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 Part II, 2 Kana︣ran, Tatta . . > e S— N ; 7 " it — g e - g - z - - - o dadt T T Py A — 5 B 557 o R a—— e — f?_( i i COMPARATIVE STUDY ENGLISH AND MALAYALAM AS A | GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION 1 For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges BY ?; T. KANARAN, &.a EDITED BY JOSEPH MULIYIL, B. a Headmaster, Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras Part 11. WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS § IR %? at30e) % (I N \ AV = Y 3 A S ue % MANGALORE BASEL MISSION BOOK AND TRACT DEPOSITORY j%% 1899 1 11l vrights reserved SCE 2 Vv o ) E?: /(y % & N l’#o / % GAm&“ —_ PRINTED AT THE BASEL MISSION PRESS, MANGALORE. o 9 </ 51 / Yc 0o - Part II. B —— . e e Contents of HPa,rt L1, CHAPTER I. Page The Complex Sentence (Supplementary). . i. Adjective clause under ‘such as’ and ‘same as’ Exercise — A. English . B. Malayalam ii. Adjective clause introduced by ‘but’. Exercise —A. English Ut B O DD ke e B, Malayallam CHAPTER II. The Direct Narration (Supplementary). Exercise — A. English 14 B. Malayalam CHAPTER III. Correspondence. 24 a.) The place and the date b.) The name of the addressee 25 27 c.) The address or salutation d.) The body of the letter s 29 e.) The subscription or conclusion. 29 31 ) The superscription g9 The etiquette of letters . 33 37 Exercise — A.. English B. Malayalam 58 Part I. Private letters . 37 II. Business letters 44 99 ys 1II. Official letters. . 48 CHAPTER 1V. The Equivalent Forms. . . 0 67 a.) English b.) Malayalam . . 70 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. Proverbs, Quotations, and Mottos. Page i. Introductory remarks. . . 72 ii. A Collection of English Proverbs Wit'h the;ir M;alay alam equivalents 77 Exercise — A. English » . . 89 B. Malayalam . 91 CHAPTER VI b, Comparative Notes. i. The Alphabet . 95 1 The Parts of Speech 99 a.) Noun 101 Derivation 101 Noun Suffixes Compareoi 102 Gender . 104 Number 105 Case . . . 105 Clasgification of prepositions according to the case inflexions they represent . 106 Uses of prepositions illustrated 107 iil, | Prepositions in idiomatic phrases with Malayalam equivalents 108 b.) Pronoun 117 Exercise — A. English; on the idiomatic uses of pronouns 119 B. Malayalam . 120 e.) Adjective ° 120 A list of archaic and poetic adjectival suffixes 121 . 122 Adjective-suffixes compared . d.) Verb 124 . 125 Classification of Malayalam verbs Voice . 126 Mood 126 Tense . . 127 Auxiliary verbs compared . 129 e.) Adverd . . 130 f.) Article 130 v g.) Conjunction. 131 'I CONTENTS. VII Page 131 Important Malayalam Conjunctions — @0, o@, & and aga Pags Important English Conjunctions ‘And’, ‘both — and’ ‘either — (1) ‘neither — nor’, ‘lest’, ‘unless’, ‘as if’, ‘now’, ' 1 ‘well’, ‘only’, ‘that’, ‘in order that’, ‘so — as’y ‘whereas’ ivalents 77 and ‘for’ . . . . 182 8 ' il Malayalam translation of Psalm No. 139, versesland 2 criti- 135 cally considered. as ‘a rhetox.'ical exerci.se in Malayalam , . 137 h.) Interjection Classified according to emotions, with f ull explanations anll Malayalam equivalents . 137 % % Pain—*‘ah’, O, oh, alas, ugh and ouch 138 139 101 Joy—hey, hurrah, huzzah . 139 101 Surprise—eh, ha, hah, oh, ho and lo. 139 . 102 Contempt—fy, fie and fagh, pooh or pugh, oat on, out upon 104 139 Invocations and Calls—holla, holloa, hem, hist. 105 140 Consideration and Doubt—hum, humph, um and why 105 flexions Exclamatory Expressions (1) abrupt (2) elliptical and . 140 106 (3) inverted 141 107 iii. Poetry ) 141 {valents 108 Poetic diction compared Poetic literature . 153 1 Ballad literature . 153 ronouns 119 Ll . 154 @@.0108 g |05 — its origin, style and metre 120 . 157 2@ )@aiwo (Darika-Vadham) 1 159 89000 and @yo@o (Thottam and Sthothram) 122 160 &89 105 and aJep Qg |05 (Kalappattu and pulluvappattu) . 1%4 161 &0om)g |05 — o’ lwebea (Kurathippatta and Nizhalkuthu) 1% 162 @950 88 @b (Ottam-thullal) . 1% . 162 126 @6m)eyasgo (Manipravalam) 162 121 Satirical and humorous poetry algocdho, @ a0 1 163 Epic Poetry — &1g)gJo5 130 Dramatic literature — @gg@ng ), MNISdo . ° 163 130 iv. Metre and Versification ° 163 31 . 168 v. Figures of Speech CONTENTS. VIII CHAPTER VII. General Exercises, with Notes. Exercise — A. English . 170 B. Malayalam 205 Appendix. 1l cl’ ke A Glossary of Technical Terms ‘48’ ] Botany . 249 Chemistry and Physics 25 2] whic E% Geography 262 Grammar and Rhetoric 269 BVer, Sam b} Law . 274 ) Mathematics 2¢ ] 292 '\‘@0 (o) Medicine and Surgery Natural History . 298 Philosophy, Religion etc. 304 and ¢ (;;;) Physiology and Anatomy 311 ol 6arl of the Sentey et X o 95 0 W o 1E0ess {nor put to ha 170 Chapter 1 205 The Complex Sentence. (Supplementary.) i. Adjective clause under ‘such as’ and ‘same as’. «Such’ is a composite word made of ‘swa’=‘so’ and clic’= Jike’, The word therefore means ¢so like’. In ¢such ag’ the ‘as is hence a correlative of ¢so’. It will thus be seen that 94 he phrase ‘such as’ is in reality equivalent to an adjective in 251 which form it is translated into Malayalam. In English, how- 93 ever, ‘as’ is regarded as a relative pronoun, after ‘such’ and 269 it ‘same ot i ] Model ‘There is no such book as you mention’ adleed aao 29% Qo) SIPPER @IV WIN@IT aJTRSH QYo MEY 298 \ Note 1 aNwodleyge, aNwazes, (J)SROBILIeR, OF (@J&I0Res, 304 and others of a like nature, in which the force of the original ‘so’ is 31l clearly visible, are the Malayalam equivalents of ‘such as 5 According to the rule laid down as to the precedence of the qualification over the qualificant, the latter portion of the sentence comes first in the Malayalam Translation. 3. With ‘same as’ an oo, just before the predicate, becomes necessary to bring out the full force of ‘same’; as afeorEg g @.a10d).0y (@008 @mo@mda @OHAN EDTBER 050 @_ruoe’\:% ‘the same questions were i » put to us as were put to you 1 EXERCISE A 1) This cloth is of the same quality as others 2) She is not such a wonder as her mother imagines her to be. 3) He went by the same route as he had come ) His education had been such as might have been expected to deve- lope his understanding 5) That is the same coach as ran here two yoars ago 6) The ships now encountered the same difficulties as they had done the year before. ) The long galleries were crowded with such an audience as has rarely excited the fears or emulation of an orator. 8) The same persons as had formerly hooted him, now applauded him, 9) The soldiers now established a dictatorship such as no king had ever exercised. 10) Such things as could be locally obtained were procured for his use. 11) Then ensued such a scene of woe, as neither eyes had seen, nor heart conceived, nor tongue could adequately tell. 12) Kindness is preserved by a constant interchange of benefits and pleasures ; but for this end, only such favours must be bestowed as others are able to appreciate. 13) The arts of simplicity require, among other things, the suppression of all needless qualifications, and shortness in the statement of such as are necessary, 14) The English teacher can give no preparation for essay themes, such ag are usually exemplified in books. 15) The pupil is here supposed to have such a command of our general vocabulary as cannot belong to a pupil in the most advanced English class. 16) For the present treatise examples are chosen such as will vary still further the poinés brought into prominent illustration. 17) This is the same sttory as you told me yesterday. i EXERCISE B. tive 1 But 1) alenor e @emeneal pes aflsad mo @0E3) O @b ggiEo. 2) OO wE@ead alnay MSEe ()SMOZEE B QERASMEY ] @naiad, bay t; 3) oz aflovlaed 98 aflWo OIS )&g6em . Ce1dor )l ERUS)S Ree o that { 4) @poaee ailtoe ailgag;oave AFIgPIRe ag)N@)lejo B@NDRIG:AN. cate ( 5) senaorleh &2z oflaidesm ERgdmd G ©O appro; @, B0 188 0 @ aw. Clangg 6) @D ailOS el0smp Qile ©EIOVEMEBXD &S lkhd EYRLEWINS QI @ dm6mo. tOgeth. 7) Nl wo, Bgog (e, @ldlwele Gmeanw) mo @0£3, @ Jeflpjomm Hetiy @O0 I6Al RBAMO2 830 )0jeg llemwergle p@mmonanbo I elativ ey o gadleyiw2man, (%0’)0‘ PRlitl 3 SRR 06 the 8) EAles qudloamdlejge WaomBd MZEs LMW G@mIAD. 9 @ailos ailoid)oye)®monarlejge Ayl &5)ad awm I3 OO Tarely moa'\g__j\g:loc‘fb 2) 10) T loanGgoeel 9 e QIds Slesaonind MRy megls ailuwenrmey him, 6o ¢ had 11) aOERS)NaCIN@INIYSE RNOBREE S 8HIS SR ME0 alel)enwgjwegyr allesmimIsmimn MyeIGRIAmMo 3 186 r heart 12) MO G 0681 9 8 QICMIG BW &06m)gjord alos)gy 13) M0 ©mIEInao altsmblaye AVIUDIPEMMIRIBHMRIMOS ) SW Bd ty and Srsman 25 1ah o 88 ey stowed 14) QIOM OB Ba 1Ol QBT MITVISHWQYSE o jmeEnmod enycy)2s MRIHENHANIT aidMo 1ess100 15) OO E2 W) Maf)ey SOV OW (@yoilofldleem @SR aggyo pent of aflwarilaje @200r8)9nOEn QG AN 16) @oeg S &lm.alga)ch @YBIL) LI(TFEJ2EMBBOHS ERIVE ).a) 5, such Sa@mmaid afleoRdyoseg o) ayeilofld)eso. 17) gencral MEEHMN ONHE QIO AR ag)@cggo @003 )0 20Yes @%m @10 QRGO oeog @))s)al AUCAMTME M RAEBEaIem EHalelo aflemous) Iyanced of 1) esamn 1y § 11 Adjective Clause introduced by ‘but’ But’ is not a mere relative, but is equivalent to a restric- tive relative and a negative adverb qualifying the predicate ‘But’ is equivalent to ¢that—not’ h g ‘There is no bov but comes late sometimes’ ‘There is no ol boy that does not come late sometimes It will be observed W that the auxiliary verb ¢do’ does not form part of the predi- cate of ‘but’ in this sense Generally a negative or words 2060, approaching to a negative meaning precede the adjective . 00 clause under ‘but’ We may translate ‘but’ and its predicate ‘There is no boy but comes late 1S Qb together by simple afleenuwwosnimn mo sometimes’ o{leiBg jodo @o@AV)g) QIO B gy, and Conversely the mq%fi(m relative ‘but’ is an elegant form of translating a ofleawocesny i0rbo cg('f)o 1* 2. EXERCISE A, 1 There will be scarcely a room but will be occupied. 2) There was no excess but was encouraged by the ostentatious profli- gacy of the court. 3) There was not one heretic in forty thousand but was villain. 4) There is scarcely a village in Europe, and not one university but is furnished with its little great men. 5) There was no section of this victorious party but had been the object both of his flatteries and of his machinations. 6) There was not a bay or a haven but the pirates knew as well as the natives. 7 There is no reward, no sum but I will cheerfully pay. 8) There was scarcely a family in the country but felt itself aggrieved. 9) ‘Who is there but would pity our fate? 10) ‘What man is there but commits errors? 11) No man but prophesied revenge for the dead. 12) Scarcely a difficulty they encountered but were soon got over. 13) Not a housetop but was crowded, not a jutting projection that could support a spectator but was occupied. 14) There were few ships of the fleet but suffered severely in the storm. 15) Hardly a day passed but skirmishes took place. 16) Not a man of them but stood his ground. 17) There is not the smallest orb thou behold’st But in his motion like an angel sings. 18) On the house-top was no woman But spat towards him and hissed, No child but screamed out curses, i And shook its little fist. 19) Not a pine in my grove is there seen, But with tendrils of woodbine is bound, 13 Not a beech is more beautiful green But a sweet briar entwines it round Not a brook that is limpid and clear 1 But it glitters with fishes of gold Not a shrub that I heard her admire But I hastened and planted it there. ‘S eweunwes ofo Gr OmoUs @EOI® @RS P HMoE semery OEE(RLY(Y ‘S pfomnce QO P(EBOO (EOQEVCEP(NMITVT ofg LLM([OEIv @ (e1 Boe MpeoBimme csefico we ewieBD oBuim Bwwo ‘@ @ eoE MUt fo@wrw ©iEt® eis® Gus(purvy avroew (a1 R weesw PR E@CED 6T FOfie QIVEIT WIT(OU OBV Rz Fowm owifd pwom cF wose (@ eofd(eoorog cFleolwwre s ety of8 @foscroro ewcfdgreoo ofS @ Benwe f§ prago F(pBewor® ewfd(proaw ofg BEwNSRVID 0BIWED om0} 97 (11 Orgeep 0d36r0 PLPEIITVO SOLT T *oCm [[Rod 4¥T oro wew apf8e® @t efo@Bor 888 @utetsuw 8 (@M wanffo (fwo eeoees 19 oap oEce W ofg(woede quobB( fSro uvse|Y(mirwSeoo® fiofifi@gwmc oque|eoansBeEro (&) (or ‘PO ®oawT (VS @(HIWwdEL (AR e (6 Boo Qooses|se (@i @im(@eHee Soasaneco® o ¢ pooroawsfd poetve Eeoran (8 "posaiade dosue9Pence®e orrcuaaw ULfUCEP(MB(QWL @OLSE oW IBUY ( FS Bewwes QEsR(TLD) SB Scews Errowiro|@Ps EEDEEE JEIeERT IO (9 o1 80 [ ‘@ wecse (B meaw we S8 queas oBEwCPMCE wieetm Fm(peusoro upe®e proee (g el amy ‘@ @ eoewts cant@o @ @ FPEeIEBEEourmB0 Boew Gacoun quEEO & s Iy (g *05f58 ofP@E° ProEELULLEY OrOCFOTOUR WERIVUIN om0 ewfSo BeeThes weooee (08 @oimfE(B Y Boermauswr (z +1goad 0 rospfe owe ewifd(Eewoe @ir@ae ofs(@tunweg| Ve Ga 'q ASIOUAXT —— § Chapter II repor The Direct Narration. (Supplementary.) In English there are several verbs to introduce the direct speech, such as, ‘said, cried, shouted, remarked, began, added, continued, and [ repeated, exclaimed’ ete. But in Malayalam we have only one verb 600 atosoy to take the place of these verbs. True that our poets in their compositions make free use of Sanskrit and other words such as, p9ea, cisiem, ©omom, &.amonb etc., but they can never be used in ordinary prose. Consequently the Mala- yalam translation of a conversation between two persons is apt to become very uncouth and inelegant by the too frequent repetition of the word aiosom. Take for example the following :— ‘Father’, said a boy one day, ‘I saw an immense number of dogs, five hundred I am sure, in our street last night’. “0f ‘SBurely not so many’, said his father. died’, 1) OO ‘Well, there were one hundred, I am quite sure’. ‘enim ‘It could not be,’ said the father; ‘I don’t think there are a hundred dogs Q.lom@ in the village’. “Well, papa, it could not be less than ten: this I am quite certain of’, ‘I will not believe you saw even ten’, said the father; ‘for you spoke as Ala confidently of seeing five hundred as of seeing this small number. You have @ho0g contradicted yourself twice already, and now I cannot believe you’. o of) g) ‘Well, papa’, said the discqncerted boy, ‘I saw at least our dog Dash and another one’, If we translate the piece in the narrative form, we shall have to use the word aiosmy seven times. This repetition may be avoided by translating it in the form of a dialogue thus:— z@nb-mfl%éo! smoth manseal @) megss aflidd e & asellw @so MIY,0e S, @S GosWegyan ogaslaes o). @0 ol tb—e @ )9nej ERE @Elgmeow]d)enwgy ete. ete. Sometimes it is quite idiomatic in Malayalam to omit the reporting verb altogether. For example:— ‘a)a@Qg e @mem @¥ly’ agan b, tag@bo QIS BOHINO ®IUSIPRY MR Bgnab. 6 irect When the dérect speech contains Imperative, Interrogative and Exclamatory forms we can find a few substitutes for aio ontinged, 16 verh m@. 1 I poets The thperative Jorm. d other 1) He said, ‘Stand up’ ‘agya’sle),’ egam @oaiah &pila) or @b og ut they oSggond @ gf) 2y e Mala- 9) Marmion said, ‘Forgive and listen gentle Clare’ ‘®a00g) 0Io W 500§ 18 @M 520b A 1I0YM® BHHEEEMO’ af) SHWEO! g3 )Bs 20 an 20ddlead @ @ oy &) o). requent 3) The teacher said, ‘Do not waste your time’ qVA@o MNEQAIGIBD of) m p@monad eny @Y) Y ol 88 ] i 11 The Interrogative form. dogs, fire ¢He <Of what did your brother die’, said this General to Horace Vere. died’, replied Vere, ‘of having nothing to do’ ‘adlenbo VB2 oD B DO 2B)0)’ M DO HSTOM)dUSlaiad Bacne0gy oflwdlemog @ a0 . {EPAIAD WINIM ()OI Yd oo lmoch adley agm alwd o o™ © o ndred dogs a1l 060y or 2Q a!S) alo emy. nof! iii. The Exclamatory Sform. ¢Alas ! he said, ‘Think of your immortal weal!’ ‘@o&go! adleoabo aflayeo 1 spoke a8 You have @J&m@ecflfi ad) @8god m’)m’lcesy@@mo!’ agan @0 il g) 0] a1 0 60g or af) &) o1 & a1 @ad) o). ¢ Dash and 3. EXERCISE A. 1) Mrs. Madison to Philip Troy ‘I thought we should have had a quiet e shll lonely winter. But the dear child makes friend wherever she tion may goes. Of course, a girl likes that kind of thing, but I am a thus:— little bit afraid of it for Hespera. Suppose she fell into wrong ol B hands. Do you know Mr. Paul Westboy™ ‘The man who writes nasty storios for the Lion’s Skin ®* said Philip. ufl};@’fl;' ‘Oh, yes, I know him’. ‘Hé is a genius’, said Mrs. Madison plaintively, ‘I hate a genius. Then there is Mr. Venables, the painter. ¢The impressionist’, corrected Mrs, Madison, tHe wants to paint her portrait and exhibit it’. ‘You may safely let him’, said Philip. ‘No one will recognise her’. ‘Then, there is Sir Algernon O’Flynn. I am told that he is a man with a past’. ‘A mild description of him’, put in Philip. ‘Mr. Throgmorton has asked us to dine and go to the theatre with him to-night’, continued Mrs. Madison. ‘When will you come with me again’? said Philip who did not like the picture of Mr. Throgmorton playing host to the Madisons. 2) Mrs. Lister came up at that moment. ‘How do you do? How do you do’? she said somewhat breathlessly. ‘Hot isn’t it? Oh, thank you Sir Piers’, as he moved aside to let her sit down. ‘What do you think of the flowers? It isn’t at all a bad show this year’, ‘I haven’t seen them yet. ‘We were just going round’, said Sir Piers. ‘Mind you look at the roses, I am quite proud of them’. ‘I shall certainly pay special attention to them. If you are ready — ,’ in a more deferential tone to Noel. She got up biting her lips, and they disappeared from Mrs, Lister’s sight round a corner of the refreshment tent. ‘So you know Cofxway’? he said, ‘I know him a little; we met him when we were at Florence in the spring. My cousin saw a good deal of him’. ‘Conway and she seem gréat friends too’ with a smile. ‘Is he staying here’? ‘No, he is making a sketching tour among the hills. He came over here for the day. I fell in with him and asked him to luncheon, He is a clever fellow — good I like his pictures. company in his way’. ‘Yes, he is clever’. ‘If you wish it, I will invite him to stay with us at the Park.’ ‘Oh, I could not ask you to do such a thing’, she said hastily. ) Mr, Holroyd said to Noel — ‘Did you know that Fordham is going to stand for Parliament’? ¢No’ ‘He didn’t mention it this afternoon’? Noel was silent. ) ‘I suppose that young man had it from him He ought to be in Parliament: it is the right thing for a man with his position and ay safely money. But I hope that he is not going to stand just yet’, finished Mr. Holroyd. ) 1§ 4 man “Why’? ‘Because if the election takes place before you are reconciled to him, it will be very unpleasant for you Everything about a man 18 16 With raked up at such a time and all sorts of disagreeable things will be said about his wife id not like tAbout me? But what have I to do with his politics? What can (180D they say about me He will be 9 How do ‘Every scandal that they can invent, you may be sure. tit? Oh attacked, because you don’t live with him, and his supporters will Jown defend him by making out that you are the one to blame’. | show this ‘Well, they are quite welcome to do that It is true enough it 18 my doing that I don’t live with him. 1 Sie Piers, Mr. Holroyd uttered a groan ¢Good Lord! you don’t know what you are talking of If you don’t ) pgady — care for scandal and slander — 15, Listet's ¢TI do not’ said Noel composedly ‘Why shoald I? I am a stranger to these people, and what they may say of Lady Fordham will not touch me. anoe in the 4) While they were at the breakfast letters were brought in Among the rest there was one for Colonel Brandon;— he took it looked at the direction, changed colour, and immediately left the room, ¢What is the matter with Brandon’? said Sir John He came Nobody could tell. kel him 0 tIt must «I hope he has had no bad news’, said Lady Middleton. Jlow — go0d be something extraordinary that could make Colonel Brandon leave my breakfast table so suddenly In about five minutes he returned Pai‘l\ / ‘No bad mnews, Colonel, I hope’, said Mrs. Jennings as soon as he hastily entered the room., ‘None at all ma’am, I thank you’s ent!? “Was it from Avignon? I hope it is not to say that your sister 1s WOrse . 