D smalazmo Red sanders.

Ajr-pump

ag@smoai) Cauliflower.

©iA 010

Cuscus

grass; Andropogon

Aleohol EE

0 gQIRwy

Cedrela Toona;

Hibiscus

muricatum.

Alkali o

populneus; the toon tree,

2@ av) Jcymum sanctum.

Aoy )z

the silk-

ogd@ Bombax pentandra;

@BoBmQyHo Eleeocarpus lanceolatus.

Alum QBS‘

cotton tree.

Amglgan

Eloreay dl, see ®g5®a) @)

eoidleofloo Anethum feniculum;

Qlee=any, see Grallododa1nd),

Amber (ol

sweet fennel; anise.

Qim) Orris root; sweet flag.,

Antimony

Oaimm@as Aletris

hyacinthoides;

Q188 1Moo, 62 BIMB MO0,

Apparatus

Sansiviera zeylanica,

[bay-plum.

QYo oyl Brinjal.

Aqua regi

Bald» Psidium pyriferum; guava,

@0502g§) Amaranthus.

Arsenic o

sao_wmvossag%q Illecebrum sessile.

Qebza & Cayenne-pepper; cubabs,

Asbestos ¢

(@avomlens) Pederia foetida.

Q1o Musa sapientia; the plantain tree.

Atmospher

940wy Batea frondosa.

afNelnodeéaugo Vegetable marrow.,

Lton gog

6T)_oﬂga<2<ﬁvouao Pericarp.

QNelooo lalds Bread-fruit.

Attraction

(3Bodmo, s¢e aud00S),

allgn @o0)) Evolvulus alsinoides ; Blit-

QMG

@gégcgcﬁfﬂo The birch.

., [wood,

oria termalia,

Balloon )

m&bﬂa@ Artimesia austriaca; worm-

afl)emo Blackwood; Dalbergia lati-

Baromefer

[folia,

2e6m5) Jatropha mainhot; Bengal

%)(Bcﬁfnog) oo Orchard.

Bage-noty

maddar,

©Q1gmo©i@) Bignonia Iudica.

Beacon ol

auy@)&o Dill.

®ai6m @@ Hedysarum gangeticum,

Beer anfl

2oss \weg The tapioca plant,

oaicess Lady’s finger; okra,

[betel.

Bezoargty

2oason® The tree-turmeric; Curcuma

4

Q001108905 ) The betel vine; Piper

Zanthorrhiza,.

oape @) Cucumis sativus; cucumber.

Blue vitrig

2e13:00 Vangueria spinosa.

eamg .oy Heleotropium Indicum; the

Borax 9o

eeimoess) Sida lanceolata.

Indian turnsol.

[tree.

Buly Qg

osma mooeor Citrus medica.

8aug |2@0 The Neem-tree; the margosa

BuOyancy é

20@as Gall-nut,

(R@oaId) Asperagus racemosa.

Calcination

@oe1o)) Jasmimum grandiflorum.

@) Mimosa suma.

Calome] o

@00) Mangifera Indica; the mango

wotlajgo Clitoria ternatea.

Cﬂpﬂlary 4

tree.

@ laamyilas) Heliotrope.

Catphoy (s

25809021) Knolkhol.

MUegoe Lettuce.

Gﬂmphor (

@@5)o Horse-gram.

“B@% Helianthus; the sun-fower.

o,

g@ds Buchanania latifolia.

ay@epealo Heliotrope.

C&T‘l)On o

Note.

Wherever possible the common names have been given in preference

Carbay

to the scientific Latin terms, and in some cases both have beén given.

Sl

257

AR

0tinga: thy

2.

Chemistry and Physiecs.

Accoustics w_lm'\(/ao@o.

Centre of gravity caimndehem easgo.

Acid ®ogo.

Centrifugal force @@ @all@dhemo; 3

€08,

S

Adhesion ogo%bcﬁménsmo.

@roc]) 0o,

Air-pump @808 AT0.

Centripetal force @& modahemo; @

Avdropogon

Alcohol @8y Vo o.

@(Dg) (O

Alkali ®emomo.

Chalk afeno@agd; @.a108s .

fm

Alloy dlywig.

Chalybeate ®@REWoHeMf)s)ea@ow.

s lanceolatus,

Alum Smsﬂauemmo.

Chemical combination aemf)ememo.,

00 ),

Amalgam a RO FHUID.

Chemistry @IV QVo;

@aVLIMYo;

bojom'].

851200,

Amber @smzsm'\.d

fag.i

Antimony sulphide ®avoaflmoemmo.

Chimney ¢gaimogl; aj&dewab.

M0G0,

Apparatus qVo2)); @M.

[@@Dpo.

Chromatics mg'%uao@o.

Aqua regia @00:8001&0.

Chronometer @o2mog); @dal@oaim

Arsenic a19e106mo.

Cinnabar @&m0-19080; EaVAS)Cgo.

1 cubabs,

Clarion 92080,

Asbestos &anomo; &eb.alemo,

plantain tree,

Cohesion @ e ahemo.

Atmosphere @Q®IW0; LILMO; QWY

jle marzow,

Atom mweno.

[@smwelo.

Concave 9801&I0RIW; o JSISIOAIN,

t

Attraction @@ ahemo.

a. of gravity

Couductors (a)8Qius )& emdb.

Al IS ahemo.

inoides; Blit-

Conductors, bad @@emuﬂ&mda.

Balloon @g@waiqy; @g@se@omo.

Conductors, good (T\;@csojcfcﬂcﬁ)mdo.

lbergia lafis

Barometer @g&owemonion@ oo,

Contraction ®y&emimNo; AVEH:0.al0.

[folia,

Convex @zboédago&hom@om); m, 6 o.

Basge-note (Doé](bua%o.

fioa.

Beacon @0 @0weslalo.

Corrosive sublimate eauoafloaioes

gangeticum.

6rmo.

Beer enfl@’, @aimyo.

rao [betel.

-

Bezoar-stone @uc@moaiMo.

Crayon o0& ; mel'é®.

1 vine; Piper

Blue vitriol @@oosmRmo; 2w)@dm@no.

Crucible gw; OO@ERAVIQIDE aT).

cacumber.

-

Borax ©a10::,000; So&emo.

Decomposition ojosnemo; afleiwo.

[udicun; the

Bulb Gwg gelo.

Depression ®0Qi@HMmai6mo.

[fres.

Buoyancy g j0Qimnwa & ).

Dilatation (@gjav@ermo.

s the marg0sh

Calcination oySa10&o.

Echo (@yafl@vaad); @sonef.

0em0sh

Calomel QUG | 0.

Elasticity (@)@ ) Joaadato; ud)

@ )Nt 0.

ted,

Capillary attraction @& wodahemo,

Electric arec ofle @Ucraggu 4

Camphor (sumatra) a3Sabég'| o,

Camphor (Borneo or China) Q.Jg:yﬁvg’%

Electric battery Oﬂ,@% SEWIo,

@0,

Electric current afla, @ aloo.

un-fover:

Carbon ®0owI®o.

Electric induction afe an)@alwo.

i

Carbonic acid ®0owIIG0,.

jn preferen®®

Electric machine O‘ﬂg’;} DM .alHo.

7en

17

—

—

258

Electricity aflg) o) &),

Gum, lac GdooiRds.

Microscope

Electricity, negative enomooe, @ .

Gum, storax @PEMOB0.

%957.

Gum, colophony aiamo.

Microphon

Electricity, positive e;oa.\o.ﬂgo,@".

Electrode, aila,mog).

Hydrochloric acid weosyBoaiso,

Molecule @

Electrode, negative eniadlanog).

Hydrogen £3p183010).

Monad bod

Motion

Electrode, positive mamanog).

Hydrolics .aleimyeiaf)emomo.

Musical no

Electrolysis aile ® a1 8o,

Hydrometer s2e101@)@0018:@ QD)0 ; €385

202307,

Nitre ug

Electroscope oﬂgggc}é‘lcrﬂ.

Element gelo; wog; gelaiay.

Hygrometer @ga@ia s (Q0o.

Nitrie acic

Elevation o @&fa16mo.

o 180!

Impenetrability @owg)o.

Energy (o)Qicomwsdie ).

Inertia onud)@))weo@ay@ Jto.

Nitrogen

Energy, conservation of (od1))weove i@

Incenerator EmylaEeM®(Vo.

(bservator

@Jdo.

Inorganic aleyg)alofewarw.

Optics gab

Energy, dissipation of vosrilal) @o.

Organic o

Lactometer guzvacaaad).

Energy, potential a’)eamaivesr).

Orpiment ¢

Energy, transmutation of vosm)(@ald

Lamp-black (9e0g@o.

Oxydation

ado.

Latent heat We@ajoomo.

Layden jar Gei)awab coemo.

Oxygen (o

Equilibrium aqvasioom; aoas@orimo.

neutral

oaradlmaim

Lead &0 )@o.

Pengulun

Equilibrium,

Penumbra

o

Lead sulphide o@avoeRmo; @R

Pereussion

Equilibrinm, stable cudleasmmo.

ﬁﬂ%.

Lens &o.alo,

Phonograp

Equilibrium,

unstable ®RoUC )AL

Mo

Lens, concave @@L 07312 @ho.alo.

Phosphorus

Ether (liquid) a0)2BaJo.

Lens, convex @28RL)oan@&i.alo.

Photograph

@; Qi

Expansion ail&oqvo.

Lens, crystal (TBg'ya)omno.

Physicg (X

Experiment

@8@0(00;

@ Q0o

Ql

Lens, double convex ®@aQli&o.nlo.

d)em.

Lever ®&®@0OQa100; 9 GOMILINEHMULO0;

Piston gy

Pirat qfly,

© L1V Vo.

Extension %90.&9.

Plaster of |

Flask aswlag]).

Lightning conductor oﬂgd@o_omﬂ.

Plummet o

Fluid BaBayjo.

Liquid @m@oc:bo.

Liquor ammonia MQIaLonBral&o.

Poeumggiog

Fuleram @guoo®o; @RoITRoBE0.

Load-stone &o0Ma10¢I6mo.

Porosity )

Gamut Vo, av-i@o.

Ray &g

Locomotion arXOIMIAD) @ UAAMo.

Ginger

beer EPBHOIVo; &lemd

Ray

v

y Penci

enfld.

Locus an)UIMo.

Reflectiop

reen vitriol GEANEEE); MOEGNIAV ;

Magnet @oewozen’); @o@aysa®o.

Reﬂection 0

oS lavo.

Magnetic attraction &AM ahemo.

Refactioy

Gum of)eavo; e,

Mercury ©@Vo; alo@@o (80).

Repmsion (

Gum arabic (QQD.

Mercury sulphide .aloa@)ajo.

Retort

Y

Mica @08E®0; QuMe Mg,

Gum, bfanzoin aoo@06m3 .

—

Gty

259

Miocroscope

0

Sal ammoniae MAIALIR0; NAIGMIDO

%osﬂ.

chcsB:ec}amm)@g B

Salt peter @QJS']QQJ&_A.

Microphone TP IR QD)o.

Boaé,

Molecule ain@i6m.

Sand bath adl&mo@vo.

Siphon @ @amaien?); ax@®@mog).

Monad body @R EES) QM.

Snow flake alom elo,

Mo

Motion w@); wamo.

Solid caimBao.

W0, ey

Musical note aV_10o; @0,

Spectrum Qignmpademo.

Nitre aveg;)@oamomo, HaIS)Qgl.

W00

Spectrum, solar &avVOEMYEBMO.

Nitric acid @oIBMIEBIQI0; SIS

Wa 1Braydno,

Speculum 8g'jemo.

Still @R ®QD0; MIGPIAV..

o

Nitrogen @.aa\o&o.

Subacid @oaiego,

(s,

Observatory mam@enimasay,

Sublimate aim®o.

NWAIWs

Optics 880 (Mo

Organic queflaiall@m@erw.

Sublimation @rs@b_m.m@mo.

)

Orpiment cO® ) moal0; @RAE)®oMo.

Sulphur ¢OMSo; DAWaIOEeMO.

Oxydation 30@6mo.

Sulphur, cream of &MEGs UMW 0.

Sulphur, flower of WS M.

BIBMO.

Oxygen (@)oemMQioy.

Sulphur, ruby osmwoweo.

Pendulum @enaimo; geioaiesmuyo.

Penumbra elsmp-o@ow.

Sulphuric acid wMWSBQIG0.

o @OSEAM

Percussion auaseaiomo,

Telegraph gesaIQIM@EY0; Gmil®

Phouograph wouad)eaiaiad),

8:\”’1’

Phosphorus g |9a06mo; (0)&0ws ).

Telegram & miloicmemo.

%ens./ﬂo.

)@@3.&]01

Photograph @@@mo@@m%o; a)®.al)

Telephone gowyeM@@o.

o

@o; ile 8 a))o.

Telescope §RBAMPAYo; aflneswd.

Physics (@& lweoyo.

Tension @@ ).

QIé0alo,

Piston @mowa?).

Tin ©0igg|Wo; Qisko.

AMRIMBATL0;

Pivot allaicomeslalo.

Triad body @aVEmem&o.

Plaster of Paris &q.|nUd)al.

Vacuum &)émo.

Plummet eloemiay@o.

Valve oi)uoimo.

Pneumatics aioqoao.

Vapour eniogro.

0B

Porosity 6210 MW @.

Velocity wa)eaimnm.

060:

Ray soemo.

Verdigris mog®so; 8-

(2000

Ray, pencil of ®RowyeR0alo.

Water-pump £@2102006M®Q00.

Reflection of light @“’ﬂ_;;}éow'

Wedge 00063,

g

Reflection of solind (@yoyl@vaasl,

e

Refraction of light Q@5 loem@.to.

White arsenic teogja0m106mo.

) (B")'

Repulsion Q))@ahemo.

Yeast mymozsmuo.

R‘etort UMW QD)o

Zinc ©@oMIBho,

]gjo.

Km;@rl.

17

ity

e

260

Al Sul

Malayélam.

Aﬂm@sgﬂﬁ)'f

Ha | U)ol Plaster of Paris,

@R SsQD0 A still.

%snb@g%mo

amiloog joad Telegraph.

Menuy

@U@ Impeunitrability.

enemmancd Lead sulphide; Galena.

amiuomamo Telegram.

AN

®06o Atom.

SHWOQAII, See O CTMILIMNEEMUO.

annemo 0!

S00em) Wedge.

@0 6m 10dch6m Cohesion.

Qoo 8¢

@oawanog) The positive electrode.

&oalafle,@ Positive electricity.

Mo Expt

@naimMyoco Fulerum.

&0alo Lens.

oogarlso ¥

SHoama 19 oemo Lioad-stone,

®06ES) a1y Monad body.

O lone0a

SIS hemo Magnetic attraction,

@ns@ao Mica,

@msa@mc

®@rgo Acid.

oS )wo Lead,

DRNT(0,

@ cwiemailuelen@ow Chalybeate

Soeipsaino Chronometer.

elle Craj

@peIAem | Magnet.

@ocfa'\ceg&ﬂ Flask.

memaen

Soadlavo see DIRISHIAV .

HOMERMC

@oods Gumlac.

@RenaMm& o Gfum storax.

&oa0so Clarion.

(ONEhre

@b )eatmmo Unstable equilibrium

& oemo Ray.

Bgmm §

@ QI8sMmaiano Depression.

@&néc%oe:omzom) Convex.

alv2m0

®Pow®Igo Carbonic acid.

B&r@ @) U0, & Afl@dhemo Centri-

@0owndmo Carbon.

fugal force.

g@@mﬁc

@(OGP_‘.&J‘(Y\(

@powyeRoalo Pencil of rays.

BB @I ahemo Centripetal force.

@& wodhanemo Capillary attraction.

gogaT

@YY ahemo Attraction.

gébui(nyo

@Y IE®IRINW(o Barometer,

;e 1&H@QYe Hygrometer,

BBayo

@0 &owalalto Beacon,

oMo Alkali.

B81WoEa,

QoMo Balloon.

6) lsmw.0I® Penumbra.

Wop Ele

@Q&owo The atmosphere; ether.

@) Motion.

Baymog)

e@ga:emano Contraction.

woleaimwa Velocity.

(ORET

®Q@® ) Tension.

naWSBooude Sulphuric acid.

odleay

@BV Ginger beer.

wawoeelo Flowers of sulphur

3 m@&r@a

EQWomo Fulecrum

wmbdo Sulphur.

{

MM

@R B&dMERIa) 0 Photograph.

WBayogno Latent heat,

i

mwrﬂioro‘

@Q_‘D(oa@aoaﬁ’ Green vitriol.

(9a0¢y@o Lam p-black.

|

Midho Zin

enago Subacid.

BwoB8Mmo.alNo Bezoar.

m’\i@dﬁgm

Q_aﬁx@@mmmﬁo Elevation.

8w @8alo Bulb.

gl

o @beaga e Siphon.

wo€lowenio Base-note.

TV

o Gomorimasmwo Lever.

OQICT)@QC_!JO Solid.

0 R2EIdIPAIw Concave.

aQIMIG ah M BB (30

The centre of

il

saaSlnaimmo Neutral equilibrium

gravity.

oIS aemo Attraction of gravity.

g_)_'!)@:o.\n_m@mo Sublimation.

Mgﬁ&'

woaflay

hanoro Asbestos.

2 Jaimpeiailegsmomno Hydrolies.

s

261

.

o &o sublimate.

.g_\omﬂmdo Sulphide of Mercury.

aflnéswad Telescope.

1o Gum colophony.

1is,

anaene Molecule.

2y Sab& '| @0 Sumatra cawphor.

Ji}

o130 Hydrogen.

alicalyh EpUo Amalgam.

2QELIBVIPEM®(QYo Water-pump.

a_10b6mo Arsenic.

ngémlll);

2906mo Oxydation.

allaosanoe Valve.

SoH6Mo, $€€ HaIoghoMo.

aJ®o{)@o Photograph.

clricity,

0) Qoo Experiment.

ajSalodo Caleination,

@o@®s g0 Verdigris.

QJSIHIVAIW s€€ 0 BRINIAIN,

one,

@ lajoeoemo Phosphorus.

ajlndnemo Decomposition.,

attraction,

@ @060 Blue vitriol. .

q.édaeo@voihmo Adhesion.

60108000 Borax.

I\

©@ LWV, sEe ©BMMIAINEsMIO.

@ el Crayon.

(@)@owe)@o Phosphorus.

memaen’) Amber.

(@@ aJpasdoto Elasticity.

HOMERAVIAIED )3) Cruecible.

(@@ wo@go Physics.

@avgem&o Triad body.

9w Reflection of light.

@mﬂ

6X

Bgyemo Speculum,

lay@)evaa’) Reflection of soun@;echo.

@Uwan.lm'\ Lactometer.

(@)8WI0, see DYO.

o Centri

C

G @ eodo Bad conductors.

oM Usr) Energy.

gReaIRIN(o Telegraph.

(g@o_ufcﬂ@umdo Conductors.

al force,

(@)avEemMo Dilatation.

atteaction,

§RUYUINR (Yo Telephone.

(@0emaly Oxygen.

meter

gabwo(yo Optics.

@OJ(BOE;JO Fluid ; liguid.

gJoQIM e ) Buoyaney .

@

g8.a®osmdho Diad bodies.

AN Vo@D A still; retort.

entaclanog) Negative electrode,

W@ Element.

10 AW, @ Porosity.

Ugaamog) Chimney.

w.ax3)8aieia’d) Phonograph.

en0g o0 Steam; vapour.

acid.

w_lm'\uaa@o A ccousties.

@ng’\@memw(n@o Incinerator.

alphur,

M em@oenme ey Observatory.

Q]EJ avomo Alcohol.

MQITLIREBIQIS0 Liquor ammonia.

2R m’\%@»o_ruo Concave lens.

QI Sal ammoniac,

a@@g) s @m&o.alo Convex lens.

mModho Zine,

22008 o Aqua regia.

a?eemaivoda | Potential energy.

dlgyuw Alloy,

o mglala e e Inorganic.

@iy, see .

a3 lomo Locus.

@ Crucible.

ome] @ meo Cream of sulphur.

Qi 0.0 Double convex lens.

» centre O

f

m,6n) o Convex,

@ai2g)o, WAIMY®O Beer; Porter,

a_l.21®g 1 ®o Borneo or China camphor,

Qamwawdo Ruby sulphur.

of gravity

asenf)@é©emo Chemical combination,

namadoo Cinnabar.

jrolicss

—

i

262

QMO q | @0 Calomel

OIS QY

Salt petre.

Ansntapur

®a1S ) QYg |Boaido Nitric acid.

Antatctic €

OAV®Yo; PAVWLI(MYo Chemistry

@AVAY)ago, see P@m0100mo

®aies’ o, see QIsho

Antaretic ¢

@VIRMo, S€e BERM Endd

oo G osoameo Transmutation

of

Arcot €08

Aretic o0

Mo Mercury

energy

Aretic circl

@82 3HI0SHRW@o Air-pump.

© &)1y @o Dissipation of energy.

®\amo Vacuum,

DB ) RO I D) Lo

Conservation

of

Aurora @0

£ 10emoaile,@ Negative electricity

energy

Aurora bor

ce1lawadb @iemo Leyden jar.

woeBo01&o Hydrochloric acid

Balasore o

woa10Eemo White arsenic.

Bay o ey

@alaido, Gelor1dsmuoe Pendulum,

Bedar 0fle

alotnITy@o Plummet

VKo @eo®@ Organie

Benaris @

Ql®mog Siphon.

AU 1IN0, See swcus'lcsya__é

Beror allo

aispo Tin

Q¥ AV 1o Gamut.

Berhampor

Qignues(Tye Chromatics,

aQLAB®ILIMN0, TVABIOD® Ethbmum

LAl mo Percussion

Bhagulpur

Qlgnapavemo Spectrum

QU )&@I (o Sand-bath

Bhurtpore

anQa@do Pneumatics

Bhutan e

afléahemo Repulsion,

@GQJU:Q@;G‘GBOO Good cunductors,

ayoosmwo Yeast

Bihar afla

ail@oavo Expansion

TyEpeem@@Emoe Microscope

Bimlipatan

all@smaiwoam) Kinetic energy.

Birbhum ¢

RSP @M R0 Microphone.

afle @e.osnﬂ Lightning conductor.

Black Sea

allg, 8 sewoiwo Electric battery

g oamo Crystal lens.

OaUNEMRYBreMo Solar spectrum.

Burdwan ¢

Q_ﬂe 8, So Electric cell.

oavnaleaisasemo Corrosive subli-

Bureaucra

afle

ce(aﬂ Electricity.

mate.

(aloutty

aile,s 180 Electrolysis.

®auoafloiemmo Antimony-sulphide.

Caliont 66

alle, @y @ ai@o Electric machine.

aNIMIaD) RUIBMo Locomotion

Canara &

onud) o) lweoe i@ to Inertia

ailg,gu8)ad) Electroscope.

Cannanorg

b o lnunseadéoto Elasticity

ale @vaegy Electric arc

Carnatio ¢

aile,anog) Electrodes.

aus leasmao Stable equilibrium

Cape om

afe, an)@aiwo Electric induction

av S )& @0 Alum

Cape com

auv.imo Musical note.

ale (@).219@0 Electric current.

Capital o

aNoicrmmeslelo Pivot

Celesti

aQ @ @oalo Orpiment

Chandrgp,

allelwo,” see ajlndn@Mo.

a0)em elo Snow-flake.

afenomlagd Chalk,

aGl2Bato Ether (liquid)

Chicaeo]

Chlngg DU

3

Geography

Chittal g

Cholg g,

Absolute monarchy aUIGEDIL,E)

Allahabad Qis@emaQi@o.

@o

Amroati ®@A®IQID)

Climate ¢

Cockiy g,

Aleppey (BTge.le__tlw

Amritsar @O AVREY

i AL

263

—

Anantapur @mMama j@o.

Coimbatore & oweRmiznd

acid,

Antarctic 8eailemea@go.

Coleroon &&0gSo,

Antaretic circle 8oa)emuyQiGoal.

Comet (RACHD.

mutation of

Arcot (BTgcémSu.

Covjeveram &o6@fla j@o.

Arctic 9 cEOEHM0.

Coosy, the @018,

f energy,

Arctic circle 9 oW QIBRAI.

Cudalore aweyd.

ervation of

Aurora ER@EEMIB®o.