10 ‘No ma’am., It came from town, and is merely a letter of business’. ‘But how came the hand to discompose you so much, if it was only a letter of business? Come, come, this won’t do Colonel; so let us hear the truth of it’. ~ ‘My dear madam’, said Lady Middleton’, ‘recollect what you are saying ‘Perhaps it is to tell you that your cousin Fanny is married’, said Mrs. Jennings without attending to her daughter’s reproof ‘No, indeed it is not’ “Well, then, I know whom it is from, Colonel, and I hope she is well’ “Whom do you mean’? said he colouring a little ‘Oh, you know whom I mean ‘I am particularly sorry, ma’am’ said he addressing Lady Middleton, ‘that I should receive this letter to-day, for it is on business which requires my immediate attendance in town 5) 1 caonot express my disappointment in having missed you the day before yesterday, nor my astonishment at not having received any answer to a note which I sent you about a week ago. I have been expecting to hear from you, and still more to see you, every bour of the day Pray call again as soon as possible, and ex- plain the reason of my having expected this in vain You had better comse earlier at another time, because we are generally out by o1e We were last night at Lady Middleton’s, where there was a dance I have been told that you were asked to be of the party, But could it be so? You must be very much altered indeed since we parted, if that be the case, and you not there. But I will not suppose this possible, and I hope very soon your personal assurance of its being otherwise 6) ‘Well my dear it is a true saying about an ill wind Colonel B will have her at last ay, that he will Mind me, now, if they a’n't married by midsummer Lord! how he will chuckle over the news! I hope hs will come to-night It will be a better match for your sister Two thousand a year without debt or drawback — except the little love-child indeed ay, I had forgot her, but she may be ’prenticed out at small cost, and then what does it signify? Delaford is a nice place, I can tell you; exactly what I call a nice old-fashioned place, full of comforts and conveniences; quite shut in with great garden walls that are 11 USInesy covered with the best fruit-trees in the country; and such a s only mulberry tree in one corner! Lord! how Charlotte and I did lef ug stuff the only time we were there! Then there is dove cote, some and everything, delightful stewpounds, and a very pretty canal you are in short, that one could wish for, and moreover it 13 cloge to the church, and only a quarter of a mile from the turn-pike road, so od’, said ’tis never dull, for if you only go and sit up in an old yew arbour It behind the house, you may see all the carriages that pass along. Oh, ’tis a nice place! A butcher hardly in the village, and the e she is parsonage house within a stone’s throw. To my fancy a thou- sand times prettier than Barton Park, where they are forced to send three miles for their meet, and have not a nearer neighbour than your mother Well, I shall spirit up the colonel as soon iddleton, as I can One shoulder of mutton, you know, drives another husiness down’, 7) ‘Ladies and gentlemen, it has recently been discovered, as you are , the day no doubt aware, that the electric light has an extraordmary effect ived any upon vegetation If when day-light fails, the electric light is I have substituted, the processes of vegetation which are normally 01, every suspended during the hours of darkness, continue uninterrupted, , and ex and as a consequence the ordinary rate of growth and ripening are accelerated in a remarkable degree. It was the knowledge You had of this fact that led me to the remarkable discovery I am about rally out ore there to show you, a discovery compared with which any other of the be of the present century must sink into insignificance. It suggested itself to me that if the electric light could do so much, the electric current h altered itself would be likely to do still more. My expectations were o0t thete more than realised. Under the direct influence of the eleciric 500 Jou current egetation is quickened to an extraordinary degree. which had hitherto taken a The majestic oak of the forest (olone couple of centuries or so to attain its full atitude, ill now, me, now? starting from the acorn, attain the maximum growth in a period 11 chuek of about three weeks It will be “You look incredulous, and I don’t wonder at it. Such a discovery ar W houb But I don’t expect I had is enough to stagger the nerves of any body. I will show you the process ani then you to believe me on my bare word., from the seed to the perfect plant 1 shall pot, however, use the tell o0 oak for the purpose of my illustration In the first place you comfotti might not care to wait three weeks for results, and secondly, g that aré 12 full grown oak is a rather awkard thing to handle, particularly, as from consideration of space, I am obliged to do my gardening in a tin canister. I shall therefore use a quicker growing and more portable vegetable — the familiar cress’, 8) A system of competing nomination to the public service. H. Taylor to Mr. Gladstone. Nov. 19, 1855, Ly am much obliged to you for your motice of my plan, and very glad that your far-goings and my short-comings do not prevent our travelling the same road for this stage. I am myself of opinion that, in a matter which is so new, it may be better that there shoald be more than one project and experiment agitated and tried before the government goes the length which it may very possibly find it expedient to go in the eund. The system already adopted can hardly fail to light the way more or less. ‘Irresponsible nomination I am as much opposed to as you are; but I think the endeavour should be to make nomination responsible and otherwise guard it, and not to abolish it. - find it objected to my plan, in some quarters, that the political patron’s nominees would be rejected by the civil service commis- sioners in a far larger proportion than the official patron’s, and that this would throw discredit upon the political patron and and the inference expose him to comments in the newspapers; which I draw from this is, that it would make him responsible. $E have long thought that a good deal might be done independently of examination for junior situations to attach some sort of responsi- bility to recommendations for employment and promotion in the 1( public service. Even if no more were done than to make such recommendations matter of public record instead of being kept and taken away by shifting private Secretaries, a step would be gained. And in the event of any delinquency on the part of public servants the records should be restored to and produced to Parliament if called for. And I think that the record and the delinquency should always be brought to the notice of the person responsible for the recommendation, with an intimation that in case the papers should be called for, any explavation they might wish to give should accompany them. ‘It must also be enjoined that a person who had already been employ- ed in one branch of the public service should not be employed in another without a report from the former upon his conduct and ieuiar]y, qualifications. I have known persons dismissed for scandalous 1rdening misconduct from one branch of the public service to be presently ving and re-employed in another, in a better office than that which they had lost’. g 9) ‘I threw myself at the feet of the Christian Chief and implored his 1835, protection’ and very “Who has wronged theé fair one?” he demanded in a gracious toue prevent of voice, as he took my hand and raised me from my suppliant mysel of posture. ther that ‘By what right do you interfere, dog of a Christian®’ ejaculated the agitated indignant Mussalman. h if may ‘Seize the miscreant!’ cried the Polish Warrior to his attendants, 16 system without suffering himself to be irritated by the discourteous 1 Logs, language of the Turk. aro; bt ¢Beware whom you molest!’ exclaimed the latter, ‘You may be gsponsible haply sorry for this breach of the armistice 1 “We merely resent an injury offered to a defenceless woman’, return- o polifical ed the Polish chief, ‘and we break no treaties. Seize him I say’. 3 CoMMise ¢You dare not!’ thundered the Mussalman drawing his scimitar, the ron's, and atron and handle of which glittered with precious stones. y inference ¢I dare all — were you the General of yonder Ottoman army himself!’ said the Christian Chief. esponsible. opendently ‘By the soul of my father, you carry your audacity to a rare pitch!’ exclaimed the mussalman. { responsi- don 1n he 10) The old man desired the travellers to enter the room, and he placed ‘While they partook make such a frugal but plentiful meal upon the table. of the refreshment set before them the old man questioned them heing kept as to their nation, plans and their pursuits, with a curiosity ) would be e part of which by no means suited the naturally cautious disposition of } produced Leizynski, ¢You are Christians, I perceive’, said the old man, d and the the person “Your perception is acute’, answered Leizynski, on that 10 ¢Allah! If I could not discriminate these distinctions’— began the fhey might old man hastily, then suddenly checking himself, he added, ‘it would be singular indeed’. on employ” ¢Are you then so much accustomed to see travellers of all countries \,mployed in in this deserted village?’ asked Leizynski. onduct aud 14 ‘I have travelled much’, said the old man with some embarrassment of manner. ‘But you are the subjects of the Sultan — are you not ?’ ‘You judge us by our garb’, observed Leizynski ‘And my judgment does not deceive me. In which direction do you journey £’ “We will tell you in the morning, when you shall provide us with a guide’, responded Leizynski smiling & The old man appeared offended at thig reply; and for some minutes he maintained a profound silence ‘Your hamlet is situated in a charming spot’, said Leizynski by way of soothing the old man ‘A beautiful streamlet, delicious mead- ows, numerous flocks, and extensive corn-fields — everything in a word, calculated to ensure the happiness of those who dwell in these regions When compared with the adjacent country, these spots resemble the oasis of the desert’ ‘Yes, Allah be thanked! We cannot complain — we are very happy’, returned the old man ‘There is much freedom in this hamlet and tyranny of despotic rulers never reaches us While the old man was thus speaking, a short stout individual about forty-five years of age, and wearing the Tartar costume — stopped at the door looking into the street,and which was allowed to oper. ‘The salute of peace be unto thee Yakub’, exclaimed the new comer., ‘Allah bless thee Salamet’, returned the old man. ‘When dost thou depart’? ‘At sunrise’, replied the Tartar, ‘unless thou hast ought to detain me’s ‘You will do well to procrastinate your departure until midday to- morrow’, answered Yakub for such was the name of the old man ‘Be it so’, answered the Tartar and after having scrutinized the two Christians with the most offensive earnestness he passed on his way EXERCISE B 1) 20 28a), o) a3 )ds B AVa0IWo §.01BR|6Mo )TN QVAOIVRINEMBSI? og)am @’g;;gflb c%moe’]% m)eabo ai) g &M@ QlchGowd: M8 @EQ MEBOEMO ag)dD .M @10 BgJodd @anadb Fmy a10smy (IS0 @O mIEYIe e OWS eomozo @YBRNalloe®es csogm: olmeslm aloalm %aca ofn@00fT f0BD OPE(W ILLED ESPUBEIIMCY LCELE 5o @© w @860 oger (W ‘wrcsueld(BT quoas QupEe( (T w! w ro© cupo owssegcswenewfv oo @abe (werv fwiec@® oQU@LIUDLY FSee Lo wo (2 9 i 0 cme(oue wscHBisey(uorv @é% cep Wb Bom(wetauw® (BT 0® qUieL C®Orv (S® AP QUG s rod oo TRoe an®e fSpsusrog ocaw 000 ‘Vrtruy e iFroe fufrw R BBEWVeW fFrowe ofo TP W 00RO © OfDWG(EWAU (PYUOVY QY (TS ADCDOVEIOD o passed vy Cow fue ocE(PSE W(BIOUWOVIAV (SO ([BC oy por fi(Seroo@ oawiwE(@E® WOW (@ Bewore (W ‘eeu e PO ¢ fe o 0 Luppio L(PRR@ e antr ‘NMpomc Tuwlvore o® quees o o 1849 fFroe (W 0w woeanros T @ 0B@( S| 0QUIO(H TR aw| o " 00 BBeS O 9e0sus @ (BC Q000D ROru qQuees (e ouvwe© [Froe ofomo wbe wsetunfSo me(He ofotuw 17900 A0 rog queFBsriunw Bow w(wiSue oW ge(wbo (w (BE oftd 600 03 pé 0 rFEroy @m Suwtee@ow 0HPCC BRCE© oen( U 0CEOTV QUCEI9 poddoss — (F© U1 SO B futwo ofsten we Criuwe 10008 [80] (P ofduwy(fe Gere an®e Broo me we se(wde @un ‘oro (W WasBere Stewpa® cendr quias aw(@o fmoro quees wecun®@e owwfRT© 0QIE@rod WY (W Bpwbo e § ¢ fddog 4 S w sefoae oV ofoae (T 0BPIrD SERICEPTER(YTD OPO(W B orov o0& W (48L] e apbe ¢Sy asony Ky ©9 Bom(wiaw® quiow @B fBuwcoBetSteo Beo((a *0BR (Y M@ F1Lrvy ULW @eDTE Cuw WOUD(@MPYE YD 1l {joAp ( o © @ sews(w (BT oquee cpiBs® queas O @EH L QWD 31 Sy *0s@® s Ol Wb e EPUBEITULOW o(toes T ST cup®o can© Coe wiewscMWetmo® o@fro RS upeussee ofome o feu £q 1 We qeas ap(uwdo sTBeooow Gow uwee [ EBUWS© ¢05UL9RULBOUSERR( V(DO WO QMY WV sjnnm 8 UG B T (HBee Lut@oBunEe(Y(@IMEP (YT QY @ oqLebde @esoro (sTov@ U A g Qoo awbe ¢ WocpWs(3 QLELOPE(AD RITE cVEErvS 0o Stawe® (W mfp@@ avpeEoe Stemgpas 0@RSro quoas 0p oY% R 9rv @@ o otw ¢suse T osere 8o ap(Peb csebe 458® Gus|oo® BEWo W awwseoe Tsfo weape BUET e 0v cEerod @o%owflms PO ©ELEP(PVEPD 00T -f§ 5T werofo 1ok a1e- pco«%?'G oY QUGS ¢ BULELrTY quelBroo W cause o wde WCANT© 0QCE@rvd 6T GLCEY EPUS L w ‘S e @ (Lo LENI N Gl 16 3P ™o a0 ERMEBICR® ? agOMDO OO agry)as, @oabo 608 aflamadse, «@OBO OO SOS:0MEMEIES WD agai) #g0 3190 OOBOMMEIRIGS IWE aflemadse EEEK? a0 2B @B @SIOm @YEIOMO 281980 el )OWSEos 6YNo @GR, MR HLOY, o)V GENAV0 ARG WTY) ad) MW g {OYM® ? 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The language should be pure and simple, neither vulgar nor overlearned; correctness is even more essential than in common conversation, In the latter ¢slips of the tongue’ are often excusable. But in writing, we are supposed to have more leisure, and therefore, there is no excuse for the use of an improper word, for the violation of a rule of syntax, or for the mis-spelling of a word. Tl fo hug With these general remarks we may proceed to consider met wi the general rules and the points of etiquette with regard to letter-writing. For this purpose, we may conveniently 8, D are str consider the letter under the following heads: NOt ( a.) The place and the date.—Write the date near the right- educati; hand side of the first page, one line below the name of your Nalaya) place of residence, giving, if in the city, also your street and number, if in the country your post town. But in Malayalam the Jear the true national style is to write the date, the month and the styl the year in one line at the end of the letter, just above the This b) signature, and it is not usual to mention the place. place' q: diversity of taste would seem to have risen out of the differ- Dondeng ence in the material used by the two nations in their corres- In off; pondence, viz, the paper and the palmyra leaf. The latter the pers being long and narrow the writing runs lengthwise, and hence if the date and the place were put at the top in three Fxa or four separate lines as in English, three-fourths of the first The Mala- page would be occupied by these preliminaries. yalee would seem to have been actuated by motives of prud- ence as well, in thus delegating the date, the most important part of a business communication to the end of his letter just above the signature; for there it is less easily interfered with DNVersy de con without disturbing the body of the letter In English the place and the date may be written in: any plied to of the following ways: Poona, May 7 1895 Ylllb&l (3] 36 Lower Chitpore Road, Calcutta, han 1 7th May 1895 2Ue" are Church of Scot. Miss. Instn., Madras, May Tth 1895 0 have St. Thome Seminary, 16 188 Of Mylapore, Madras, 7th May, 1895 fax, or The forms 7—5—95, and 7/5/95 are generally confined to business communications, though the latter may also be consid met with in private correspondence as well But such forms eeard as, Dated the 7th day of May 1895 or Dated the 7th May 1895 yeniently are strictly official forms Note 1. It must however be noted that with the spread of English the nigh education, the English style is coming more and more into use in o of your Malayalam correspondence of all kinds treet and 2 In English, first the date, then the month and last playalam the year is the usual order while in \Idlayalam just the reverse is the style; as, 10th September 1895, 1065 & &9)So 14-00 @B, fh and love the 6.) The name of the addressee.—In business letters this is ce. T placed at the top above the salutation, and in private corres- he differ pondence, at the end, to the left, a little below the signature In official letters the name and designation of the writer and I corres the person written to are placed at the top The | Examples:— y1se and n fhree 1 Messrs., Higginbotham & Co., { the fir Book-gellers, Madras (Business) The Yol 26 9 Lha e PR SVEC SRS M T O S SR i PG @ T W NS [ e el R o SN O S i A e L Inc Ll L AT o B e I B TG A S el s L, G i 8 [ lelfe "4l 0N e The lon the pers Yours Bincerely (Signature) P. John To gg Thomas Clerk Esq Bu Bombay (private) or Tathe 3. From at the L. Garthwaite Esq., oA Inspector of School only & Coimbatore., To H. B. Grig 8q .y M, A 5 0 Director of Public Iustruction Madras (Official) 4, From Mo The Collector of Malabar, Calicut honorific To / English The Board of Revenue, §lons are Madras (Official) Exampl This formality is not insisted upon in Malayalam corres- Za000) pondence of ordinary nature In some cases the names of UGS ¢ both parties are written at the end before the date, thus AU O Here RSt e ML e @ e bl e e e e e TR et et e e e e g e el S )M og)S o) @b @Ho M0 @gmos'figfloaum @20d MIwd agwo @ £0@6) S ISHho 6) B~ 6 . In business letters the names of both parties are put at e linc the top, and the nature of the communication is also specified fop of ] as whether it is a oo (receipt) emwoce (document) or aq NI | avso (lease) ete Dear §, Example: — iy st 1 SHEBAICINIS )2 BHB AN &S QDD fi:mflb ag),t,ofoflqv o&fl@ My deal CMISIAV agOaBANID. I “a @mog,_;dasmronb 080985@) 0209l &) ee ) meflufle.t@m hy lity SLITDAD ag) LD 8NISOD EUS)H). 0 Ry ( — 27 — (RO In official letters from subordinates to their superiors ‘to s ChiiEs the person’ is put before ‘from the person’; as— o o) moong’ zgfl@@g’\@m@s?’ i an@gmmosu @08y & aaoafi’cso_meflcmo%_\ué sansoudlg fl@san Slegos. But from the superior to the subordinate, only the name or rather the official title of the person written to, is shown at the top, the official designation of the writer appearing only at the end after the signature; as: BHISWoILY 35 2gRa) @owo ERUS @008 Seym. AT S O MO PR AN RN S TR DI TR S TR N s S PRt el AN Rl e n e e e tuiliel S pr g et et a i SO ST el e R e 1e, AT S B RS O O RV S CY TR T I SR R BRI T RS AR o ial de e e ey et e s w6 s el et eyt ian it g3 le@cmOIn (®g4)- {ficial). B&HISWomoeyds @IMS IabB0d. Note. The Malayalam etiquette favoars the employment of honorific titles and expressions to a much greater extent than the English ; and sometimes highly flattering and hyperbolical expres- sions are superadded even to official titles and honorary degrees. Example:— D GOrres- Pa0IDIRPIM) PIBEF) AW SBbESD EHB00 aLIE WeRMb pames of @UdSHG OS V2 B O 1 FHSRIDs . thus: Here the English style would simply say: R To W The Collector of Malabar. ISého 6) & ¢.) The address or salutation—This is written in a sepa- rate line, towards the left edge of the paper and just at the 16 put at top of the body of the letter. ) specified, «Sir’ is used in official letters, and in addressing strangers. nt) or 24 ‘Dear Sir’, between strangers of equal rank or position, and is usually adopted by tradesmen in addressing their customers. Dear My dear Sir’ shows a certain degree of familiarity. AU My 9 and My dear Myr. are used when there is friendship. In writing to clergymen, the usual form of address is Rev. Sir. ;e%l’fii?if”m; or Rev. and dear Sir. Such forms as My dear Colonel, Dear LR Capt. Smith, My dear Doctor, My dear Doctor Wilson may Betw also be used, provided the degree of familiarity subsisting i lBam: between the parties warrants the same. jounger a0 In addressing the members of the same family, My dear followed by father, mother, uncle, son etc., as the case may be, But or the Christian name of the person written to, is used; as, M ‘My dear Father’, ‘My dear Mary’, etc. ‘Gentlemen’, Or ‘Dear Sirs’, 1S the of &t correct form to be adopted in addressing firms. their Ma tranglati In addressing royalty, the aristocracy, governors, lieuten- superfiuc ant governors etc. such forms; as, ‘May it please Your Majesty’ Or ‘Your Majesty’, ‘May it please Your Highuess’, ‘May it please Your Grace’, ‘May M it please Your Excellency’ etc. are used. line afte In memorials to Government, The Board of Revenue etc. 1ts last y ‘Shewth humbly’, ‘Shewth’, ‘Regpectfxllly shewth’, ‘Most respeetfuuy shewth’ The are the general forms. which ap In Malayalam ¢3), o=l (contracted into @ — ) and Apri Ba00IR2TY @3] (. 