Cuttack ®S®o.

Degree @2tno.

Aurora borealis (g.gq.xeﬂo_:o.

a0l

Balasore eniaflwearo.

Degree, a minute &al9.

senic,

Bay 9 doaasab.

Degree, a second Qil&al.

Bedar afnaeo.

Do,

Democracy (@)230(@)8 ®-lo.

Benaris QI006mMaV).

Delhi & @3(eyorano.

SW‘QH’

Berar almoSo.

Desert 2@; am@EaA).

Bquilibriom,

Berhampore @nja@a j®o,

Doulagiri coaig ¢3)@).

Dowlatabad @2a1e3)@).

Bhagulpur @eown@030.

Bhurtpore @omajmo.

Dwaraka 810080,

»

unductors,

Bhutan 2:8388wo.

Equator 2RL; e,

Bihar ailatowo.

Equator, celestial 80y 0a& amo,

ope

Bimlipatam &)@ )aigemo.

Equatoral regions o3 loomeswemde,

Birbhum aflo@2).

ophone,

Equinox aflegato.

Black sea, the &@)ssSaeb.

Equinox, antumnal ailegaigo.

ofrum,

Burdwan Q)R0@9Ma JRo.

[on

Equinox, summer @d'asﬂsa,m)@ao;

rosiva. subli-

Bureaucratic govt. @003)@QY) @wesr0

© ODIVMo.

Calcutta o92°)ogiso.

Equinox, vernal @a00afl®g1i8o; a0@)

Calicut @&96)8E90S .

o180

:

\y-sulphide.

otion,

Canara &anSo.

Equinox, winter 280 8 oa0)); 86

6MIWMa.,

&

Cannanore asécqgrb; @agp)ogcb.

Exports

SHWOI)] EPWHIMN .08

oty

Carnatic &omMISHo.

SHd

ibrinm,

Cape gm.

Feudatory chiefs quI2a®IRIGCRAID.

Cape comorin &m) 08203 ).

Capital @meiaonomo.

Feudatory states a0Iaam©oe3, 0B,

Celestial equator @Qj 92, Hfno.

Fossil gg}om'@m o.

Chandranagore .2)(@3N U Mo.

Ganges, the wowoma).

Chicacole ¢®)®®8o0.

Geography (§8w03 0o,

Chingelput .ofl®m@caig.

Godavery, the @uoz001@)NE)

Chittaldrug al@ggg0.

Gogra, the cmmo%gcr'neﬁ.

Chola @108 @Iy, 0.

Goomty, the SwIAMD)).

Climate 82woallGuwoio.

Ghauts, the oalgo.

Cochin ©)&0.0i).

Ghauts, the Eastern o ygieaiso

Pty

264

e

Ghauts, the Western ou@fl@acaiso.

Mangalore @owoeloajro.

Petroleum U

Gulf @ hoasmbd.

Manipur @em)ajoo.

Point, s¢e o

Mansurwar @oonNQLAVEAY.

Pole

Gujerat £ AV 0.

Gunduk, the wmwss).

Pole, the o

Marble @enildler; Oaimeay .

Hurdwar cod)etomo.

Masulipatam @.o{)lallaagemo.

Pole, the S0

Hill aar.

Mediterranean BRY) @06m) 0&).

Pole star @

Hurricane .a\@omo; (@)semmad.

Mercara 2S)889® ).

Pondicherry

Meridian e1@@U),o0.

Hymalayas, the adl@oai@aiqijmo.

Port g0 0

Import mossan axoda& .

Mica @0EE®o.

Pulicat aje

Indus, the alayme)

Midnapore 8a&)a’lajwo.

Punjab, the

oo,

Irawadi &0 @0QId)),

Mirage a@).all®d; guwm)

am

Quilon 0

Island 8flay.

Monghir gD,

Ragahmunc

Isthmus & lsos; MVoB@EA).

Mountain aQlj@o.

o)

Red Sea, it

Mountain peak a)QjmusleEo;

Jaipur gam')o.gmo.

(@owo.

Republic (

Jasper Q& oo,

River mé)

Jumna, the @@mome),

Mysore @ad)ae1omy®o.

River, bra

Kailas eea@eri0av00.

Nagpur mowmajmo.

River, left

Kashmir &;océ\mo.

Narsapur anavIA j@o.

River, righ

Nasik aemiois).

Katmandu &oeg@08)0

River, trib

Kaveri, the 81,

Negapatam mowaisemo,

Ruby aun

Kolair e@ogjod.

Nellore ongy d.

Nepaul @mavgo.

Sadras

Konkan, the e&86mE8wao.

Nerbuda, the cnz@somnd),

Saidapet 6

Krishna, the ganomd).

Salenite o

Nuddea anaie_flao.

Lake @so®o, avegy .

Saphire g

oo o; a3leaial

Oasis emacRY) pe8 ©g)mualo.

Lapis-]azu]i

Alo.

Satellite o

Ocean U@ Bo.

Latitude @ &MBna),

Oligarchy @PgERM(EI2®lo; @RI

Sardonyx

Sea &sal,

Latitude, degree of ®®Mmooweo.

mow’\o_mc})o.

Seringapat

Latitude, parallels of @0 ameyoo

Orissa 8020 GB2wo.

Shimuga (

Longitude @yQi®o.

Oudh EREWIRY,; GMoaval.

Lucknow pi8meemo.

Palamcottah 2108 @@ s,

Sindh o)

Sivalik ¢f

Madura @uUo.

Palar, the caoend.

Skateg of

Mahableshwar @a006nief)we 100,

Palghaut 010818905 .

Sledgeg o

Mahe aqg¥).

Parhelion @W% oc’rB@nb; crgg'yo@om)o.

Malabar @p12080; GHEBo.

Patriot qv.aGeweE)@)); aV_IGBLEIMD

Snowflake

Slstiog f

Maldah QlowdBBweo.

©003), VIGBLEEM.

3011, the

Malprabha, the Zaom%@@omeﬁ.

Peninsula @peLe_fay; e fay@elo.

Malwa @208 Q..

Pennar, the eaagmod.

Sriﬂagar (

Manantody @mnamaios),

Penner, the afmoasladlme),

265

Sx ey

Petroleum w)e10®o@elo; 20gmen.

Strait @selses .

Point, see cape.

Subanrekha, the myaigneaIME].

b

Pole wyaind.

Subterranean ®RADEE0R0.

Ao

j

Pole, the North o omowyaab.

Sundribans myoadlasmo.

Mo,

Pole, the South eeailemyauiab.

Suvarnadrag myaigngigo.

)

Pole star ()i &m@o; Nam@ema).

Tanjore @emoaj@o.

Pondicherry o o@(pd).

Tapti, the ®aia)).

Port @0o; @ogelo.

Telingana ®@ell®omo.

Pulicat ajefless.

Tellicherry @ei@up).

Punjab, the asmmneo.

0

Theocracy 0o 40SHODH®-lo.

Quilon &@9g0.

Tinvevelly o @meamabeaiail.

Ragahmundry ©IRABO@I Mo

Topaz o_ﬂfm(mscao.

Red Sea, the ®.aimsSabd,

Tornado omyemaiy.

luo; 1)

Republic (@R )g@lo; ()R lal

Town aig6mo; MWEo; ojlo.

River m&).

[@)0.

Tranquebar @EBHaIS).

River, branch of weogiome),

Travancore @ )m dﬂ@m(@ d.

River, left bank of easilemo’)o.

Trichinopoly @ )gglmoaseg).

River, right bank of @ @@} o.

Trichur @lglaicg |@o.

River, tributary of Gaoasmd),

Trivandrum @ )@IMaMaj®o.

Ruby a1020000; @waoemmono.

Tropics @M EBX.

Sadras m@mowaigemo.

Tropic of cancer 9 @OIWMo.

Saidapet ® v ecas.

Tropic of capricorn 8&ilemMomo.

Salenite )& oo,

Tungabudra, the @owEBINE).

Saphire @e0005)elo; @@ lato.

\

QI

Turquois ©9QIAYPo; aOB)®go.

Satellite ® aa0o.

Udayapura gewa jmo.

Sardonyx 8woG28&0.

Ujjain @ mplat); anaad),

.do; OB

Sea &Sab.

Seringapatam (¢25)@owaIgEMo.

Vedavati, the saug0a1)).

Vellore (SOJ%&).

Shimuga w)agel).

)

Vizagapatam ailuweosinisemo.

Sindh m’)mmp%o.

S

Sivalik w)Qi8eIeI00IQ ™0,

Vizianagaram oils®@mwo.

Skates a0)@a 10286080,

White Sea, the alo@ba:Swb.

Sledges ®0.0@WomeBdk.

Zodiac, signs of the @yu3); @) o.

Zones Gralaiédo,

w@agam.

Snowflakes aG)am alo.

ORCEG

Solstice @P@MNIM0; o)),

Zone, the frigid 6w caalal,

Son, the av.gnme).

Zone, the temperate woameaaiel.

l:]a‘;@,go,

Srinagar ®lmwmo.

Zone, the torrid g9 oncralal.

8,

P

266

et

_,,ﬂ{@@@o (h

Malayalam.

oS Th

BN smeoes Latitude.

&HSad Sea.

L

BRamjoo Parallels of latitude.

e d Cannanore.

Bwo oo J

B EMo0weo A degree of latitude.

SanSo Canara.

@oeLafay Peninsula.

(0)sm0a, )00

&m) o&@0©) Cape Comorin,

@RI a joo Anantapur.

SWOS) EPRAM 2lRes®d Exports

.

mSdo Liak

o) The

@y mwoauan Burocracy.

SHOMISHho Carnatic.

BROM6OEI20 Subterranean.

& @ ®mSaed The Black Sea.

00m0S)

®8EoHo Mica.

&o6mi)a oo Conjeveram.

@A}@%(C’] T

@PAMIQId)) Amroati,

®08a1@) The Cauvery.

MRINIMo

@Bg®AVEAV A mritsar.

omomaie

ﬂ:ocaq(oo Kashwir.

@o@mesd The Tropics.

OB

@o&g@aeﬂmo Katmandu.

®RWMIMo Solstice,

&og’loaigo Calcutta.

dmaflog

@G csvo@g Oudh.,

<an Hill.

0% 00ga

@R@CMIRWo Aurora.

[chy.

S&H30 Malabar,

o228y 1

@RESRM) (@) ®-10)tSlaadyo Oligar-

0> a10aVo Mount Kailas,

oty

@0 1a%) Ujjain.

o memo The Konkan.,

aoellsim:

B0 0 Bhagulpur.

®&9.o{) Cochin.

@W%Wmom

@T@ém@ Arcot,

0 &0g1So Coleroon,

Reatlma

(81@&1%9? Aleppey.

o&ogod Kolair.

ecﬁmﬁsm:g%r.

80 aslalo Saphire.

®&ogjo Quilon,

Bﬁﬁﬂémw

O (@3(@J)A00 Dehli,

eoovwpmmd Coimbatore.

8atlemyg

& @2a1af) The Irrawadi.

850188905 Calicut.

G801s)e)

P OSIAN alRdeS h Imports.

Gdhoqual, see EPEWIRL).

810080 Dy

0 Vo oiyo-to Theocracy.

®&0ws)as) The Coosy.

e.ﬂl]ﬁ)eio

8.0lo) Toa

O &y @ 3) Ujjain.

6)_\@% o Meridian.

Howss) The Gunduk.

Wag )

290 crm@oc_g)o Fossil.

2o O8H 30 Arctic.

waweyd Cadalore.

(B@Gﬂ»@ (

2 omoEyaicd The north pole.

@uosoai®) The Godavery

Waan Lo

8woadt) The Goomty.

2 ooWBral The Arctic Circle

Wkl

9 oo Mo Tropic of cancer.

BwoG228&o0 Sardonyx.

Qg

@e®ajmo Udaipur.

nonomE) The Ganges.

Wanh T

2 a1aeo Satellite.

OQlso The ghauts.

mﬁﬁ@@:

92 o @aaial The torrid zone.

oy a0y Tornado.

M0 Toy

2 Rd»Sod Bay; Gulf.

2 1S oo Hurricane.

ma? Rivey,

630@ @Rwoo Orissa.

al@ ®awaigsamo Sadras.

Mmagy Ty,

&5 )SH TV B, @0 The summer equinox.

2)M SO0 Salenite.

mm(ﬂqua

HSdho Cuttack.,

a@mM oo Chandranagore.

m%&) Xelh

@sellsen strait.

all®mab@ais Chingelput.

mme.ﬂm(

267

s

A @gggo Chittaldrug.

maaigemo Negapatam,

O.o\®Sad The Red-Sea.

momajdo Nagpar,

@.a_\o@mo%o Chola.

mlosmesweasd Equatorial regions.

A @a oo Jaipur.

adleennaelo Lapis-lazuli.

@mo@mo Tanjore.

a_lemmao The Punjab.

;()a Exports,

Sodo Lake.

a16@11S) Nasik,

@aa®) The Tapti.

alS6mMo, see MU Mo.

@o®aus) Tranquebar.

Q102090 Ruby.

[peak.

@a18¢p@) Tellicherry.

&J(}Q@(@owo

or

w)aimo

Mountain

@AIM00Mo Capital.

aaQi@mo Mouvtain.

@ meomadeasal) Tinnevelly.

a1@N@caige Western ghauts.

@ @AM j®o Trivandrum

010018905 Palghat.

@ malloogd Travancore.

a10g),S5@ The White Sea.

@0, ®ogealo Port.

a10e19d The Palar.

@owEBs The Tungabadra.

aonoea’) The Pennar.

@ggqo_lé’g:\@(b Trichur.

o_ﬂ@oceo Topaz.

o@eilmomo Telingana.

aj®@RA) Pondicherry.

a)a@sos Pulicat.

@)gg)noasgg) Trichinopoly.

®alsmod The Pennar.

Benilemes@o Antarctic.

[ele.

8omlemwaisoel The Antarctic cir-

BGoloam&mea) Tributary.

gaaflemyaich The south pole.

(@)Roy2 @0 Republic.

61 Jand Masulipatam.

8@ )emowmo Tropic of capricorn.

8eaius)@) Dowlatabad.

eniaflve_t@o Balasore.

10089 Dwaraka.

enigyo®) Bellary.

8_flaa®gyo Peninsula.

@)a2a@> The Brahmaputra.

8.flay Island.

ejaRa oo Berhampore.

Waig @) Doulagiri.

(Somaj®o Bhurtpore.

(B@@)@ Comet.

&)z aisemo Bimlipatam.

@yaido Longitude.

8w woo(Tgo Geography.

@alato Aurora borealis.

@& oav s, o] Winter equinox.

Wamam@o The Pole-Star.

aoilefaigemo Masulipatam.

@b The Poles.

2@ Mercara.

M em@E@em3d) The Pole-Star

@6m)ajmo Manipur.

oo Town.

@6m)walal Marble.

ma) River.

awo Madura.

nas The Nerbuda.

BRLY) D6 96) The Mediterrancan Sea.

2@V, 3oat The Equator.

METVIa oo Narsapur.

mpay d Nellore.

og) Mahe.

maia_flato Nuddea.

2®).alleo Mirage.

= 3

Gapy & Vellore.

om, o®EA) A desert.

P@ACRY 288 ©Q) aunalo An Oasis.

G)G)O_I(‘L@@o Lapiz-lazuli; Turquois.

Adjective 0

peiwogo Malabar.

Qlotn@Ruao Maldah.

Adjective 1

@a0mb(e)8Im&] The Malprabha.

oetomne) Branch of a river.

Adverd @

220903 )alo Saphire.

wian@easel The Temperate Zone.

Q)qw(fbﬂ

@a00emeila joo Mahableshwar.

wlansnemelo Petroleum.

Adverbial

2a00Qi)ea,80 Vernal equinox.

wagal) Shimaga.

2ol l@omya o Mysore.

wim Vm

vlaseeiaalgi@o The Sivalik range.

Allpgory. @

29B68wo Bhutan.

00wy 82aia The Frigid Zone.

Alliteratio

20 al1os) Manantody.

Bwoosmm®No Ruby.

20NaVaVE

Lake Mensurwara.

Alphabet

@ @&go Chicacole.

Ambiguity

@08 ) Malwa.

@ Mo Srinagar.

Analogy €

z')m‘QJ ocrgg'ynb Parhelion.

@) Powdalgemo Seringapatam.

Antithesis

@ Cape; point.

Archaism |

@mu3)@) Monghir.

(m(ocgﬁcr"né] The Gogra.

Balance

gUwmen, see adlalleo.

aqoogy, see @Sio.

seairidd The Zones.

VIO IRIGNCAcd Feudatory chiefs.

Barbarism

saelatlajmo Midnapur.

a2 e 0 Feudatory states.

Brogue (o

alayme) The Indus.

@owela o Mangalore,

(adence

adlmyooeg;o Sindh.

Casura Q

Qgmo The Jumna.

myae@)aimo Sunderbans.

Casoral p

MR28a0@e®o Rajahmundry.

oud) The sigus of the Zodiac.

myaigngyie Severndrug.

Canto i

£ jesmeemn Lucknow.

amyign@oaiomea) The subanreka.

Caricatur

RS0 Jasper.

Case Qe

Q |@lummagroo Burdwan.

QIRIEMAV) Benares. .

My@oEoaVo, sce &g omypyab,

Case, Non

QEemI mo Allahabad.

eauE)eoGals Saidapet.

Case, Vo

HAVII(Ro Gujarat.

almemweo Vizianagaram.

Cage, Ao

oNeeo Bedar.

TLoBWOLEA] Isthmus.

Case, ns

aflooso Berar.

V1D B0 Absolute monar-

Case, So

chy.

allwoauaisemo Vizagapatam.

Case, Dy

AU IBELE BB,

a0_188RIMRMOLT),

Cage, Ab

ailegesgo Autumnal equinox.

aflegalo Equinox.

auacBws&)@oa3) A patriot.

Case, Go

aflaoooo Behar.

aQd)zacwo Hardwar,

Case, Lo

Cirgumly

afleEd) Birbhum.

a0 Jago Vernal equinox.

a0 )aa0g@emde Skates.

Climay b

mm%@:gﬁ’ Marble.

gaiesai®) The Vadavati.

a0)20e)Wo, oF)laauaad The Hymalayas.

180

COmedy

Conjugg

Consong

Contrggt

B

269

4

Grammar and BRhetoric.

Tul'qu()ig,

Adjective onoaail8uacanemo.

[on o,

Conundrum (a)8a0ailen.

Co-ordination aV@mM U )&@6mo.

iver,

Adjective participle Goi®®@olo; o)

Dentals 8oy eBdb.

ite Zone,

Adverb @lwoaileweaiamo; @RI

aNBwEnemo.

Destich @¢godro; @.flaimemo.

Adverbial participle alln®@.ojo; @)

Dictionary anlealsmy; @&0weo;

b

QN Mo.

QMVoaNo.

ivalik range

Digression mamim(m&rocg 9o,

Allegory. pa.

| Zone,

Diphthong Mo &IV Io0.

Alliteration @ do(@joVo.

Alphabet @pamE@); Qigm@oal.

Dissertation (g jeniawo; ars)enionwo.

Ambiguity q0a3)(2VIG00; ©EWIBN.,

Doggeral verse &:&oaJ)o.

Drama onoSo.

Analogy €laa®0ei8:000.

atam,

Dramatic stage ®@otoo.

Antithesis oc_b@']csm@omas:amo.

Dramatis persone msmad.

Archaism {a2.ofln@j@®@ow0.

Balance aieailgéainiono.

Drama, acts of @oso.

latory chiefs

Dramatic scenes mogjo.

Barbarism mcm@ (@80,

tates.

Brogue (@)o®®E0en.

Drama, Jester in a ajlgaaaad.

Elegy 8woswomo; alleiaius)ao.

Cadence QUEAVOG@0; AVIDIQIBDD

Ellipsis

(BTC@Q) 0@@oa10;

avamoale

Cmsura 01©20.

[ao.

@Gpioalo.

Caesural pause @@ ).

Elocution Qioca .

Canto m)ggo.

yanrekds

Caricature c0200.af)@o.

Emphasis (@.21906mM0; @G0 ).

Encyclopeedia

Case QIEam ).

ailg)oa0ava®o;

smoaud),

g@ﬂﬁ.

Case, Nominative (@jL0@.

Enigma (0)8a0ef)&9; (3nuomoaing,)o.

Case, Vocative avoBeniocom.

Enthymeme £ja}o0)®@QIGa0®.

Case, Accusative or Objective @_{loV)w.

Epic poem @2000&900.

Case, Instrumental @)@ lw.

Epigram alop&o0Q);o-

lufe - monar-

Case, Social aqvoadlyo.

Epilogue ©a100oa0®o.

Case, Dative m‘@minﬂ.

Epithalamiom aflaeou3oo.

aoza(ramv(fﬁ,

Case, Ablative aiemd).

Epithet afl@woanemo; o asous).

triof,

Case, Genitive or Possessive ey

Epitome avomootro.

Casge, Locative auayd). .

Circumlocution o_\eqs;mraﬂ&)(osrno.

Exclamation g@%smom&omo.

Exordium (@ )agroion; Qloes &lo.

Climax © COERICMO O @& cho; VIO

218 0Mo.

Expletive Q10800180000 ; 0-19804@6mMo;

Hymslajos:

Comedy @o6Mo.

adedmoaigo.

Conjuuction @LQ)wo.

Etymology (0o®; o8& osmuo.

Consonant Q) 6ERMo.

Favle opilosLn; aoageLo.

Contrast O‘.g)rm']@(o@o.

Fallacy GaOm-1080000; aiaMoEIMo.

—

270

flad

Prologue o

Fancy 800IMowd@); Spimovedo ).

Noun, abstract @imoao; wemmoao.

Pronoun MU

Farce (@Ja0q0mo; geapg{leo.

Noun, common QLILIEMMsRo0.

Pronon, d

Figure of speech mom'loselaa:o(oo,

Noun, derivative @@J5)mmozo.

Pronoun,

Foot metrical ¢twemo.

Noun, material @@a@moo.

(oS,

Frontispiece @anall@o; \Qm@mﬂz.

Noun, Proper @580y HMIBo; VoD

Gender aflowoo.

Prose U}go

Novel ee)) 0 &9,

[mo@o.

Proverb o

Number Qiaimo.,

Grammar Q) 9 eMo.

Gutturals %@bcg o .

Numerals, definite aqvoa); &db.

Quotation

Q0dno,

Harmony avaeewmso.

Numerals, indefinite ’@@q(‘mo@é})&c}o.

Rehearsal

Hemistich @g@o&»o@bo; m@b@g@o@:o.

Object &Do.

Repartee

Hexameter endoaid)al®emo.

Obsolete £ja @ j8@owo.,

[@o.

mﬂ, 4

Homily (OZAQ08;)(@)aVowo.

Onomatopeia @RS 0M0; AVIIADED

Rhapsody

Homonyms &€)amomncwesn)eads.

Opera auouSlomos®so.

(MO0

Hybrid MVods JemaiBo.

Orthepy wp3RL.2)0MEM LMY,

Rheforic 0

Hymn @myo@o; Mysmo; uSldo.

Orthography

aignallm)oavwamyo;

Hyperbole @00) 1to8@osm ); @), 61

BY0 SM O DHIemuo.

Rhyme @

Hypercritic G2onemeads).

Root Wi

Palatals @210y DB,

Rythm o

Idiom Qusbdla); aisdbavayeswo.

Pantomime gUA0MO&0; £10aY)o.

Riddle &g

Imagery ifMmeamoLITHIMo.

Parable g a2,

Sarcasn

Inference @O@OAIDITI@AITHIDO.

Paradox @OYSD) 9SIAV0; @10 AVM) 080

\

Satire o

Infinitive @oai@alo,

Moo

Sibilants

Interlude Q_ﬂog;o@o.

Paragraph Q108 elsmuo.

Inuendo

Simile 9.

QBB ;

Parenthesis a3)@®malaflamo; o asm)

Q1,08 U0B ).

(E_n_(st&hOcG{a:ﬂ;

Slang a0

Q_I})QJO‘QJ) 0.

Solecisy

Irony QyoEay@dl; SaLIEIMV0; al)

Parody @0m&06emM&0Q))o.

oaogmﬂ.

Y

Paronomasia BYRE0LIEHIM0.

Labials @oey emdb.

Personification G.al@mMoLishomo.

Soliloguy

Sonnat g

Laconic Q0oGHMEaI0ds ); QIR & ).

Philology weenjweo(myo.

Sophism

Lampoon 03)a30818l0; @QIUS)mo.

Phonetics au_\muao@g'o.

Sorites ¢

Litotes @Q8LMa10L18000.

Plagiarism (ENYH-210Pjo

Synonyn

Liturgy @o«sioqu?{ﬁo.

Pleonasm wen)uSldyo; @RUSI&oJe

@B8samo.

Melody avac@oeio.

Metaphor @aa®0018:000.,

Poetry aigo

Metathesis Q_lgﬁg afe gjpavo.

Predicate @&y oo,

Mor

Preface @aio)o; aSl0la.

Metre _ruacrag:Bu >

LT

Muse oneusail; aveavim; allg)o

Prelude ogQymawo.

;i

mmﬂ(m

GBI,

Preposition @ aavggo.

L)

Nasals epaomoad)seasds.

Prevarication .oc@©RQ1080; a’)@@gom

Noun oo,

@o; © O™ (ISIMVo.

Wmm

A A e

271

et

Prologue (aymysaino; @pgealo.

Synopsis aQLoEAVoHaO0.

)} DaMmg,

Mo,

Pronoun augimodo; (a)aflavessmo.

Syntax &G w; Q08 ©.a1NQl)

Mago

Pronoun, demonstrative 2IOSLOD,

-010(00; QJO@:Q:OSTTIDO.

Pronoun,

0,

interrogative @.a108; (o))

Subject ey .

Qo &y,

3@0; (ﬂ]g%a

Substantive

SQo.

Prose (DS) o.

[,

Syllable a@90woo.

Proverb a.ive)smioch.

Syllable, (accented metrically) @,

a6,

Quotation pEY ®aNSy0; @RV

Syllable, (unaccented metrically) eiaa.

QJ0d 0.

ﬂmo%m,

Tautology ajmmane).

Rehearsal oyqjaglmo.

aVOEaVI

Theatre MOS; roal; MISE(Halo.

[{Oo.

Repartee ££i18(jo0mo;

&m); afle@oommo.

Tragedy GEADMNISH0; GUISHAIPQI

+ (103006

VI NS0,

Rhapsody @0 0o ®(@)erimuo;

@®10

Verb @w.

Vo NIMDE Qf D).

@0@0.

Verb,

active IRNHIMPa1Bo.

Rhetoric moao’\g ©o((Tgo.

Y

Verb,

auxiliary QLa0IW G w.

Rhyme @a®o; (ajoavo.

Root wop.

Verb,

causal GoO® & W.

Rythm a1@o; @080; @98 6nimwo.

Verb,

copulative aVosIWE)®.

mmgo

Riddle &S#in; @S@% o,

Verb,

frequentative agymro«s'm@"lcw.

Sarcasm aflasoaiaimo; 000 QI 0.

Verb,

intensive guao«s'm@’kw.

mavgo@n

Verb,

intransitive @poH@H @)@,

Satire @gyeemaidaflo.

Verb, Reflexive (Passive voice) @pow

Sibilants gm%m@mm.

Simile © c1@021800@0.

MAalBo.

affoy 7))

Slang ®waco0; a15@0n0,

Verb, transitive qU&R&H @)W,

Solecism @0 (@ )BWIW0; @O AVIVOOD

Vebrosity ainw_{lomgomo; 00¢3)a 1l

Q@o.

GTT)@(SGDDU)O.

)0

Soliloquy ®YORW@®EIEIEMO.

Verse a_\ce,)o; (ﬂ)ﬂ%o.

#9100,

Sonnet elog)Slamo.

Vision 2003180018000

Yowels aquimeado.

Sophism GaO@_19E0a0.

Sorites &o@EMALI0LIETMDo0.

Vowels, long &lagav1oemdb.

Synonym QIQ@o.

Vowels, short @oaoqv©eBdb.

mulpese

Malayalam.

m@aéﬁnﬁ)@q@ Intransitive vetrb.

@O@OIMO M, 000 Digression.

@AMl Alphabet.

@omnoe)mono Figre of speech.

@PUJ e 188R5do Pleonasm.

@@ lLe8Wosm ) Hyperbole.

mmcwdcsfaﬂ Hyperbole.

m@g) 08®oalo Ellipsis.

glemgyi™

@RO0AIOD |eIgoro Inference.

m@b@g@o&o Hemistich.

—

272

e

@O WS M@)o Parody,

@®owo Dictionary.

:Tﬂﬂ@‘me‘ bl

ahenalalm

@O0 Onomatopeia.,

o8 18(a)oom@o Repartee.

@My &emde Nasals.

@emo A metrical foot.

mleseiak

@B (Q)oao Alliteration.

om0

cng)o Prose.

@00l )8®atdo Solecism.

WemMmMozo Abstract nouu.

[tion

0.} AR08

wsozlofle

@oa1B%n Slang.

@ An accented syllable in versiflca-

wleaflsoa

@QYH) 90800V Paradox.

D@ 2l006emo Emphasis.

@oaiuslmo Lampoon.

0180010

@womino_m&d)o Enigma.

@O G l®ad; 0 Quotation.

alopomdlaiesn) Dative Case.

8300 By

®0Q)) o Conjunction,

alle@ommmo A repartee.

m@mo 8y

(STO(TD’DC)J ¢E0o, See @’D@g:ﬁ@ 0E0MVo.

21059 @® Demonstrative pronoun.

ru(bé)&ﬂ&}ﬂ_

BalOMILIsHoo Personification.

mce%\(oﬂn

mocmg) (@)8@owdo Barbarism,

mmow@@mmo, @10 AVo IR0

®.0108) ()@ |0 Interrogative pro-

o)

Qyjo Rhapsody.

noun.

ojéine

0ORalB0 Prevarication.

G000

@Y cemaidalile Satire.

@YoM a10e1gHoo Litotes.

'@«;ﬂa\so;‘-

_ruaosgé’ Metre.

QD) Subject.

8008808 | Inuendo.

oaalle

(31@6)‘___‘!) oo Predicate.

O)VImmnozoe Derivative noun.

fymypoum

@Qay) 0@ )& Novel.

@om%mm Palatals.

(Moo

EQORWMEIMEeMo Soliloguy.

@Qﬁ(ﬂ)mﬁ

@O8 6RIMDO Rythm.

e oaemaido Reflexive; Passive voice.

o®@l@aeso) Instrumental Case.

(Weoelle

Qmmo@om)o Prevarication.

g8

B(Tg eco Dentals.,

® ODBOICVO © @dhaho Climax.

Slaaauimo Long vowel.

(eallmg

(825mp (

g_)_(ég @Al a0 Quotation.

Elaa@oeimomo Analogy.

®o0.@ Allegory ; parable.

8)0Jmazo

g@@gil&o Farce.

9 0.1@0818,000 Simile.

goammISHo Tragedy.

@DQJ@D_)Q

@ 1avgzo Preposition.

ca0eeE@add) Hypercritic.

&10flengy

a_i).aleemo Destich.

é\(‘{m@o(ﬁ

o a10ud) Epithet.

© @AY 9weoRlEo Exclamation.

eldflwailesm) Accusative or object-

guaorts'm@"

© a1oand@o Epilogue.

ive case.

Moo

Q‘Dcﬁ&\oces)do Sibilants.

Wz Q&) (e)aVowdo Homily.

%&{@@ﬂ;

630#g eadh Labials.

wop Etymology; root.

G0

hsodin Riddle.

Mos& 0o Theatre.

W) g

mMoSao Drama,

&R0 Object.

2w Rl

SelloaLno Fable.

mogj w92l Theatre.

;\

(@

SR ()G @ Syntax.

mnmozailewensemo Adjective,

B

SHOOEMP0a10218900 Sorites.

oo Noun.

Elﬁfnm

&&0QJj0 Doggerel verse.

ad)eadlayalodyo Parenthetical clause.

Hogy Ay

M i8emalallao Parenthesis.

@Sy e Riddle.

m“%s%

—

273

—

o leqlsmy, See 8&owoo.

ejon ¢Flmo Sonnet,

a3 asoalaino Sarcasm.

alony 8)) Laconic expression.

o’ )azo3aialo Lampoon.

21®o Rythm.,

aflemoasgo Expletive.

allewo Gender.

[tion,

o _lemosoauo Fallacy.

ejad e y8@owo Obsolete usage.

in vorsifiep.

alemdlaf)@sm) The ablative case

Qls@os) louendo; repartee.

aeafleaiaimo Balance.

QlaiMmo Number.

218y | emo Circamlocation.

Case,

Qigmaoel Alpbabet.

a_18%wao Syllable.

igpailmyoqowesmgo Orthography.

Q.J@OCQ)O Synonym.

o_lg'%o_ﬂo_x@ocmo Metathesis.

10804,

1RO MPaI0 The active verb.

Qiod @lsmwoe The paragraph.

ation,

2080 josmo Expletive.

Q&) M Qilaleo Syntax.

0gative pro-

aJn@&m) Tantology.

Q0 @9 Elocution.

o€l @o Rehearsal.

alo8w3al) Muse.

[bosity.

Ba®®.0jo Adjective Participlec.

QW alal@o or Q. ilrgodoe Ver-

(@)@ lavosxm Pronoun.

O'ﬂf’d 082Qumo Muse.

(@)Lo2il8®sm) Nominative case.

allesm) Case.

00D,

(@myoaimo The prologue.

aNeraimonim oo Effect without cause,

(@)yat0 Exordium.

allme@.gjo The adverbial participle.

(@aoavmo Farce.,

ail@wmemo Epithet,

al Cage,

(@@a0eile Conundrum; Enigma.

aiew@mosm) Description of a cause

@)HH D@0 Brogue.

without its natural effects.

@;\agﬂm@&%wowo Archaism.

Qilogjo@o Interlude.

(30smo Comedy.

oc_be@zmo Consonant.

20QiMo20 Abstract noun.

Q@180 Antithesis; contrast,

Brai@olo Infinitive,

Q)93 6Mo Grammar,

@209 )&0a1%omo Vision.

0

qyomayo) Irony.

&lanomowsenyesde Homonyms,

QjoBWIANAY), see QIBDIBM .

0 or object

guomo@y)® The intensive verb.

%%&mm@o Plagiarism,

Q)QQO@)OOC_})O The Epic Poem.

ey wo(go Philology.

ily

gella@)a, galafl@o Frontispiece.

weavoane Dictionary,

%@b@ s Gutterals.

uasnéow’)@o Pleonasm.,

QJwy) Cesural pause.

©ERLIEEMUed(Me Orthoepy.

@ado Rhyme.

BLaId IMo Elegy.

@ruom)roﬂ Emphasis.

8RB ITVIR IMoS&o Tragedy.

/s

@ 1$0elzhoo Metaphor.

BROD0 Distich,

A iememoai®omo Imagery.

B3 A10R1H 0 Paranomasia.

ioal clatge:

ajogy An unaccented Syllable.

aNeglaiesm) Genitive or Possessive

Case,

15

2105} 0040 Epigram.

18

—

274

——

V& 2o @)@ Transitive verb,

Appointmen

Gauo@ocmo Irony.

avasdluzvomoo Ambiguity.

Appraiser .

cmo@ﬂgf'ga__leo Hybrid.

aoMWw &Moo Diphtlong

MVoC@BMBAIIBD ), See BIB B ).

Approver [

Arbitration

aoajdlailesn) The locative case.

Mo SlmMIS&o Opera.

Arbitrator (

aqvemoaie@aioato Ellipsis.

aooeiTW )@ Copula.

aOR0MILS ) 6emo Co-ordination.

MDoBaniotom Vocative case.

Arms-Ach &

avaV1®) Muse.

G‘o_\roe;oq;@o Melody.

Arrears or

avQinoRo Pronoun.

[dence.

Arrest &

m)_x(ocrao@o Phpnetics.

0@ @ Auxiliary verb,

TO_LEMo )20,

aQU_1EIAIBMIa0s Ca~

el

MO aVo(a0o Synopsis.

TO1O& )0 Harmony.

Arson o0

aV_i©o Vowel,

Assassinatic

avoILIsHono Clymax.

GaDp @)w Causative verb.

Assault &6

cmcno')fodv) wo(Tgo Rhetoric.

maoosﬂ@d)o Social Case.

BaO®1080aV0 Fallacy; sophism.

Assault and

Assembly,

RMMo

.,

Law.

Assessment

Abduction comemo.

Affray &eiveb.

Assessor @

Abkary contractor

DHERO0AE SO

Agent @ogjaunad.

Assets

&S00,

Agreement &mod; aflUwo,

Assign th:

Abetter G00mmImm 2 oI [lesm

Aider aveoo@).

S

aiab

Alibi &00V2 OV @M G LEMIY )

Assignee ¢

Abortion ¢wEo @IS ssdh.

@aw ogaN Q0.

Attachmen

Alienation ©8& 29000,

Accomplice @3 @ooamb.

Attempt @

Accumulative judgment @gu)om.

Alien @0M) e dmEd; @M B

Attestatiop

A ccused (o )@l; Bo0EMIRMD,

Qos &5lpes aiab.

Attorney., I

Acquittal aflny@ley ailsab.

Alimoney aflaieomoeniqwoe aIQi)s

Adjournment

afaeem ofoo o

EoQes afleiafanie) @omay

46@ o

9 d

O ISHIAN Gocgjo.

Auction g

Auctionger

Adjudication @ﬂgl_(l@g___ﬂzﬁmmb; mﬂg'doﬂ

Allision &g gmenwn® medlch

-2l06MmM,.

Q5 OGN Qgm0 R30S ) an@b.

Aufograph‘

Adoption @™ og)S @b,

Amendment g6y |goOE; BBEUL@).

Avarg zei

Adopted son oo @b,

Anni Nubilis oﬂo_mooem;ocgzoqv @390

Bail 00,0

Adulteration .a\o®8)ed Bo@o 6 alde@h

Qo

Bail hopg 3

Adultery eaa(om)ocmg'ﬁo; O:g)@qmomo.

Antedating @b o)wd) HAUOPDS.

Bar mSm

Advalorem duty aflaie)&o0zeg aymo

Ante litum motam %mmamm’]m

Bastarg &

Adverse possession 2@ Q) NOH QIR0

Zom.

mﬂfﬂo;

Advocate @RAYQIBENOS .

Appeal @og{lab.

Bench g

A ffidavit aV@) Qe LIBEE,

Appearance aQIER©IQIEd.

Bﬂqueath ‘

Affinity avosnIMLo; 21951,

Appellant @og {leb @om;o@enab.

Bill o}

Ui

—

275

A ppointment a3lmw@o,

[Quab.

Bill of costs @®osmle.alalajoilaimoe

Appraiser aln#s allal oS@ieesan

o_lgﬂdib.

L0

Approver @og| avosesd),

Bill of lading m’\gds'l

Arbitration @@5) 0o,

Bills Uof mortality Bmm 2rem &em

Arbitrator or arbiter ZIST aanabd.

a6

{7

Arms Act @@quocgf.

Blasphemy ep0co1@geemo; @8 Qg

610,

Arrears or arrearage 6n)ods ),

[denge,

Arrest

Blood kindred o&mavoenimus).

S00EnEOMm ailsSlas; ©s

60000 (a=

coB@b,

Bona fide 9 omeallw toavasw,

Arson CLJ(D%SU s

Bond ®00d; &ofls .

Assassination .a10))9g |gond)@eal,

Breach of contract &®ad elocaimo.

b

Breach of peace avaoudomalcemiano,

A ssault ®3Q000 ®.alql.

phism,

Breach of trust ajlwesoqoiemimn.

Assault and battery @oS)ea10e0b.

Bribery oo &(@seail #000.

Assembly, unlawfal m)r@oadlozo®

£30N MocAlo,

Broker @@en)pdmd; agjoail.

Assessment o )& ).

Burden of proof emglafloado @owo.

Burgiary saimeeame.

Assessor GiJaabeasel

Capita felonas or, capital offence @@

Assets OJ@Q)@)&:()D.

mmuﬂcﬁmo@m}oc@@om) R00EBR.

Qo

Assign the right @IS0 GO H@S:0

S 00

Carrier &:S@&oab.

Carrying costs,

630 00000)

Assignee @)@ 82).01Qu0b.

a verdict ®.a1p10)00

)

oSloges ol

Attachment ®Raof); &ogedscd.

Cause of action QJ) QJa0IO&IREMo.

A ttempt wo@o.

Certificate a0Z)od)8900

b

CTDOCB%\J

A il

Attestation VIS BNV DGO,

ai@o.

Attorney, power of Qi&0R1OW) Moo

o el

Challenge the jury, To (@200

Qb)) od Moo,

@D NIeg |SAUMOS Gac ©Y

o) oYy

Auction @elalo,

GHMmal o9,

) oudlb

Auctioneer Geiniod )od oﬂ%mmnb.

Charge sheet &:00a1(@©o.

Autography Gmmaidgl,

Chattel

MESHMDo

) 8 SO0 D BOW

of

o_x@o_)aea)c)a.

y geaoml.

Award 2@y fmo@ﬂg:d

Bail £309)0.

Cheating 0@} )&:000.

;(,3239&’ @D

Bail bond €392 S5 .

Circumstantial evidence 99a00@g )ay.

Bar osonno,

Citation c0REOQIIMWLER e M.

11921909

Bastard £300TV0 MO OOAYMBIW TV

Civil law a¥lailed odl@ao.

03001

aIMo; O&MRIGS®@d; RV,

Claim @i Lo,

Bench @sms@f.

Clandestine

[

a0V @0W; LUOAIW ;

@foﬂﬁo.

Bequeath &0V @A JHIRo BIMo .al

Bill enflal’,

Client &dat).

@*m}@ﬂbr

18"

—_—

—_—

276

[¥)oy.

(riminal tr

Coercion r$len|mwo.

l

Contramandatum

M) IWAW 286 )&

000,

Cognati @@ai¥l@ow avoemy)dds.

Contumacy a00E3d cMISIAS @AV

(iross actio

Cognizable offence Q0 (GSIO®

890D B9,

ai1S)890jam &ooaRM®.

(jross exam

Convict vdlamilomeg|s @Sagcs:orodb.

(alpable 1

Coin aMoemyo.

Conviction «3)om.,

Collation

0015())

m@agéjmg{;e;@omﬂ SO

Coparceners qO@0QI&903 &b,

SM OB @M.

Culprit &0

Copy aadgy .

(urator @

Combination (CERLH

[@ad.

Commission of an offence &:000 ®.a)

Co-respoundent @og {lebayai).

Coria ads

Commission &2&)wead.

Coroner mmg@éoﬂmom@nb; Y

cur ad

Gnoemad.

Common assault

or,

simple assault

0D

Corpus delecti &00@ICOMO.

HQIQo HLIL@D.

Custody 61

Company QOooalo.

Costs Q) Q1a0@&.alIQ].

Custom o

Compensation (a)@)anglo.

[@n@d

Costs de increments Q) Qa0 Vo6

Customs 2

MWW ajOo 6.alelQy.

Composition or, compromise. ®QQ @)

(utcherry

Counsel Qi®s @b,

Compoundable offence & ©f)@n0a am

Cutwal 6)¢

Counterfeit ®g 100 af)ed) oy,

$000; ERIWLIQIAN S00o0.

Dacaity

Counterfeit coin @@@moa*g)o.

Complaint @M 0®o.

Damage (v

Countermand og)@gimn,

Complainant @) o@anonab.

Debt @So

Condition ay)@)my@j@semo.

Counterpart Q_\cﬁag'ﬂu .

Debtor &

Condonation &g &Sl o&a&; Gong

=

Counter plea ag)@)QIoRo0.

Court G&S@ ),

Deceit

N JIQ B9,

[e®oS@)),

Declarato

Confiscation 0.1 @IdeEd; ailwal)

Court martial macmmd) MVoNIMV AR

S )onrd.

Covenant ®Saus).

QJ?QM

Credential mwﬁ@omm%o.

Décree of

Conjugal rights aflaiseomomiqwar®

@A 0B,

Creditor &Samood.

Deed @

Consanguineous Frater & (e‘tan%smbo

Crime &00o0.

De facto

Criminal breach of trust ¢GOoOHOAIW

28N,

Defamatic

Q1100 QlEIM.

Consanguinity ®d&aVoenIMWo.

Defence {

.

Consent qvzra®o.

Criminal court ¢)d)mnodd 8&S@),

Defendanf

Criminal force &:00HEAIW 6nILI0 of

Consideration ailal; @Jalacalo.

l)emurrag

Consignment .a10®s ageilan@b,

ellonh.

Deponent

-

Couspiracy

@Boa0 @ laMIYS @3

Criminal intimdation SO0HORIW EW

Deposit ¢

6761%; 8

Q.

g SoO@h.

Dereljot

Constable camb:g(.) 6nico.

Criminal misappropriation @oalad i

S e

Qg

20 Z@LIS 90,

Contempt of court G@IS@) ®PAIAI

Distres

@o] &000.

Criminal

negligence

SO0N0AIW

t Qﬁ;g@

Counterband goods

m)waallerow

o_ﬂg\.

Dogumgp

200 alodadd,

Criminal procedure code & ldlano@b

Donatiy

ncsiite sk

Contract & mod.,

msais) o’ lwa@o.

ﬁ)_ﬁ%

e o

i

—

277

[$lay,

N ghg,

Criminal trespass &00&HEO2IW SHEQ

Dormant partners ajoe@ Q_')O‘goo_ﬂ

Q0o

900 @S oRa; TV ISP D8R

Cross action og)ay BOM); 9®o.

@g&ooab.

SN,

Cross examination ogm) 3.0108)0.

Dowry @‘]wmo.

Cunlpable homicide @oo®@I@W M

Duces tecam, sub poena Goaid b aQIER

[elol(o)]

lanh,

I8 QI0PEE He M.

Culprit ®:o0assoab.

Duress o )srjonwo.

n

)

Curator @9000d; aa@)Woa0Sad.

Dying declaration @@emeqf oo

Curia

advisare

vult

Earnest money @w.0j00o0.

1080 280

(abbreviation)

Ejectment eWg {losabd.

[g)os b,

cur ad vult @Q@8einallal aflus) e

O,

Eviction 03eio anomy goen@a &yl

Dmo,

Evidence e@g)a,.

Custody IO,

Evidence Act @m@éj]aﬁ’mo@o.

o000 (Vo6

Custom ms&é; Qg QUTVEBOWo.,

Customs aysho.

Estate O_I@O_icﬁnﬁ)(b.

l.

Cutcherry &®.01@).

Estoppel @smano; a@@%fgo&:;rob.

Cutwal ©®00Q0100,

Examination (TDOcﬁ;?@Qﬂ(Tgomo.

AP}

Fxamination in chief @E; aflmzomo.

6,0

Dacoity @50 @i,

Examination, cross ag@ailmyomo.

Damage maxo.

Debt &So.

Examination, re- ajmaallmyoo.

Ex-contractu &idgeo.

Debtor &So 8@s)eyaiab.

Execution of a decree aiiad) msoambd.

Deceit aliemim.

[sausa,

Fxecution of a document ®@UOIO of)

(MosIMUANY

Declaratory

suit @R AL ICaNNsaION

Y0NS 8.

oc_bo_moomo.

Execution of a person m &5)0@02)@b.

Decree aflud).

Executor of a will S0V QB MS@YaN

ﬁgo

aiab

Deed ®QU0Mo.

De facto aqLOBMOo@d.

Exhibits cc®@elnss @ coald .

| G00HN2Y

Defamation @pai& o) eg|somah.

Extortion Bweg |50@) @oolaO®@6mo.

Extrinsic evidence Goanomalallem

Defence (o)) )Q1080,

Defendant @(oﬂ:esmroab.

3 88150,

®aig)og |gQDan @M oogla).

False evidence &g ocmg )l .

o 620 o

Demurrage &glailoabo @oacuemicm.

Deponent L@ ).

Felo de se @@oR0Q) & .01y oiab.

Deposit ERINIAT) .

Feme covert 0f)Qisa0o & W )eon (@’\.

a0 EV

Derclict land &S@t odles) oomo@

Feme sole alQisano &Y @omo @ﬂ.

0 mﬂ—mﬂm

annealo.

Ferry contractor &Sqy &00& &b,

Distress ®of) 020QS6eo;

S og

Finding of)g].

80060200

'

&G,

Feticide §oOTa0T).