1. . ) are the usual forms of address- clear anc ing strangers, the first to perfect strangers of equal or sub- letter gh ordinate rank and the rest to superiors according to the lefter sho degree of superiority. An of )2, evasmbloasglejromd etc. are made use of in aldressed addressing Brahmins. the houogy ¢ In business and official letters, the salutation is omitted In s being incorporated with the name of the addressee (part b.) It ién example: 10 what 2e1@0 HRIGOIVIPNDSIOS AVABM O BELIG . tone, sy, 0T Occag)g In demi-official letters, and in addressing one’s superiors part 0. is omitted, and semnugNesans, wemembd EvLdSeE e)T een_mw"]g:flcssgmmn\f’ qVEWo Galeal @Qcflgzflcsscmfofid etc. are pressed into tlose g service in the place of the English salutation and occupy the 0f the y, same position in the letter. Ollow B PO A 29 Sl lson may Between members of the same family, egwlaies, weam, subsisting avoflesmmmuacowo etc. are used by the elders towards the younger members, who in their turn begin their letters with My dea Ben0uSlg Nesanay, adlg{lgjoab ete. ¢ may be, But such exotic forms as, «goabo eflwges ogp, oo e flw used; as, @0 210, a@oo @flw weamem, etc. never escape from the pen Sirs', 19 the of a true Malayalee, though foreigners frequently do so in their Malayalam letters. It will be seen that they are close translations of the English salutations, and are perfectly s, lieuten- * Mojesty” OF superfluous in the language, and can never become naturalized. Grace', ‘May d.) The body of the letter.—Begin all letters in the next line after the salutation, the first word coming nearly under venue efc. its last word. fully shewth’ The student will here call to mind the opening remarks which apply with equal force to letters of all kinds. - and A private letter should be simple and direct, and in style, of address- clear and free from all attempts at fine writing. A business al ot sub- letter should be precise, clear, and concise; while an official ng to the letter should be strictly formed respectful and courteous. " when An official letter begins with ‘I have the homour to. s e o o > ‘The undersigned has gse of 1n addressed to equals, and ‘I veg to state the honour to. .” etc. when addressed to one’s superiors. 1 omitted In Malayalam this official formality is altogether unknown. e (part ) It is quite imp\ossible to lay down hard and fast rules as Its to what the body of a letter shall or shall not contain. tone, style, and substance are determined by the circumstance or occasion, and the mutual relation of the parties concerned. guperiors e.) The subscription or conclusion.—This is written at the close of a letter on the right-hand side. Besides the signature of the writer the subscription usually contains one of the following : — — — 30 In ) ‘Yours truly’, ‘Yours faithfully’, Or ¢Yours sincerely’, 1n addressing @nsms, © strangers, and the same forms with ¢very’ or ‘most’ between the themsely two words in addressing friends. The order of the words may be varied as, ‘Truly yours’ 9 ‘Most faithfally yours’ etc. An parties, intimate friend may, however, frecly depart from stereotyped of the s forms and say ‘Ever truly yours’, ‘Yours always’, ‘Lovingly yours’ etc. omitted, In busm The subscription is usually prefaced with I am’, I remain’, only of ‘Believe mo to be’ etc. These are allowable, though not necessary strictly speaking ‘1 am’ would be used in your first lstter to £l the person addressed, and ‘I reamin’ in your subsequent lett- after the ers; but this is not always attended to even by correct letter mto one writers. blank, In business letters the usual forms of subscription are:— 0 even 1 We beg to remain, Exan Dear Sir, - Your most obedient Ser'va.nts_, Oakes & Co. 2, We are, Dear Sir, Yours taithfully, Binny & Co. I remain, Gentlemen, Yours faithfully, 4. B . In official letters the forms of subscription used are:— 1 The ) I have the honor to be, Sir 1o o ¢ Your most obedient Servant, down g C. Rama Iyer. to omit « Do I am, Sir, jfli[i&]s 0l Yours most obediently, but this § C. Rama Iyer. We il The first is more formal and is used in strictly official B2 sory communications. H]fl]l: the 31 lressing In Malayalam afieabo, cdlesges, avimo, @REyl@m, eoaisoc, 66 the aoems, etc. are used in private letters; these words are in - words themselves sufficiently expressive of the mutual relation of ¢ A parties, and require no further comment. Between members of the same family, this part of the subscription is generally ‘eqtyped €16 omitted, only the signature being put in with ogan’ before it. In business and official letters too the subscription consists [ remain’, 0e85A1Y only of the signature. atter to f) The superscription—In directing your letter do not, it lett- after the fashion of so many persons, crowd the address all cf lefter into one corner, leaving nearly the whole of the envelope blank. It is better to begin nearly half way from the top, ) 46— or even one-third, if the direction is to be long. Example:— Stamp Andrew Roberts ESQ., 22 North Circular Road, Madras From: e '— The lines must be kept separate as here shown. It will not do to write 22 North Circular’ iIn one line and bring ‘Road’ down into the same line with ‘Madras. It is more courteous to omit ‘To’ than to put it down. Many people write their initials or their name in full in one corner of the envelope; but this is quite a matter of inclination. We put Mr. before the name of a person in humble life, as a servant, and omit ‘Esq. If «Mr. Roberts’ 1s a clergy- iy official man, the address should be ‘The Rev. A. Roberts’ or ‘Rev, — 32 — Andrew Roberts’. If he has an academic degree, B.A., D.D., or LL.D., it may be added; as, ‘Rev. A. Roberts 1rL.D.,” instead of adding D.D., or LL.D., Dr. the abbreviation of Doctor, may \ be prefixed, and the initial of the Christian name is often g ] omitted; as, ‘Rev. Dr. Roberts’ The form ¢The Rev. Mr. Roberts’ 9 10 the may stand if we do not happen to know his Christian name. mill e of But ¢The Rev, Mr. A. Roberts’ or ‘The Rev. Roberts’ 1S n ever Letter allowable; and a clergyman’s name never takes ¢Esquire’ the mitia after 16. For a c If the gentleman be a Medical Doctor, with the degree of envelopes M.D., the address on the envelope should be ¢A. Roberts Esq. letter: bt M. D., O ‘Dr. Roberts’, but never ¢Dr. Roberts Esq.” Or ‘Dr. Roberts for husm M. D in such ¢ The following are correct ways of writing the name on the Use envelope, ‘Esq.’ not being added in such cases: il pa ¢Captain Sharp’, ‘Colonel Strongbow’, ‘Professor Spring PH.D.,” ‘The honor- alwags b able Alex. Mackay C. 8. I.,” ‘Rao Saheb Narayan Bholanth,’ if 1t gets of enyelg In addressing the envelopes for official letters to persons occupying official positions, it is usual to write the official 3 very | designation in a separate line after the name; as: except f 1 T. L. Lawrence Esq., able hay Director of Pablic Instruction, your Tnit Allahabad. pond it o Messrs. H, J. Roses and Co., plain ) Carpet Factory, With exg Bombay. auly pra Note 1. Inthe case of native officials, there is a separate Govern- I yo ment Notification specifying the honorific titles to be affixed to their hear o 1 names in all official correspondence, which the student would do well to remember. thlS : for 2. The envelope is a peculiarly English appurtenance to a a fow iy letter, there being nothing of the sort in Malayalam; it is better mll he 0 therefore to follow the English style of addressing covers as to the befer form and arrangement; as, £lage | y 33 4, D.D, @. ©d. . ). Ingtead S DHEQIOD gy b @M udS NG SanQlo tUI‘, may @aDaIom . 18 often ', Roberts’ g.) The etiquette of letters.—A few words may now be said 0 nane, as to the etiquette of letters in English, which it is hoped will be of service to the Malayalee student. IS nyer . Letter-paper of good quality, but perfectly plain, except } ‘Esquire’ the initials of the writer embossed on it, is the better taste. For a ceremonious letter, the paper should be ‘letter-size’ legree of envelopes should correspond in style and quality with the berts Bsg, letter: buff, yellow, or pearl coloured envelopes may be used ), Roberts for business letters. Ruled paper, though admissible, is not in such good taste as unruled. 06 0n th Use good black ink; pale-ink is inexcusable when with a little pains, and at a small expense, a good quality may The honor- always he had. Blue ink is never safe to use for letters, for if it gets damp the writing will become illegible. In the form of envelopes, fashion is almost as variable as dress; however, ) pEl‘SOHS o offcial a very long and narrow one is hardly ever in good taste, Square looking ones though fashion- except for small notes. able have a clumsy appearance. Your envelopes may have your initials embossed on the overfold, at the point, to corres- pond with the letter-paper, in colour, if you wish, though plain white is more elegant. Your letter should be folded with exact care to fit the envelope, that is, not to fit exactly; only practice can teach this. to Governe If your letter is to be a long one, you may commence as od to their near to the top of the page as you please, there is no rule for jddo well this; for a short letter, begin proportionately lower; for only a few lines, arrange it so that the whole signature and all, nance 10 & will be on one page. If you make a mistake in a word, it is ( is better better to score it over and write above, rather than trying to g to fhe erase by scratching with a knife and writing in the same place. 3 —— 34 - PRE, In all communications with strangers it would be correct Liette to write in the third person A very slight acquaintance ] etters. however, or a faint personal knowledge, would authorise a ably b 1 com letter being written in the first person, if it were to be of any length into disfy It is idle to devote the first page of a letter to trivial be readil nay he excuses for not having written sooner, when a still longer ed to 2 c delay might have been allowed to elapse if it suited the con- peaking venience of the writer, but when a letter requires an immedi- he sligh ate answer, it is then a matter of politeness to give the reason preferency for delay, but this should be explained without circumlocu'tion determine Enquiries after health in a letter should be made with deli- fommence cacy and discretion, always remembering that some are thick- ments at skinned on this subject, while others like to discuss it cow 00g Th amore prelimina; A clever writer keeps his affairs very much in the back ground, unless they are at a crisis when they would of Opening g course possess interest of an unusual character otherwise to enonch fc relate trivial matters for the sake of having something to say conrse of 1s foolish and egotistical In these days people do not accuse 1\ tes are themselves of writing stupid, dull or uninteresting letters, as 8 the fy their friends are only too likely to take their composition at and ey f; their own valuation and to endorse their written verdict Tecient while the affectation of laying the blame of bad writing upon fIve ty yy pens, ink, and paper is now confined to the servants’ hall bruct ack where writing materials are perhaps not always of the best { prongyy quality even when ready to hand In answering a letter it 1s @Xpediont a proof of poor imagination to minutely paraphrase each para- itia] ot graph of the letter under treatment Questions naturally {u ¥ for i demand answers, and important facts call for comment; but 115 g} trivial remarks and observation, perhaps pleasantly put, bndyyig, should not be returned to the author with poor platltudes attached to them. Ve mygh 0ld g e 35 PR )¢ corpect Letter-writing may be said to be divided into notes and laintance, letters. Formerly a note written in the third person invari- ithorise 3 ably commenced with «Mrs. Jones presents her compliments to Mrs. Brown’; he of any but now the words ¢presents compliments’ have fallen very much into disfavour; and whenever any other opening phrase can to trivial be readily substituted, it is in better taste to employ it. Indeed, it may be taken as a rule that compliments are only present- I longer 1 the con- 1t ed to a complete stranger or when officially or professionally 1 mmedi- speaking; and whenever an acquaintanceship exists, even of the slightest possible character, other expressions are used in the reason preference. The nature of the note itself would probably mlocution, determine the most appropriate expression wherewith to with deli- commence it. To frame a note without introducing compli- ate thick- ments at its commencement is the received mode of writing uss 1t con one The subject under discussion does not require this ch 1n the preliminary introduction, and it is best to embody it in the would of opening sentence. There are few people ignorant or careless herwise 10 enough to lapse from the third person into the first in the ing to $2 course of a short note; but still it is worth guarding against. ob acouse Notes are principally confined to the briefest of communications, Jetters, 88 as the frequent and necessary repetition of pronouns—she position i and her for instance——or the surnames of the writer and the ) verdich; recipient of the note becomes tedious; and when it is impera- tive to write in the third person, it is most desirable to con- ting upon ynts! Ball struct each sentence with a due regard to an extravagant use f the best of pronouns, and never at any time to resort to the vulgar Jetter it 1§ expedient of attempting a sort of compromise by making the each pard- initial letter of the writer and of the person written to do duty for their respective surnames. paturally ment; but It is observable that a cramped style, or a small Italian atly i handwriting is no longer in vogue, and, when seen appear platiades very much out of date. The prevailing style of writing is bold and free. A free use of capitals is also indulged in, 3* — 36 P which gives a dash of originality and spirit to a letter when put P not overdone It used to be an idea that to underline words yords od, tha in a letter was rather bad style than not; but now, if a writer wishes to be very emphatic, or to call particular attention to any remark, an additional stroke of the pen is not objected to; but it is a liberty not to be taken Wth writing to those vuth whom one is on ceremony. ‘A want of punctuation in a letter will often cause a sentence or a paragraph to be misunderstood, and made to convey the reverse of what was intended. Notes of interro- My dea gation should not be omitted from a letter when questions are asked, though many consider it a waste of time to make better tha use of them, and notes of exclamation, when required, materi- ally assist the clear understanding of a passage, which with- Barker, ¢ Iready: g out them might have a vague meaning Another practice of hag been the past, now happily discarded, is that of crossing letters have a oy only a school girl would cross and recross a sheet of paper good-natyy am afraid and two sheets are used, if one sheet will not contain all that is to be said If half the second sheet of paper is left blank girls in th 4000rding it is not torn off, a whole sheet being more convenient to hold Ninne, ap and to fold than is half a sheet of paper, and if a few last words are necessary for the completion of a letter, they are writtén on the margin and not across the writing on the face of the pages LT A strictly business habit is to write on the first and third pages of a note paper, leaving the second and fourth pages blank, or to write on the first and fourth pages leaving the Dear i This is done for the convenience other two unwritten upon of having the letters so written copied by the letter-press litf] €8 pa A postscript was formerly supposed to convey the pith or Memmg g aud dan( mg gist of a lady’s letter—a poor compliment, it must be confess- ed to her intelligence it is now considered a vulgarism to ey 37 Al ter when put P. 8. at the bottom of a letter containing the few last ne words words; if something is remembered when the letter is conclud- 1f awriter tention to ed, tha@ should have been said, it is added without apology. t objected 3 EXERCISE A. g 0 thoge Part I. Private Letters. 1 02Use & 1 made to From a young lady at school to her mother. West Grove Academy, Brighton, of interro- April 3rd, 1895. questions My dear Mother, ¢ t0 make I have now béen here nearly a week, and like my school life better than I did at first. I share a bedroom with three young ladies, Miss od, mater- Barker, the eldest of the three, is very kind to me, and we are great friends hich }vith- already; she is only a year older than I am. To-day is half holiday, but it practfce of has been raining all the morning, which prevents our going' out; however, I ng letters; have a great many interesting books lent me, and the girls appear to be very t of paper, good-natured. In my next letter I will tell you how I get on in my classes I in all that am afraid I am very backward in French, as I am placed with the youngest girls in the school. I hope you will not forget to send me a basket next week Teft blaok; according to promise, Please give my best love to dear papa and Johnnie, and ent to hold Minnie, and with the same to yourself, dear mother, 5 fow last Believe me, L they are Your very affectionate daughter, on the face Marion. 2 To a little girl asking her to tea. ¢ qnd third Elm House, Reading, orth pages Decem‘ber 4th, 1890. Jearing the Dear Minnie, qnyenience Next Wednesday is my birthday, Mamma says I may have a little tea party, and I am te write the notes of invitation myself. I hope your n‘.pfess, mamma will let you come. We shall have tea at half past four, and game the pith Of and dancing after tea. e COerSS' I am, your affectionate friend, Edith Woodhouss. ggarisn 1 e 38 CEYLEL 3 Reply, accepting the invitation rankly 8 x montl 5, Stanhope Terrace, Reading, ng 1t December 5th, 1890 My dear Edith, ever ge Mamma says I may come to tsa with you next Wednesday, and I sh 5hall be very happy to see you. I wonder if you will have many birth-day 1 om aff presents, mamma is going to send you one which I think you will like sif me I am, dear Edith I hay Your affectionate, a3 long s Minnie Moore further d 4. Complimentary letter to a son-in-law W0, dea 5, Grove Road, N. W. November 10th, 1893 My dear George I was very giad to hear such a good account of you all from Carrie, as, although it is some time since I have been to your house, still I must always feel deeply interested in all that concerns you and yours Perhaps I was foolish in fancying that the advice I afford was unpalatable to you it is, I know, the received idea that a mother-in-law’s interference is never welcome, however reasonable may be her remarks ; but believe me, dear Ay dear George, what I said I meant in good part, and had no mtentlon of censuring or criticising any arrangement of yours. I should have expressed the same opinion to any friend of mine under similar circumstances, had I been consulted. The of spirits, | fact of your being my son-in-law induced me to imagine that I might speak Lam frankly to you without fear of giving offence ; indeed, I regard you as a son, house, ang Do you thiy and you must not be too prone to resent words my motherly affection prompts me to say You dis !l\e With kindest love to Carrie and youarself, and many kisses to my dear little 113 inflyg grand-children g Dosition Believe me, g that Yours affectionately, fifi"ilrg, and E. Barlow Pray do po 5 From a youth to his father, respecting dislike of his Charlie present occupation bolday with 88, Lincoln’s Inn Fields I Suppo ¥y April 10th, 1892 My dear Father, I am afraid you will be disappointed at what I am about to say, but I hope after due consideration you will not think I am altogether wrong in P 39 fr;nkly stating my great dislike to office work, I have now been here nearly t, Reading, six months, and I find this employment as little to my taste as on first commenc- 1890, ing it. I have done my best to become used to it, but 1 am quite sure I shall never get on in this line of life. zlnesday, and I should be very glad to talk the matter over with you; it is not that iy birth-day I am afraid of work, only my present occupation does not and never will like, suit me. I have given it a fair trial, and have put off writing to you on the subject as long as possible; but as there is no chance of my changing my mind, I thought foore, I shall hope to hear from you in a day or further delay would be useless. two, dear father, and with love to all at home, Believe me, oad, . . [0, 1893, Your affectionate son, H. Millar. { you all from e, still I must 6 To a married sister, soliciting her husband’s influence. s unpalatable 3, Madina Vilias, Claphom, nterference is - June 10th, 1890. lieve me, dear My dear Charlotte, f gensaring 0 I have not written to you lately as I have been rather out ¢ same 0pioion of spirits, besides being very much occupied. psulted, The I am beginning to discover there is little chance of promotion for me in this | might speak house, and that it is almost time I should look about me for something better. you a3 8 §01, Do you think your husband would interest himself for me in any way, and would ootion prompts you dislike speaking to him on the subject? I do not exactly know the extent of his influence, or indeed, if he possesses any, but I thought from the responsi- my dear little ble position he holds with Messrs. Kent, he might perhaps know of some open- ing that would suit me. I have never as yet spoken to him about my own tely. affairs, and if, on your part, you feel any reluctance in making this request, na E. Barlow pray do not hesitate to tell me so. Charlie seems very happy at school, but is looking forward to spending the like-of 1S holiday with you, I suppose Ethel’s marriage will take place in the autumn from what she T Fields, sayes. i, 1892 With kind love, believe me, Your affectionate brother, about 10 887y i i3 Herbert Head. fher WIOI8 i 40 e 7. To a cousin expressing Christmas good wishes 10, 9, Fern Villas, Gunnersbury, Dec. 23rd, 1890 My dear Edith Dear N I wish you and dear aunt Lucy a merry christmas, and many a happy new year company & It is a long time since we have met: circumstances do not bring us together — quite the contrary; and were it not for the annually returning season of christmas tide, I fear we should almost drop out of each other’s recollection., I am therefore glad of the opportunity of loquiring after you and dear aunt 11 Lucy, and trust that you are both well, I fear she is rather dreading the severe weather which is prophesied to be in store for us, but prophesies are not always fulfilled, and in any case, I hope she will not have a return of her old complaint, bronchitis, Degr Mr Your affectionate cousin, Mabel Clarke to dinner ¥ 8 From a butler to his master giving notice The Grange, Dorring, Honored Sir, July 4th, 1894 i 1 i take the liberty of saying that I wish to leave your service this day month, I have the offer of a situation as butler to the Earl of Cariton providing that I can have a good dmmcter from my present employer. Dear § I trast that I have given you satisfaction during the two years that I have lived with you, and that you will be kind enough to recommend me kind fnyitat 1 am, Sir, month, 4nq Your humble servant and seg yoy John Silver 9. From a parlour-maid to a lady, excusing herself from 13 1 taking a situation High Street, Bury St. Edmound Honored Madam March 4th, 1890, Dear 3y I hope you will pardon my saying that I wish to decline your situation, as I fear the work would be too heavy for me I had not sufficiently fo be helg i a considered this before engaging to take the place of parlour-maid in your family, Stal] g Imbgp but I feel that I am not strong enough for all that would be required of me in that capacity. Of Wh()m VO[] 1 I beg to remain, Your humble servant Harriet Jaggard 41 10. From a lady, inviting a married couple to dinner. iy, 7, Chichester Gardens, N. W., May 10th, 1893. nany & Dear Mrs. Hamilton, Will you and Mr. Hamilton give us the pleasure of your company at dinner on Thursday the 24th instant at 1 to 8 o’clock? her — son of Very sincerely yours, lection, E. Morton. AL aunt i Reply to the above. ing the 5, Enfield Tervace, N. W., are not May 12th, 1893. her old Dear Mrs, Morton, It will give us much pleasure to accept your kind invitation to dinner with you on Thursday the 24th instant. Very truly yours, G. Hamilton. g, u4 1 P 2 Reply declining the invitation. 5, Enfield Terrace, N. W., iop this (aniton, May 12th, 1893. Dear Mrs. Morton, t T have We are extremely sorry that we are unable to accept your kind invitation to dinner, but we are going up to town on the 20th of this month, and shall not return home till after the 28th, when I shall hope to come and see you. Very truly yours, Vel G. Hamilton. f from 13 To a gentleman, inviting him to a picnic. Roseneath, Ryde, g, August 3rd, 1894. Dear Mr. Lumby, line your Can I persuade you to join our Picnic on Saturday next? It is heiently to be held at Copley Hill, but we are all to assemble here at 11 o’clock, and shall number between 14 and 15, including Miss Laws and Mrs, Unwin, both oo fomily of whom you know. ofmeid Believe me, Very truly yours, H. M(?a.dows. 42 14. The reply. Moss 5, Park Road, Sandown, whih the August 4th, 1894. J Woul Dear Mrs. Meadows, for which I shall be very happy to join your Picnic Party on Saturday whether next, and will be at your house at the hour named in your note, Dedding e Very truly yours, W. Lumby. They 15 expect o From a gentleman to a clergyman, requesting his you could immediate presence. of these h 10, Campden Place, W., It wo Dear Sir, December 14th, 1890. avoid the Will you do me the fovour to come round immediately for the purpose entail, of baptizing our little boy, who has just been given over, and we are very anxious to have bim baptized, I fear there is not the faintest hope of his Tith | recovery. Faithfully yours, To Henry Lloyd. The Rev. Mr, Brooke. 16 To a friend, requesting a loan. y 18 5, Sidney Villas, Tulse Hill, December 18th, 18.96. My dear Thompson, I have a great favour to ask you, which I hope.you wili be able %o grant. I have a most pressing need for &£ 30. Do you think you c¢an Yy dear oblige me with that sum for a couple of months, when I would punctually repay you? I feel the greatest reluctance in making this request, and only the extreme urgency of the case induces me to do so, although I feel that if it is and MTS. Ds bad 3 g . in your power to serve me in this, I may count upon your friendship, time I your Believe me, dear Thompson, Ever yours, It seem H. Peters. Wl“ d() grefll 17 From a lady asking a friend to enquire about a If yoy | furnished house. woulg Anpreg 8ing 8 1 camg Hill House, Torquay, April 10th, 1896. 1 trggt ou Dear Mrs. Barnett, beligye e, We are thinking of coming to town for a couple of months if we can find a small house to suit us. — 43 SR \ Messrs. Roberts, House A gents, have sent me several particulars of houses, down, which they highly recommend. )4 Would you be so very kind as to go over and examine two houses for me for which I have received orders to view, and tell me your opinion of them, Saturday whether they are fairly furnished, and thoroughly clean — I mean as regards bedding ete. by, They ask a very moderate rent, 4 guineas per week —so that I do not expect too much in the way of furniture and carpets, and I shall be satisfied if g bis you could give a favourable report as to the general condition of things in either of these houses. e, IV, 1830, It would be a real favour if you would do this for me, as I am anxious to avoid the long journey to town that attending to this matter personally would ¢ purpose entail. a1 eIy with kind regards, and hoping we shall soon meet, pe of his Believe me, Very truly yours, H. Summers. d 18 From a gentleman in India to a friend in England, Is¢. Hill, asking him to show civility to a family returning 896 thither. Dehra Ismail Khan, Punjab, Fou wili be February 24th, 1890. ik you ol My dear Llloyd g ally 16pay Since writing to you I find some great friends of mine, Mr. 1 only the and Mrs. Darcy, are going to England immediately; he is on sick leave, having ghat if i 8 had a bad attack of low fever. They talk of spending the greater part of the time in your neighbourhood. It seems he was born near Denbigh and he has an idea that his native air )y will do great things for him. I hope it may, poor fellow, Peters: If you have an opportunity of showing them any ecivility I am sure they about & would appreciate it; I have received much kindness from both him and his wife since I came out, which, I think, will induce you to give them a kind welcome. To'y'q 1y I trust you are all well at home. Please remember me to Mrs. Lloyd and , 18%6. believe me, months if Very truly yours, of C. Roberts. 44 Ll r 4 Part II. To Business Letters. 1 From a tenant to a landlord, respecting repairs. Dear §i Il . Claremont Villas, Barnes, off the twe March 22nd, 1896. Dear Sir, your clients I shall be obliged, if you will send some one at once to examine the interest in roof of this house, as the rain comes through in several places. I am sorry to it i3 quite Wil you a say the pipes are also out of onfder, and require immediate attention to prevent further mischief. I am, Sir, Yours faithfully, I A. Thomas. € 2. The reply. 1, Carlton Road, S. W. Mrs, M March 31st, 1896. but would | Dear Sir, therefore se I am in receipt of your letter of the 22nd instant, and have desired Mr. for the wor Smith to have the necessary repairs done without delay; but as regards paper- moraing, ap ing and painting the rooms you mention, I think it must be deferred until next 837 50, year, when I will see what can be done. I must remind you that you were aware of the conditon of the house when you took it, and that I made no 6. A promise respecting redecoration, as the rent paid by you does not warrant my Messrs, By incgrring the outlay. Gentlomg I am, Sir, 7 Yours obediently, agumey f J. Wilson. To H. Thomas Esq. Ietbers of line undep ¢} II iS o 3 From a firm, enclosing account and Bill for acceptance. Velture o g The Royal Cloth Works, Bradford, be paid to ¢ December 2nd, 1890. 10 ogp cate, Dear Sir, We hgp( We beg to forward you the statement of your accounts up to present el fo vefey | date, and with it enclose a bill for acceptance,. which please return in due s i course, bae aly Yours obediently, Harding and Cliford. i 45 — 4. To a solicitor, giving notice to pay off ra mortgage. To St. Leonards, Mr. Lion, January 13th, 1892. y 1 ). Dear Sir, 17168, I beg to say that I have determined by the advice of my friends to pay off the two existing mortgages upon my reversion, and will you therefore inform 36, your clients of my intention, and ask them if they will consent to take three months’ mine the interest in lien of the required six months’ notice, as I am given to understand oty to it is quite usual for mortgagees to take their money back upon these terms? Will you acquaint me with your clients’ decision at your earliest convenience. 0 prevent Believe me, Faithfully yours, Charlotte Stebbing. ) From a lady to a coach-builder asking for an OINas, estimate,. April 24th, 1890. Mrs, Mason wishes to have her pony-carriage repaired, painted, and relined; ST 396 Will Messrs. Woodward but would like to go to as little expense as possible. therefore send her an estimate of the lowest possible price they could charge aived Mr, for the work she requires done? She will send the pony-carriage over tomorrow s paper- morning, and should it not be worth the outlay Messrs. Woodward would kindly uofil next say so. I SOLI yere Tiverton Villa, Mitcham. 6 A circular. | made 00 Messrs. Bell and Co., Broad Street. London, 1st January 1890. qrrant my Gentlemen, We beg to acquaint you, that we have opened a house of general agency at Mauritius, under the firm of Young, Forbes & Co., the two senior members of which have been some years established at Port Louis in the same o1 line under the Firm of Young & Forbes. and we It is our intention to confine ourseives to commission business; venture to solicit your countenance, assuring you that the strictest attention shall eplancé be paid to the management of any affairs which you may think proper to entrust yadford, to our care. 0 We hope it will justify our confidence in addressing you that we are enabl- ed to refer to the annexed list of commercial friends comprising houses of the {0 preseld first eminence both in Europe and India, on whose consideration and sapport we amn 0 008 have the advantage of being permitted to rely. We are, yonrs faithfully, Young Forbes & Co. oydl —— 46 e T A letter of introduction. 48 Portuges each sheet: London, 1st October 1893. Messrs. Bright & Co. , Bristol. of copper 1t Gentlemen, When ti We beg leave to introdce to you the bearer of this letter, Mr. fhe Bill of ] Richard Templeton, a partner in the highly respectable house of Moore, Temple- ton & Co., of New York , who is about to visit your city for the purpose of extending the commercial relations of his house with the principal firms of your place. In strongly recommending our friend to your notice, we particularly 10 : request that you will not only forward his views by your influence and advice, but that you will also render his stay in your city as agreeable as possible, by Edward 0dg showing him every attention that may be in your power. In case Mr, Templeton < 1l should have occasion to take up any money either for travelling expenses or Than operations of business, you will please to supply him with funds to the extent sheathing, of five thousand pounds, taking draft upon us at three days’ sight in reimburse- ment. a3 W8 verbal We beg that upon similar, and all other occasions, you will freely command our services. abliged to h will invariah We remain, Tenderdon, y Gentlemen, Your very obedient Servants, G. Lunch & Sons. 8 A letter of credit. 11 I London, 1st May 1887. )Iadam; Messrs. James Pope & Sons, demoum. Gentlemen, I h I take the liberty of opening a credit with you in favour of the a 1%, Glong December pe, bearer, Mr. John Aston. Any sum of money that the gentleman may require Dated 93y to the extent of fifteen hundred pounds, be pleased to advance on my account either against his receipt or his draft on me to your order, as may be most To ¥ agreeable to yourselves. I am, gentlemen, Yours truly, )Y ??- N T. Clark. 9 I hepe] An order for goods, Ish all quif g Broad Street, 20th January 1893. JOu situateq ; Messrs. W. Green, Felt & Co., London. of Middlessex, Gentlemen, Have the goodness to ship on board the Tenderdon, Captain Wity Benjamin Russel, for Lisbon, 150 sheets of copper sheathing, the whole to be T ¥y, gy, ey 47 omaebenes 48 Portugese inches in length; one half to weigh 18 1lbs. and the other 19 lbs. 03, each sheet: each box to contain an equal number of sheets. Likewise one box of copper nails, proper for the said sheathing, not to exceed 500 1bs. in weight. When the goods are shipped, you will, of course, send me the Invoice and ‘;ter, M, the Bill of Lading. Temple- I am, Gentlemen, 1pose of Yours faithfully, of your Edward Odger. ticularly 10. The reply. | advice, London, 26th January 1896. sible, by Edward Odgeé' Esq., Broad Street. empleton Sip: eIses 0 Thanking you for your kind order of yesterday, for 150 sheets of copper le extent sheathing, we beg to say that we shall immediately attend to its execution ; but mburse- as we verbally informed you on Change, the length being unusual, we shall be Il freely obliged to have the sheets made expressly ; and consequently, some little delay will invariably occur. ‘We trust, however, they will be ready in time for the Tenderdon, which vessel, we are informed, will not sail for a fortnight. We are, Sir, Yours {fly., W. Green Fell & Co. Sons. 1L Form of notice to quit, from landlord to tenant. 1881 Madam, I hereby give you notice to quit the house and appurtenances, situated at 17, Gloucester Road, which you now hold of me, on or before 25th of ur of the December next, y requie Dated 23rd of June, 1883. (Signed) John William Everett. y acoous (Landlord). he most To Miss Potter. 12. Notice to quit, from a tenant to a landlord. Sir, I hereby give you notice that on or before the 25th of December next, I shall quit and deliver up possession of the house and premises I now hold of 9 you situated at 17, Gloucester Road, in the Parish of St. Peter’s, in the county 189 J of Middlessex. N Dated this 23rd day of June 1883. Witness: M. Pryke. Susan Patter. ’ (aptain To Mr. Everett. ole f0 D 48 13 A Promisory Note. London, July 1st, 1886. No £ 100. Three months after date, I promise to pay to Mr. Henry Jones, or order, one hundred pounds, for value received. T. Robinson. 14. Receipt for rent. London, August 18th, 1887. Received of A, Wigram Esq. fifteen pounds, being one quarter’s rent Sir, due on midsummer day last, for the premises occupied by him at No. 14, South Rupert Street W. C. Tnd honour to 1 £ 105204, 4 W) Phfllips. date, list Part III. per Iensem Official Letters. 1 A memo. Mr. P. C. Raman, Revenue Inspector in charge of Thiroorangadi Range, is informed that his application for leave dated 10th March last, has been forwarded to the Tahasildar of the Taluk, whose orders will be communi- cated to him in due course. 6th April 1893. C. Subba Iyer, No Deputy Tahasildar, Tiroorangady. + Office of the Inspector of Schools, Western Circle, Camp, Kollengode, 24th Feb. |89. From The Inspector of Schools, Western Circle. To The Headmaster, Bir, Basel German Mission High School, With | Tellicherry. Sir of Publig [yg On scrutinizing the Tables in the Inspection Report filled in by you and 13th Decemp, furnished to me when I inspected your school last month, I find that tables d Tensen wij] and e do not agree. 00rmg) trainjy 92 I have the honour to ‘request that the discrepancies noted may be ex- frai‘ning y be t; plained or corrected. loft I have the honor to be, 0 your g Sir, Your most obedient Servant, E. Marsden, Inspector of Schools. AL 49 Municipal Office, 1, 1886, No. 19. Tellicherry, 5th April, 1889. From Jones, o The Chairman, 011, Municipal Council, To Tellicherry. 387, The Manager, Parsee High School, arter's rent . 14, South Sir, Tellicherry. Under Sec. 62 of the District Municipalities Act 4 of 1884, I have the lips. honour to request you will be good enough to forward to this office at an early date, a list of employees in your school drawing salaries of Rs. 30 and above per mensem, showing the amount drawn hy each. I have the honour to be, Sir, iroorangadi Your most obedient servant, A. Raman Menon, oh last, bas Chairman. )6 commutis Teachers’ College, No. 1595. Saidapet, 16—12—1889. angady. From o, Cireley The Principal, 8. Teachers’ College, To Saidapet. The Manager, Basel German Mission Parsee High School, Tellicherry. Sir, With reference to your letter No. 45 of the 3rd instant to the Director hery. of Public Instruction, transferred to me under his endorsement No. 10907 of the 13th December, I have the honor to inform you that a scholership of Rs. 20 per o by o0 and d mensem will be available for a graduate from your school wishing to undergo ot tables normal training in the Teachers’ College, Saidapet. He will, while under training, be taught some of the special subjects the selection of which will be { may 0 & left to your choice. I have the honour to be, be DILy Al aflt. Your most obedient servant, A. A. Hall, ! l]f Sfm{'?'g’ Principal. 