Document ®gUoo®o.

Forgery oo ggog |.

Donatio

mortis

causa Q@6emMialo

Forma

pauperis

fe @Wé]mwﬁ

a10g|d @pM)IWo;

6.21Q, 8omo.

(DO(’Q) o,

el

ey

278

Fraud oclemim.

Noveables &

Inventory gomet aflaioo asg)e.

Murder Gl

Freehold property @ps5l8g|d; e300,

Issue aoamono; QJj QJa0oR@elo; Qo

Negligence |

Freight 6&al; g j@sel.

B8galo.

Next of kin

Gambling aymoso.

Judge ).

Genealogy Q_Jouao_xorocm@o.

Non compos

Judgment afluSImyoao.

Notice to qu

Gift Bomo.

Judgment creditor aflulpsaaanad.

gﬂ(’f\s} '

Grievons hurt &0)8mouaiBalo.

Judgment debtor N )&Sensd.

Qath a0

Guarantee gaogo.

Judgment debt oflul)@:So.

Obligation

Guardian o8m& OO0,

Jurisdiction @) omo.

Kazi &0 )wod.

Qccupancy |

Hearsay evidence ggoilomgoy.

[@é@@.

Offence &0

Heir @o 018000,

Kidnapping on@Gaosaemo; D2 S8

(nus proba

Highway robbery f crucém(b IS d

Leading case (@y@emegys aflus) or

Pardon oy

o piep o__ﬂSq%Q_J(ﬂ.

JPuR

Paral evide

House breaking saime@amo.

Lease @) ; a105.1000) .

Particeps o

House trespass @oimn&GQ0qo.

Lease hold property .aloaio)iosss) on

Parties &ré

Hurt »a1Bauo0,

Sdeamn O_l@

Partition &

Immozeable property g &0 AU

Libei 081072120 @oalsson).

Partltion, {

()]

Lien ©9&Qiwo ©Qig|o(0gs @00

Pawn auen

Impanel a jury 3012000 6@ )00

oo

?

@10 QJH 020,

Penalty 7

S

Local investigation aruneln@m._teiemo.

§

Pendente |

Impeachment &:0008moaa.

Limitation &orleO@emo,

Impersonation ®@Qd@0000.

Lunatic aflom@asdssoad.

Perjury @

Parmit o

Impound aysloQids.

Lurking house trespass aao)@)@an

Improvements &Wlantern.al@weado.

BN CR000.

Perprog (3

Personatio

Mgistrate esdleys .

Incendiaries ojo @oe@AIS mﬂ

Petition

IR QQId.

Maiming ®00b®O@& &S )8ed.

Piracy

Incumbrance &oemo alsemM@o F@AID

Malice genQilalomo.

Phaintif g

Malicious

@@'

prosecution

80 ailalom

Plea qug,

Indictment &00a1@o.

BOmIG @SIW &R M) owo.

Dielgs ¢

Infanticide volyyaOD).

Mandate &g im.

QU

Informer &0Q&oab.

Mesne profits epSaega L1960,

Possestion

Injunction a3)BEILOMEIM; D EOUEDE

Messuage QioOMLNAI0.

Post gy

b epym.

Minor (@)o®@o @SR I &S ).

P\]und [y

Instroment @oal; ®QYULIMO.

Misappropriation @pailedlm2® gaeal

Power gy

Intakers &2 Qjg@od Qlosmganaid.

S@9o.

Proampg

Interest &)®ai&ow0; asef)we.

Miscarriage ¢@o @PAIAVD.

i

Pre-amy

Interim order 2RLY; HAM.

Mischief 8Bosa0o.

Presuyy

Interrogatories ®.a18)aflaicalgle

Mischief by fire © 19908 awi) @BGoa0o.

Presumpt‘

Intestate @AV DODL@IO® AG).21.

Mortgage alem@o; & oemo.

Primg g

279

—

ugla,

Moveables @8 &an g,

Primery evidence &anoe @®o &@g lay.

N0g8l: g

Murder &:e188000.

Primogeniture ai@gy @g; ogUR

Negligence gainsma.

@03 oy QiRIm@ Jo.

Next of kin @pgom @& rvosnimy),

Prison @sqy.

Non compos mentis .oflomE28900b.

Prisoner @sqj@oad.

SN,

Notice to quit a1y @<lanmea @mo

Private defence aqU 1@@EM6eM.

Sénnn,

S,

Probate e;mc;)«mﬂam a00)iyes O

Qath av@)o.

gloy.

Obligation 6rU0RL) @,

Process avambay’ &pym.

[s&

Occupancy ©6& aiwo.

Procuration @@’\mﬂwﬁ@owﬁ &gl

[

Offence &:000.

03693

Prochein ami (0 )0@o@ 1&@IoD &S 1Y

Onus probandi s@sg)alleabo @omo.

&S o).

IS

)

or

Pardon @08:10 s

Promise Qiousomo,

I

A

Parol evidence angboms)ay.

Promisary note Glo)odle o) smNS .

n'a.ﬂmm“i )

Particeps criminis @g&o00amoad.

Proof ejce%) 0

Parties & oM )& o,

Property-mark goeiseigo.

Partition @003 1Hn@bd.

),

Proviso Q@M@ )@oemo; @slajo.

Partlition, deed of @owas@o.

% UG

Pawn asem@avotomo.

Public servant av@sod o @g)swoaanad.

Penalty o)®sa.

Queen’s evidence @Og:lu aQLoHad ).

Bondeismo,

Rape smiain@avowoo.

Pendente lite J01a000 o210,

Rebutter @0 1O OO © TMEo;

Perjury &ga avm)o.

Permit aormoal@o.

® G@o.

Receipt @us)m),

elelam

Perproe (@0 lodlaf)@od) eg{lge.

Receiver

of

stolen

property &20Q]

Personation @gdh@0000,

Petition aumSaones).

goad aneganaiad.

)

Piracy &Sabaaigl.

Recognizance bond &S .

Record Slesos .

Plaintiff @M, 0 En0M.

Reddition 2S@s) ogeil@ncb.

@fmﬂm’b

Plea aoso.

ajem o

Redemption @so aflg) oggenad; aofl

o

Pledge

QM@ aVIUOMo,

QD ,

G

1@V r6mo.

Regulation &oQgob.

50

Possession ®&&alwo.

[o®

Post

Rejoinder {o ), @@@o0.

dating

ailnbollgaleais .01 @

Pound auascd @rgel.

Relict aflwoazs.

o)

Power @005 )®000; BRUS)SI0AI@o0.

Relocation ©a 1089 01900,

00 202

Remitment GmollGoigs @O ASEs)

Preamble (@)oPoBo.

@ 9 od.,

Pre-emption emption gabeedaiceo

Presumption @0a00.

Renewal of lease 60108901900,

Presumptive evidence 9ve0a@g )y

Res judicata aflg ode@g|s Moo

g01) 6B0e00:

)

Prima facie (@)naged)w)ab.

o,

.

-2

280

Review aymadailaionem.

Testator BV O agPorl@aind.

Riot ela08.

Theft a)goj’.

@10 2000 k

Robbery &ausi; af1s)ajaa0).

Thesaurus inventus oF)8emaio; af)

msloen

Schedule aus.

sl

g0 08

Search 8wotOmM; @PEM 1Mo,

Toll ayso.

g o,

Treason RIRSBra0o.

Search list Guoatumane.

@o04eNe

Search warrant ®wowwon ainoems .

Trespass &38Q000.

o0

Secondary

evidence

@MBHaAM o

)@

Trial aflaooem.

v

auflen

glal

moﬂﬁ)m

Tribunal cgorxz)o_ﬂ_ammm B ISD ),

Sedition @IRZMEMo; ©ILEBra0o0.

@amo@m:

Ultra vires @nud)&ooo@ @b,

Seisin QLIRNO S QIweo.

Under-lease &)ﬂ% 00 .

ams ot

Set-off ag@@So; mS)an)os.

Usage MSg| ; qLEuEIWo.

GTDOC')JW)&

Signature 638:|U.

UOsufructnary mortgage eod)lasemo.

'BTO(g bl

Smuggling oy®o O@ISBEIOD og) o)

Usury

cgom;mao’)@om) aaeflwain

ng@t

SHSQO S,

603 @b,

mngjaw

Settlement @6]8;_1” ; OB,

Utterine brothers oBREHIBD EIDIDN

mwus

Stolen property &g ajgmmbd.

@od.

Suborning a witness qLIAMOW OGS

g0y

Uttering a false coin HEB M0 NS

QRIS .

8:10@8@’-

Subpena w0omE e jm.

Vagrants o@eeledo.

mgjlesmd

Subseribing

witness

00SOWog |Ig

Void @pavopaiow.

a0y {loh

.

OIBM ).

Voluntary aonguoeaiQes; amsayqy

mm@)m.

Sader Amin cqvé)oodlab.

20

BRI

Suicide @YORO D).

Waif, weif, or weft @oo1&0w3)&a)

Declar;

Suit \QJ) QaOd®o,

Lo s

L1001 A @b,

Suiter aljQla0c®nI0Mb; HoM.

UM

Ward oasloa)oabo &)d)od & @)

Summary jurisdiction aLO@®) @RI

0o,

88N W)W,

the g

m0ild)

Warrant moo&é’@)g:\m.

Summons qvaadav &gym.

Sunnud aqvana .

Waveson

cf)ag:!(cb

amagﬂmrgﬂ% &S

priatic

ei)ob &P &) &1Sesan qLIRIM B,

approy

Surety 2020,

Taxing costs @05 aeia)l afla

Whipping e&5)jgs ).

Gfocmcq;z

o a5 |BWYNS 1@ )BLILM,

Will &Y 0® al@o; 20smavItdMo.

L

Witness aOsom ).

Term of a lease 1O OMDO @oe

[msay.

BMeq

confinement SOOSHOAIW

Q1)

Wrongful

0T

Terra @) ©.21@QPAJAM RN,

Wrongful restraint &00sHo200 @S

@‘@goﬂ(

Terra boscalis ancomsgo.

Q005 NIMLMN0.

LTS

Terra calta gyadlaunaio.

Wrongful gain @M IWRIW L1IEo.

ment,

Terra debilis @@ v aunalo.

Wrongful loss @om);i@a0@ Mdgo.

BRI,

o e

Testament samc;)cm;’.

Zenana ®OI0E oo,

A dog

e

281

S

wam,

Malayalam.

@YD 01000 Barnest money.

@@ngog}’ Arms Act.

&0k; )

@S eele Assault and battery.

@Qeaailey lWS) atoge Curia

BOSOB OB TVosnIW) Next of kin.

advisare

vult (abbreviated into

®@0s18g |d, ©n2o Freehold.

cur

adv. vuit);

to reserve judg-

ment.

@PAYEAIEH00 Advocate,

@S )&o00 Power; jurisdiction.

Y PR2000

Impersonation;

false

@pUISopor e $alleon Ultra vires.

personation.

8d15a),

mw’\@omm@%o Credential.

.

@mgﬂ &gy Injunction.

@omoam Deposit.

@Scﬂsﬁié p10co Mesne profits.

[ty.

BRAMS ajo Zenana.

08 &0 qOIT Immoveable proper-

'

@M, 9@ Complainant; plaintiff.

08 Han aqu_aom Moveables or move-

00 lanemo,

®0MN) 0WAIW Mago Wrongtul loss.

able property.

aueflaay

WS BaAN0

B DIOMOAIW VIR0

BRM) 0WAIW a5080 Wrongful gain.

#mdo Chattel;

moveable and im-

madu)am)aorogﬂ Plaint.

a0 EIidn

mucﬁﬂm{@ﬂ@&:}@mm’o Defamation.

moveable property.

8D Vwosegaemo Blasphemy.

miam;e MS

@099, aflaooaab Coroner.

s aus) Covenant; treaty.

msﬂﬂfoh A ppeal.

o cmaaiwesavaed) Bonafide.

@og Jleimn; s@so@ad Appellant.

OO0 (@M Iwadinabdo) Rebutter;

@g {leba)of) Respondant.

rejoinder.

®PQIHHiwo Claim; right.

: amioydl

2 ooac g {2110 (000 1a0) A bet-

B QISHIAVNIAIMN A8

OéOJQOO(Oo

[tor.

peiaSlmo Negligence.

Declaratory suit,

®a1Bale (82a0) Hurt.

eslag)

@I ow) Heir.

9 a1Bal (|BmM) Nuisance.

®OIRH0 dOGsos To assign

A9 oo

9 DVaoo Presumption.

the rights; to transfer the rights.

0 ne0e®e 1oy Presumptive evidence;

anailadloeiw gomeisase Misappro-

circumstantial evidence,

priation of property; criminal mis-

“,m”s% a5

af)@@0M) oo Cross action,

appropriation of property

nimeBdh,

aq@&So Set off.

@0 aLoiow Void; invalid.

gD Qlweo Adverse possession.

IR

fe‘m%%m A gsessor.

og@deyn Countermand.

[@SQ

(BTQ)MQ.O(OC)J Suicide.

a@@oco Coanter plea.

00800

BRYOZODy oaigaiad Felo de se.

ag@ilmyomo Cross examination.

0200 @5

@@30.\'\(1},}0{00 Examination in chief.

mmggo&jmb Tstoppel.

instru-

Uterine

@gwomo Deed;

document;

Q@@&oem@%eeocragamm

ment,

brothers.

g e,

@YU P )OdISHn To execute

B oléndh (@om,;om@o) Compromise;

g m.ﬁ:’)o.

\

a document.

composition.

Al

282

———

S 65 8004aN SHO0DEk Compound-

SER000 Trespass.

able offences.

intimidat

&b Agreement; contract.

$0060200

SaMomrodmg oy Primary evidence

@)@D(b%@_}o Ex contractu.

@8:10 Signature.

&HId eloealMo Breach of contract.

nal breac

&g |®0d Signatories.

&eird Affray.

H006020T

&0 (maa(%smbo adnd Consanguineous

&I\ Robbery.

@00600b

frater.

000

&2 21008) o) False; counterfeit.

S00a02W

&ay, @ Will; testament.

&80y Theft.

af)m Ql

RAYHTOY®O® @d).oy Intestate.

S8 jgmabd Stolen property.

SBoigmm aleganald

Intakers;

S00aVI

SaY Q&b Testator.

receivers of stolen property.

$0008000

S0 Mmsayanalad Executor of a

G300 |

will.

Sgg ooma oy aeesch Fabrication

of false evidence.

&) ama.

&) QR g aio eoo})oam% To bequeath.

eay o3 HMN cmoem(mﬂ:%@@ omglay

@gﬁ_;mosrgo Counterfeit or false coin.

Bigoo

&@momgo NS |08ed: To utter a

B5a008x

Probate.

false coin.

aceompl

&0d)lememo Usufructuary mortgage.

B8 cm@d) o Perjury.

@993 0

&0Q®onad Informer.

@Sggs&é Forgery.

B3wat

@Wlg {lencd Ejectment; eviction.

g@%o Proviso.

©80008 (

iy eWlanmes smislav Notice

&06mMo,

alem®o GOAlwy Encum-

063)0S)

to quit.

brance; mortgage.

G Frei

hesiledo Clients; parties.

SomIwod Kazy.,

&&ﬁ@eﬁ(

®2f)s Recognizance bond.

092000

SHIOND BS)osdd Maiming.

&B801®) Cutcherry.

003 @ Regalation.

8a50) (|

&So Debt.

&oQJnunab Agent.

Gd15)) @

SSo a@vgomalad Creditor.

&oeioaiwd) Term,

of conrt

&So 825 )0101ad Debtor,

»0L1a0®emo Limitation,

86050 ¢

@So aflg) aay oflemegsesch Re-

& 0QIdiweo Interest.

of eosts

demption.

aﬂ%o@'rm" Underlease.

HSOO:H000d Carrier.

@12l

@000 Crime; offence.

@B

SHSSHQ 5| Piracy.

&000

®.01Qed Commission

of an

Crimin

&S )ed)e o aunealo

Derelict

offence.

Do e

land.

&00HO2IW $HBPO0o Criminal tres-

0t mise

&S50 dov&annab Ferry contractor.

pass.

Alalan,

&018mMoaiB0olo Grievous hurt.

0050w @sesch Wrongful res-

traint.

M@%Hg

ﬁ)ﬂb@bmofi‘()_\(b Constable.

[ment.

20gs)o)

&g |@sail Freight.

005020 @S Wrongful confine-

Almﬁgqﬂg

&g jallonbo @pavenicm Demurrage.

SO0HRAIW NEa0@); Culpable homi-

Draiser

&A)weab Commission.

cide.

g Afh

& QYo Possession; occupancy.

S00h20w emiplo Criminal force.

I,

4

—

283

——

HOOS0RIW EWog |gom@d Criminal

et

2190 )auned) anSasan alqy Lease-

intimidation.

hold property.

S008H020® AN 100V e Crimi-

20IWS RS0 Abkary

con-

contract,

nal breach of trust,

tractor.

allom@Eassrnad Lunatic; -noﬁ com-

S$00&E20® afly Criminal negligence,

@000 The accused; culprit.

pos mentis.

counterfait,

&00a)@o Charge sheet; indictment,.

allalojavadlomzges (aflw)) Carrying

S00AVRWOY mnc})e%esﬂmocsﬂ@crm

costs,

}

ag)am Q3080 The plea of alibi.

ay%o Toll; customs.

Iutakers;

<00aqVotOmMo Corpus delecti,

oo

OHISSN® 2IOES 65@'7:9%

ety

&H0008moaio Impeachment.

MG 1d @ Smuggling

Fabricatiou

H01a000 Murder.

oy mogo Gambling,

& Y)envem ale@erds Improvements.

@.a108) oflasaag e Luterrogatories.

1 false coin,

@go%@ymé\ Dacoity.

To utter &

aﬂé%w Judge.

@5®0089000d Particeps criminis;

onmacemasemdae Bill of mortality.

accomplice.

@aj ] Attachment,

@%Q@:% Combination.

®Raf) Mg DO A0 ag)SEnd

@gwlen Accumulative judgment.

Distress.

@&8a0oad Curator.

O&>sIws) Whipping.

gaog)uaﬂgo Bail bond.

g Encum-

@y Freight.

8020 Surety; bail.

gao(oa‘Oocmggo Adultery.

©o&(@5ail®00o Bribery.

@aomquocmggmroﬂwb © N2 VAT OMo

12,

O9;H20000 Alienation; transfer.

Bastard.

8o oso) Court.

B&IS®) @RAIAINT 0] &000 Contempt

@m’“}@u(b Jurors.

of court.

&FI20mOS Gach @Yesmailes To

challenge the jury.

CH505) Snlalay ailaimo ,é.;g’]:e; Bill

of costs.

@0)2000 MG Iostsds To impanel

@ 1élnoad 8&9Sm ) Criminal court.

a jury.

emellgrids @O o 10)HS @1 WEnad

@By msais] adlwae Code of

Remitment.

on of a0

Criminal Procedure.

erelav)es To cause abortion

Ueo

M)ssosmd Arrest; restraint.

or miscarriage.

sl >(0_ﬂSU) Prison.

iminal $1€8=

2 1o)&000 Cheating.

®SQJua oM Imprisonment; duress.

21@} 1og|gom@al Assassination.

@Sano Bar; estoppel.

ol gfu\ Tes”

[meﬂt.

al&s |@d @owogméﬂ Adulteration.

@ |O@90g @v | EBoa0o Mischief by fire.

@b Teer.

] confioe=

aeegallel odl@alasmmaiad Ap-

praiser.

@ &;ooad Teer holder; assignee.

pable hiomi-

21951 Affinity.

g pdeig|s Mowall:d Resjudi-

.mam{’o)u Lease.

oflg'| Finding; decision.

[cata.

gl force:

BT

284

EEIEES

g y@efles To adjudicate.

(o)

o;l@»gi.é Copy; counterpart.

@ 89 19 @08}@d Execation of a person.

o_)csag_:jo (m%egzomﬂ QD) BN IS DD

AN Jeomn

Collation.

oaeElddo Vagrants.

g M

ooz lalleado @iwo The burden of

Q1S58 QVoMIMWRIY B80S ) Court-

ggsl Arr

proof; onus proband:.

martial.

a0

oog oy Evidence.

a1g )@ List; Schedule.

m_ﬂgsq Bi

omglaywoyo Evidence Act.

a1IeM@aVIWOMo Pawn; pledge.

anflel Bil

B a @b Adopted son,

1@ )W2a0dab Curator; receiver.

ool B

aseilwe Interest.,

eoomsendd Adoption.

oo ¢

L@ @GR BAIMNG:ER000 Lurking

8omo Gift.

Qs

house-trespass.

eomai@o A deed of gift.

tiony

Conjugal

a100® )wided To confiscate.

eoomgomﬁowmm

UM

rights.

a19g|d @M 0@o Pauper suit; forma-

BMEES

800 o10mo Malice.

pauperis

a1)S)enmb Arrest.

oI

§en0ialesomIg @S) 010D oS

882000,

afab owdldaseo® To postdate.

omoemo Clandestine mortgage.

a @@ mlwasnsoab Constable.

@@eﬂ%@g

@dmgo_ﬂmf\oro@mog @Sw @»@g(‘g) 9®o

burgla

ajmdailaeemn Review.

Malicious prosecution.

8Boa0o Mischief,

ajmadaflmyomo Re-examination.

0 4y

860000 Imeg @geOeg Combina-

aje.als Arson.

0gS19see® (@RI ete.) To im-

2569 of

tion.

pound.

ﬁ%@g:'

Wezomyo@o Pauper suit; Forme

ag@yauayso@o Custom; usage.

2@% (o

pauperis.

Ms

0120050 Settlement.

@@,B)m

Custom ; possession ; occupancy.

o oe@Ieemo Kidnapping.

6010819019 @0 Renewal of lease.

2@8) Vi

msmaag

m&ono Damage; loss.

@) Accused; defendant.

20sm

noem) o Coin.,

(@@ oiuSlwowl) &g {lge Procura-

mort

tion; abbreviated with per proe.

&) Assessment; Tax,

26ms

@)@ )anelo Compensation, consider-

™M )EAMma o

Thesaurus

inventus;

Capit

treasure.

ation.

By

MNeaal)enI2Iw .alpdedd Coun-

@mﬂo_meo Defence.

o] P

terband goods.

(@028 Es ) @b Prima facie. [cases.

ZOHU [

a3 eacLSe ™M Injunction.

leywmeg|sailas) @S)g;j@ac)a Leading

deng

adlenjows Co-ercion; Duress.

(@)o@o @)oo eE:s) Minor,

Gonh ¢

Mo Agreement; stipalation.

)Wo POV HSIYOS qVoes

Qﬂbmd

o) Prochein ame.

1;

w3@@o (288)9t0) Appointment.

o)

emdaadg | True copy.

(@)o®@oo Preamble; preliminary.

mfﬂm:(T

™) 1S O |maoedle Unlaw-

G(a0d)avd) ®mog Promisary note.

(L6l

ful assembly.

oN@md File.

Y,

St

285

et

@2 oMo

a0 WRIH )W Soalsd Exhibits.

eomglay Secondary evi-

©

Midaa

dence.

00'6)00_\0'},? Custody.

oudloy) Receipt.

6n1p19@d Voo Rape.

Sa) Court.

IR BBra00 Sedition; treason.

60108 ) Arrears; arrearage.

coe Instrument; document.

eIBL) @ Obligation.

srae@z)al Docum entary evidencc.

enflgys) Bill of lading.

ledge,

BOGHD a0IREIANIMBE DHelm

seeiver,

enilel Bill.

®6niem Bench.

Duces tecum supena.

seanscmgla) O log |saDalees

00 Lurking

oenig @) Port Clearance.

@M, omg oy Extraneous evidence.

Rueg |sor) @nalad®smo Extor-

B0E10Z 2120w aneld’ o) Libel.

tion,

te.

(ﬂmog" Record.

caIM ;8000 House~trespass.

it; forma-

caxnseamo House-breaking.

Q]o@fgo Proof.

21008 Rioft.

@oai@o A deed of partition.

Galalo Auction.

[0 postdate,

GREW®), 6Easg 5T Amendment.

ca1a1Bn0 Auctioneer.

1ahle,

@ed) oj&a oy House-breaking and theft;

Qlenoeiqomoaoe Power of attorney.

burglary.