4 50 Ci@jil Dispensary, Romapuram, recent 6 No. 139. 28rd June 1890. Aggistan From Telliche stances 1 The Acting Civil Surgeon, To Ramapuram, derived The Chairman, and the | Municipal Couneil, the displ Ramapuram. Sir ? » In taking over charge of the Civil Dispensary at the station of Rama- Your puram, your letter No. 187 of the 19th instant was brought to my notice by Mr. Your Exe Cooper. In it you seem to doubt that I, as Civil Surgeon, have any authority among th over the Branch Dispensary at Karote, I have the honor to inform you that and kind prior to this there has been another Branch Dispensary here at Ramapuram which was placed under the control of the Civil Surgeon without any question being raised. As the name ‘branch’ signifies it is dependent on the main dis- pensary, and being responsible for the working of the Main Dispensary it follows ES that I must have supervision over the Branch. % g0 * Reg In conclusion I have the honor to inform you that the day I took charge, I we nt the Yoniej over to Karote with Mr, Cooper, and although it was 20 minutes to 4 P.M. I recent chay found the Dispensary closed, and no one to tell me where the Hospital Assistant was to be found. pensary at Testoreq op I shall deem it a favour if you will ascertain and inform me at your earliest Ord convenience the views of the eouncil on the subject of my supervision and the The Govy extent of my control over the Branch Dispensary. I have the honor to be, Sir, To Your most obedient servant, D. L: Ratigan, M.D., 8 4 Ag. Civil Surgeon. (@] To K The Right Hon’ble Sir Belbey Lawley, Terrace, Ha Baron Wenlock of Wenlock, Paid, gt and Governor in Council, Fort St. George. Stregf, £ The most humble momorial of the inhabitants of Chali ang ggld) i and its vicinity situated within the Municipal limits ¥h the gouds, fifff"«‘PYer7 r Sheweth, of Tellicherry. i }"\". 14, § That in humbly venturing to approach Your Excellency in Counecil Stgyly, the through the medium of this memorial for an indulgent re-consideration of a O ey, by : 51 Vi, recent G. O, No. 501 M. C., demanding the dismissal from service of the Hospital Asgsistant Mr. P. K. Chathu, attached to the Branch Dispensary at Chali, in Tellicherry, momorialists beg leave to subjoin a brief history of the circum- stances under which the said Dispensary was opened, and the good they have derived from it through the experience of the patient and painstaking habitg and the kind and obliging manners of the unhappy Hospital Assistant now under the displeasure of Government. ES ¥ * E3 * Ramg- Your humble memorialists, in concluding, };umbly and earnestly entreat by Mr, ithority Your Excellency to give them back the Hospital Assistant, who during his stay 00 that among them, proved a real blessing to them. For this act of gracious justice and kind consideration, ApULaI Your Excellency’s humble memorialists shall, as in duty bound, question ain dis- ever pray. ; follows 7' Proceedings of the Madras Government. Local and Municipal Departments. Ed Read the following petition from the inhabitants of Chali, situated within o wen% fpo ] the Municipal limits of Tellicherry dated 28th September 1891, stating that the recent charges against Chathu, Hospital Assistant attached to the branch Dise \ gsistant pensary at Chali are the fruition of a conspiracy, and praying that he may be ¢ eatliest restored on a reconsideration of the order dismissing him from service. Order dated 28th October 1891 No. 1871 M. Mis. and the The Government declines to reconsider the order already passed in this case. (True extract) N. S. Brodie, To Ag. Asstt. Secretary. The Petitioners. Dy 8 A Bill of Sale. ~ oo Know all men by these presents, that I, A.B, of 17, St. Peter’s Terrace, Hammersmith, for and in consideration of the sum of £ 250, in hand paid, at and before the sealing and delivery hereof, by C. D. of 14 Vincent }e()[ge. Street, E. C,, the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge, have bargained and sold, and by these presents do bargain and sell, unto the said C.D. all g of Ol the goods, hounsehold stuff, and implements of household, and all other goods 71[]3‘1 hmlti whatsoever, mentioned in schedule hereunto annexed, now remaining and being in No, 14, St. Peter’s Terrace, Hammersmith. To have and to hold all and 0 (ouneil singular the goods, household stuff, and implements of household, and every one ation of3 of them, by these presents bargained and sold unto the said C. D. his executors, * 4 ts Lo 52 administrators and assigns for ever And I, the said A.B. for myself, my fo make executors, and administrators, all and singular of the said goods unto the said been 1mp Taluks or C.D. his executors administrators, and assigns nd against all and every other person and persons whatsoever, shall and will warrant, and forever, defend Mol by these presents of which goods I the said A. B. have put the said C. D. in Calicu possession by delivering him one silver candelabrum etc. on the sealing hereof Note In witness whereof, I have hereunto put my hand and seal, this 21st day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hunderd and minety-one letter wo A.B student ¢ E.F Signed, sealed, and delivered G H. y und in the presence of us } D A Will Thig is the last Will and Testament of Robert Parker, of 17 Church Road, Saffron, Welden I hereby give and devise to my wife, Jane Parker, her heirs, executors, and administrators, for her and their own use and benefit absolutely and for ever, all my estate, and effects, both real and personal whatsoever, and of what nature and quality soever, and I hereby oppoint her, the said Jane Parker, sole executrix of this my Will. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, this last day of June, one thousand and eight hundred and eighty three f Rober Parker Signed by the said Robert Parker, in our presence, who in his presence and in the presence of each other, at the same time, subscribe our name as witnesses hereto. Richard Ryenolds James Turnere Residing at Saffron Welden N0€2 [ flddlessmg 10. A Memo To All Tahasildars, Deputy Tahasildars and Sea-Custom Superintendents (8) It having been brought to the notice of the Right Hon’able, the Secretary of State for India that books entitled ‘Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster L. L.D reatly enlarged and thoroughly revised to 1891, by Right Reverend Samuel Fallows A, M L. L. D., etc; etc (b) Chicago, Webster’s Dictionary publishing company 1891’ and printed apparently in America and containing English copyright matter, have been offered for sale in India without the permission of the proprietors of the English copyright, all 0 Tahasildars, Deputy Tahasildars and Sea-Custom Superintendents are requested R 53 Rl lf, my to make enquiry as to whether books bearing the above-mentioned title have he said been imported into any of their ports, or offered for sale anywhere in their - every Taluks or Divisions, and to report immediately the result of their enquiry. defond Malabar Collector’s office, V. Chappen Menon. 5D, in Deputy Collector. Calicut, 13th February 1892. | hereof. Note day of 1. The following abbreviations are in general use in ne letter writing. They are given here not with the intention that the student should make use of them in his letters, but chiefly that he may understand them when used by others. cld =could. wid. = would. shld. = should. 7 Church & = and. Parker, compts. == compliments. d benet, recd, = received. porsonal, advt. = advertisement. oinf her, 1/6/83 = 1st day, 6th month, year 1883 (used chiefly in business). affectly. = affectionately. of June, affete. = affectionate. fily = faithfully. eI Yrs. = Yours 108 afld in v = very. itnesses Yr = Your. s Ld = Lord. _ Note 2. The received forms of commencing, concluding, and addressing letters. i The Sovereign. infendent™ (a) Commencement of letter officially. Madam, or ity of the May it please Your Majesty, Lord—presents his humble duty to Your Majesty. thorfl‘dghly (b) Conclusion. £ etc; efC. ly I have the honour to remain, aappareflt Your Majesty’s faithful subject and dutiful servant rod for sl (¢) Superscription of envelope. oy ight, 8 To Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria. 0 quueste 54 o To a Prince of the Blood Royal. Y (2) Commencement of letter. Sir J May it please Your Royal Highness. (b) Conclusion. I have the honour to remain, Sir, ( Your Royal Highness’s most humble and dutiful servant. © Superscription of envelope. .- To His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales, Marlborough House, S. W. (¢ London. 11 Members of the Aristocracy. (t To a Duke. (a) Commencement. (¢ My Lord Duke, May it please Your Grace. (b) Conclusion. I have the honour to be, T Your Grace’s most humble and dutiful servant. ©) Superseription. ® To His Grace the Duke of Wiltshire, k. a. ) To a Marquis. (a) Commencement. My Lord Marquis, (¢) (b) Conclusion. I have the honour to be, Your Lordship’s humble & obedient servant. (©) Superscription. To The Most Noble The Marquis of Sussex. 4. 8 To To an Earl or a Viscount or a Baron. 0 (2) Commencement. My Lord, (b) Conclusion. I have the honor to remain, (b) Your Lordship’s most humble & obedient servant (c) Superscription. To The Right Honorable The Earl, (o the Viscount or the Baron of Kent. 55 To a Baronet. (2) Commencement. Sir, (b) Conclusion. I have the honor to remain, Sir, Your humble and obedient servant. (¢) Superscription. vanks To Sir John Westmoreland, Bart. 6. To a Knight. Commencement. (®) oot Sir, (b) Conclusion. I have the honour to remain, Sir, Faithfully yours. () Superscription. To Sir George Essex, K. C. B., or K. C. M. G., etc. (according to order of knighthood). i To an KEsquire. rant, (2) Commencement. Sir or Dear Bir, (b) Conclusion. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Superscription. (¢) To George Cole Esquire, or To George Cole Esquire, M. P. (if 2 member of Parliament) servant, 111 The Clergy. To an Archbishop. (2) Commencement. My Lord Archbishop, or May it please Your Grace. Conclusion. (b) I remain my Lord Archbishop, er';alltv Your Grace’s most humble and obedient servant. (c! Superscription. The Most Eeverend His Grace the Archbishep of — 56 To a Bishop. (a) Commencement. My Lord, (b) Conclusion. I have the honour to remain, Your Lordship’s humble and lobedient servant, 4 T (©) Superscription. (#) To The Right Reverend the Lord Bis%mp of — 10 To'a Dean. Commencement. (t) (a) Reverend Sir, (b) Conclusion. I have the honor to remain, Your Lordship’s humble and obedient servant;,. (c) Superscription. 15 T To The Very Reverend, The Dean of — (#) 11, To an Archdeacon. (a) Commencement. (b) Venerable Sir, (b) Superscription. To The Venerable Archdeacon of — or The Venerable The Archdeacon Bird. 12. (9 To a Canon, Rector, Vicar or Curate. (®) Commencement. Reverend Sir, 16. T (b) Superscription. (8) To The Revd. Canon Wright, (and as in other cases). To The Revd, James Wright, D, . &ec. (®) 1v The Army. 13. To a General, Colonel, Major, Captain, or Lieutenant. () Commencement. Sir, I Ty (b) Superscription. To Lieutenant General White. To Major General White or General White. (b) 57 To Colonel White. To Major White etc. (To a Lieutenant) H. White Esqr. Vee The Navy. ervant, 14. To an Admiral, Captain, Lieutenant. (a) Commencement. Sir, (b) Superscription. Vice-Admiral, Rear-Admiral or Admiral Stone. (To a Captain) H. Jones Esqr., H. M. 8. ‘Syne’. Vi The Government. servant, 15 To a Secretary of State. (2) Commencement. My Lord, (or Sir according to rank). (b) Conclusion. I have the honor to be, Your Lordship’s most humble and obedient servant, or I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient gservant. () Superscription. To The Right Honorable the Earl of — Secretary of State for India. 16 To an English Ambassador. (a) Commencement. 3)0 My Lord, or Sir, (according to rank). (b) Superscription. To His Excellency The Right Honorable Sir George William, K. C. B. utenat Her Britannic Majesty’s Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at the Court of — 17 To a Consul. (a) Sir, (b) Esqr. Her Majesty’s Britannic Consul at — Lol 58 SRSy 18 To The G Governor of Colony. oo (a) My Lord, or @;G'Er)g e May it please Your Excellency. 2040 (b) Superscription To His Excellency Sir George Hamilton, K. C. M. 2 o Governor of — EXERCISE B Part 1 21000 966 SIS &N Private Letters. oSBT 1. @Pn1d 250 00p{ 098 8% g & aQws QY e0, dlogymean VB0 A 1WITh o) )8y BSBMR0. 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(®ofo@DIT UIoWsYte of(swle ?u_.cgeréeeg@hmo@ o c(0) ofOMv E(W(EBVOY OPEBER Pm(Few SOBD(ELCe (e wofious 0gfo % @c.cmorce@ Qecuw WOELEULOQUWE(EWT 0URLEYIv ofg| LIOWETPT WY AR RIT o@flcogfao_fc@ (Be QUOPE oevtaw OOV ADAROTD 0EDFOWSVIE OQIELEIED OB oqeroew apdo e odeirolF oo (swle vefromftEms e cavere iy Bive (w29 % (ow feew quoroEfo oaIT(BOOO(I @YD @@ (@cwavee (Wro eg@éa 8o000BF(Se Br(e (02 Toroue (mervg a(ULYELM(SVY e 06-gO D @ (ot weorv aw)(missheTp VO (LYPO(SE(EWSY Sucanf® re%nm;% OV OEICELTNLIV(ZAD CIDE QUB® "qQUELE(I¥ "QUPCY QI UDK(DIITD fdu ot-ff so® fF oaweuw | w® avfporo PBase i EEe oeroee canle ewdw Qg f (@O -ev 0t-©T (e B oo Se(Ewse canlr (Flaneie weweous (B0 o (9Fosbe & hro oauro|swe @t seqiBsw mmurwq.c (Wro Ep(suwel® glogef ©EOEPST ‘e ®eeT oente SeB e (mwirvy SFBeofv sewEaETY ~eb 06="0%” QL | CrER) Gus( @ | SB orALrORP VOB o (swde (SFBee ewee B onerowe ot owro(ro ® 5 pledre ohethsw OLLIOTEE I~ LR Q) @r@@r@@r@ 0-070 o-Foo” 5080 0-0% RLNC® (WCrVY FPEWIPITW WEOST UL’ (S woegflcograaflc@ oftd espcwy (F(@ero oBwmrugtiue ofv(soce Y ET A I oo @ Q08! < - Ruon@e wRe @iaed -e 07 RuomGe ofor avjwp(ewe co|0Eoe wBre S0 fFrmrwgon rccflmée%mo@cée@ S| s { QIrDE TLNER| VP D 00 YPSVCER LRTEIW 6T Buwse B oneruee peawawee Scwode (prewu .@%8@%9@@@ 5U0CI((Wel® 9 v w Ty g9 T e 66 —— number of: examples, therefore under Exercise B. has beencurtailed, but it is hoped that those given are sufficient to convey to the student 4] an adequate knowledge of the formalities of Malayalam letter- writing. Chapter IV. The equivalent forms. English is peculiarly rich in equivalent forms, which afford ample facility for variety of style and copiousness of expres- sion. In the hands of a master they are docile servants that answer every purpose, and dance in obedience to the slightest The. : inclination of his will; but in the case of those who cannot l handle them properly, they become unruly and turbulent, A” A‘ creating no little confusion, and not unfrequently betraying such into very awkward and treacherous positions. This i1s a mine of wealth to which the translator has often to resort, and dig deep too, when he finds himself nonplused by difficulties of idiom and construction. «A first work in English” is an excellent help in this respect, and cannot fail, if properly gone through, to give a very fair mastery of Eng- lish. The absence of a ‘similar work in Malayalam is highly 2:; to be deplored. It is to be hoped, however, that when Mala- Te v yalam can boast of a classical prose literature, and when greater stress comes to be placed upon the style, construction and idiom of vernacular languages both in the class teaching, and the university papers, this desideratum will be supplied. It is beyond the province of this work to enter into the details of the subject, and a bare enumeration is all that can be attempted here. On the side of Malayalam, the list is necess- An Ad"c arily imperfect, as that would in itself afford sufficient scope for a separate work. — 67 —_— rtailed a.) English iden leffer A Noun may be replaced by each of the following 1 Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns ¢this’ and ‘that’, and their plurals ‘these’, and <those’ Indefinite pronouns ‘one’ and ‘they Numeral pronouns ‘one’ and ‘none’, ‘either’, ‘neither’ ‘both’, ‘other’, ‘such’ and ¢so ) afford Relative pronouns ¢who’, ‘which’, whose’ and ‘what’ expIes 2 An Infinitive nts that 3 A Noun clause lightest ) cannob The Pronoun is likewise replaced by the ‘noun’ and ‘noun- clause rhulent 1aying An Adjective is replaced by each of the following A Participial phrase A Prepositional phrase g often A Possessive form A Participle nplusel work 1 A Noun-in-apposition 1ot fail An Adverb =1 o O I Q b M= f Eng An Adverbial phrase 18 hlghl 8 An Adjective clause en Mal The Verb nd when 1. Complex predicates consisting of incomplete verb gtruction and noun, or incomplete verb and adjective, are teaching; replaced by single simple verb. Supphed 2. So also, the verb and its object may be repla,ced by a verb and adverb. J mtO the of can be 3. The active voice by the passive and vice versa 18 neceSS An Adverb is replaced by et 5608 1. An Adverbial phrase 2. An Adverbial clause =% S 68 An Infinitive (Absolutg) by 1 . A Noun, 2 . A Noun clause, 3 . An Adverbial phrase, 4. An Adverbial clause, A 5 . A Co-ordinate sentence. An Infinitive (Gerundial) by An 1. A Prepositional phrase, An . 2. An Adverbial clause, 3. A Co-ordinate sentence. A Participle (Simple) by 1 . A Co-ordinate sentence, 4N -l 9 . An Adjective, 3 . A Possessive case, 4. A Noun-in-apposition, 5 . A Prepositional phrase, dn 4 6 . An Adjective clause, 7 . An Adverbial clause. An Impersonal Participle of Condition by An Adverbial clause. A Simple Participle with Conjunction, by An Adverbial clause. A Possessive Case is replaced by 1. An Adjective, g ¢ 2. A Prepositional phrase, 3. A Participle, dn 4 4. An Adjectival clause. A Noun-in-Apposition is replaced by 9 1. A Participle, 2. An Adjectival clause. A Prepositional Phrase by 1. An Adjective, 2. A Possessive case, gi 69 SRy 3. A Participle simple and absolu’te, 4. An Adjectival clause, 5. An Adverbial clause, 6. A Co-ordinate sentence. A Prepositional Phrase of ‘cause’, ‘manner’ or ‘purpose’ is replaced by the ‘Gerund’. An Adjectival Phrase is replaced by an Adjective. An Adverbial Phrase is replaced by 1..An Adverb, 2. A Co-ordinate sentence, 3. An Adjective clause. A Noun Clause is replaced by 1. An Infinitive, 2. A Noun, 3. An Adverbial phrase. An Adjective Clause is replaced by An Adverbial clause, Do phrase, An Adjective, An Adjective phrase, A Possessive case, A Noun-in-apposition, Z;; A Participle, A Prepositional phrase, An Adverbial Clause is replaced by . An Adverb, . An Adverbial phrase, . A Prepositional phrase, . A Participial phrase, . A Gerund, An Adjective clause, % . A Co-ordinate sentence e tdary L 70 A Co-ordinate Sentence is replaced by 1. A Prepositional phrase, 2. A Participle (simple and absolute). A Co-ordinate Sentence Adversative is replaced by An Adverbial clause of condition. A Co-ordinate Sentence Illative is replaced by 1. An Adverbial clause of purpose, 2. An Adverbial clause of cause. A Co-ordinate Sentence Imperative is replaced by An Adverbial clause of condition. 5 0 A Co-ordinate Sentence Interrogative is replaced by An Adverbial clause of condition. b) Malayalam. The following are some of the equivalent forms in Malayalam, The Noun (onozo) is replaced by each of the following: 1. o) @anmoo. o0& 5lwaind; 1008 ; A G0 ©alsld) o mMeaMo. 0ot 2. &@omao. @oaith cidle@en (1ea) ®emg) alo.oich pSaE); § o QUOBELJ0 OISENLY0. Tl @ 3. @Qafl@wom MNo. oM oo @@; (@lab), EPo®IW orlan @gala o Mmeies) (&d). 8 o The Adjective (ansaafewasmo) is replaced by The 4 1. Apposition (qvamets)®memo). agmmes availesaad, aflead 8uweLnad. La) (( 2. Compound nouns (aozsavmoasmsd). ®am@ed, Mmooy eL S e . ( 3. @r\cwom Mo. ©al0Me aIAMAj OHSHISOMd @RIV 20 ; ming Balemo @RI PVSISINSHNIO® ORI @)88wQY0; ( @0E 18 mB0 D8 AWIW), 4. 01201EHm B 00. (d (@) crvogemocdvm. Chiefly in Sanskrit construction. Go eniosal, mao_\aafl@'\agfl@gm, MO IWICS . ‘ fF 0o Suwcecfwon O (BT ey fFor Buoro fFwee .ogwwbogr\@y@@. ‘T *Gosorv TS e Fow (p) *0rguUv o @ WeRI(fo ouuorog B ¢qoBew oo TO(© 081D ‘P80 Eoowowe® aurwe@ Auv ; %a@é_ *DO(W Aseeamme ‘quw(suweeeife Swonsd .o@@oado (@) Q@mo Fow Bes oo ScUDROIEFO® ¢ awro oo ‘euTfOw(@oe (v) oo ¢ noo.,m.urgmu% c.—” £q peoeidex st (ccwsrersiocm(@) QAP Y], (29 SPBewSro wewecw@oro *(9010A DAISSEJ 0T) WS 8 Flonod ron BBIe®(MNE® of@crorocwwsl fven g ‘ogcL ‘9 #mem@ @f ' PCEERYY ‘oBBroL (BT o foengervd o Qe 210N 1 "100[qns oy mopjof oseo sy} ut sunou [euosiod oy, *00fmOEO@ ProULIo PO(LO QUIE9 %fias 0 AL © ‘evwe pBefDin YO Wbro = qLew + Stuae *(owroroGorae ool f8fv) e EEPW el VO FW@ 0l STAO Euo0@ OB UL QPEWY ) MEYUWRD(YVCY QOO P@ *(oTo o Gorue @ abofvw) oy Bw =(wo roffw ermme RS @ Burog| @e e quifBw coroee ‘ocffpowee E8T - (owrT ro@ @ eavofow) = ocffouEsbivoe - ©F(porrvee S0PV TO °G (BP9 Sow) orer@(Hrorew mR(5ee “etow (/) *0ros @ ofHOPO( W eNOrD Gacovee omvmefioacbrflga ‘oS OICELAD TV medmflc va (Brud eULO(Ww WERDCY (Prworo (p) F0QEIErv WESE PIW(eeH | 95@@ Auv ‘@(orvy EBSCBI@ roeg = @(Yirvy Sc¥@ros *Buo v | ™ cLLIO BB 109 wErouw = Swe 05wy(N0s WErvAU ‘E@y owroTo BWOoSe(0ew = S5©8imorsS@(WEWTD o(@(gocaw (g) — Ll IL e 72 et 8. @oailglwom) mo. a100ab aiae; moeacim QIR pal of the ¢ @8te0 VLR IRIMWBEDRI .ol D. nof. yet 4, B0 @)oo, WUIPCHn ofS; PROD @PS); MIERK BHANIHM bare col. afleaoeg). Suciety, The Verb (0qailm). Nor are like - the The Neuter in @ serves practically for finite verbs 9 3 as, @@ maIsle @MIDDe; LE@OHNWAID oY ©F e @ in othe (past). fore e 8oLt ©.amed eagg wenb (future). on the t BIOMBALS MBI W HLOWERO (negative). In s¢ @Ooj]@mom mo by BOE @M, Mo, AS—HVY SOE] = SO will hay Qo gsos); aidloy @seos. and note @Q@Oo_o\ @3oNMO2i0 by @VoEQIM, a&S—mangy aoooo_xo@zomm’} 99060000 ; Gailebad)MeS @ oy )sal aimile®Iaegyo. Jalee m enhance anueeaaim by @W@oc%mo A5—@mIWo &S o BN Lodego. selection yalam R a8 Chan Chapter V. tions of Proverbs, Quotations, and Mottos. gems of Proverbs do not hold the same dignified position in Mala- that the Sabha b yalam that they do in English, nor are they of the same general occurrence in the writings and speeches of the educat- From will bg | ed Malayalee. They occur but rarely in Malayalam poetry, and when they do, their plebeian garb is usually exchanged the ifeys they are for a more refined one; and it is in this latter form that they are generally quoted in classical Malayalam. A good many ‘B&rking d frighten ay of them are vulgar, a few are colloquial, and only a very m@@@(@m limited number ever attain to the position of their English @\WAO% &0 cousins. 0] It thus happens that Europeans frequently fall into the Chaff? ng error of introducing in the midst of a solemn discourse in & brothey § Malayalam some proverbs that are low and vulgar in form, *Dr. i though they may contain great truths, to the great detriment and Pogipy, Plation ty ¢ ALY ST 73 The Malayalam proverbs have }j‘mb oy of the gravity of the subject. not yet received any systematic treatment, and beyond a AMIBM bare collection of a thousand of them by the Basel German Society, Malayalam is yet without any work on proverbs. Nor are they to be met with in its literature with anything verls; like the copiousnmess or frequency with which they occur ) il in other languages. The Malayalam proverbs may there- fore be said to remain still unwritten and to dwell chiefly on the tongue of the middle classes. In searching for proper equivalents therefore the student W= a0 will have to ransack Malayalam literature and listen to, and note down carefully, the conversation of the true Mala- ag)@mmfi yalee middle class society. The difficulty of the task 1s %3! enhanced by the absence of any work on quotations or any Z(\&go. selections in prose or poetry to fall back upon. The Mala- yalam Readers in use in our schools are either entire works as Chanakyasutram and Panchatantram, or prose transla- tions of English pieces. No attempt is yet made to cull the gems of Malayalam literature, and it is a matter for surprise i Mala- that the ‘Vernacular Literature Society’, or the ‘Bhashapdshini Sabha’ has not made any attempt in this direction.* Lie same From the collection of equivalent proverbs given below, it ) educats will be seen that very few are exact equivalents both as to ) poetry, the édeas they embody and the form of expression in which (changed they are clothed; a few such may, however, be noticed; as— that they ‘Barking dogs seldom bite’ &0@s0als) &S )@, ‘Burn not your house to od many ¢Care’s no cure’ frighten away the mice’ ageflo® ©@ogyaIMd @S0 2YOSIRY. - Vel‘y mw@@mrmflma am@ailgy. ‘Do not kick against the pricks’ ©&g® 20 Fnglish BOMIS STOBD. ‘Give and spend and God will send’ @aNE @MY )l @0 mamocd aflango @@ @A &TE R )Bs0. ‘Every corn has its chaff’ emgilad aldlclegyam aio. ‘An enemy near at hand is better than 1nfo the a brother far off’ gEG@® IMPHAIEHID @R BB (@) mgl- But in course il #Dr. Gundert once published an Antholog‘y containing selections in Prose i forth and Poetry. A second edition of it has just appeared and it is under comtem- plation to continue the series.— Hd. dfriment — 74 the majority of cases they differ both as to the syntactic form is expr and the verbal arrangement, and sometimes (1) a general iThe use statement in one language is met by a particular instance in (Unused 1 the other, aS——*Venture a small fish to catch a large one’ ©&emuab BB @Y ssalw O&®H0g QWIOM Qidaemo. (Bait a prawn to catch a carp). The English pI‘OVGI‘b the great here makes but a general statement and advises the baiting pumber of any small fish for catching a large one; but Malayalam frequent particularises the kind of small fish to be used as bait and or the the kind of large fish to be secured thereby. So also in the tional o instances ‘Be slow to promise, quick to perform BYMOIG(EgLjo BYULO&IG and im| #9g). (Give an elephant but never the hope of a present). ‘Blessings are not the peoy valued till they are gone’ ®smGolswocal Gerleabo S0 @dly. (Sight is not ariginat valued till you lose your eyes). ‘Crooked by nature is never made straight’ anod) sake of (Put a dog’s tail in a straight oo e eseswellailgonjo m@emfl%. EXPIessi reed-tube and it will be crooked still). ‘Cut your coat according to the cloth’ cally i Qiailae avaimo .afleinjedmeaiemo. (Let the expenses be regulated by the You wish f income). ‘He that hath nothing is afraid of nothing’ ajo®lgjEmQIMOEEMEY ete (01 @l@g|S1? (He who has no house, is not afraid of fire). (2) In some cases virtaons is the items of comparison, or the examples chosen for illustrat- that hath o ion might differ, as the objects and features familiar to one 10f the logs country and nation might be unknown and unfamiliar to 8ong) g another, The following are a few examples of this class. Dénemes; ‘The lost fish is the biggest ‘Gatow Q__]m()-] aleflw o__\mr)]’. (The lost pig Q@b pg is the biggest). ‘A thief knows a thief as a wolf knows a wolf’ &g cem oeg solf” manh ¢Between =och @od)emy@s; 0 19mIlEm 0 10 NMVBI0) Eoamy@s. thiflg‘ iS goo two stools you fall to the ground’ @sng G@Y95MIWIOd ©98}PAILID Balosal. Withoot o o ‘Do not make fish of one and flesh of another’ & o 106LIMRO &an G20 Is Silenceg! 000 OISO . ‘Fear not the loss of the bell more than the loss of the away the steeple’ @M @K@t ailomn @moé\ egflfl% @®s? ‘Had I fish, it is good Select g without salt’ GQ)OQ D10 8 Ll 0 10 GaiMmey, ‘I talk of chalk and you of lb)’CUS, B! ouatgiy cheese’ @Ybaa )@ 0 IS, ¢One beats the bush and another has the St of hare’ @RSIHB0D00100d H0INE® O aimoe auemnd 2000000, Wwod)y (3) It is not rare to meet with examples where the same idea H0 g1 AR 75 e ¢ form is expressed by obverse statements in different languages, as— oneral ‘The used key is always bright’ @(acaalo ol AN 6)HS0. ance In ¢tAn old fox understands the trap’ engaoab (Unused iron and trade decay). JES) HSAITF o, (A young stag understands not the trap). ‘Empty vessels make proverh (4) In a very large the greatest sound’ afloa10@o @BmI@W gy ete. number of instances the syntactic forms of the proverbs do haiting ayalan frequently differ and that to a very great extent, the assertive ait and or the imperative of one language being met by the condi- 0 1 the tional or the interrogative in the other; and indeed the terse 098G and impressive forms in which the hobnailed philosophy of o3 ate 00 the people is often cast would seem to suggest that their oht Iy nob originators readily sacrificed every other consideration for the ghi’ covel) sake of a jingling rhyme, an apt illustration or a Laconic a stroight expression; so much so, that many proverbs are left grammati- the clofh” cally incomplete: as instances of this class I may quote:—‘It ted by the you wish for good advice consult an old man’ @BCMIND QB0 2@ omea]len QYo ¢He that walketh with the QIS ete (Old man’s words and ripe gooseberry). ‘He me (ases virtuous is onme of them’ mpjAIB®IS G0IANICH ME® Qi GS. lustrat- that hath nothing is afraid of nothing’ ajod)gpo@aiceees @lsais). ‘Fear 1 £0 0ne not the loss of the bell more than the loss of the steeple’ @M &)@ aildan niliar o Bmog) @sp'\._pé@fis? ¢Grows are never the whiter for washing’ @003 )010@b i class. O@0IN@:E20? ‘A colt you may break, but an old horse you never can’ ERSH The lost pig @iwodd 2 @ ealente SYasIwosan? ‘What! keep a dog, and bark my- self’ b &Lsamemo2Ecd MIam 8al800em329? ¢Too much of one g6 88 thing is good for nothing’ a@;(fleg__\om)a(o?) &y 18g 0. ‘What’s an army (Befween withoat a general’? mMOLAMARY 0 ISAOH0. “When goid speaks every tongue ) galofEl is silenced’ o0 aloana®mo alwleh & aiemo. ‘When the cat is ) B 620 away the mice will play’ ogoidlgy aflgleal egeilowsgooal. (5) A Toss of the select number involve special allusions as the cranes of p, it I good Ibycus, ‘If the mountain will not come to Mohamet, Mohamet must go to the ond o f mountain,’ The wearer knows best where the shoe pinches’ HQIgE O 1ees fher has the 01083, 0318w auIsMdl, ‘mm']ms@cz@qg@% MR SBmM Q@%’. ¢ 01608905 |YOS @O@Omo' 1@od)an agedho 966 adlgd.t pesmo CaleWedo Qmfl&)@@’. ‘@sd) same 128 £ED 29 9S)Es , BT S0 OSIFo Balodw’. o The above is a rapid analysis of some of the most frequent phrase verbal disguises in which the same proverbial ideas appear in A dicti(. different languages. How a study of proverbs even of a single fage. language is educating and refining in its effects, has been Malaya amply dwelt upon by Trench and other able writers; it there- Jargely fore goes without saying that a comparison of them in differ- A bad jac ent languages, must perforce be much more useful and inter- A bad thi A bad wo esting. Nothing tends to the illustration of a nation’s charac- ter better than these sayings —lessons in History, Geography, A bird o bush, and Natural history may be fossilised in them, and no one A black h will ever repent the time and labour he spends over an inves- A blind 1 tigation of them. It is undoubtedly a slur upon the patriotic looking feelings of the Malayalees for their mother-tongue that no A bt ¢ attempt is hitherto made to collect and arrange them; it is true as already pointed out that the Malayalam proverbs have A child 1 mother’ not that dignified appearance which would entitle them to be 4 ohip of freely and aptly used in classical Malayalam, but still it is Al necessary that something should be done in this direction, accusat; and that ere long. A close me A old 3 The student will carefully note the changes of Jorm which fall and proverbs assume in English and in Malayalam: it will help A ot 0 him a good deal in choosing appropriate equivalents, and will hors 1 prevent him from being staggered at their apparent diversity 4 oropkeq at first sight, and above all, it will call forth one of the most A oroy f A ourseq o important faculties in a student—that of recognising points of similarity under difference. It is needless to remark that X ourseq g translations of proverbs can never be proverbs. They are A ourgy | pre-eminently indigenous growth that can ill bear transplant- A deluge of ing. The best he can do is to give the equivalent proverbs A diam()nd if he can lay hold of them, or give quotations containing the g dun; same ¢deas; and only when both these sources fail should he A fir f think of translating them. For further information on the A fail‘ fflce 1 A ftng subject, the student is referred to Brewer’s Dictionary of — SR 1 - 't uent phrase and fables, and Trench’s excellent work on Proverbs. pear in A dictionary of quotations may also be consulted with advan- ) single tage. I give below a few of the English proverbs with their S heen Malayalam equivalents, which it is hoped the student will t there- largely supplement by his own observations and researches. 1 differ. [gy. A bad jack may have as bad a jill. G 0m gD aflmesl. 4 intep- A bad thing never dies. @RIQYEE Mo Zas1oel Halggo AUOQD charac- A bad workman quarrels with his tools. OIUOMN G 26 & RIAIAFEMoO. A bird in the hand is worth two in the afSlaclomys allg 1082 ) graphy, bush. oo W¥lo® aloHWL. 10 0neé A black hen will lay a white egg SO 388 HAIZOD PsIg. 1 107es- A blind man will not thank you for 2 SARSEMOTCAQIAD HemoS] &oge looking glass. Gn106)el, patiotic that 10 burnt child dreads the fire. 235O QIER OB e aflemoegel olo1®Ql 820 SHMRIBD A0S0, m; i 18 child may have too muach of his @R Gal1000)W Adego @A Gald rhs have mother’s blessing. 00 @ @B3¥)NYo. ' f0 be chip of the old block. ERQ A8 T @b a 1@ Wegy B gBo? atill it 18 clear coanscience laughs at false accusations. @) HDINSHTHBLl OIS . Jirection, close mouth catches no flies. 903D ay.ol egeflew afls)eswilgy. cold May and windy makes a barn SoBONA 29O IQIT &g |OWEI0 G.aldqQ, o which full and findy. colt you may break, but an old ERSERIRIT 2S)Wled OBl D gill help 6OB0OBRID? ‘horse you never can. aud will crooked tree has a crooked shadow. QI3 60D BEOR AR 8IS WS lwd. diversity crow thinks its own bird the fairest. S0n8s @amilgs calombailes. the most cursed cow has short horas. &0 ods OSImilgy. SHNBean MIPOM SHQES 1DSHSEMO. g points ® cursed cur should be short tied. } SQOAD alwailam ® nark that curtain lecture. @eI oM @000, They aré deluge of words and a drop of sense. @m0 018 EPg|al @ 8. ansplat- Eg diamond is valuable though it lies | provel‘bs on a dung-hill. @&n’\m@ g @ailgoejo diawo. ming the A fair face may be foul bargain. aozmagflg%u Q16m) &N, @OSHAD SO IRYPo AJOMD o IO’ 1Yo, should he A fair face may hide a foul heart. A friend in need is a friend indeed. aQUBHBES HM 83N 2R EIMNBLY0 eIy, onaty 0 78 After a storm comes a calm. A reconcile 2@ Saimeallamom Qlsho. After clouds comes clear weather. | A full purse makes the mouth speak eaig o asemgneesch oo )ah A ralling 86 A scalded d e@aTlwm ™M) o®o. A full purse never lacks friends. @A) ag)3 6o 9@d @Yo Hods. omegy &) M2, @b a@)&flcfi)’“%b@(‘m}o og)@o. A glip of th cB@IMZH e 2 @YIMZME , ¢d; bat A good servant should have good SO IMsom @ef), never. wages. 2T )BAN S YNS QANDSSBRBD . Ask my com A good present need not knock long for admittance. ™D 5l ZeIAD GModso. A small gpa A great ship must have deep water. @owres @¥les adlares s, A sfranger A great tree hath a great fall, Qe aflpemiod wmSlweg joglow. brother f A good name is sooner lost than won. A thief know 2@ AUMADANEMO0QH al®uS) Mo, 2O WEBBEULID B CE00 4 Wolf, QJQ@@_E@OO. A wilfal ma A honey tongue, a heart of gall. A wise heac 209 ) En @ e a0 199 cOBEWE a0Al) abRlo, QW .AIEHE, HOE HSIBNO., A vise man A hungry dog will eat dung. wd)o®>sah ayaf) adgo @ lawo. comes o | A hungry man is an angry man. alleeamismos &g la10ow@ogy, 4 young ty A jest driven too far brings home hate, &g S10Q dso. an old tre A joyful evening may follow a sorrow- @oailoal G;esmaiad ey afld) ful morning. R0 [times. Action iy the A lame traveller should get out be- ST SaIGED o j09Ng|BSemo. A liar is not believed when he speaks SBQ) aloymaith BmMd al10emDIejo After g stopy the truth. @Yo aflveaavlesxlgy. Against - Gog A lie hath no feet. &g aflan ooeflgy. thondey ) A little body often harbours a great @dlwaim emsIw mycy). 9.21Q® soul. SQD asem)ee Allmo. A long tongue has short hand. QIR aIED OO OEHIEND. Al coret g1 A man that keeps riches and enjoys @ G0 @ 68 9 @ 0 1Y HSITMEME ) @n0 All arg pt f them not, is like an ass that carries IDIH, @O MNQBeR ARG )0y jog )y All fellowg g4 gold and eats thistle. A Ba1IeAl, Allis ot gl A man’s wealth is his enemy. @R@OAMN 00, Al 0ng, byt A mouse must not think to cast a Ways, shadow like an elephant, 2®)R1050B0_1062] 6).0)E8MIIOISEA0 P A new broom sweeps clean. ojomaboaIgn a4@g {00 @S )eso. fottune baf An ill life, an ill end. BIY &0 i8I0 ©.alQYD .0l0QjodhiLlo 6mMoo., Ing are fh the gate A pin a day is a groat a year. @)oo 22006M) ERQAIADRME., Alng are the 79 A reconciled friend is a double énemy. UMPAISBM (1@ LE@DUMASIBR &mo Rl A rolling stone gathers no moss. @ailg {1oa)1 @gflan aye gy. A scalded dog fears cold water. £245®eR B )ah aflem oyl alei®Ql 880 &M20ad A9So. &, ngfi 20 o) (o, A slip of the foot may be soon recover- agladmlan aflemocd agSante Qo e, ed; bat that of the tongue perhaps D@dmlan aflemocd oSO @GS, never. SHRA . Ask my companion if I am a thief. Q) HIMNEHR0D B3 cfiflgfi%o &HE8 OM B 19681 & @ )88 ? NIdRo, A small spark makes a great fire. @Yo ABEMRYo :0.0) 2. 018) A stranger close by is better than a gREOm EIMHAIGId BOG )& CE ’S:PQW' brother far off. A thief knows a thief as a wolf knows o) HBE BN SRS FHod mcflm@% a10mi) @300 a wolf. ‘8 cwomil®moad @B oy @S- A wilful man never wants woe. @OBAMOAT) I Bs0 BRCEDOATI IBs0 AMATI) A wise head has a close mouth to it. [y 30 0/ aeoim dlegewlgl. h 00800, A wise man will make tools of what QIIBEGER QIAD ajp@0QYWo. \mo, comes to him., BRSH WISEmIod 2S5 1 )@ Haianlo & s A young twig is easier twisted than an old tree. PORIWIGRIN? RS WO PSR %0, 2EIWIBRAID ? glg 4] Action is the proper fruit of knowledge. oo al10)@O®G A ey, ©ed S6Mo. @@om@omaflma@@ anelo QIM. After a storm comes a calm. B MIQYOHMER NI aldLg. 0106000} Against God’s wrath no castle is DL 10Dl 0o 2l0eAIMOS.alRIN AT b thunder proof. oD@ )e:a @0 §a10Q 62 G a0 18Ee M), | 9200 288 o 8RO @%flmjem. All covet all lose. [&d- j @10 @) 0RO O B @R @®No. All are not friends that speak me fair. g 9.0l |ElBeMO@mRJ0 01OBIT 1@ ;gaasaflw A1l fellows at football, e )ed aniog | 2aab. Aogs'9 All is not gold that glitters. Alapano@eye Haloangy GEodo. All one, but their meat must go two &g Qo afldlgo @arlay, QYo QW WayS. Qo HAIBANO. All the world will beat the man whom omigee? &emoo)ad aflem elard)es S0 a0 fortune buffets. OQo @ 6M. mé}m&)» Alms are the golden key that opens WMH2MEE HHBA aICMILj @GOS 139@)9 o & Ba10(T30. [ @ am. the gate of heaven. Alms are the salt of riches. M@{gfi@@. CIU%)WD(DOEJ')WJO @BMM MBEMeMo oM Ay 80 Among the people Scoggin is the doctor. Q991300 Mog @b @(fl%mnb QJomunb. Barn not the mi An acute word cuts deeper than a sharp weapon. But belp @@alG eYyo a16)ofl50 OeQIg Mgy, An artist lives everywhere. allesod U ayRewmd. myself An occasion lost cannot be redeemed. Gaow enyBY) M aseil oy aflog &gy, An old fox understands a trap. @8 20b &HSaIa W, Buying an As bitter as gall. 960D |0 B0 ) @momm@:g&u ' By the str As black as coal. af the | SHQOD , HQOD HA)EeS GalIeel. As clear as a bell. (all not & e @1 )amn ®.algo Balvel, As clear as crystal., (e,g'pn)os']g\g% Baioeal, wounde Cares 10 ¢ As the old co}ck erows so crows the young. Charity be @) &Sy aag%‘ &) QYo &S )dso. As red as a cherry. 