Qiasleb Counsel; pleader; vakeel.

ation,

§oMa0 Ty Feeticide.

aiemimn Deceit; fraud.

@edleys Magistrate.

2S®s ) a@g:ﬂmrob Reddition.

mccvgé’ %8:? Primogeniture.

e.) To in=

QI leoemo (20ed) ) Abduction.

2RL) Spy™M Interim order.

@R, D rcﬂg:_é Award.

O_JQOJ@@;OO Property; estate; assets.

sage,

2Ry, auoad Arbitrator; arbiter,

ansbeyamg oy Oral evidence.

QIOBBHO0N0

to

f leases

@@ch) avno Arbitration.

QEIk O} To

assault;

Q930 Promise.

aeemegflon Dying declaration.

[insult,

2ERMMNM&Rl0 .01%, 8o Donatio

1020 Plea; contention.

y Procara=

mortis causa.

Q100678 e M A warrant.

er pi’()(l.

zmsmmﬂcﬁmof“csvocg Q0w

SR 00R

QOO @S9 ai)S)eNian @00

consider-

Capita felones; capital offences.

s Cognizable offences.

200 Q) @O MoERINW i do Cognati.

aN.aeemn Trial; hearing.

@ag:j) Pardon.

oflway A widow; relict.

gy [0SS

agjucmozﬁﬁﬂ Approver; queen’s evi-

ofuS) Decree; verdict; sentence.

b Leading

dence.

afludlgsecanad Judgment creditor;

s

go@ab aflaieo aiglé Inventory.

decree holder.

) M0of

grbeesiwo Pre-emption.

aNWS&semoad Judgment debtor.

gdadwddeosyoa To antedate.

oS @so Judgment debt,

Ay

D emavoem e dd Blood relations.

aNwSmnsomed Execution of decree.

oy ]}0t9.

© S@aVoenIMWo Consanguinity.

afludlo) oo Judgment.

[duty .

Advalorum

@ 6MIS: o0 Guardian; next friend.

allaljg)®o0gea .ayso

—

TS

286

m’\mom@@‘ocg o)

@OCQ)O

Anni

TVIHSaneR) Petition,

Angle, adje

nubilis.

Angle, exte

auvamwomo Issue.

Angle, inte

afla19a0o &W)ewn @ﬂ Feme covert.

avambav’ &gy Summons; process.

Angle, obty

aflaisene &Wlaoom @6] Feme sole.

avawomeloeaimo Breach of peace.

aflwe 1oavalemian Breach of trust.

aQUR0QIS0ws & do Co-parceners,

Angle, rect

ailmy@l.ay 0Nseb Acquittal.

aLe0o ) Aider; abettor,

Angle, righ

Angle, verf

o_lo(/aaqomcmg'yo Genealogy.

avzRmas@o A permit,

Ate 04008

% ) My(@y206mo Proviso.

aUeZAd) Summary.

avzaomo Consent.

Arch almi

QJ)Qla00®o Suit; Case; Litigation.

Q) Q1a0o@d Suitor ; Litigant.

Arga Ga

qO@RI@o Custom; usage.

Arithmetic

OC_IJQJQDD(D@)OFOGTY)O The Cause of ac-

QUocalo Company;

assemblage; cor=-

Average U

tion.

poration.

Axiom qV.

QJ; Qa9 21810} Costs.

QUosnIMWo A ffinity.

Axis @oas

Q) mom(omﬂaééo_xsu(o Pendente lite,

QUBnd @Rel Pound.

Base g

Q) 0la0o@@DIam @ay Ante litum

qQUEnId pegomaund A

public

Bisect @l

motam.

servant,

Oé’b Qa0 AVoMIMWAIW o j0os.alrl0]

avosmomd De facto,

Circle Qe

Cost de incremento.

aquo@sd) Witness; deponent.

Cirele, are

Circle, of

Uaceﬂa Conviction; penalty; punish-

LIS O®W QIR To suborn a

.

witness.

Circumfer

ment.

Ceefficient

)@ ey | @S @orabd A conviet.

aoosilailrgomo Examination of wit-

ness.

Compleme

3 le0@), Infanticide.

Concentric

GV Search.

VOB BN GO Attestation.

Conelustor

BLOLOM ENY SR

Qi006me

Search

avlafled oo Civil law.

warrant.

Cone (o

@ﬂwmo Dowry.

Constry

BLIMaAa IS & Search list.

manajp@maaxemo Local investigation.,

@20 Attempt.

Coroilary

qUISIYODBlEE ©S850200) @b

@ oma)ay Hearsay evidence.

A dormant partner,

Dalg)d

Cross my)

MVEed)e:00 Certificate,

avi@oamen Private defence; self

Gube o

VD@ Q163 LIGREA] Affidavit.

defence,

Cubearqqy

a0oR s @ Appearance.

avoyo Qath.

Cubiga]

avs)eodlab Suder Amin,

a00RIQWER &heim Citation; sub-

Cyphey ¢

avane Sunnud.

pena.

Data go.

6

Mathematics.

Decagon

Detima)

Absolute quantity @ao.

Algebra enflgwen)mo.

Deimg]

Addition qusmeIMo; Blayemo; QYa))

?

Apgle 8&enb; Baoemo.

Deduetyy

BW@ooo; @Smb.

Angle, acute M;MBHo6mo.

[emo.

Definiy

Addition, of a fraction &lanaosailmo.

Angle, alternate (0)o))Z@i0B880@ &0

Dem()llstr

287

Angle,

adjacent a10CB 18 teMo.

Demonstration,

indirect

aNaad

Angle,

L1EMEMAIW H®E Q.

[@).

exterior amoag@a)osrno.

5 rocess,

Angle,

Denominator a0@ab; a0oad; moaw

interior mag) aMRB»HH6Mo.

h of peace,

Angle,

obtuse JaO@ ES06Mo.

Determination a3)@{loo; &ajo.

Jers,

Angle,

rectilineal 8360, 8 06mMo,

Diagonal &gmo; (o).

Angle,

right aveessemo.

Diameter QJ;oao; oj}agjqouo.

Angle,

vertical ogy@)ldE@&osmo.

Dividend ©983,0; aOojo.

Arc gyooesmwo; WY .

Division ®i0o; a0d®o; BIRMo; add

Arch elsmuasmuelo.

@61mo, @a@@o.

Area GaM(@o.

Divisor @02R&0; aQoRM; adio&b,

Arithmetic @pmalile); avoayoails,.

Double &_{lcyemo.

blage; core

Average (o) @)aVo06) .

Holiptic @o0flqyomo.

Axiom cvamad@Limno.

Ellipse @osmu@j@mo.

AXxis BoeMBoal.

Enunciation, general QL2 &pimo.

Base gaio; aiao,

Enunciation, particular aflGemnepy

A public

Bisect @oRU)os.

mo

[,

Circle yomo; @smbalo; al@po.

Equation audl@memo; audleoo; qv

f,

Circle, area of q@manaio.

Equation, simple o@d» m%m@ﬂcﬁ:m

[0 suborn &

Circle, of the horizon g alo80.

6YNo.

simultaneous

Circumference a1@)U); aa@)@aiwo.

Equation,

g0 Qlgn

Ceefficient @omo.

avdl&osmo.

tion of wit-

Complements @ @MW,

Equation, sides of an aidmenadv.

Attestation,

Concentric av@IMBH(EQ30.

Equiangular avag&osmo.

Conclusion @0QITOIMo; @Flgy.

Equilateral avag®o; avasgo.

Cone wods.

Extremity @po; adle.

Construction @))w.

Figure @ao.

vestigations

Corollary ®RMEE2AWo;

@0 a320Mo;

Figure rectiliueal 383 @alo.

0flennmd

Finite @pa )o@ o,

@ ale1dN o; 9 108 LI,

Cross multiplication QJ(@0E 0o,

Five per cent 0_3.6@11@)0%@0.

fonce self

Cube 2a1o.

Focus & (@3o.

Formula ailcd); ay@o; adl®@ao.

Cube-root caim@elo.

Cubical contents ecamanelo,

Four per cent .ol@aoxyowo@o.

Fraction €lano; &lavilao; SoeRo.

:atiOB; aub-

Cypher @gm)o; ogejo; davIAM.

Fraction, improper @o@@ae&)ar)oo.

Data @ 210 0o

Decagon 8woqyo; Bue@o.

Fraction, with cypher for denominator

Decimal 8w’ iwo.

010000b.

Decimal fraction B86w20®)E)ar oo.

Geometry @om@wen)mo; SHM@OQ

Deduction &6 @s,

Q1000 ; 3;08)af); GRAWIM o,

Definition o1@)@yeno,

[o@&)ay.

Given af)g)eno.

[m)o,

Demonstration, direct qvaismen@o®

Gnomon &)a1E0; Ros.

i

288

Heptagon avayeemo; avaeye@mosmo

thousands of billions @@)o; hm.ad-

Pyraid 0}

Hexagon cndo@&H6mo; W @yo.

red thousands of billions cIRUo.

Quadeant @

Hypotenuse &emo; ().

Number @Vo&) ; ag)grmo.

Quadrilater

Hypothesis © a-JN); 9o,

Number, mixed @l¢oavosy; cag)o

Quadrilaters

Integer gyavosy,.

(TDOG)C_}).

g8

Tntersection IR E.0G:o0.

Numerator @90o; @oweo; QilEIwI0;

Quotient e0

Isosceles aqueB.{)geo.

81010} ag)g,m(,oomq.

Radios @

Line coauo.

Numerator and denominator (together)

Remainder

©93),

Line, straight £3e3Gmalo,

Rhombus ¢

Line, curved Qi@ enal).

Oblong &laaiaim @Eo.

Rhomboid

Locus o3lad); adlwomo.

Octagon @osnomo.

Sector oy

Logarithm avoaigz@mno.

Orb @smwalo; QIGelo; Q)Oo.

Segment &

Magnitude aa@)a@oemo.

Orbit &emaoe; (G@EMY@O).

Semicirele (

Mathematics wenﬂ@oaa@o.

Parabola snasqyomo.

Side Qtoy

Maximuam o_xm@cmoe)cg).

Parallax ejoenimno.

Space @00

Minimum rmrag:ﬂoagauo% ;

Parallels avaiano30al.

Bubtractior

Minus geamo.

Parallelogram av200m @ a1 2o,

Mo,

Multilateral enio0@e30.

Parallelopiped auasammelomo,

fubtrahend

Multiplicand emjo; wemy;ab.

Pentagon a 160188 26mMo.

fim G

Multiplication ¢DemMo; @ME;0aM0; aOM

Mo

Perihelion mggjo@savo.

Superfioies

Perimetor o008 ay.

Superfivial

Maultiplication, table ¢coem3&rocgo.

Perpendicular

Alotlo;

@10 Qlaloalo;

Multiplier gem@&ab; wem@moab.

Surd (irrat

Qiflotlo;

@ OUOVAlo6NI0;

alo6onl

cnal

Burface ge

Negative quantity @mwo.

Plane qvaomelo.

Square o

Notation @0@9OR2PAD; units S (o@

Square of

o0} tens a@® (8woo); hundreds ag

Plane figure @&fs(@o.

Square of

Q (e@o); thousands @PWIo (aV

Plus como; @gmb,

Square 1y

a0 @yo) ; tens of thousands a1@ lnoa)

Point qrunelo,

of thou-

Supplemen

o (@pYdo); handreds

Polygon enieOERo.

Positive quantity ao-o.

sands eldfo; million o IQ®AIHMo

Postulate @0003)@o@a@no.

(@QY@0); tens of millions @30S );

hundreds of millions

QIO ESIS )

Problem ©83we0; (@)L 0; a3

B8

(ms@eo); thousands of millions

@Im00.,

tenthousands

of

8010y By

@06l o;

Q8 o3

Problem, solation of a m,9avo.

m-ﬂ’m}%m

millions eiqljo; hundred thousands

Product eglomo; LM I@0; Goailmo.

Proof o®g ).

0ey

of millions o3laiQloe; billion @a00

{)EZI'uml

Proposition (@)@@®o.

algo; tens of billions voods (weo6rio) ;

m@wgmo

hundreds of billions &eitV); thou-

Propositions, converse Qilai@lme)ca

Bo®ey,

sands

of billious

@0(7?3)0;

ten

@eoBdo.

LGN

e

289

—

2%0; hund

Pyramid Ty al) ©Go&o

Tangent gyceea:

DTS

Quadrant oyomaoeo

Term (boundary) ala

Quadrilateral oym@Ee0

t2glo

Tetragon .ay®Sodoemo

2i© 580

Quadrilateral

the opposite sides of a

@ OEYo.

ER()0) 1280

610 (a)@3 lenigo

Theorem (@)828®0ala198)0; avlewy

%; QiGN

@.ﬂo

Quotient c0® ) mo.

Three per cent @)oo,

Radius @eg)0; eflawn;

L)OQ’UO@L}O

for (together)

Remainder @panwo:

CuUoio:

Trapezium @AY Bloaidho;

aflena

¢ lexo.

m@ggao (B)’O@Ecg) ejundo.

Rhombus mey aipeee; qvasmeelo

Trapezoid qLARI0ENIG0:

21N o

Rhomboid o1 E&08:000

Triangle @)8@06mo; @)2&Ro; @ a0

Sector oM

@0

Triangle, acute angled

Segment elsmuo

c@gm&ﬁ;osm

mc;mo

@ @@ oemo

Semicircle QO®ORLo.

Side Qiwo

2%Ro

Triangle, equilateral aLag®E e

61mo.

Space @IS0

SBM(©o

Triangle, Isosceles aves.lzm@f)ean

Subtraction

OélJO@EJmo

GLILOM

6IMo.

al@®Mo

e

UIMo

Subtrahend G.aGR&0

Triangle, obtuse angled enjao@be@soem

©@)8&oemo

Sum S@®woaoo

Mo eiMo

Triangle, right angled qvaseIem @)

Superficies @malo

gaiiga

@&061mMo.

Superficial contents ajdgenelo

Aloflo

Triangle, scalene Qﬂcﬁ:‘x@@qGﬁ)DEm’)o'

Surd (irrational number) &rend)

QileeE)eso.

ofillo; Lo

Surface see Superficies

Trilateral @flalockhdo.

Square Qo

Trigonometry @)e®oemd)oilalle

Square of a square Qg0

Two per cent 8_{l®owomo.,

Square of a cube 2 eplelidaly

Vertex UYowdo

Square root o

%ejo

Vortex gd)

Supplement a@)us)ego

Zodiac em;00))@i0 U3 ).alo.

)0

Malayalam

b (]UJU\)Tﬂ

@R®2&) ar)@o Improper fraction

@paeQmmo Parabola,

o Extremity

@0 aile, Arithmetic

o

®@RsMWQI@o Hllipse.

@M mo Remainder

. goadloos

RO A} AIUNG0, @PDA) elosIGo Tra-

@& MMREHeMo Interior angle

pezium

@0y 0aVo Multiplication

@ 8UoLI0eNIo Perpendicular,

®@oR0)es Bisect

odlog® §

@BRaP@IMo, @WEAWe Corollary

rm@___ﬂ(ﬂg o6, Minimum

BRRMIMLEOBd Compliments

A}

@0 Q1o Space

19

Lo

—_—

290

n_]m@(n)n%

@ QJiLjofMio, $€€ BRELVIAI0MIo,

2D OEYo, aI@Eelo Quadrilateral.

@neMeoal Axis.

wflw) Cire

2\@8qyyo6mo Tstragon.

wp)20smo ]

@REn0ayo Octagon.

al@oovemo Four per cent,

aitloleo

@00 5@ 0@p@ao Postulate.

ala0nab A fraction with cypher for

1080 Dase.

@owo Numerator,

its denominator.

QLICBIGENEY

8 @30 Problem.

2j008 o) Perimetre.

acho Side

20100000 Data; hypothesis.

@.0080 Subtrahend.

9 al1dMN 0, ©ala¥l@Voamo Coroliary.

080 Cyph

@A(bce')o Division.

njonglo 1

e, 8moemo Rectilineal angle.

23) oo Radius.

aJégo Supe

g @oiead Rectilineal figures.

@,00100) Geometry.

@@Z@@DM

s 8aly Straight line.

@00 @ Go Zodiac.

{yeao Pre

£g6mo Minus.

@)l Superficies.

g Apr

o@%wsrzﬂ Numerator,

M les

ag@desememad Vertical angles.

@ﬂgi_é Conclusion.

WQQ‘Q(@@’\

@%m@égao Rbombus.

Qg}ceao_lg‘r"rr‘%m)@qcﬁ)rDMO Simple equ-

o@@)ay Demonstration; proof.

of & qua

ation.

@eosemdlmlailg) Trigonometry

61113&9 Lty

hosn’) Surd; irrational number.

o0 G

@ )8&06mo Triangle.

&gno Hypotenuse; diagonal,

(a0 Divisi

@ )@owomo Three per cent.

@emago Orbit,

@)oo Trilateral,

&iBan Diy

&)aido Gunomon,

@2Bo; © TYyo, see @ )@Hr6mMo0

BI8mo Diyi

&ajo Determination.

Bureyem o Decimal,

@3'?3,0 Divide

@ (@o Centre; focus.

B0 Fract

8wERo, Bwome Decagon.

@oam)y@o Eeliptic.

glmavse)

&)@ Coustruction,

gloa.a@eEgo Oblong.

a_N@owomo Two per cent.

Elme,

swo Nagative quantity.

e Ngpemo Double.

£8ly0lee

@em@o Area; a plane figure; space.

SaMm@ e oo Geometry.

a_Nave@E)ze0o Isosceles triangle.

B0 g2l M

Qmye 4

QLmaV Are.

&) lsmuo Segment,

wmo Plus.

elsm @smbeo Arch.

&t see g

&mo (i

@Hem o wed((

o Mathematics.

Nlwomo, aflus) Loats,

o @zo Formula,

Pﬂ@moﬁg)

wemaab, peme:oad Multiplier

m)3)ego Given.

2W@y\m')o Ag

wemo Multiplication.

oo Determination.

§% Bage: |

wemyab, emyo Multiplicand.

aAlmanelo Cabical contents.

;9T The solution of a problem

M mEao6mo Acute angle.

Q{,mﬂ, Sﬁedt

QM@ alo Cube root.

o _lomo Subtraction.

e, The

epinaiggo Square of a cube.

apimo Cube.

aa@mede The sides of an equation.

00 1y,

a@mo Product in multiplication.

a16018&o6moe Pentagon.

Wingtgp 4

2 lHango Circle of the horizon

‘ als&owamo Five per cent.

mb’tﬂ @,

@0

!

#

e

291

—_—

lrilaterg],

n.\(b@dl)nﬁ)c.;) Maximum.

@alo Absolute quantity; figure.

as®)ad) Circumference.

Grald Line.

ent,

a1@)206mo Magnitude,

Grawem lmo Geometry.

th oypher for

o1@)us)ego Supplement.

£ 1230 Numerator.

21080 Base.

RlosniMo Parallax.

a100e 186 Adjacent angle.

aloenlo Perpendicular,

a9cto Side.

Al snrat Curved line.

04830 Cypher.

Qi elo Square root.

ajeganelo The superflcial contents,

Qigaigze The square of a square.

ajdgo Superficies.

Qiggo Square.

Q_)@ZQCQ}OCLJO.JDSJO A theorem,

Q@900 Cross multiplication.

[a)@@®o Proposition.

Qi@elo Orb.

{e)w o A problem,

61 leo0e =0 Polygon.

Q.8lo6nIo, see @OQIRI0BI0.

afNus) Formula,.

61000 (@) Jeniogo The opposite sides

dllidloaismemai omg)oy In-

* proof,

of a quadrilateral.

direct proof.

\

gonometry.

61920 B> 0amo Exterior angle.

afl@owo Numerator.

6O@EH6mo Obtuse angle.

ailena@)esmoemo Scalene triangle.

x“t

(S9w0 Division; numerator.

ollmaEf)gemo see Supra.

B=m&ad Divisor,

Q.ﬂog;om_lo Diameter.

Bo=Rmo Division.

jlgausmo.

Qowealsmwo Sector or segment of a

@0%0 Dividend.

circle.

2080 Fraction.

0D

Qoma8o Quadrant.

glanavmeoo Addition of fraction.

Q@@aoealo Area of a circle,

nfs

&lano, &laroo, see oo,

cgma@bo Semicircle.

ER(@) )20, see 6121000 (@)@ 1611090 .

Q@0 Circle or orb.

g friangles

@ or (@) The base of a triangle.

Q) 9B 21Mo, see almmo.

@ smwelo A cirele or orb.

oc_bam)o@.)o Radius,

@a0), see .

oéx)ocmo Diameter.

@amo Coéfficient.

@ﬁgjo Cypher.

b

dl¢oagey Mixed number.

Yoo Vertex.

@lavemo Addition.

BuaaOM Sabtraction.

@elo Base; root.

wo: Cone; gnomon.

i

G@@')(mm)o%l) Mixed number.

@@ Diagonal.

p poblen

W) @), see @lgyemo.

aawgyoe, kS emo Hexagon.

e

\8®owdo The sum.

MVseimo Sum; addition.

M3Jw) The numerator and the deno-

oo et

Vo @&o6mo, MVayceo Heptagon,

minator together,

V2GS sMo Equiangular,

P )a\Go Zodiac.

qVRBGEM.ATERo Square.

oonts

19%

292

—_—

Dentifrice

ave@e®o Equilateral triangle.

av¥)@vomoo Theorem.

Sl Term.

Dentist 84

avee_fleelo Isosceles triangle.

Deodorizer

avag®o Equilater.

My@o, see aNus).

Depilatory

aVARIUN o, AVARIoeNIG o Trapezoid.

MyYEsavo Perihelion.

0.

avaom s Concentric.

MoIz@omMo Logarithm

Diabetes (o

avasamealimo Parallelopiped.

m.}c”dcsmsu Tangent.

Diobetes, 1

a2 E.0I@Ee3o Parallelogram.

V.o Positive quantify.

Diagnosis

QRO P8a1) Parallels.

aQmmo Multiplication.

Mo,

avREYo, See AVBERo,

[Equation.

a0@ o Quotient.

Diaphorefi

i@, cudle:cemo, qEl@o

a006Mo, a0oo Division.

Diarrhoea

mRIEMEM29®@ g o) Direct demon-

090@0 Dividend.

Diorthesis

stration.

a0o0bd Divisor.

Diphtherig

Disinfectar

7. Medicine and Surgery.

AR

Abortion weaydaio; wEaismo.

Cancer mma'i%ao; socmasrgeo.

Dislocatio

Abscess ailBW); @Jemo; aim.

Carbuncle ©@a®m; e @)emo;

Dinretie {

Acidity of the Stomach @ogailowo.

o,

@(8@0@&3(63.

Ague aflogail.

Carminative aiogmoudlasl.

Dropsy 6

Amputation ®@0ow13.06R0,

Cataract GN@%»9.0lo.

Blay,

Anaphrodisiac

@@cﬁﬂ)@)cﬁa(éo;

WD

Catarrh @o€)dy 090; Slaho; ReIERD

Dysentry

B W 0o,

&lo; M.

Rémon

Anatomy Uatzﬂro% Qi8aes0ilg).

Cathartic ® 20CwoOMo.

Dyspepsia

Anodyne aeieglo.

Chalybeate @RG@IneM QIlwslen20wW.

Dyspnea

Antiseptic oy lmocvedo.

Chickenpox ©a105); @lgod).

(Mo&o,

Apepsy @oedlgno.

Chilblain Q1088 }0S0.

EQZB!IX& Q

Aphrodisiac (o e &l & o.

Cholera ailagofleo; @a0s20@); NS

Electuary

Aphthee of the mouth @moad)e).

&dé’]mo.

Elephanti

Apoplexy @powail@d); &ml@)av

léme

Cicatrice QJom®Ll; GUWHM@0; &

an ),

gf)

Blixir o

Aperient G@.alMo.

Cold =3e1@204n0.

Elﬂﬂgatinn

Asthma &0Vo; o@do.

Enemg m,

Colic EyeIBQIBM; @YYEAUBM.

Atrophy Gwodo.

Constipation @210018W0; MURLES)

Enlargmg

Atrophy, of the heart agm ©lom®o.

cﬂgo.

ALY

Axe @008\ QD0.

Contagion G@28wgy98&Qllero.

Epl]@psy [

Bezoar stone 8wo8mIaIMo.

Cupping glass @& .0 AMPQY)o.