0189 lg o Galoeal, Come uneg As you sow so shall you reap. OSIRITh OME aid)ay. AllomEs Canstant ¢ N @D HDPo. Avarice increases with wealth, @388 @b ©aloan @0 ds 0 Covet noth LN O 12488 (0B 28). Crooked b Barking dogs seldom bite. SOHRAN MNIW) &Sl lay. sfraight, Beauty without bounty avails naught. BRYSI®BA SR, aNudN@man Croms are | a)d)@s0. ing, Bent whilst it is a twig. 22 @)BaN QB &6Mo; FARIGHAD BS) Cupid §s AeBmIdd & ilg larasees smo. Cut your o Be slow to promise, quick to perform. @YMORNISEFLJ0 EYUWANSHISENE. Better half a loaf than no bread. B5d1g)oom 04105109 B &HMBo OGO Danger pagt 6130 B30, Better one word in time than two after- gaoiled alosweEm Adle® alo Death gefyg wards. wey. Deceiving f Better penny in silver than any 2S )@ EpdlYsncem o caloeez Desperaty brother. aflg cadlessemes, Care, Between two stools fall to the bottom. Qg Cooem lwleh &oey Halo® Balo Dot el Bind fast find fast. [sip the broth. CHROD M0 S&HS gy, Boil a stone in butter and yoa may &S @S WG SHaIQo B.alWo. Dist ance Jong, Blessings are not valued till they are SHEMBGa 100Gl @gg’)anbo S0P W Do ot i gone. Ay Do wot 1oy Bring not a bagpie to a man in troub- @aiemas @2emo Caldlgy; ERRIBQl le amas aflemalnmnews. Do gy { mflke Building castles in the air. @YSIROBITh 5 OBHGH; BBMD othey, @2E3)0 aNavd)es. AN welly | 81 b Qleweh, Burn not your house to frighten away agellow @us’\% aJ® oJ50@d og)ei) the mice. 219519 @ HOIaDo Galido. JE But help me to money aund I'll help amgdamgaaflmb agaf) &BeMITDao myself to friends. og) Qo @0@) ogC)emoicd @YD) b g @0 &0B9;, a@®IGB0 © HEH B @Y [losing. IMRASE. [&o. Buying and selling is but winning and S 01SOB 1D 2198QJ0 CalmQo © OB By the street of By-and-by one arrives Mg sl moisa ) allemal) L1098l at the house of never. ®gyan (Tfl%mlo. J, Call not a surgeon before you are wounded. HMNITMITD HO VI 81O, Care’s no cure, @0 W BLHU M) I AN I8y, b &Slam Charity begins at home. @@:al0 QIS WeRo .18 Come uncalled sit unserved. aNg ®moe®m axmmocd aflg mie® Saio B emo. oot Constant dropping wears the stone. D BMYO Do BOYYo. méhe ‘Covet nothing overmuch @ 0318@%00 al@o -alaflSo. never made 2] Crooked by nature is o ombo anm eiseswailallgoale straight. QgD . ;‘x;mmflmm Crows are never the whiter for wash- ing. &099&HE ) 0100 OB ENIS:EDD. gm% @SW Cupid is blind. H0200 )M He3)ey. Cut your coat according to the cloth. aieallansom oflaioy; aieaflar’ av 3ggemo. @00 .aflalay ALnealemo. ° SR ) 00 O Danger past and God forgotten. a10Rlo HSHREQIIB 0 MNIVIWEM, A_10Blo HSaNIBd GEIWeM. Death defies the doctor. ERAVMZ®, IOV a0 )gy. Wow oo Deceiving «of deceiver is no knavery. SHFQAUBMIG SR @ PB @, b Hoimeod Desperate cuts must have desperate 2 PomeImilMm IO VS ); OR® cure. 2e8 @Y¥les dlages ais). Difficulties give way to diligence. DON0ZER 0 JBEnad @3 )EHn0 TR aogi &0 Ca®mQ Mo @IABRZWR0 alIRd)gy; aslayeg;oad] @RMe Wgdso. Distance lends enchantment to the view. 0 3O a3a), CMI08 SO alol. 210 Do not kick against the prick. ODF)QW AEBOVIS RODRD). bo g% Do not look a gift horse in the mouth. 200 &5 auwailaabo aigy Mo Ls 2l Do not make fish of one and flesh of AN alINLIaN. AR GAINRAMo QY ) ) 0 another, DR . 26m) )@gfi‘; Drawn wells have sweet water. eomdl@ &lemodlea poayes. 6 82 Had [ fish Early sow, early mow. &0e1oom ofl®0)0th SHIHOD B0 @0 He doubles [oado Empty vessels make the greatest round. He gives b Aloan@e @gmYR); @Oy PEC B8 Every one puts his fault on times. @IMINADO B0 BLLYNS &Oo. He may ill Every tide hath its ebb. B oGO0 A BT OGN0, not talk Every why has a wherefore. B26Mo QBEMES; @b B galo Balemo, Examples are better than precepts. He maust st LOTVMIT S Mo BEYwEyo. Every corn has its chaff. amglleh @@mmilogjm cimean. Every man for himself. @23md &B)ojallad @oamond ; o ab He nombers DOD W VHLIBDG. Fair féathers make fair fouls. S0BNLINJ0 PBN0.01AWQ 0. He refuseth Fair words fill not the belly, He that br 100N HOB Wodd @@ QYo gy door ope Fair words please fools. @3y BRI OB gEmmo (@IAVO He that by che@,o. . mst el Fame is in the keeping of the mob, alawaienabo amo g2 )ewonabo He that g 200X )EBD. Ho that 200 Fast bind fast find. G20 a0 GBS ey, ing, Faults are thick where love is thin. @@gzfl%o&gfl%" DDISODEY0 BOT0. HG that giv‘ Fear not the loss of the bell more than @M &¥lesto alloan Smosg) &,gflfi% outto us the loss of the steeple. B&eS? He that £0¢s Few things in the world will bear too k He that gt much refining, o@0.afl@o B95eg g0, ] should hg From yielders all things take. QAIMPCEB So 2. J9OB 0. Frost and fraud have foul ends. p@g o_flm% afles. Ho that hyg Give and spend and God will send. @MY @M @larl@anic alloan He that hor Qo @YD @ariId@so. Pains for Give an inch and he will take an ell. allem eaidmnd aunale OIS cmID He lat’y mg ® E®Eb 6)QIBR0, with colts Give not pearls to the hogs. @oa3lan oyl &l5lw Gaieal, a1d work | Go down the ladder when thou marriest aailod ogglw sinyomlo, @amlad Qi Ho thyt ligth a wife; go up when thou choosest pilw a1e30@); @ ladsg |we Hal 10 lowee, a friend. enbe’od); @arleh clellwm .ai16080 @) He thyt Iins God helps those who help themselves. @0RLo @D @PRVo OB, He th God never sends mouth but he sends at Shfll‘! 0 pardgy, meat. Q) &)3)ows e Mmoo delldso. fle thy 8in I} Good mind, good fifid. o) oload gsalleanmao, Upon 4 Saty Good watch prevents harm, e, e’ Grasp all, lose all. ¢ that Stealy 988 o ea_msvcsmbq%'\cmam. L 83 M O Had I fish ’tis good without salt. S0 OMEH; I © o BQioMe), [y, He doubles his gift who gives in time, [ G0S0m BT ST OGS OB 1 o 9 He gives twice that gives in a trice. 05 )1OSISOD anllo. &000, He may ill run that cannot go. He must MSee0nb ald)eemaellan gean &5 ) not talk of running that cannot go. Q1 a10)Be®D ; ) 8U6Mo, 0SB0 ZHMISIT M IOFE]. [GTDO; He must stoop that hath a low door. @INMIHANEG MIWITH, BN OB D |8 20, AINLPOHINZ MIWID HASERJ 01 QIBHEMo. ) He numbers the waves. @0 QI ) EOWsMEIeM alsm3); o) {his hand. Wod HSAOD:. He refuseth the bribe but putteth forth 9918 ad a1emo QIIBZBMIeA. Dy He that bringeth a prgsent finds the door open. ORI Q1@ AT GMIAs. He that by the plough would thrive o (v must either hold or drive. SCBOMAT0 HBOMAB0 B)d WIS, Nswaanto He that gets out of debt grows rich. &So aflS woah tomo. He that goes borrowing goes a sorrow- &S0 &oaind. ing. He that gives to a grateful man puts 2% @000 out to usury. &M O&somailog esdlesoalo. i3) @913l He that goes softly goes safely. PR IMITd Zego @ lanio, He that hath no silver in his purse, 2S00 9g)H; Iah MOAmE: BQIeMo; should have silver in his tongue. o9lod cod)egys o anwle o Q@@ 8ali6mo. He that has nothing is afraid of nothing. a0 gjomaIaeEeE) @)l Wo. njeb o AN He that hordeth up money taketh MNO0AIWMD BOSIWE .2l@nEAWD @ )amo. 30 pains for otber men. a@agmm He that’s manned with boys "and hors’d with colts shall have his meat eaten allgg o aiemolgiem); adlggd a6 @nodso. Bolt0Rl and work undone. He that lieth upon the ground can fall @028 wiah WSlaeaoon bl & W) 0y a\mflf‘) w no lower. g 00 9™ eelc @_’)_QCQfl%; goicmac gw gy g 498 He that runs fast will not run long. a_196m) QD & @o. He that sharply chides is most ready mod)eges AWM alldlwres. EHo [0l to pardon. ICe8 08M @Q@%. He that sings on a Friday shall weep o @9’]@30: upon a Saturday. san of1d)oj0i0b neg & ®po. [ He that steals may hide. SO aid)lopm Gsmayaind aid) BO6YNO0. 022, 6* — 84 — He that strikes with his tongue must In times Moy alosmplseg e Galodo Odoes ward with his head. ma af3)es . (2enQR). plenty. one an He that takes too great a leap falls [ into the ditch. 1 talk of ¢ poandlne meglwich oo My He that walketh with the virtuous is 21@Mo @ l@Id .alaBMo Aemdso; It ds ll s one of them, | mggm@(oogfs_oj(‘r'no%’o MR8 AINGS. Lightly co He that wants health wants every- Like maste DAV H2OHANAD B.2108 ) 219HMOR M thing. Look befor @ galyo 22000 0U5) GSIO®a @mMo. Love i3 bli He that cannot be counselled cannot @IBAMOIOT B0 BAHEMAT) /&30 @a)) Man, a bal be helped. gy He that will not sail till all dangers oo msm:—fl% &g |ab &9500b O Man propo are over, must never put to sea. a0 Gal1odAl. He who has an art has every-where Many a ltt a part, afleoad Q@ oyRcweb. Measure i He who would catch fish must not Merzy is 1 mind getting wet. A& MMEIOD Alab o L) enos29. to the r He who spends more than he should, BQIMRIH® (WIRIE oo GaisEEEA shall not have to spend when he SO ®PIWIE 180, Might s should, ® Misfortunes High trees have great fall. Moneg is op High winds blow on high hills. ! aim@o aflwemiods @;S"I‘Gvs)g:lo@"l@. Nost haste, His promises are lighter than the Noney make breath that utters them. @PQINTO 010BR0 A1 al0BR0 GBS0, Musie helps Hold not a candle to the devil. SR M ays ajlSldngy. No at is ay BMNM®d al0MDITd CMENHED BGa_iddho. Honesty is the best policy. No one'ig p Hunger is the best sauce. o_flwgzflcrfi’ &HO)BQIME), day If I am a master and you are master a0 BE B SHWI IR og)S N0 paing who will drive the asses. g4oab @d caieMe? No viper ¢ If the mountain will not come to @ )o1@ BRI NSHNEMDIT MNSAN® ) (TR fl Mohamed, Mohamed must go to the 3al HME IBBHEMo. mounrtain, ihe hare, If you play with boys, you must take afogg e DMOIRSINSRY. e e g ¢ boys play. fou o g If you wish good advice consult an old %@momm QldBR0 22 omey esQo man, gaoiled @guo allom awéao. One fafl]er 0 Il got, ill spent. S5O 2ySBGalodo. ten ehilg, Ill weeds grow apace. IS@8 @8 QIgo BQIED, ffltherl In at one ear and out at the other. DI @S) CoHS BOEND B @S) Ga o). YO the p, #ack, — 85 — In times of prosperity friends will be RO RNTEH @ og)QIRYME, BD) ho Mx:g@ ] plenty. In times of adversity not dlagmld emdley. [ one amongst twenty. @3 «g)@? IV, 90 0927 I talk of chalk and you of cheese. [ 08y. 2maso; It is ill standing in deadman’s shoes. lE‘rDé_)é(Tb 2D H5)6L1I000d O&Id ) UGS Lightly come lightly go. &SSO 2J5B8a oS0, BDN® M Like master like man. QORI @LOD &30, Look before you leap. aflgandlan oo afalo GmModnemo. @Smal Love is blind. S0P I Sy lay. &30 {g’fl R0 198 G g &HOa8an Galidel, Man, a ‘bubble. alglo zoacecgjcég @) REMIMWo. A 66nm) Man'proposes, God disposes. OS] Gaomar adlgy, alludl Gauo I QJ(@3. Many a little makes a mickle. aa1@es) Oameaigao. Measure is a treasure. @900t @ &ajo BPE M @ Hemo. Merry is the feast making till we come Semasg les es aflgan’ @)oo flém“’Za to the reckoning. 0a19@ )8R0, HEOMDHNSTY BMIB Qe [right. Smiodh d.g1ejo g )olelo. Might overcomes Might is right. @ dees U &Idnn. [6)5. Misfortunes seldom come single. CWISHHAMO QAUBEMEATY GSSOO Money is omnipotent, Mol Flo® ol al0ds)gy. waaaa“m. Most haste, worst speed. @@ W@ IO ®IRAIVo. Money makes the man, QI6MEe e E; 18al BeNRes . Music helps not tooth-ache. : wyaIsaemas aleman@m a10d)gy. 0680 BA0: No cat is averse to fish. Sl nzo QIO 04019 gy, No one is his craft’s master the first )0} 8o, a10ldsa@lae gemi p@mesd @Y day &gy No pains no gains. @900 ERVBIWIN® o OSSR IBR0? No viper so little but hath its venom. aS)eameQo 2ef) EpOoWo @s)gJonb. One beats the bush and another has s cosmol @RS IOH@E8 D SaidEgo alemo Qo the hare, oRo0b 20EE@IMRo; GHOEYo ®aigo ol eflods, alge Q@ alem)ends. One eye of the master sees more than @OEIOIDO HEPOBHINE EMIBSAN G ) 3 four of the servants. Cn&mod @0 ollesles o@g BMIdsanN® AT . One father can support ten children, S @A oD 29998 ©al0Qo, | Z@&Ou ten children cannot support one IO 2D AEMOW GalioQd father. & gy (Open the purse and then open the sack. o 9] led @oo @oengIed Galog. 86 &So &opiab. The moor Ouat of debt, outp of danger. Out of sight, out of mind. of dog go aflgimbeaizoe aflg. Penny and penny laid up will be many. @O0 @2026m) ERQAITBRMER, The peril Penny wise and pound foolish. &G @QJO(DB(TD@ 0610 BIYN Bl ed There ot @AON® Semgy. were 1 Poor folks are glad of pottage. DLPODAIBE BIYRAIS YoM, Prate is prate’ tis money buys theland. PRIQTIOG ® 00), 0 IMAR ) N 0®o, Put another man’s child in your bosom @PRISDOGHM BYOITE Ba 1303 )Wo The river and he’ll creep out at your elbow. ejo @YEICDO® @YDICDO® @ The thor Put not the hand between the bark @amn. and the tree, Tha weare aflodled @.ooch 3@osal gdly. Set a beggar on horse-back and he’ll pinches @RELaD ERMNo &S )@Ich ERERLEIE) ride to the devil. N R A The used Set a thief to cateh a thief. SEp 8D & ER B 0IS Jsuy @3- To add fife Sit in your place and no one can make To naugh you rise, maigs adlamomd @eids aVRo. naught Sluggards are never great scholars. Too much apailes ailg) @lgy. Smoke of one’s house is better than the @abo @$g{Ital oy EYEINDO fire of another’s. s {)cer @lewaenid man; @ad) Too much ¢ OGN® FOZHMEH|GaImal)s oabo Too mugh @.0f) @0 lY. Smooth waters run deep. HARNA BP0 N IDd BHeflae &¥) Tothing, Too tog il (1)) 67_9_\%0. So many countries so many customs. @QMoISIeh agQEIx. To stea] 4 @S )Wsess ) a0 lwo; i alms, Spare the rod and spoil the child. { @RS )E@IBo MMMNE) ERENINMI]. To steql 1 Strike when it is hot. o m&:SmIodd aiafldsemo. in glm, Such a father, such a son. @Lnd mflRe LGS 0. Tread () Talk of the deyil and his imps appear. SWOROMOOHAN N of @Bame@d Al Tvoof g 1 me@%amamm GmeaMo. That is not always good in the maw that is sweet in the mouth. Q@B MQD AU@OGIaNIS:D. Use makeg | That, that is forced, is not forcible. 9 a0 @ WO | @oad © 0@ 18gjodko. Venture g, The best mirror is an old friend. 0106089 | NHANE @ SHeMIS | BAI=D, We knoy Iy The that boughs bear most hang® ' ]lll‘kg [0 lowest. [eream. OEM SO Iah og@maila. [©al, What) keep The cat shuts its eyes when it steals ogn @A) ooy 6N @&S)eg0 Batd The cranes of Ibycus. OHQGE OB 1N BaldBe O I8 VA ). What is al The longer east is shortest west. QOB OBANG Galowomd a1enoos . When g0l 8a0®@ auan) alefl@ aian). The lost fish is always the biggest. Slengeg, 87 afanallem SMdy) MIY B E%0 The moon does not minq the barking of dogs. Ga1oeel, mp\(b@‘go, The peril passed, and the saint mock- Q10Rlo SHSARBQB 0 MNOOINVEN, A1dalo M Calim ed. &$HSNIDd (GOIWED. There could be no great ones if there aiewaioabo @smo g waienabo ), were no little. ©0082@; o3 WIS ogyE e o ellwaiadlgy. i) gmo. The river passed, and Godforgotten. aliflo &HSHS3QI080 MHIIWEM, Q1) 000w [ward. Blo &:SANIRD GEIWEN. ehon @ &, The thorn comes with the thorn for- |_0 m 2es)an 23 &)ea gm QemIg. The wearer best knows where the shoe fl% oo e d)od @ @3 )@nd @0, a3 pinches. 0 Blmgo H®LIaje DT I1BH O Fo. The used key is always bright. To add fuel to the fire. SN @D HOM B g |SH@D. 9- 1BHEIO® 0500100 CHIOD &) To naught it comes that comes from 20, naught. sm@@o_wfiao. Too much familiarity breeds contempt. Aoosom 2gj8e 2emdlgy; Haidlwds [ ;)(035)3‘53 ca1 @ dnnailgy. m: oMl @YEE0 @S worh alimio L& al; Too much consulting confounds. { @ng Q) HSANLRd @RZ®o (NEDY. aafl§lacbo Too much of one thing is'good for nothing. 0@ )Bg |oWodh 38E)Bg 100, )@fl(fio Mfl Too too will in two. 0g0 Quel) p10mb B3 0S)Qo &lQo. To steal a hog and give away the feet in alms. wigaiem &glg &soflow wz2o To steal the goose and give the giblet ®.alQjo Ba 109 Aal, O in alms. Tread on a worm and it will turn. 20N wicd &S @oom atomilgy. Two of a trade seldom agree. DHUGY M DAL OM &G GSI; OO (o ¢ Ded@ids OO »BG gmumo. s0; Moflds M) AW lHBOQERD. Use makes perfectness. @018 600 M ag) QDS RMD. midd: Venture a small fish to catch a large one. OB SV D0 QAIHM QIBHEM0- gHsfizo. We know not which stone the scorpion B0 a0 @b mam‘;mfingcrn(flcqg 0 ) GO i . lurks under. arlgy. What! keep a dog and bark myseif. o &Neomemaescd mox e a8 ‘.’39)‘ Gal98006emER0. ' 551080 fod What is an army without a general. MNILOAT 1g0@D A IS@OSH0. ] v (mwt}fi)nv. 08 [} When gold speaks every tongue 18 0§03 |0WYMAIDdo andlch e ol (5}) Q_‘S{\éfl@oé ¢ gilenced. amo. Am! s, 88 When I have thatched his roof he would have hurled me from the roof. &g aflso@oich @RwId)® e orf)ah. When the cat is away the mice will play. og21dlgp aflslear ageloweg joear. When the fox is asleep nothing falls into his mouth. i DOMFAD oyl ageilow aNS)esw . When the steed is stolen you shut the door. ) QITRBGa1@IBAI 6njELISmITD. When the tree is fallen every one goes § &lemodled aflemn auar)es Spjo a0 to it with a hatchet. OQYo meM. When the well is dry we know the SHEMBIWIBRI Hhem OO S0P W worth of water. o’k@. When you are at Rome, do as Rome oo“.rosrg M5 1o 1Mt ad does. 2 @O@) mas; CalR@Ian mMoiglad &) i g aMord MS B0 @ lanemo. Where the carcase is the ravens will Al LIGODSTD SPS o ADSaUO gather, el ) Where the dam leaps the kid follows 1) @0.o{) per ) @S &glWYo -algo. Where there is a will there is a way ]j §) B S o aidn @I0T8@A0 0.0, Where there is smoke there is some fire, @)@ gJo® 0 JSHQYTERISH gy, Who eats his dinuer alone, must saddle @A IMIY)ew 288 og®lod ajei) his horse alone. [face. S8aN peR. Who spits against heaven it falls in his paim &saw ©g{lwich @ooom . 2 g ;1 Wolves may lose their teeth but not their nature. ME) MB.o1Lj0 &S oo, [oyelco. ) ] Women’s jars breed men’s cares. SMSo @alo @d)m3) @galo &ela0o Y Years of joy for hours of sorrow. @0pL2RITT AN RS lmyalo. )D) You are very free of another man's 21RO IYHS WWOod)an ogeabo 06) pottage. P9® algo; «geOado ailg mich & emod @YEIODO auamaila oo, 2 i You came a day after the fair. oglge &lsoy ailgaso «ggoegjo 8wy %) . 0) You give the wolf the wether to keep. MRlYes oglad @Solow Galng A § Q1 OB:HISAHE. ) T You have a tangled skin of it to wind. @oog jal agaflemo (&wasee) 2l 8) 0 oosyene’, 4) 1 You keep Easter when I keep Lent. ag)rildg .aajo a3lem®s @owalajo. 5) K You want to taste the broth as soon f) K as the meet is in. @a)aslgo goau alldaflegogs. ) — 89 — 4 EXERCISE A. 1) Right wrongs no man. B a0Th, Old sins breed new sores. 3) Forewarned, forearmed. WHDM\. Common fame is seldom to blame. 4) 5) Haste makes waste. Slanwlyy, 6) Little strokes fell great oakes. 1) Slow belp is no help. 8) Do on hill as yoa would do in hall. ) c’h@%o ol 9) Good company in a journey is worth a coach, ) 10) Evil communications corrupt good manners. i& 11) Murders will out. 12) Man’s extremity God’s opportunity. z()";ms@m 13) Grey hairs are death’s blossoms. Mgl Hal 14) God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. o of)BGM0 15) Fools grow without watering. 16) A foe is too many and a hundred friends too few. 17) Bear wealth and poverty will bear itself, 2050 18) Who arrays himself in another man’s garments, remains naked in 200 g0 the middle of the street. ey, 19) Dead men open living men’s eyes, o o) 20) One sword keeps another in its scabbard, 21) Extremes meet, 20m. As he has brewed so must he drink. 22) 23) Men cut broad thongs from other men’s leather, [m}p_l@o. 24) Every man for himself and God for us all. ge}o HRla0o 25) He who will be rich in a year, at the half year they hang him. 10y 26) m ag):?)flbo Call Mingrva to aid but bestir thyseif. 27) It is too late to spare when all is spent. oflpal & 28 S Tell the truth and shame the devil. mefle 0 29) Divorce from this world is a marriage with the n’ext. 0 @%m@&‘:‘g 30) The tongue is not steel but it cuts. 31) What the eye does not see, heart does not rue. W §00200 32) The mill of God grinds late but it grinds to powder. Handsome is that handsome does. 33) poe) A 34) He preaches patience that knew no pain, 35) Home is home be it never so homely, 2000 36) Honest men’s words are as good as their bonds. 37) If you cannot bite never show your teeth. lag g 90 L 38) It is a foolish sheep that makes the wolf its confessor () 39) It is not the cowl that makes the friar. 1) 40) Law catches flies but lets the hornet go. §0) 41) Like author like book. 42) Lookers on see more than players. 8 i 43) Love and lordship like no fellowship. 44) Make a virtue of necessity. ) 45) Make hay when the sun shines. 46) Memory is the treasure of mind. 47) Men shut their doors against a setting sun. 7 48) Never ride a free horse to death. 49) No alehemy like saving. 50) Opportunity makes the thief. 51) Parnassus has no gold mines in it. 52) Pride goes before and shame follows after. 2 i 53) Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them. ) 54) Punctuality is the soul of business. 55) Quantity without quality is little thought-o’! 56) Shameless craving must have shamefal nay. f 57) The easiest way to dignity is humility. 58) The example of good men is visible philosophy. i 59) When the wine ig in, the wit is out. f) 60) constant guest is never welcome. 61) courageous foe is better than a cowardly friend. fault confessed is half redeemed. 89) 1 62) 63) fool may give a wise man counsel. 64) good beginning makes a good ending. lig) 1 65) good cause makes a stout heart and a stron‘g arm. 66) good example is the best sermon. 67) hasty man never wants woe. 1) ¢ 68) light purse makes a heavy heart. 69) little knowledge is a dangerous thing. - z 70) P e B man surprised is half beaten. 6) e A wounded reputation is seldom cured. gjg 72) An ounce of mother wit is worth a pound of clergy. 73) He who fears death has already lost the life he covets, 1) 74) If to-day will not, tomorrow may. 75 At It is not a sign of humility {o declaim against pride. ;.% 76) Mean men admire \\'gal‘flh, great men glory. ) ¢ 77) Riches have wings. TS 1) 9 Self preservation is the first law of nature. 78) 79) Second thoughts are best. 80) Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves. 81) Take hold of a good minute. 82) That- which covers thee, discovers thee. 83) The first step to virtue is to love virtue in another. 84) The loquacity of fools is a lecture to the wise. 85) The remembrance of a well spent life is sweet. 