Epitaxis ¢

Bronchitis

@IS ;

L IIAVMIB I

Dandruff m@ejodo; ojemeg.

Brysipelag

Uo

Deafness 9.010/18985Q); ansotS)go.

(@0

Bubo @S)osm; &weidsm,

Delirium SEmIM (@D ); of |odE20.

| Batragt

Febl'ifuge

Caloulus @ocgd); %@@_@o;

Delil‘ilf.m tre mens @80T Wo.

Pe—

293

—

Dentifrice 8am8uwomm.ayabo.

Fever :1m0; aimi).

Dentist emm’sumg) ab.

Fever, intermittent @ anmosabaiars).

Deodorizer ggymuoaaas).

Fever, simple LI, ER-1Ro.

Depilatorky @L10220M6emMo; BRIAMILL

Fever, typhoid oflensl1mo; oflwe@

o.

€310,

Diabetes (@}@@a0o.

Fistula mocxnﬂ@srbo.

Diabetes, melitus @@@a0o0.

Fistula, in anus @wasmo.

Diagnosis @M lsm®@o; G20

Flatuleney ayoqy; QALY 2o,

o,

Forceps aomg )@@ (0o.

Diaphoretic @aqvissmmao.

i

Forceps, artery OotRte®(@Do.

Diarrhoea ®0@)aVIG0; WO,

Forceps, midwifery (0@uood.

Diorthesis Qi@ aflas o,

Gonorrheea yaghaoalo; LaE@a0Ero.

Diphtheria @0 q0aLMDIOT)S0.

Gout comw)assao.

Diginfectant 8oIngR100100Q); wWRLY)

Hemicrania @n@0008@88&0; S®6,0)

S OHEMI o,

&0,

\m;ieo.

Dislocation avombleowro; pads.

Hemiphlegy o8fteaiswo.

dlaamo;

Diuretic %@m@b@;o; g@aier.ai’)

Hoemorrhage ©&8M06mo.

Q@o,

Hemorrhoids @0 3008000;

wes)

il

Dropsy Guwatano; &®8210800; @oBdhd

Blo.

élel.

Herbal Qyomoqeqlio.

oo} £30168)

Dysentry (@)anadle; auoeoensl;

Hernia @@@oeU).

0 H120@) ) TVIO,

Herpes Qila o@0.

\

Dyspepsia @0cmdal@o; @S lano.

Hiccough of)@0te 10a00; a@@s)s.

Dyspnea 100000180000}

2100

.oMegmcw.

Hoarsness QUIRGER0; ATVIOAVIR0,

MjoEo,

Hs(ﬂ.

Hooping cough & 5080880,

Eezema al020; ofaiaoy)e,opd).

Hydrocele G@ouooé;w; @,og;cg@ﬂ,

0n0l; M5

Electuary @elagjo; @0QiBala00.

Hydrocephalus @myl&:@wooLno.

Elephantiasis ¢glaigo; «Sleflango; on

_ B)emmb; @YMEsomd,

Hydropathy e1(@)8®owall& e,

W@m@o; &

B

Elixir oaqvs@mo.

Hydrophobia £1E@EIW0;

@ afwo.

Elongation of the uvula epuSIeao1,

Hypertrophy of the heart ajLg®o.

Enema amyl@@oo.

@@Qﬁm'

Hypochondria ail@ommo@o8o.

X iBLEa

Enlargment of the spleen g flaoqy@n);

gj]@aoosmo.

Hysteria Q1088008080; aoos’u@_a'(ao.

G2al

Epilepsy @oampoo.

Idiosyncracy @2a0a0.@2QI0;

0/ eor

Epitaxis Mooy osmo.

@‘g,mﬂ.

s

.

Erysipelas 9880

3

8G; @owagg|ab

Imposthume aNBus).

;sm@ﬁ'

Indigestion @0UT2005)0; BaOMEENG.

w

'}@o.

(@o@mog g |md).

i

Extract adl@oave; quow .

Inflammation @jemo; alggl; afl

oo

Febrifuge 23100800,

50,

bl

e

294

L

Tartar of ¢

Influenza S@OREg |

Pharmacy

RV G, W,

(>1leca{00]

Temperau!

Insanity @ O@08o; @0QD).

o_ﬂgJ !

Tetanus QU

Jaundice ®dlao; asmmailomo.

Piles, see hemorrhoids geifsm.

MoBodMNY

Thermomet

Lancet (fa@o.

Pincers %@ei@Q0o;

Tie doloure

%o

Laryngitis avamelo.

Tincture 2

Plethora @#mailomo,

Laryngoscope & @emHMmem@0o.

Typhoid §

Pleurisy aiccdoaalo.

Leprosy &:g@mw0o.

@0,

Leucoderma cOeil@so.

Pneumonia @gxo@0.1080; 2 I0AVBHHID

afleno.

Leucorrh®a yodio)awo.

Probe 00818:0@ @00} of A6 |RQDo;

Lithiasis (Grocaaﬂ.

anoasl@ve.

@0mgg

Lithotomy R ©@00398 i So.

Prolapsus @owoo.

(ETDUIﬂZU(E

Lithotripsy. @0cga)avoeaidho.

Locomotor ataxy @QiaiLgaiomo

Pthisis @&R@HH0; AMWDo.

moos

Lumbago &s)wgelo.

Quarantine Vo VS IB I Wo.

meé‘]grﬂ'p}o

Rectal prolapsus pna@oweo.

AT

Malaria oyofaiowy; gaioQ.

Ratort enid&®@Qujo.

Malarial fever ce;o§o_m'ﬂ.

MOY

Rheumatism Q100@&S.0)@b,

Mammary abeess mgmailBusdl.

mo@qée

Rhinolithes anoLIEowa0.

o

Measels o0 ai@); @@aid.

Ringworm @@@emo; @@G.

ma.'g)eo (

Narcotic af)Gimm@o; a3leBowdrwo.

Salve (@)salalo.

moulel)

Nasal polypus anooo(eya)we;o@o.

Saw @00 @ (QDo.

(E!O@baou

Nausea 003"; ciamo; 20g|; B9800

Scissors ®OOE|RAVo; SHE@)D.

Bamen

Neuralgia aioowgelo.

[ono.

Scrofula &emaoal; wsmua@el.

Nostrum 01820008187 aN; WNaYO

(G'IMJGBM

Siphon @ Gamalend); @M.

Obesity anog elo.

[ o,

Small-pox @ay@l®o; aiaya).

ram@%g)q

0, o

Odortology s gal.

Sompambulism 31B0.00@ l®do; AV

agal

Operation Loy (@) Wano.

a"_;momW@Jo.

rm@mg

Ophthalmia GNM@52480; OaEsR.

Somniloguent a3)Bogoad).

M8,

Osteology @audlaignm.

Sore-eye &.018:6md.

UGH)

Otorrhma &wg'%@oo_lo.

Spatula (eycelaaasl.

mac@m“\

0Ozena agy@Imav;o; MHAVIRAV .

Specific a¥)®ELOEIUWo

Palpitation of the heart @R®d)do;

Speculum, ear @@gNRAMEM R (@Vo.

m@rﬂc

B

QHR29o.

Spinal meningites Qo MEdro.

m@q

Panacea quQij@owneal@0mto; H6) (@

Sterility QJiawj@o.

Mot

Styptic @B@OGoEH0.

8108y allamoaem ).

B0ty

Paralysis a_iomalomo.

Subacid moR3IBRQo.

Monq

Percussion avaseaidmo.

Sudorifiic GALIBRMB0; BAVISHID

Mg

Pericarditis @@mmm’\@s.

Syphilis ® a18oweo.

Oy

Pharmacopeeia

65‘0(93(13@@.\(]50@0 5

Syringe (Qoddo; QMl@Yo; ail

Qo).

L)

R

BB AV X000,

295

—

Tartar of thé teeth EADLL&H®.

Typhus aoa).

N

Temperature ® o l@)aemo.

Ulcer @Jyemo.

a0

Tetanus GOABQY80.

Unguent @0E;6RMo; aO@alo.

Nodotamey

Thermometer © o @00 1MW QD)o

Valetadinarian avgo@mowd).

Tic doloureux @3 ®mA@O.

Tincture 28, oa::)sao.

Vapour-bath 9 cn@av_igo.

Typhoid fever Qllee1mo; LA )eR.1

Vesicle egyoSo.

o,

R 1

Whitlow melainlo; cmes@)emo.

Malayalam.

dulols

M&oggﬂﬂb Erysipelas,

0 mejoyo Dandruff.

@PUD]2008)0 Indigestion.

‘6_1_)_(!)@38@0 Subacid.,

@)@ eo Cordial,

eBo, see @REIBg jad.

(00

@oedlgno Apepsy.

9 BBwrIM&0 Cathartic.

@ laqwoo Diarrhea.

o (2020 Insanity.

©a188w.afl@ o Nostrum.

M@(% omo Flatulency.

@ (0Q)eU) Hernia.

o al8owoo Syphilis.

@03 )malomo Tic doloureux.

o @ @omalem) Siphon.

man;geo Cancer.

o enai@)296mo Temperature.

® o P00 XNW@o Thermometer.

re’roc@%’ho.m Elongation of the uvala

®RRLIUEERHo Hemicrania.

®an@aV180 Vapour-bath.

n-’@)’]@l,

@RAN UMW), see @) aLIRO.

@@@; Dislocation.

2R

@ impoo Epilepsy

Q_t_pgzr Nausea.

jgmgh

mé]aeg o Catarrh.

Q@@m Asthma.

Brﬂ.

@8) SERMO Tnguent.

a@E6m @Yo Probe.

oo, (U

@pgallomo Acidity of the stomach,

63s)as@ Bubo.

aps@owemailulegaow Chalybeate.

SO 21T B2, S€¢ @DRLINCES

@EMIaldo Dyspepsia.

&o

@PWCaIa00 Electuary.

@U@ @ Pharmacy.

(eTocgrcﬂ Caleulus; lithiasis,

B0 DD 1000 Pharmacopeeia.

BVAIUOQ)

iy

@A Iavoealaisho Lithotripsy.

2

o Pharmacy.

g

@AV Piles; Heemarrhoids.

hew@e Tongs; pincers.

B0

@o(ygRm Osteology.

&seoem Lumbago.

@oNC. 000 Amputation.

@) Scissors.

@00 g b, see @RBMOBg|0d.

Semaoe) Scrofula.

@0l Apoplexy.

SBENAMMWDo Laryngoscope

mﬁm@.

@) avcaiam Colic pain.

Senavoalo Otorrhea.

@O ™A )0 Palpitation.

SEgnamem@ (o Ear speculum

V]

o; o

®QQIPEM &0 Pericarditis.

o S)Raoe Scissors.

—

296

E—

%

&anatlo Pectoral,

8@ Ringworm.

|

@Gel

SHON(ORo A saw.

B(TG)G)S)QJ@(T{) Dentist.

ol

@Ge_k

&maﬂnb Itch.

b

@(mc

ecw)croés)m Tartar of the teeth.

&maind Measels.

s8an el Odontology.

o

of t

&,ogum’) Malarial fever,

em»@uaowm%g;'go Dentifrice.

o.alo Cataract.

Ml

ggzwoalas) Deodorizer.

@92)a10 Jaundice.

3Q40y Malaria.

BRUE

[erasy

©0a0e)o Pectoral.

@8a0() B D), B2aOAVIBAI0 Idiosyn-

000}

0o Asthma,

Lo Tetanaus.

Bum

S00RX(@Vo Axe,

\ 6eas

Woga jed lémo Aphrodisiac.

Q@m0 Leprosy.

{@otao |

Maeasvasaty, mei@yemo Whitlow,

o808 )a10 Dropsy.

O dads Hooping cough.

Mol @do Probe.

Q)es@y

ﬂguémc

e@dovoqy@l) Hydrocele.

maawligyemo Fistula,

mo%’%m% see BRI QYHavo.

2¢y8a0

G0201080 Pneumonia.

2e100

Hmo Consumption; phthisis.

mO(rDa@__)roﬂ(@ 9o Nasal polxk\pus.

angm’)

#ad)ayaoars) Apoplexy.

MOy RSB Epitaxis,

MoV E@owao Rhinolithes.

@(18')@‘

@easmo Abortion; miscarriage.

2000201

NEWS: Midwifery forceps.

MNOAVIRAY Ozena.

2¢a008

WEEIQL, See EAIIDo.

031805 )10 Somnambulism,

™M )BsRM @0, aF)®Buewo Narcotic.

2000

waadlal, see @RV .

™ )Bo2oxt) Somniloquent.

@0

wB@Eowo Rectal prolapsus.

Wea Yoo Nostrum.

algpavoe Extract.

Gy

BNIBMI.alMo Bezoar stone.

a @ Abcess.

%’L@@@

Waoen$l8motoo Diarrhea.

goae

a1d@MQ@o Paralysis.

_")_anZ»@ao Delirium.

algmoelomo Hemiplegy.

tie,

a)e1am3)e 0103) Eczema.

o_xgo&:r Inflammation.

sy

Déna

O.a1mend Sore-eye.

06MY8moo Jaundice Leucoderma.

20Z) Nausea.

a108839So Chilblain.

mm%

E2a1@80amo Catarrh; cold.

o102 Eczema.

Qo]

=Raio)8wowalle oo Hydropathy

a10cR(EaRlo Pleurisy.

Raony

LT

S|e1ava@oavoe Hydrophobia,

ail8omo@020 Hypochondria,

£8@r198®o Dropsy.

o_@mﬂm(’rg)o Ozena.

mc&m’cﬁz

K.1rlo Febrifuge.

og®@lnowedho Antiseptic.

G

2o Fever,

@m.qjmﬁ

0g®)alo Malaria.,

BIMN @I, see .af lomEao.

8atoqr)

ajiyo Hypertrophy of the heart.

Q)yo@emo Ringworm,

Qa_xro'\lces)?rob Elephantiasis.

@fba(/_)m’\

oomong Catarrh.

@aimo@{ldo Hydrphobia.

Lo

O@oag |3 Influenza.

®a105) Chicken-pox.

W%no“;m

O0(@Be108) ol limoasn) Panacea,

(e)@@a00 Diabetes.

@lelc

29

@Qmmmﬂ Spatula.

Gr102a0m6mo Depilatory.

(@)8elato Salve.

QIS wafleer Diorthesis,

h

(e)Q0aG @0 Dysentery.

gSlaoqyen); @Gaooeﬁso Enlargment

QM @do Sterility.

adla@)emo Carbuncle.

of the spleen.

aimy) Syringe.

GD_IO)CQJQ@O Retort.

Mm@ @o Enema.

[crasy.

w@b@&o:ﬂgo Constipation,

QIS 2@ Rheumatism.

en1005)jo Deafuess.

o diosya-

Q& edo Spinal meningitis.

(Swaawo Fistula in anus.

Qoyelo Neuralgia.

BB TVoMRe MO Pharmacopwia.

QlBmoacao Hysteria.

@owao Prolapsus.

oMot a3l Carminative.

hitlow,

mao@) @o Delirium Tremens.

QO8I0 Flatulency.

28, o@so Tinctur,

aNaro{l@o Herpes.

2gy8aano Diabetes meletus.

o

118w Imposthume.

2210Q18RIWo, see RIRVES IR0,

ilenel 1o Typhoid fever.

)IE:P“S'

2my@)oo Small-pox.

o_ﬂcﬁ%aﬂcs)o Cholera.

2my)&8wooLno Hydrocephalus.

ailogyad) Ague or Intermittent fever.

2200203, see Qilmy ailoo.

QEMIYEQ 8o Herbal.

2@a002®o Enlargment of the spleen.

S,

GaiaLgaldmo Locomotor ataxy.

Narcotic.

@90 OV MW J®> Diphtheria,

Oaas@) Measles.

@ooauosn8o Cancer.

@Jemo Inflammation; abscess.

Qo) Hydrocele.

NS0y 18.002malg) Anatomy.

%@@@o Ischury; calculus.

(RRIGIWQVo Catheters.

%@m@b@o, %@mﬂ@fammﬁ@o Diur-

Ua@o Lancet.

etic.

wlaflaszo Elephantiasis (¢glaigo).

RLiss@ Piles.

UBlao see m@ﬂcecq) o0,

eoderma

Dsaamoemo Hemorrhage.

O OM@S o Anaphrodisiee.

OB o] AEMWQo Cuapping glass

Uoh@a04xi0 Gonorrhaea (@@@omo).

&l oo Plethora.

wWdhla)ao Leucorrheea.

n&RTRoB&o Styptic.

wneietlo Anodyne.

oavIwmo Elixir.

wyaseaem Colie.

N

IV Phthicis; Consumption.

Yoo Syringe.

@owamao Cicatrice,

BwedL0o, @uadano Dropsy.

Gn.aiM&o Aperient.

Guoadmio Atrophy.

8EIM)gnwo Diagnosis.

Ly Glanders.

hewtts

8@owFlaomwad(Tye Pathology.

PR 0aVEH: el @n0 Pneumonia; In-

Grozmiwedo Depilatory.

flammation of the langs.

@moacfleny] Aphthea of the mouth

Lo AVIAIBIUD, LB ITVMYoEo Dys-

@E.dag)o Electuary.

pnoea.

e

AT

298

A

c}o_mcmmogeroomo Bronchitis.

Drig

BgSo Vesicle.

(Ve8] Valetudinarian.

Bk

Vo1 a10@ ) to Somnambulism.

aomeavmilasomoe Dengue.

Far

avdeglo Laryngitis.

, avmw)@owo Dislocation,

AU 1PEERBo, MU 1aVIRe Hoarseness.

Bart

aomuilalomo Gout. |

oMy @ @mo Forceps.

Tiphe

aVQY BNV Wo Panacea.

{

@avas:mmdo Diaphoretic; Sudorific.

V20N R 1o Simple fever.

Ente

@av1e&®), see Supra.

a9)ORLIEWo Specific.

Fall

aVoaoems) Dysentery.

aQefla®o Leucoderma.,

Flea

TOmu@o Tongs; Pincers.

2080020 Dysteria.

Flyi

LoV B mWo Quarantine.

a8 )@m90e_10avo Hiccough.

Flyir

MmN 21BuS) Mammary abscess.

00 3Bownoe Heart disease.

Flyir

mogelo Obesity.

Pox,

a9, @lem@o Atrophy of the heart.

o

8.

Natural History.

(tad

Alcido Hispida ®al00; &ses onlay

Cat; felix domestica ag2l.

Goze

M),

(ene

Catfish ogsdlab.

Alligator @aos,

Giraf

Chamelion @gam; a13.01000. .

Axis masculata; the axis ayeg)aoch.

Cheetah ®.aimyai); aflgasneiad.

Gled

Glow

Baboon aneDgjomnes .

Civet cat ®a®; AWAIRHIED.

Grold

Bald Eagle ®alan@mam ; ;omanab.

Cockroach @o.

Balena mysticetus; the whale @dlowo

Conger eel @Sgﬂcaﬁ’.

Golde

alo

Coryphodon; ratsnake G.ai@,

(Hrass

Bandycoot ®a1@)19¢8),

Cotopus vulgaris; cuttle fish @amab.

Girizl

Bat @sainaileb; araidh; ;md)oflg

Crab 61’.53&730.

(uing

Beetle avefl@ ©aigs’, aiene’,

Crane a16ME200EH9S ),

Gain

Biology edlaiusoimyo.

Crevus elaphans &ei@oab,

Bison &o<).

Halmv

Crocodile @gmab; aflmed).

@

Black bird &90050b alomoab,

Crow-pheasant ©.018miOD ; 2IEHHO

o

Hawk

Blata orientalis; cockroach @o,

Herop

Blind worm &@sab aomy.

Cuckoo &)\ab,

Hipop

Blue jay .o,

Curlew oflegns); @eflead: @eanch.

o)

Boa constrictor @oemel); @wewmo

Cuttle fish @b,

Hog f

Bulbul mos@eof); o@ig{leslg).

Dolphin cugaidlmoe; @seais).

Hone;

Butcher-bird 6.a1Q @@ &f)ab; 432 9So0

Dove @oo_‘s’ 4

Hone;

Buzzard @oglé]wnb.‘

Draco volcus, the flying fish @oaiflab.

Canary esam,

Dragon fly ©&0dsad as@sd); @emi)

Horp.

Carp &1@)A)ab.

@R o 1oMm).,

Horg

Drone fly aend)ancmzad) o,

Cartecal S0Z0g.al.

Hougg

e

299

et

Dziggnetai BISHLO

House-sparrow @00os)g); @oanlg)

i

Elk goa)

S0 )ds b

Earwig a:S)comdo

Hunting spider .05 aflaiaoy)

'BeN0gS

Earth worm on)eiorf)e

Hydra ge1a) 080

Ephemerals og®oacd)demdo; amemeo

Hysena moegroooab; éywog el

idorifie

D EEBD

Hystrix eristata; the porcupine @ggab

aam)

Entellus monkey aOam@ab

Fallow deer @s@oab

Ibex angps ; @aiwos

Flea 6.0ig8

Ichneumon &)@)

Flying dragon o 50800am)

Iguana 9o

Flying fish @caiflab

Itching polyp ®.and)Flab; @evo)egjo

Flying fox &sano)ob

10

) heart

Fox, vulpus vulgaris &qQaead: &q

Jacana S0, @8 BnIS)

o)

Jackal, canis aurcus &9 )8aQ@&nnb

Gad fly Gooam; @og) o).

Kahauh w®geileseos ; geacd o

Gozelle a@emo

6013

King fisher ®a1002: &)ses o)

Genet @;Qﬂmﬁ]a@&;

Giraffe _oﬂcs@o@o

Kite ai@mam

Glede or gled D) .

Koodoo @ap@ab

Glow worm, see blind worm,

i

Lampern oo@ oy@b Aab ER)o @b

Golden eagle ®alsnbane,

Lapwing &g G890%)

Golden oriole 2smma 1P )

Larve of may bug olie=ad oy

Grasshopper o@@es)g); o@egab

Leopard ojeg nad)

ajeg lnoegy o

Grizley bear @@ 0 0S)

ooab; afl@gef)

)

Guinea fowl 3)adleand)

Lion aloaOo

Lobster .af 10006 &noemiad

Guinea worm MRIQYo.

Hammer-headed

shark

N omiad

Looust mm%zﬁsﬂ@'\

@om .

Lupus; wolf @.a1anow)

216a

Hawk @o&:ﬂé\@n{:

Lynx Qimn2%Rpooad; &igogol

Mangoust, mungoose &)

Heron s@oo&;ceﬁcﬂ

Hipopotamus

el wo

d:

Manis @ @@ 1d @egabd (aaar))

g

il

Mans .ailosmd oy,

Hog fish @aa3)eud lab

Maybug @migeeomab; a;cm@,@o.

]

Honey buzzard oj¥@o®0d)

Mole g&ab ogeail.

Honey suckle comb&sSlwad aissd)

Mole cricket 2emg

Mon oceros See Swordfish

it

ay aflges).

Horn-bill caivomial; .alo@do.

Moth @ 0g|¥; 21000,

| oM

Mullet g.avdd)ab

Hornet C&HoEY0.

Murex Tribulus @egab

House-cricket @es abd ogms

s

Musk rat, Musk shrew me pei).

Wate:

Shark QU oa) ; @oal.

Mussel @gflecach @o@); @afloof.

Shrike 6.01Q &:@)e @b,

Weas

Mustilus edulis b8 mios.

Weav

Sheat fish agsdlad.

Myxine a07)so )b,

Weav

Shrew mouse .oj6oM2af),

Nightingale g ; mo@oos).

Skate @))oed)S)ab.

Whal

Nilghaw ofleigwoo.

Snail @ _o{)ab.

Whit

Whit

Ornithology aseswomyo.

Snakebird 6.a18mioo0) ;5 al@&hoMo.

Ornithorynchus &<)ayoows .

Sparrow 0bddsd)e b,

Osprey Sladbomod); smioasesd); &

Sponge atlg'jenm).

8lo

Squirrel @OERITD; ERIMINEISD; 1@

Ostrich ®s®aaoai).

@ayalo.

@0

Otter & Ymoa); =®ein@alo.

MSE

Springbock wom@oab.

Ourangoutang @MY @3S .

Stein bock, see Ibex.

0

Oviparous msmuo.

Stork &:emomaiem ).

R

Oyster @@,

Lol

Swan 20980; 98200 MVo ; B OWMo.

Panther ojea)wabd MBS 20aad.

Swordfish mg @ab.

00

Partridge & ailermalo.

@006

Pee-wet, see Lapwing.

Tadpole cooenigho; asoaich; @aissab.

@0

Tarantula @ Q@omyei).

Pheasant a;cgscﬁm@. :

(0]

Philomela, see Nightingale.

Teal snooe,

Termites .aflmab,

B0

Picta of)eigwon.

Thorn-back skate @ga b oo,

oo

Pigeon @os(ayoali.

Polecat 20gls); opiaT 02w,

Thorny word-cock @dowooey; & ED,

@m

Boe

Porcapine @gs abayari),

w06}

Porpoise @0y )ad.

Tigris regalis, see royal tiger,

Do

Prawn e.aedlod; e@oemiad.

Toad 60100 g,

Ham

250!

Proboscis monkey, see Kahauh.

Tarbot (@)o.2{1Aad,

250

Quail &0Sg jand),

Turkey @ds); QL) &0} 0.

Rana @ais.

Ursine howler monkey ®n<)osoes .

20

2020

Ratsnake @al@aiomy .

Ursus arctos, arctic bear ©Qgg @90S);

20y

Rattle snake gggSo_wauu.

WSS,

Raven Goumaods; eniell®ods.

Ursus horibilis @gddss).

o@@)

gsd

Rhinoceros 06120 (o,

Viviparous s30oqeso.

Rim

Royal tiger @ogal; aigg nd)

Vulture @&gpa&ab; wal o) &

&ab

Ba¢

Salamander (Brahminlizard) @oem.

Salmon ®.amigi).

Wagtail @@@oooaseni),

s

),

Samber ®ea1200b; O@oaunb.

Walrus &Seiom.

Boag

Sardine awowilacmno.

Wapiti asg{lS)@onb.

Seal &Smnow).

Wasp &:Sanb.

ha

oy

301

L

12

Water rat; water shrew of)®ooei.

Whitting Ganossa©b aanyo.

Weasel 88010005 .

Wolf &.aiamox)).

Weaverbird o@g o512,

Wood-pecker ane@niomnb.

Wren @oSdniaiaml,

Weevil omegy somad.

i%

Whale @f)dlowoalo.

Yak aad)aond; e.ad)aah.

White ant o ood,

Zebra aidescho; ainwieo.

100

White-headed eagle to@manab.

Zoology @omﬂmo@o; sflandlalls,.

Malayalam.

§05_;.M

@N= o, @remei) Boa constrictor.

&S Sea gull,

BRSEntalaMm) Wren.

@S&ij‘ Conger eel,

®@Rsmbeo Oviparous.

SHSMNH) Seal.

@oemond; g @nigabd Squirrel.

&saned Wasp.

avanad Curlew.

&;Hsaoad Fallow deer.

WMo,

@aoam Salamander.

&Selom Walrus.

I,

@OEEM) (010 Wolf.

&s6eis) Dolphin.

@POXWMo Swan,

&S @b Bat; flying fox.

@YP)a» Chameleon.

&smods Cuttle-fish bone.

eedlad Eel.

[bilis.

&gl Royal tiger, Jaguar.

S6m @88, see O9009bal1ang).

ne)

@R ©S) Grizley bear; Ursus hori-

@(og@e_l:gﬂ Bul-bul.

Somoaienl), sce Oodn Stork.

HEd

ooz Teal.

&Hoeswoey Thorny wood-cock.

@a tlemRalo Partridge.

Wossg), @ooas)s) House-sparrow.

8 ovldhgesad Manis.

& )2ab Yak.

9 5o Salomy Rattle-snake.

&rS)esosn Ursine howler monkey.

&d)dlab Carp.

o gmy Iguana.

ba

©0g. 1% Moth.

& Hippopotamus.

&o1200d Crevus Elaphans.

08

o Q@omyel) Tarantula.

9088@)& )@ Sparrow.

SeNaa, see afleam ).

] mms?;

S00) &esdo Ephimerals.

S0, see @),

o@s@lab Sheath-fish; Catfish.

&g)0S Tbex; Steinbock.

seflemad ¢9f); @eiloofl Mussel.

a@6mo Gazzelle.

M o

o@8 &9 )g | Weaver-bird.

@’s‘ggpﬂaaa Genet,

s@arant) Ostrich.

&Yond Vulture.

SYog |eil Hyzna.

@001 &ad Jackal.

@ceidlad Flying-fish.

SYmow) Otter,

D dco; So58H0¢) Pheasant.

&0Sa oM ) Quail.

@600 )8g |o@® Itching polyp.

@)05'1 Bison.

(e

302

—

0501, see oD

oo

105 af1e10f) Hunting spider.

&SSP Dziggetai

2o Hornbill

(a0

bl

:ﬂyo%@@:sgﬂ Pheasant

-2)0o Blue jay

99

50401 Lynx; Cartecal

w 0.

2188 ;s Semnopithicus silenus,

99209 o Rhinoceros

(49D)

oflosad o)y Mans; the larve of the

$00050d aloomadb Black bird

Maybug

Mg

meﬂm

&)@) Ichnenmon ; mangoust mungoose

)o@ Termites;

white antg

@ay@cad Koodoo

i}

aﬂ@g_ﬂeﬂ see aygs lne).

&5 )@o0wd Ornithorhynchus,

[l

SMIB OB cdd May bug.

_g_ﬂcs@o@o Giraffe.

21100908 6mIad Lobster

mlse

&)@ Cuckoo.

allser) Crocodile

oy

H0BI0, See Vi0aIBA])

21®82a) Shrew mouse.

ofley

S@BST a0mi

Blindworm

glow

®.210mo) Wolf; Lupus.

Mo

worm

806

amcmrcan’c) see w@mara.

&010W)o Aviary,

ol

o.almig)) Salmon.

&Yoo Earw1g

e nimyel) Cheetah

18,

&Qdnad Fox

(0

90218m@mm Crow-pheasant

Snake-

@8 8999¥) Lapwing; jacana

bird

0J60

Seama) Jackal

9.018MIAo ajgg Skylark

088

@b Cuttle fish; colopus vulgaris

02122 )b, see e @remind

o

@100 Wagtail

088

©.01Q& @& I@d Butcher-bird; Shrike,

@O0 Cockroach; blata orientalis

0.01QO.0\88

Flea.

s

@ 0| @b a2oyo Lampern.

Bal® I

Rat-snake; Coryphodon.

o

920800 alead] Dragon fiy.

bl

D0 Stork.

8a1d2)ab Mullet

0100 1mose Toad

oy

O&oemIad Prawn,

©.23038)81ab Itching polyp

o]

o@ominbavoay Hammer-headed shark

{00

000 Viviparous

®30pdladb Porpoise.

(X

BaIMBGLlo, see SHYPMOI)

G@,o@o Hornet

K

gamoévj 980 Hydra

Nemgeilesoes The proboseis mon-

key; kahauh

eflaceo@yo Biology

o0

ao)o e Crab

Wsmb&o Rhinoeceros

Qow

wg@ad Springbock.

smcoote) Heron; osprey

25m

LW, see vHam

Sls)eo, see w@eo

R

w@apad Bald or bald-headed eagle

Més) Turkey

2am

white-headed eagle

@@QO&s )z ) Grass-hopper

a)

ow Nightingale

@1&lowogo Whale; Balena mysticetus

B3 8E90%) Guinea fowl

®lo6nE) Skate.

2 182000, see .a1smITD

@88 Grass-hopper

a12@)2otd. see &a@)aab

cmb@sS wmd aiesd) Honey suckle.,

303

PR

1

|

omog{les)a), see mOs®ealell.

aleckssh B8 Ourangoutang

GBO_]OOU.';J Weasel,

2o odad Wood-pecker.

U3@)ow0, see Q& A )& @b,

2mg|s) Pole-cat.,

ilenus,

@1®s) Ursus arctos; Arctic bear.

2moB o, S€€ @ROWANO.

Mo .oiei) Musk shrew; Musk rat.

2eIoS’, see SRS .

2 of the

oo Howlet.

goal Elk.

mE® o Wo;

o3ldas@)o Hypopota-

Blabsgg o), see Ha10a.

mus,

glabe®ad) Osprey.

mMoeR,I00ad, see a;,g,p@g__éaﬂ.

gmelr Alligator,

Aedn) Curlew.

g Oyster.

md]gl__lsm@'\ Sponge (@Qa)).

QRDw0B)], See &hTR& Laoh).

aflexewao Nilghaw; Picta.

e o lom:) Thornback skate.

oMy o Weevil.

e b aary) Porcupine.

8mnysosd Whitting,

gEab dms , see negelos s .

a1@f lwao(Tyo Ornithology.

g &b agef) Mole.

m@gon‘&’ Chamelion.

0

oo Civet cat,

o )@ The Glede or Gled; Kite.

Snake-

enoam Canary bird.

a80ID) Flying dragon.

MI@)©3), see DID-

a)eg ‘@) Leopard.

QImwEEo, Wd)eedslo Zebra.

ajes Jwab, moag,o00ad Panther.

ajeg l@200db The axis; axis masculata

QN 20mmdd Lynx.

hrike,

0.)8:95'180(!{) Wapiti.

a @O ®0a) Honey buzzard,

L

aell@ ©age Bestle.

®a1@) 0108 Bandycoot.

Ba s &8s Raven.,

Q0EHeS), See s ).

aoeind Gaidead, see witido.

a0t Kingfisher; Aleido Hispida.

aieflgjoesams Baboon.

Ga10qm Gad fly.

(@0.201Flab Tarbot.

QI0QI@d, QIm@D See &SQIm b,

(eoer3loo(mgo Zoology.

s)m%@sﬂ@'\ Lozust.

aQER B9S), see WAIGES).

(@Jog{1s)wab Buzzard.

gaiwomim Horn=bill.

B Mail@o0m, see oM@ ods

e, See OO > o1mh.

oei&o Tadpole.

@ svpare) Golden oriole.

(\B.mﬂ@ﬁlﬂ Honey suckle.

@63 )@someay).oy Drone fly.

augeidlmo, see HSCAIS ],

oY Ho Guinea worm.

agg))g Mole-cricket.

2smab Crocodile.

@) Shark.

eo)enn @b Hogfish; Myxine.,

£

aQaeaoad Entellus monkey.

ioetas,

]klen

—_—

304

9

Philosophy, Religion etec.

Abbot @ Ey2a.ic).

Absolute aqLoITWEAS @0,

Chiromancy eoMyeoaialls) ; auogE)

ﬁ)omo@o.

Absolution

a190105)820.a1mo.

Church ave; eeaaisaiwo.

Accoustics w_lm”)uae@o.

Aeon &g o,

Church, militant 5w ave.

Agnosticism @ 8mun a0,

Church, triumphant @G Ly VE,

Coinherence aveniywo.

Coma Beremeces @w oo,

Alchymy @aVWIMRo; PAVAIIR0; AV

av)euy),

Comet BReSD.

Ethnol

Altar eniaia oo,

Commandment &g ym,

Rthies

Apocalypse ©aiglg oS,

Communion Mo@V0; @ @@ Wo.

Evang

Apostle @osg joagaind; ¢Flaoo.

Comparison 2 aI2om (@ J@26mo.

Congregation ave; avaoezo.

Bverla

Archbishop (WInavEoRY) GMab.

Evolut]

Ark of covenant (TDDcBﬁ;ﬂé‘)&jgtﬁ)o.

Confirmation oud)@)®memo.

Excom

Ascension ®93wmoa06mo.

Conscience avaave.N.awowend); am

Exper

Ascending node a0,

%woce.aﬂ.

EBxpiat

Asgronomy BE3,00) lgpo(Myo; @IBLLES (oD

Consecration aflee auSle:0emo; aomye

-

o

>

glomo; @ndlemso; (asleg.

Bxtenis

Bxteen

Atheist momyflaad.

Contemplation Q) 0mo.

Contraction @p&:emmo.

Atom mweno.

Taith

Convent 200; @QEyeo.

Atonement (ojo@f@mo.

Fallacy

Attribote si@Mmemo.

Cosmogony m’)csw_log:‘@’oﬂcm@o.

v

Aurora @n@emabd.

Cosmology ailweawomyoe

ms)ﬂex@

Fanati

Baptism qgomo; @ezeelav.

oﬁasmuuas@o.

Fate @

Cross

w .

Pam q

Bear, the great a0 je3adlssdo.

Cupid ®2caainb.

B Ol‘e.pi

Beatitude Gaoamo; gam); @ymaso.

Deacon ©.01225010b.

[ avo.

Frgg-t}

Bishop QUEIRY) BMd; Ba@oab.

Deism @@my{l8yo; asmanesaiailee.ts

Galaxy

Bishop, suffragan £a1aVERY) BmMad.

Demigod oneeaiab.

Castor

Gemin

and Pollax ®0w.13)&:200

Descending @,

Rod

Genlogj

Diad bodies @_1@osnodo.

Gogpe|

Cataclysm oo flg joato.

Disciple ¢3)ag)ab.

G)’mnas

Catechist ®0188w3).

Dilation @V 6mMo.

Gy

Catechumen ng;amsmirﬂ.

Divinity BWOC_}J @ Jo.

Hadps ‘

Catholic qLLIREMWIW ; Hals® QlOW.

Dogma omo; @p6aw0; 88MIa_i18Bwo.

Dualism

Halo [

Cemetery guesmo.

8403166 8 Q) Qi) tp19aVo;

Il

Chancel

WERLUMNAl;

o..ﬂOo

28z

MNB_1do,

g D)

manAlo,

Eclipse, lunar aym@aoemo.

2y

Hamag

Charity W ; @Yalo.

Eclipse, solar m@@@ogfﬁno.

h

eavey |

-

4

y

S g

e

305

Hell oo

QI0@®IB o

Jo

(oM [(o]7hi]e plo=[qQ0Ia k)

Sl

?

Hermaphrodite (lajmeneismemnen

888 ; Mojorudabd

ab: @ac@mad

Herculanean labour @uSloLo@)@@No.,

Hercules @uSloLnab

Heretics al0@msmui)édo

saseilad)

Hieroglyphies aouoammo.

NadSlnaow

Homeletics (@)avownalle

1eA)B &k

Hope @Qgueosnimio; (o i@ o0,

Ethnology qywu.weila

Hydraulics .ale1mye10])esmomo

(@040,

REthics mﬂ(oﬂmo@o.

Hypothetical proposition (oo})esmo

Evangelist myaNewead)

Tdealism @po 62100

Everlasting mqg Zaple)

Imp ailwoay; Eoo

Evolution 9 gy@d .01 @26mo.

Imponderable apH@:.

amn

Excommunication QLEIEED

Inaccessible remo:@ab

Experientialism @nasEaialco,

Incantation @@0o

@QYE ).21000

2@

» 00735

Expiation (@ )@wilomo

@@&OU)O.

Extenison a.@d)@o6mo

Incarnation @@aimomo.,

%

Extreme unction &(@jwa.

Incubus g3 av.alo

Faith csm): afwe_toavo.

Induction G0 1@

Fallacy GaQmo0@0aoo

®ReNIRLIE )

Indulgence a10018@0aIMai@o

TWo

@OWJO

Inference @PARAIM(Q-}A26Mo.,

Fanatic aom@iamnad

allaigy

Infinite (a‘rom((ﬂ@_nfdg(lb

Fate @ogasgo.

Introspection

@R MI

@RANZ LMo

Faun cxnesaim.

GRr10&MNo,

Fore- part of Leo e @layo.

[Quod).

Inquisition coo@emil&g oS 8880

Free-thinker momoﬂ@nb @)@l

Janus mEeMwd

oo

Jfla

Galaxy @Q&0wwownd

Judgment m) aailwd)

Gemini @ ol o,

Juno a0Qi@); gggo

Geology @w@c/ao@o

Jupiter @ @ab QJj oo,

Gospel myall@uwemsao.

Justification a3)@5)&m6mo.

Gymnasiam cdocwo@@eﬂ

Law woe2o; wmmﬁ

Gymnastic exercise agy @ka

Libra @p_lo(oouaﬂ

Hades avango.

Litany

eflomsay)

G’OO(DOFOGYTM&;\O

183000

Halo (0 )@0.a01@0; a1@d)8aimo.

@00,

p.yMo

Hallucination amiaileao; Q) o@-mo)

Lithography ®gj01S); dlaig@.

@ (@3E308l0

Logic @anwos@myo.

Hamadryad axmecaim,

Lord’

Supper @@ QIOMILo

08B0

Heaven cm.lg;o.

£3MNo.

20

P

306

g

Macrocosm g eiswab; allve o,

Pan aomm@onb.

Mars @00 lea@ab; qpaaad; ©.a100,.

Pantheism enooc_1o0.

Martyr ©@&@a0IHA).

Pandemonium a_i)woat quE.,

Mass Zlav; Slavooowom.

[mqeo.

Parson QMQBC%DO_? ‘

Materialism .aicQ&amo;

Pastor av@oavaisad; aigessnat

Mermaid zmg 20¢OM.

%m@

QOB

Patriarch Gwo@ailmoay;

I

Mercury mooeab; enjuoab,

@0QY; o..x@’kmocsdémrrp.

dalva

Metampsychosis o jme&paRe; @RI

Pentateuch aiemigHmoo.

Sancf

o

Perception (@)D SM(e)@361m0.

Satan

Metaphysics

(BT@(U‘Z@@J(@O@O;

@1

Satm

Personality @i )am_to.

@,BJO(GEOJOBO.

Phalanx ai,e00.

Satyr

Metropolitan ®@@o6,a10af) @m0,

Philosophy @@ 1ssmomo.

Serip

Microcosm apsmeam@ ; avQyEog

Minerva QO@@O_1G5),

Pietism @810 Q10 0,

Serme

[oref).

Pleiades &)000)@0; @oad)s.

Servi

Minos @aab.

Pluto @aab,

Sinp

Modalists afl@omaiod)e,d,

Plutus &:@eniab.

Sham

Molecule al2o6no.

Polemics 019890503930.

Siren

Monad body @D 3EE,) QY.

Priest aj8@oad) @ ab; @R a0 @ad.

Sociali

Monk qoap;oad); egyaaiay),

Highpriest ao_oama@nb; 22000 JBM)

Solar

Month, lunar a10@y@0avo.

a0 )anab.

Month, natural avociN@0avo.

Solsti

Soul ¢

Moanth, solar ®avOEAITV0.

Premises M 02QIWAlo.

Premises, major a’lacemoci@alo.

Soul,

Myography qpogaignm.

Premises, minor @ 1on@oQi@adlo.

Soul,

Naiad m%baﬁ’ :

Neptune ai@emabd.

Premises, predicate o)w@ai@ado,

s()ll]3 [}

Prolepsis agQj@ademo.

Soul, i

Nicromancy G jmailg,.

Nihilism on)@Sweioalgo.

Prophet (a)oio.aieab.

Soul, (

Soul, »

Novice aymudlayab or volay.

Psychology mo2yjoaailg; ea“\]o.wm

Numismatics gBoafls,; moem ajlg;.

o.ﬂ@ :

Soul, 1

Spirit

Nun e@eyaanailad); avansadlad).

Purgat?ry a.1001820.210NANNIMN0; 6D

&6

Styx g

Omnipotent avajcoamab.

Ransom afleeegg {iab afer; agalles.

Omunipresent (mcg@oéboaﬁ_ﬂ.

Omnicient qvQssmab.

Rationalists enj@Ulavamabd; Ga0mald

Ontology avaail,.

Reason @a0®.

[

Mwe

Reasoning power enj@U5)was; ).

Ophiology aug'jafls, .

WDQ@

Optics gw.{lg,.

[@amd

Redemption aflosresg] .

Reformation onafléemo.

LT

o

(

Ordination aongog'zlm')?; also O&0g

Orion gunuslaho; adslgjo.

Regeneration o jM&gM@0; aj@dno.

(Gm;gm

e A

Pagan o joeoa)); @nesmons).

Resurrection ojmn@moimno; ajneyg)

{&Mﬁlh

Palladrum mwnocaio; oemiteio.

QiMo

O

St

307

HUSL

, @) Mm@ 3a10.a3mMo ; Mo

Summum bonum 038 @EYWAVo; @I

8810d&hMo.

0 )@ ENI@00.

Supernatural @RRo00ES B0,

ion 5)'0_@\3:;05.

1SmM HZAG A0 .01S60139.a1000,

Syllogism n)oco.

ot

Tabernacle LS GSIMo.

iment VoMY 0@0; & .anE&A).

&

rifice enei).

Tail of Leo 9 @o.

Jalvation ©&M; GAISMo.

Taurus QJanERIw ).

Sanctification aflwEU)e Mo,

Teleology ©@3(8)0; @@3we(a)@d6mMo.

Temptation aadlem; GuetlOmM.

Satan auoomondb; ailwoay.

Saturn cear).

Theism @ ORIOQIB0;

@Yy )8 0;

Satyr auongaQio.

[®a1y@Oe: .

aos) o621l )ue 10aVo.

Theocracy 001D Io0.

Seriptures anaf@ellelomasd; ol

Theogony G28Q10ey®0) ).

Sermon (@)oo,

Service @QYOIWM; UoER M.

Theology ®ecaiaflg).

Sibyl aflews; adlevmy).

Theosophy @00 IR@®1LI(TY0; ER)ad

sy 00No.

Shamanism gE®EavA.

Siren 8@ad)ar).

Transmigration E30200MMo.

Type @0 ).

oge.

Socialism oud)@ V@@ 1QIR0.

Trinity @)®-Jo.

Ono 80

Solar system mgjavocud)ai).

Solstice, summer aileg.

Universal distribution Oé))oo,&ﬂ.

Soul ®ERO2Q].

[e)aund.

Universe @pailelgjo@osmuo; aflveto.

Ursa major 0o} edle .

Yl

Soul, animated &lasomR9; @osmng;

Soul, departed ®a)®o.

[@ao .,

Ventriloquism womanaiogo; wenjal

/0o,

—

Soul, embodied GBadi; (@J06MO@R0; G.a)

®emoaalle,.

[

Soul, individual (@) @) (oE20; eflaro@0

Venus aiggl); @@l @M.

[

Vicar aflcnod),

Soul, oneness of .afloO @0,

Soul, rational aflaommo.

Virgo &miloows),

Vulean aNwa&m300).

eﬂmm

Soul, thread oy@o©R0.

Xanthippe 69&6&d); w@uslal.

Spirit @gowal .

oo} Ao

Styx eemET); S mmE).

Ziephyr 2020108y,

A

;@Qoﬂﬁ-

Malayalam.

QY

enomo Coma beremeces.

i

mwgﬂb The inaccessible one

@@ Imponderable.

@omoool@d) Induction.

.

®030y) VB Church triumphant.

@ngsago Fate.

ap®ea \mo Idealism; nondualism.

@08 WQ 1080 A gnosticism.

@6 Atom.

®EL, 10 SmoMo Theosophy.

goss 3

@EL) omo_ﬂg Psychology.

qmg@ﬂ i

mraﬂmaﬂ@(é,umne_\o Sanctum sancft-

orum.

@10 QR @IMN{e)AIEMO Inference.

20*

‘:

——

308

@oma9uUd) Non-perception; Nega-

900 Lol @a6m

tive proof,

0 a188w) Catechis

B8 Moty Internal consciousness.,

@_Q_IZD(T)@QDGTDO

mo_nro'\'s_rzcag) ab Infinite.

2AITVEIRY) b

m%maﬁ’ Naiad.

0a1900f) The

ill

@6g jomyainb Apostle.

Brahma.

10

@08=8; b The impenetrable.

@ atoo Expediency

Wl

en@smad Eos or aurora.

63@ w2 Extreme u

@M

®R QG H8Ma_16Mo Digressiqn.

Da2aNao@o The o

)

@pailg; Ignorance.

&pin Commandmen

g 0y

@oailgoail@emaiemo Projection of

&elo Aeon.

8%3

ignorance.

&0 18&@ad Mars.

@0 Q) &m0 Undescerned; undevelopéd.

&o28201adb Cupid.

%@53

8.

@pw i)’ ;eonn2cd Castor and pollax.

oemMw@loo Causal body.

B0 00 Egoism ; self-consciousness,

&eevad Platus.

By

698

@YY 0w wowd Galaxy; milkyway.

NHSY)

Absolution.

@Q@&:emiano Contraction.

8.0e

8&@® Descending node.

8.

@goaoa) Soul; allomooeoal Rational

o0&eon®) Xanthippe.

soul; eflasowoal animating soul;

Wz

12002003 The

O&I® &0 Museum, |

woR

supreme

goul;

o Cross.

@7y woowsal Individual

soul ;

@Moa0) Patience; forbearance.

826

@osmcmoo_‘f Embodied soul; af)

JQC

A IS Btherial bodies.

SIMOBRI0T , Se¢ (T VORI ;

Ma

My@sowoas’ Thread soul.

UHeemwand Janus.

mwrmo Motion.

M

®PMm20 68 oweo The five peri-souls,

M

@980 Ventriloguism,

@e)Mailadimnaow Eternal.

mim

®gmnaze Joy.

aoemo Eelypse; Myej@aosmo Solar

Lunar

@9ajleyo Fore-part of Leo.

eclypse;

ol @3 @ a0 6mM o

Oﬂ’im

eclypse.

m'\:n‘))

BYIUOM Service; worship,

mlg)

@Y BI06Mo Ascension,

aoemsd (may) Planets; aygad,

My

@QaInemuedd) Envelopment of the

@b, ®.aloo) Mars; enyooad Mer-

mld)

soul.

cury; QJjoo Jupiter; WG (e

DA

@Rwaoeniomvo Hope.

gg)) Venus; wea3) Saturn; @90

ﬂng

i

o

®QEy2ai@) Abbot.

Ascending node; @&® Descending

node.

M

®Qwyaoc Convent.

6).2 170 01ad Deacon.

om

@Y aVmo Posture.

g

M Yo Wakefalness,

@Y )8y0 Theism; deism.

:j

L1

8D @ab Jupiter.

R0 Baptism.

=emono Knowledge of universal trath.

Vl

o camaiemo Elevation.

Q‘(

Q(@o Tail of Leo.

(G)oémmo@o Logic.

Vs

S

My

309

o _id)eaiaxo Halo.

no Philosophy; kthe true

adge.

aaNeallosed Scriptures.

) Subtle elementary particles.

asefd)weo@go Ornithology.

no Oblation of water.

alomogo Hades.

A 1P@IBRI0T Supreme soul.

Self mortification; penance.

a1®)asemo Extension.

Jg};’ Darkness.

o @maiomowo Lord’s Supper,

a120.101)829.01No Absolution.

@averenoao Triad bodies.

aoaaavSl@omo Confession.

a19QY@ ) Juno.

BJmo Charity; benevolence,

ansmul )& do Heretics.

Eﬂ«:)c;) @10 Divinity.

ajn®mpa2o Regeneration.

830 Juno,

8QY)asodo Bad consequences.

agmoflgjoalo Cataclysm.

gw-ilg) Optics.

®a1op alo® Catholic.

(@)oo Knowledge.

gy VG Church militant,

tayem)ad) Circumspection.

aO8aigemo Blasphemy.

eamae6cara))w0avoe Daalism.

(a)@ eemo Hypothetical proposition.

8_1woermoo Diad bodies.

(@)@S)eg Consecration; dedication.

@) @) Sfa(ej@vemo Perception.

W20 Law.

@gmamooj’ Individual soul.

oMo Subjngation of the mind.

(@) @000 Transmigration.

%z@@w@ Comet.

(@)@yow Hope.

w)yamo Contemplation; meditation.

(@)@ 92000 Restraint of the Senses.

N e (©@200Vo0 Stellar month.

(@) WIMAVEIRL) ®mab Archbishop.

mam@o (27) The 27 lunar asterisms.

(@)avownailg, Homeletics.

mooaad Mercury.

(@)26rMOWI20 Control over respiration.

moog’\&nb Athiest.

o Solar

(@owilomo Atonement, expiation.

m'\@b‘mnb Unbounded by qualities.

eniella oo Altar.

[unar

’

oy @@ Everlasting.

enlplo Power.

) om&ooamo Instrumental cause.

o

enjooad Mereary.

B

aS@@o Religious observances.

Mer

en)@U) Intelligence; reasom.

a3 weoasao Nihilism.

@aoggfcﬂ Jupiter.

) (00

ol )eeyo Without option.

66N émm Purgatory.

000

onding

mﬂroﬂ(foo@o Ethiecs.

Yoo ie@idho, SEE (Q]0) LM OIES I8

@Qloweaslgy Ethnology.

(B&m) Faith in God; devotion.

mam@cug)o Oblation.

e oLoab Hercules.

M) 0®@o Syllogism.

eUSow)wone Herculanean labour.

) o®oai@alo Premises; oademoy

@&)osy Religious mendicant.

@alo Major premise;

9 IN@oQ

froths

M w2moal

EWEwwIMRo Geology.

@Qio Minor premise;

@aio Conclusion.

@& gjo Orion.

ity

310

Sl

200 Convent.

oaiglg oS’ Revslati.

&a

1

mgBU Volition.

ooasmemo Elysium.

2gy&)aw Gymnastic or Athletic exer-

oaaimoem| Styx,

=

cise.

ANQIPIW 0

Complete s

@ac09E@o Material element.

passions.

Ao

Month;

Lunar

m!)@@a(n)o

Q) %ay) Invariable concomita

month ; M eM@@cavo Stellar month;

C@&m@@ Lithography.

Ae

aVIQIM@50Vo Natural month; eawvw

ulaag;ab Diseiple.

Air

25000 Solar month.

RQwimo. Cemetery .

Ali

aom@xmab Fanatic.

g@ﬂaoq Apostle.

An

a@mad Eolus.

Am

NVoileomazo Existence, knowledge

eﬂmg oMo False knowledge.

and joy.

1

An

alav Mass.

avom Existence.

Aor

@®m) Beatitude; liberation,

aQv@Jo Goodness or purity.

Art

@B8oalley Numismatics.

Al

v O_ﬂg Ontology.

®2@oab Bishop.

Ba

o2@ieaeiloma Metrapolitan.

mag':luw@o Ophiology.

a@0& Church; Congregation.

Bile

Qaab Pluto; Minos.

avERLY) St Bishop.

Bill

@ao Forbearance; Restraint.

CTU@D@Q%U Excommunication.

Bla

8wowd) Yogi.

avaawo Coinherence.

Bloc

(Oe‘agé’ Passion; Activity.

av@2903) Propound meditaion.

Blog

o®)82ail Venus.

aLEOV1GS) Minerva.

Bloc

avIIcemom Catholic.

Breg

md\)oﬂg Alchymy.

£ Ismemerde Attributes.

a0ogBloweo@yo Chiromancy.

Capi

eiggl), see ooileeall.

QLI \@Soro Tabernacle.

Cart

qLIBM 19g |s@o The ark

of cove~

eotwedl@o Subtle body.

nant.

Baiaino Epistle.

Cavi

myail8weed) Evangelist.

Cere

Qlmemab Neptune,

aqyail@uweao Gospel.

Q8208 QIR0 Polemics.

Corg

ayegay) Profound sleep,

angewaioad Eolus.

Cory

Oy e@ioo Interior or subtle body.

Clay,

all@ooasa e de Modalists.

QUeeIMWEad o Absolute.

Cho

ailaoa0m3)3mtdo Celebacy.

cmocm&};o Communion.

Chly

ail@®mato Projection of the Soul.

b, ses S0 es@ad.

Chy]

ailweU e rmemo Consecration; Sancti-

|

aansQio Stationary bodies.

Chyn

fication.

onud S & memo Confirmation.

Gil‘cu

aNwasea) Valean.

avgeiwdloo External or gross body.

Coag\

ajl8wo_topy@m) Cosmogony.

nzgomom'uﬂ Catechumen.

Coch

aflgjo Fortitude.

ay3omno Baptism; christening.

Coly

b

311

R

&aya0o Charity; Love.

aQasacad Pan.

QU.glo Slumber; dream.

a0mMyg {emo Consecration; Ordination.

aviwoe Self-existant.

Gan @ 13B20o Fallacy.

\:

10.

Physiology

and Anatomy.

Acromion ®p0avIwo.

Colon crugeloQoo; ascending c. 90RV

Aircells aloaiogsdo.

vodlaugein@o; descending c. @@

[,

Alimentary

canal

asmiad); ay

BL0IZRINVG LIDQD)o.

Ankle joint ¢p g1 avms).

Ceecum @ROWIQD0,

wledge

Anus =o.

Cornea &d.0lalSelo; Ly@@smuealo,

Anvil @OSEOREY-.

Corona 80®IQ0o.

Aorta geimoars); &reemoas).

Cutis ml@mmz'ao; o hoodeil.

Dentatus Epistrophens eamomud).

Artery @amMIAL).

Atlas @@uoordd); B)IVIM..

Diaphragm aflemanaflmomo.

Baywindow aig dmoaiso.

Digestion @a0mo; &lasmo.

Bile a_liomo.

Dorsal vertebre Q@Q@P.

Duodenum a_é& . 130o®@io.

Billiary duct adlomaised)as),

Bladder g@my); @@3vewo.

Eiasticity afgilg .

Blood discs @a6mandb.

Elbow-joint &g j@avmu).

Blood vessel coaad).

Emanation m'\g';o.

Blood circulation @&@9EavoeMO.

Epidermis a,@).aleo.

Breast-bone ag@)dzeg’ ; o cmoaug).

Epiglottis @aiedla010; @a1sSo0; wot0

aomog gs).

Capillaries 8® w0120 )03 e db.

Esophagus @@anmoaus),

Cartillage @.010; ©al000d); G&280

0ve-

aud); mmemomog).

Ethmoid bone @p@lgjowgy .

Femurus gogijaua).

Cavitas cranii poees,

Fibula aunsosmooon).

Cerebellum amylogo.

Fibrin anooad alice.

Cerebrum @s2myloo.

Cervical vertebrae &%o@@@gu.

Frontal bone &modlowegy .

Gall-bladder o fNomovawo.

body.

Clavicle 8(@); aSowey .

Gastric Juice @OTYROTo; ROMIUT).

Chorion (DEE&IB0; DEBAIEIMo.

Chloroides m@ensl; BN (@2RY)aiSalo,

Glands @womailsmuendo,

Chyle @Vo; WID.

Glandulae parotis @smoalndeINe

26m)& .

Chyme a19.ay&o.

Circulation @@ElavReMoO; QIBSIS0.

Gullet v @@O@g,é’ it

ot

Coagulated blood ar)emo.

Heart o9 @, 3aodgo.

i

Cochlea wo6); &o6my.

Heart chamber o@%'@o.

;:

Collarbone, see Clavicle.

Hip-bone @ggﬁ)eﬂgj’.

el

312

Sca

Humurus (o)smuocnad); @eomad).

N. Hypoglossus esauv@l®e.; N.

;

&mh)

oema.; N

Tleum @weo)0;

62 B2QD0;

oculomotorius BN

eflan).

Sele

.

Sympathicus &agay anos).

Iilium @yremyquil; 3egremlenais

>

Occipital bone aNoSlowegy .

Sen

Sen

DSOgI8 -

Organ &©6mo.

Instep asvegeinoud); &c@o.

Os coccigis aoand); Os femuris grﬁ

Shi

Intestines

@R VB,

Intestinum

Qyoaud); Os humeri (@)oasmusonar),

augustom HwoQ0o; Int. crassum

Sine

geomud); Os ischii mg%)a:wg;;

rogeln@o; Int. rectum @ei0Q0o.

Os pubis Qawoaud); Os maxillary

Skel

Jejunam (ym) oo,

inferius @oSlowgy ;

Os sacrum

fph

Kidney qy@90; g@alilsmwo.

@ )@omud ),

%%O.@ngao;

Ossa

Spir

Knee-joint €300@avaui).

lachrymalia @mﬂﬁ)(b&‘rf Ossa ling=~

Spir

Knuckles &xs.

uata MIOSmg] ; Ossa maxillaria

Spit

superiora moms)qugdu; Ossa nasalia

Labyrinth of the ear @oams @ano; af)

Sple

Beha3®@o.

Ster

%6)6@@30; Ossa palatina BOGHI6 I

Lacteals @@uai0e0)ad )& do.,

% .

Ossa turbinata _n_\gdamgg’;

Stir

Lachrymal glands @03 p100)a0sm

Ossa zygomatica @MO®eY .

Ston

B0,

Pancreas egomo0; &smowo.

Sy

Larynx (o 10aq0omigo;

Do,

Q.K)Cg

Parietal bone &lomslo®gy .

@@o

Patella momaaud); 25 of)os.

Pelvis podachoos .

Lens g}is’\@@mmo.

Ligaments enxmwmessdo,

Pericardium aQ=200o®o.

&30)

Liver &©dv; @)@@30.

Pericranium &a_198190106mM3.

(10

Lobes grisoBdo.

Periosteum @04 t.alo.

Gl

Lungs ¢210q08&0we0.

Peritonium a.s(o’\_ggéoeo; Qemydo; EO

g

QO QiaMo.

Mullens g<lowey .

0

Marrow @9y.

Phalanges a19220¢ne)audlédv.

e

Medulla oblongata &mBamy ogyo; ©a

Pores Gooa@o 0B,

o

2y loyo; @e&so.

Pyloric crifice &:@8)a100o.

iy

Pubis 3ruoocnagd).

Membrane ®QQiem.0i@o.

[

Pulmonary artery o100V 33 ).

Metacarpus &0Bo0; IO ).

[0

Metatarsus (@80,

Radius @@&0@30(\10'\.

(Lle;

Milk teeth enioeiBaDETBCH.

Rectum gmadlgoo; wao.

¢l

Mucus membrane ® @%aﬂ.

Respiration (249BaV0 ) 10dVo.

R

Muscles @200 Ga 138, 0.

Retina Gon@oammaiSale.

B

Ribs aso¢m1o000a).

Nerve adloo;

2RO

Olfactory

Ly

nerve (QoG6emM@3WRRI®a®; Op-

Saliva anain; mysmiss.

@0o(y

tic N. eam@a.;

Nervus acusticus

Salivary

glands

2103010192 & 2613 )

()

osgnalwa.; N. faciei gasa.;

&SHw.

0

\

SR

e

313

N

Scapula, shoulder blade ®oQVanE);

Talus astragalus .2)095g) .

i N

Tarsus mae%mocmrﬂ.

e dhg Jel.

Selerotica BN (@6N10a0)aISAI.

Temporal bone @.m«n'\@m)@_;’.

Tendon © .

Sensibility ®6emaqy .

Serum o3 )smad)d.

Thigh bone @ogjoaud).

Shinbone a’losg) ; aeimomd); &)

Thoracic duct TVoQYBRUIE Qloadlas ),

is 90

o)

@G,

Tibia & )logeoaad).

Trachea &8 ; F)SOQQIS.

o)

Sinews MRIQYd9d,

Tympanum &.o10ildsar).

illary

Skeleton @®980; ®OMUAIGSo.

0Tum

Spheroid bone &S OWE) .

Ulna e000r); @gjeoonud),

Ossa

Spine QIoms .

Ureters g@mogo.

Uterus O@o@o,

ling=

Spinal column Qioweoadl; (’rﬂ%@@@(].

illaria

Uvula @o8woedlao e ; @ngledleo

Spinal cord ORI,

asalia

Spleen 966)0.0.

Vein waa’d).

%06]65)

Sternum g Goa0d).

Vermiform appendix o )Pe)@d06m2ab.

Villiary glands Gwooaa)smuesdo.

o

Stirrup 0@y .

Stomach ®Q@rwWo.

Yitreous humor &9021@2Q2@@0Vo,

Sympathetic nerve ©ag@ymoasl; av

Vomer ©@0$OQIR] .

o8 )3,

Wrist 26m)ensmwo.

Malayalam.

@TOS&&QJ Anvil.

@2 Wo Stomach.

@0 GO Vo Gastric juice.

60 59 jg) Illiam; hip-bone.

@ews o Ne (9.aqmoss) Uvula,

6 smp&»o Peritonium.

ho; @0

2 aed)an 1o Epiglottis.

@0 G oG alaug Al QYo Descending

colon.

© apmyloXo Medulla oblongata.

@pananeald) Esophagus.

o asponud) Cartillage.

o6ema Sensibility.

@003 &smo Labyrinth of the ear.

@ qwIo Ceecum.

o cooaud) (c@@ld @ep) Sternum;

@oE)auvemo Circulation.

breast bone.

[colon.

il

@@ )g |Oowe) Ethmoid bone.

o doo@oel) Cutis.

Lachrymal

©0ELIIAlaugen@e Ascending

@10 gy 1) 1AM OB

glands.

oogjad) Femur.

@pas)@So, See & Ehdgo.

o_@g\s Bone, see under os coccygis

ool @i .0lo Periosteum.

(English).

@®PoaLanAl Scapula; shoulder blade

B@o)goyoe Rectum.

@PoVIWo Acromion.

@\@ﬁcz)m()(\l)q The sympathetic nerves.

ha0So Epiglottis.

an!

@D ULIEOIANAS) (5 )@IUNIM0) Atlas.

H®:ogo Skeleton.

|

@RQumsd Intestines.

314

—

SemPMS) Aorta.

SM@oTmPaiSAlo Retina,

i

al® 5o Duodenum,

&)%0@0 Pancreas.

e

& a0210QI6mo Pericranium.

ali©)

980 Peritoniun.

&,emo Organ,

al0@:moaw] Alimentary canal.

&©Bo Metacarpus.

0

10010 Chyme.

Sgne16aIp 98263 )& d

Glandule

asegenaud) Instep.

hi

parotis.

a10¢R100r00) Ribs.

|

&g eaoms) Elbow joint.

04y

allomalnad)ad) Billiary duct.

oL@ogea Cervical vertebrae.

aflomowe@o Gall bladder.

(40

&oen) Cochlea.

a oo Bile.

T

&0.nla1Selo Cornea.

@Gcﬁ:o(ﬂgccmm Radius.

M

&emueilad) Ieum.

@wsmwocrod) Humerus.

a&oegalomad) Tibia.

géf]a() Spleen.

@&odag Trachea (dlsoqaig).

(S=mocrod) Humerus.

<

@.2l0 Cartilage,

Qo Marrow.

@gyoomud) Uloa.

2oy Nerve.

o Larynx.

@em)enimwo Wrist joint.

8&oegomagd) Cartilage.

26 QRS cavitas cranii.

G020 Pancreas.

amylogjo Cerebellom.

P ervewo Uterus.

@0amylado Cerebrum.

w@@@o@gg Gullet.

P200qVBaIs & do Muscles.

8o The rectum; anus.

?oaese Dorsal vertebre.

w8y avmw) Ankle goint.

g@mogo Ureters.

@auvocrad) Puabis.

R@aimy); @g@owewo Bladder

3 ooum) Gastric juice.

%mmos') Aorta.

8@ Clavicle; collar bone.

&)@aﬁ) Liver.

soaeaumy) Knee-joint.,

D sYS ] Arteries.

gomaad) Patella; Knee pan (35.af)

oamemanc Blood discs.

RS).

e lavnemo Circulation of blood.

@ oem) Chloroides.

mg% Tendon.

@@emomug) Cartillage.

@@Vo (Wo®) Chyle.

Ramoo Corona.

£ ]Je10 Saliva.

samoud) Dentatas ; epistropheus.

£108R10p92 & @813 &b Salivary glands.

Laa’) Blood-vessels.

QIdYyaiosmd Air cells.

M Iomiwe Fibrin.

aNemmallm®omo The diaphragm.

m’\g}o Emanation.

afeamamo, see EOIME Semo.

emodlowg) Frontal bone.

o.ﬂgd"\&:i’ Elasticity.

EMN@6NI0a0) aISelo Sclerotica,

@90 Kidney.

Qloweocrun) Spinal column.

Qm@z@g aaSajo Chloroides.

——

315

Q1902 QYo Larynx.

ayes)@o Saliva.

(Jﬂmo Nerves.

RO Spinal cord.

B 900 Jejunum.

crunoa oy Fibala,

8woma ilsmbeade Villiary glands.

cru@elmo Cutis.

BERIe lenaid, EEyoemyaud] Illium;

mogelnao Colon.

hip-bone.

oggéo The chambers of the heart.

R1MVBMowo The lungs.

ae)

®, oo The heart.

o

(210@AVO 2} 10aVo Respiration.

oggwam,o Pericardium.,

MDaocud )ad) Sympathetic nerves.

omBamylogio Medulla oblongata.

MYEg@o The alimentary canal.

A Boo Ileum.

o

Suggestions for the improvement of this glossary will be thankfully

received by the Editor, who begs to express his hearty thanks to

Rev. W. Dilger for the invaluable help he has already received from

him, in preparing this work for the press.

D

— e

e

lood.

Jands.

Opinions on the Book

/

Sl

1

From His Highness Kerala Varma, c.s.r1.,

M. 0., MR ACHS

F.R.H.8., Valia Koil Thampuran of Travancore.

*

£

ES

The Book is undoubtedly a very useful guide to the translation of

English into Malayalam.

I can well understand how much patient labour it

must have cost you to bring out thir publication

I shall recommend its adop-

tion as a text book in Colleges and High Schools

%

E3

e

*

*

*

2.

From M. R. Ry. T. Kunji Raman Avl., B.a

L.T

Head-

master, Parsee High School, Tellicherry.

%

*

*

I have peraused the Book with great pleasare.

As I had the

privilege of seeing the work in its Manuscript form just as it was left by its ill-

fated autbor, I am in a position to say that but for the care and lahou

ey

&

bestowed upon it, it could never have been presented to the public in the attraC¥e

form in which it has appeared

I note with great satisfaction that at your

hands the numerous errors that I had noticed in the Manuscript, particulariy

in the extracts, mostly of a clerical nature and requiring reference to the

originals (which must needs have been a difficult task as the sources were not

mentioned) have all been carefully corrected and the exercises completed wherever

they had not been

Your omission in fofo of the numerous and often cutting remarks of the

author c1 a certain class of Malayalam literature may net meet with the approval

of o'he:

who like myself had seen the work

However pleasurable reading

they might be in themselves, I think you have done wisely in omitting the por-

tion in a book that is mainly intended for students, to whom I have no doubt

it cannot fail to be a very valuable campanion”.

™

i

*

&

*

3'

Extract from the Fort St. George Gazette, Supplement

[

dated 30th August 1898 page 59

The chief feature of this new guide to translation is the step-by-step

system adapted for teaching the young Malayali the rudimentary construction

of a sentence and the difference in the English order of words as contrasted

with the same sentence rendered into hiz own vernacular

The difficulties of

reciprocal translation are graduated and the peculiar idioms and turns of

expression in the two languages are noted

The helps given in Malayalam are

judicious while the selection of English phrases and passages seems to be of

greater variety and value than that in other exercise books

N TN N N AN AN SN A N

Uiy MRL 8,

0e,

trans]ation of

tieat labour if

nond 15 adop- ]

¥

n.1, Head:

A5 T had the

5 Left by its s

and laboue

in the attrat®e

!

o that af your

o particulatly

feronce o 1he

urcgs Were 10

npleted Whererer

emarks of £he

yith theapprorel

asurable readng

omit

ting the o=

[ have 10 08

) Suw\emeﬂt’

. the

py g-bj“m

Emct'wﬂ

“‘ml.y (008

ords # wonit

g cultis of

fyens O

s ad

in Malﬂf il

i mi

0

0

3 seels ;

L

=

2

?.1: s

PP —

1AL

Wi

N LEHMANN |

%

Buchbinderel = ¢

]

e

wu,mnnd.n /Wirtt )

WURTTEMBERGISCHE

LANDESBIBLIOTHEK

STUTTGART

/

NT3<>:

4 §

[

3

{

t

é

. 2

0B VR TR IR

wLB Stuttgart

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I 20

B

2

A

©

VierFarbSelector Standard * - Euroskala Offset

..?

17

COMPARATIVE STUDY

%

E

-

ENGLISH AND MALAYALAM

ma

AS A‘

|

E

L‘?..

15

GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION

E

For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges

13

BY

12

T, KANARAN, s.a.

I 10

EDITED BY

1

JOSEPH MULIYIL, s. a.,

Headmaster, Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras.

10

Part 11.

WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING

A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

)%

4l

)

N

%

7

-

=

’é‘

rUC

MANGALORE

BASEL MISSION BOOK AND TRACT DEPOSITORY

1899

!

Copyright 4/1999 YxyMaster GmbH www.yxymaster.com

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