86) The rich never want for a kindred. 87) The society of ladies is the school of politeness. 88) The sun is still beautifal though ready to set. 89) There is no general rule without exception, 90) Though the sun shines, leave not your cloak at home. 91) Truth may be blamed but shall never be shamed. 92) Valour can do little without discretion. Virtue is the only true nobility. 93) 94) Vows made in storms are forgotten in calm. 95) Want of care admits despair, 96) ‘What can the virtues of our ancestors profit us, if we do not imitate them. 97) When the christening is over, you may have god-fathers enough. 98) Young men think old men fools, and old men know young men o be so. 99) Who hath God, hath all; who hath Him not, hath less than nothing. 100) The devil may quote seriptare for his purpose. EXERCISE B. 1) @3)eTDAISe BQD. 9o B EMDISe afle) Qoeos . 3) SH2S WIsTDIM MG IQo- S 0eyaNn oIRoaflar @)aran 2Q0) ). 5) 01600 1C@I8 82 (b HAISES. 6) 0608 aiS I 8I08 0. 7 9 0dan a@) ¢aiene), eb 8) a8 8ens a13)@amd ailod & 1Qo. 9) AIaMmOAM a10QYEmdk aflemagp Qo aflzdso. 10) cauef) @@mm aflag @ aoan. 11) eg@d)apomaids OOl 6. — 92 A 2) P@§99§o&9 DDA 13) Ga10om )onbo oo &lamre i) dso@alreal 14) 1) aflemiad o @)ensamaiad aissods lwgy 15) 2000 )0 $0©f) caimn2A9? %) 16) @.a)®o QIAMILJo .af)mo BQIEMo i) 17) oooglaileal el »ySeles 8wz o f) 18) ®.a1and), aland), &Med), e&sad). 93) 19) Baldmianoe .0108]) HQ1g)CEn0 290 ©WOSIWE. OOV T S Pleoy oW Gaidlem aaEg§o Q060D :RIHONL]. | OHV §) 9.0100] 108905, W )OEN0S, @i loos, @eg)ens . 22) 9) @M 218 @1y Ploeg, enallsew aeaalo @INYes . owv @b o )EaM®o ®.algjan SRR @amod e meal)Ognemm ) Q@30 gruo. 1) 24) ) @Qdawggog @ejanad Mo 1D Bmogo; aflemsos o & o0 19890840 25) G6URITO enlale @OERD. B) 26) ) wmo asopogekoQQQQB 210 ) oflessgy, WD T B mogo @0 ) anlesogy. O.Nv ) ; mogalls mmoaje gomalls aik)go 28) L@eng .oy &amo aflpsmrsamo, 67) ¢ 29) G & )50BOMSTED a10@b &Dma&% ) M 30) 2cm0ailad amoe 8Nod a1060D |9Sogy. 31) 0) alld)8s 0o Galo@och ai)gs aJoQD. .w. 32) @3 WITHAIAR @YM alSoh ) 33) @O0 @AM aieI®o © MEodmo &Slg Joab moem =@ Y 34) @POL® HGIMZBa1®) DS )CHnMEA0?P 35) @21QYBB MOQY 010 01WA o Y m 36) @miled D8 We @aes)e. ) q. 37) &m .oflsmmord @200mh)me aizo. 38) @ @Imgo dmLlaje ®ABIEH H&So. 39) 206310100 9 WIEM©B lamo Gy ) 40) 0= 9sm) B9S)ang 18so 41) -mv wow S OMER®d QAIAMIEE © aloWeaRd Galsmo, Cv C30m@Imd QIN0QE29 aAVZBo M % m 43) @QYMNA 26M) OGS0 ng 80) 0 44) @YADY QMo GHoalo @YaINOD B3 ) oflSo0. 45) my E0EORSIH ] 0.019flgye e laj @ smargalBal oflgan gemmo. 46) 8) oy S00Qo @aIdlah .0 B0 OalODE. 47) D 61N DB 06 D) obfls&%@mo af) %) 48) &S o{low OS5I8WSo aiwyalo M.algyo. &l S Lorv oBWRCroRIruY Sdhe|@ 0eprswdPaDs®D) querocrve MR (z8 *0293(gwSC ofBCERCADW(FO (18 of g S(LUSCE( R IVfO QREITDE 0VIrD pigh 05 -ofouom e Po|w olBiporew covR UL RS oYM eptYTeNH T (08 ‘| C@CRRUOER P Q0| @) pfdw . BFBe | wom eoBefw (6L ‘Pt Mo odweteuvuvan @ (8L @0 @RPULLP O HOAD P OIBO @ QLAD P ETOIO UL 0Q(@(W Hwruoe () ocrod ofi%ofiéh@e_lccd oeLYITeNe T oo Tweny T © owmroawtren(ro (92 reeaw EBY@)(1v 09 (®eus | ew(g (gL (%2 (@S (S pirwasio se([Tuw “cppivorofwro @roewcfium® (g2 Rra® *ofg0UL @ VD@ W([O U 0 BILKICHP ORI 0D (3L (1L 0B B 0SC® @eo.fl%aclc 0UC® Fes TSm0 BIOQPY ‘UiaDf@erv QRS®Y(IW B[O @oro () e eL®o of@rvoro 908 mare WP rowies (69 oo aw([BB Swcew a|ewd (89 " QLT CALS([FREUWRI (29 .fldowfieeflwfimflc ERem| S osFBlo® (99 ‘Ste@ av([E(Stes (c9 0e o@g [Of o0 et om(oTe PimBB wetmoote 9 "(weBoge Go(rote Trode (g9 oep 007 (29 RS eorv ofGmigce PLrwgymoro om.mo@ oraPee|MCe cvte P(EeS(w (19 (09 wywe| s *offo L &B'aw o[ CELERER(Ft@RECE [ m FECrodm( SO P(ERH® SO (69 ‘Bowee® w(roe Sfe oo (8¢ (L¢ *ofSeprScew oo @wo&ufldm@%@@ *080Q PO OP Brao @ (9g ome 0 @ wrwsrv (FUOT Gy mEe (gg D eeom QLAY Su0tEE(UYTD QRIY(L oW (624 *0Q QLI EBUY (gg *0g( LUSCrO(Stam e (iR (0sCe (2 "osfo oww& ofgeSio ows(ro (1¢ ‘Qessfoan eustwy PYoLT (og ocLse 05RR B 0Ty vl @ (6% B L €6 e 2? ~ Dltp gy & SN 1) g SEOQWQfig *0g59 fS W Pt capewEed T v@easn@ o tso e wW(Ww eeitu( B me ovEe (001 T 53] pgy el el wiawd wewsoao (66 log Hetagy s wfo fiogflosm%rfi@_d Qo rwaw *00rU8 or W en owlBesus® o w w| Bl EBtvoe Toban Eew (86 e oy g 0% ® 0Qero QrOUDEPTD Gosoro g Bew© 85013 pug 00SLLTLD @coam@rmrflcrm@ W[ BEw @ L Juaps oy *ofgee( Ucfdo| metaubrocsrapwRzan Shonpaadpg ofgeun e cwcfFanGime sewpanwiisd (96 0 'Sjouo oS IT© U@ Sucwe o(mie (UL (c6 S8 Junoyp (76 G@@NaCngflGg CELS DB P @ LR a%.@% (g6 [0 QEPCERPOP (PP oUstr (D) FEMEE D 0} syzem 029 ®FBper Beoce vpeuemee ogeyde eS| Ecrvee ewofbouce (z6 oy pry *00EsPO0PI®S W ULERUWD SaInsvam ocsuePewe Bee®en se(wm (16 1011184109 *o(Fooaw sue B BoweroGoro (06 g posim omoflo@@g.fi\e@om&@ofi@@@ v oreAw orosfOmorue et @ freorsom sposewzewrogfomcrueewstéro (68 { 8] (@R FP LS ULCE© PELULD T ol[j19 J119 T, wWseP($8T 0ELY @Y fSrvVcELD (88 21} J9n0p 08@CRI© BWOCrO s O $& (L0 RO @cfE(fos awrooy Be| ew|( B8 (28 § g3noy ‘FPoo(w @usesStoeero (98 ol Sewowe SHeem oo ‘avw aw(@Beom eBe o) pesews @B ros Sewguscw (c8 -€8foco BEo ROV B([O queFBwemaw vecruers| o (8 ot w cwfe | womceSre 2B UWOro omp @ (g8 LA 76 el 2 95 Chapter VI. Comparative Notes. 1 The Alphabet. The origin of the English alphabet is shrouded in obscurity, though some philologians suppose it to be derived from the Pheenician; but on the other hand there seems to be little doubt that the Malayalam alphabet is derived from the Sans- crit either directly or indirectly. The English alphabet is defective and imperfect and nu- merically inadequate to meet all the phonetic variations recog- nised by the language; and hence various expedients and conventional methods have been resorted to as remedial measures, which however render reading and writing difficult and complicated. Out of the 26 letters which compose its alphabet, three—c, q and x—are superfluous leaving but 23 marks to do duty for 42 sounds. While on the other hand Malayalam has no less than 55 marks (em being left out of account as a double letter) no less than 16 of which are vowels. Of these we find only two es& es to be discarded as superfluous. Malayalam is also peculiarly fortunate in having no silent letters to complicate its spelling and pronunciation; and those with a duel phonetic function are also conspicuous for their absence, with only a single exception in the letter m. As the initial letter of a word it has sometimes a slightly Take for different sound from what it has in other positions. examples the words—amd), mmmab, mogaiad, aimo, Epaimaind, ms Ny, @PMAIP@o, alaimad efC. In Tamil there are two distinct letters to mark this variation 5 and ar, but Malayalam would seem to follow the Sanskrit usuage in this respect rather han that of her Dravidian Sister. But in its duplicate orm and when compounded with e this tambiguity vanishes, — 96 — and though in that guise it never begins a word, it remains B, &Y firm with the sound of the initial = above-noted as, siemo, oy o by o 60000, a3, aasloo, @anidk, aian, saam etc. 100, (VD0 ¢ and o are undoubted acquisitions from Tamil and are Thoug without equivalents in English; so also, «f?, «v’, and ¢z’ of the hination s latter language are unrepresented in Malayalam. Two long Iike the 1 vowels og and eo have also been recently introduced from In pr Tamil by European scholars of Malayalam. em, the last letter first shou of the alphabet is really a compound of ® and « and must with the therefore be excluded from all scientific computations of its numerical strength. though th B0 I ' W Thus it will be seen that while English is driven to all this point sorts of shifts and devices to make her poor collection of 23 to the upp marks to meet all the necessary phonetic variations, Mala- i prong yalam rejoicing in her abundance of five and fifty distinctive guarded 4 simple marks, to say nothing of the numerous compound but half 4} letters, assigns to each but a single definite and well defined The Jet function to the perfect simplification and precision of the the Engliy spelling and pronunciation. Stronger 4 In Malayalam, unlike Hindustani, Bengalee, and Maratti, upon the the sign of the vowel eo is suppressed with all consonants Where ) 5 which should therefore be treated both in reading and writing ered Dy the as if actually combined with it. For example aum is really ed fOI‘mS ( Pronunciat; equivalent to o'+ @0+ b} @o; just as ofls is equivalent to oV+ @+ S+ 9. The vowels are not written in full except when It mpgt they begin a word; in combination, only short symbols are used instead. Who| e is contracted into the symbol 1 as <), Iy ung (equal to @ -+s+ @), audd), aoms), eyex) ete. oo i3 represented a6 showy by 9 as e@owid), afid), t@@o, alar ete. o by Ly 0L aEs Dronuncig; 2qy, @M, @alo, Wl ajeje etc. go by , or 5 or ¢ as Hernipe | ag®o, @alo, @4), aywabd ete. g by _ a8 qémMo, §®aaV, (Malad, that )y, Qa0 etc. og by o as agafles, eamumond) etc. o by ¢ as eod), Wity acce __v97 6 TemaIns @aiwo, swyem) etc. oag by oo as &sno_\u.ooé)o, OHS® Ao, aan_xv@rob. alaMo, (Y & by ©—0 as eanm, asens, asmoge) etc. @ by e—o as 8evsg, ca S@®oa0o. oo by o —0 as eongdo, eavw. @no by o &8 Qlo Wo, QU -lo, GQLo6elo. @os by s as gsauw. and are Though the short ew is unrepresented by symbols, in éom- 7' of the. Two long bination with consonants the long eo has a distinctive symbol like the rest—viz: s as cnmo, @o@ren), alo@m;o. ced from In pronouncing compound letters, the upper one or the st lefter first should be sounded without, and the lower or the second and must with the attached vowel sound; thus {) is sounded @'+ of), ons of 1ts though the sign of the vowel m is attached to both; eflowo; @ocead); Mac), Bqpace; avawomoe and other examples will make en 0 all this point clear. But it must be remembered that to assign tion of 23 to the upper, or the contracted first letter an inordinate length s, Mala in pronunciation is a barbarous solecism to be carefully The metric rules of Sanskrit allow them istinctive guarded against. compound but half the length of the vowelled consonants. oll defined The letter oy should be sounded as ‘w’ and not as v’, and on of the the English terminations of ‘tion’ and ‘sien’ should be a shade stronger than «, but ought not to be allowed to encroach d Maratti,’ upon the sound of &, There is hardly a case in English where ‘I’ and ‘r’ even when duplicate may be correctly rend- consonants ered by the Malayalam g and o respectively; slightly aspirat- gnd wiiting o 15 1eally ed forms of er and o would approach nearer the correct pronunciation. Jent {0 o+ It must be carefully noted that while every word in Eng- xoeph when lish is marked by one or more accents, Malayalam words are ymbols 412 wholly unaccentuated. Emphases and accents in Malayalam 11 a5 25 are shown by lengthening the particular word or letter in pronunciation; but in written compositions they have to be )y o 01‘3‘33 determined solely by the meaning and context. It thus happens l;Ol g® that Malayalees are tempted to pronounce English words o @0 without accents, and Europeans Malayalam with accents be- )y 3 16 008 7 —— 98 —_— [ § traying in both cases their respective nationality. For instance, maintains a Malayalee would simply say ¢understand’, ‘inscrutable’, or 70 honia ‘illegible’, without any attempt at accentuation, while a Euro- the first | were £00 pean would say cruoavedles, ewoh VIleS wap, MHlead af)m N1IQ0) {000 It is this defect of pronunciation more than any and accur grammatical or idiomatic peculiarity of style that has con- stages of tributed to bring European Malayalam into ill repute with vatiety 10 fouching the natives who bestow upon it the sobriquet of Saheb Mala- yalam (cmocszfl&‘!amcmgo), The English alphabet follows no form the This i arrangement,—vowels and consonants intermingle, and pala- tals, labials, and dentals come together with no apparent Malagalar order; whereas on the other hand the arrangement of the Mala- are comp yalam alphabet 1s, it must be conceded, more scientific. It from left zontal or begins with the vowels and goes on to the consonants in a natural order. The first letter o is produced with the least & horizont effort, by simply opening the mouth with the tongue lying &= 0+ - quiescent in the lower jaw; while the second letter erp demands tic forms The a little more effort, but the tongue is still quiescent. Malayalar third letter @ on the other hand, comes out of a nearly closed The E mouth and calls into requisition the services of the tongue In tritiig and the lips, if not also of the teeth. Thus each succeeding are Joined letter would be found to demand increasing modulation of The stude voice, and to require more and more, the services of the mouth wants t 1 and its appendages. The consonants too, are upon the same principle grouped into six well defined classes, the last of which, however, @, o, a1, a1, v, &1, av, a0, and & must be ad- As & C mitted to be mixed one. lsh gy A Sanskrit scholar in a recent issue of the Madras Review, Hivisiop attempts to prove that the basis of the Sanskrit characters is 0f parts f the outline of the two holes at the back of the throat, evident- ly the ends of the trachea and the alimentary canal, and that Hhough ¢ Of 8pege) all letters are composed of this mark joined wholly or in part with straight lines vertical or horizontal. The outline he Tuch (i Ty g e 99 — t instance, maintains would be somewhat like the mark o : add to this utable’, or two horizontals and one vertical straight line and you have sy ile & Buro. the first letter of the Sanscrit alpbabet. In writing, people fl%dfi QQ)@ were too careless to see that these two circles were perfectly than any and accurately formed, but in their hurry left them in various t has con- stages of imperfection, which, he says, is the sole cause of the epute ith variety to be observed in the shape of these two mutually heb Mala touching circles in their combination with straight lines to follows o form the different letters. , and pala. This may, or may not be the truth, but an analysis of the 0 apparent Malayalam characters would show that the majority of them f the Mala- are composed of arcs, greater than a semi-circle, described entific, If from left to right, and joined with straight lines either hori- nants 1o 4 zontal or vertical. For example, acu=04—— ]/, 7.¢. an are, h the\least a horizontal and a vertical straight line; so also ee=o -+ o a; ngue lying &=o0+w+o0; and so on. Facility in describing these geomet- p demands ric forms 'must therefore inevitably lead to a fast and fair soent, The Malayalam handwriting. arly closed The English characters too, the small letters chiefly use’d the tongue in writing would appear to be similarly formed, only the arcs succeeding are joined with vertical straight lines and not with horizontals. dulation of The student will do well to bear these facts in mind if he [ the mouth wants to improve his handwriting. n the same the last of 11 The Parts of Speech. qust be ad- As a consequence of the highly advanced state of the Eng- lish language, we find that the process of differentiation and s Revie, cdivision of labour’ has given rise to a much larger number aracters 8 of parts of speech in that language than in Malayalam. But I&t) e\'ideflt' though the Malayalam grammarians speak only of three parts ], and that of speech against nine in Knglish, practically there is not much difference between the two languages in this respect. / o in pétl't outhne he Pronouns are recognised not as a separate part of speech, but 7 — 100 —— only as a modification of the noun; while the place of the partial | adjective is taken by participles, and nouns and verbs do duty Loy for the adverb. Nouns are copiously inflected for case which the last renders prepositions unnecessary, and dnferjections are denied apid sh the dignity of a separate part of speech being grouped with $00, has CONnJunctions. the num It is however worthy of remark that Malayalam gram- ing the marians following too closely in the footsteps of their Sanskrit hoped th predecessors, would seem to have based the classification of rescue words upon their derivation and not upon their function in Miwshi 4 the sentence. This renders Malayalam parsing confused and it on to ¢ uncertain, and to some extent artificial. For instance take V.B It the words awellw, agmges, smdle ete. which are said to be Pa Ie participial forms of some obsolete verbs, instead of calling them simple adjectives, as in the examples one) e, el @), olsm2es o) ete.; here any one could see that the words Deriny in big type undoubtedly qualify the last, or in other words clagses, b they are noun-adjuncts, and hence adjectives. But the pro- Tariety uy crustean bed of Malayalam grammarians twists and turns all derive them into participial forms; and, strange as it may appear, sive tit]e aigmaes is taken as two words, the first being the object of the deriyy It would be about three oy, the second and meaning ‘possessing size’. as reasonable to split ‘beautiful’ into ‘full of beauty’ and 10uns, oy ‘divisible’ into ‘able to divide’ and parse them as so many First, separate words.* Kitten; Chic} It is only some twenty or twenty-five years since Malaya- the abstyy lam could boast of a written grammar, and that too, from chiefly of o, ‘UD@'_M the pen of a European. Though it is undoubtedly a monu- mental work of patient research and critical acumen, still as as A d?miggd) ™%, sz the first work of its kind and as coming from one to whom sz{lfifie& ) a3 Malayalam is only an acquired language, not even the most G, ofy, *A new grammatical primer has just made its appearance, in which such Th words are classed as a separate part of speech, moaafewensmo.—Ed. 8 Do th bore: _ 0 101 e of the partial critic would claim for it that perfection and thorough do duty accuracy which are indispensable in such a work. During 152 which the last two or three decades Malayalam has been making re dented rapid strides towards improvement and progress, its literature ped with too, has received many and valuable additions, and above all, the number of Malayalee graduates has vastly increased dur- i gram- ing the last quarter of the century. It may therefore be r Sanskrit hoped that they would ere long make the necessary efforts to feation of rescue their language from the petrifying clutches of the nction 1 Munshi and the Pandit, and never rest till they have pushed fused and it on to a place among the cultured languages of the world. ance take N. B. It will be seen that some of the notes appearing in the followirg said to he pages are reproduced from the body of the work for the sake of easy reference and consistency of arrangement. of callg g, Cmol a Noun. tthe words Derivation.—In English the nouns are divided into five classes, but the Malayalam classification recognises but a single ther words variety under the name of eoaimoze or the abstract noun, and 1 the pro all derived nouns are jumbled together under one comprehen- and tuns sive title of @meN®Mz0.* Below is a comparative statement of 10§ appeats the derivation of nouns in the two languages: Bain assigns o objct 0f three sources to the derivation of nouns in English—from 1d be about nouns, adjectives, and verbs. peatty’ 90t First, from nouns:—1. By internal changes, as: Tip, Top; Cat, Kitten; Chick, Chicken. In Malayalam on the other hand only the abstract and the personal nouns are so formed, and are e Malayer chiefly of Sanskrit origin, as: edlem, 80@)8jo; .aaseiad, araiayo; { oo, from adloo, alomoad; agmo.f), cuvmdlaiad; e, oecd). 2. By prefixes, as demigod, antipathy, unicorn, etec. corresponding to ompazad, &loem a8 smab, grgenad, oasrmens) and similar forms in Malayalam. 3. By ) a6 10 whon sujj‘ixes, aS: Book-craft, kindred, magistracy, regicide, mastery, etc. and e most gai@ad, aflmg(s, e, wigmlo and others in Malayalam. * The new grammatical primer contains the following classes in addition to g, 10 shich sutb the above: — QVo®mEmIMNIA0 (Proper noun) Gawmoro (Material noun).—— Ed. o Ed. — 102 el These are largely t Second, from adjectives :— By means of suffixes. form the for the most part abstract nouns, as: goodness, whiteness, width, their fun hardship, and misery; a few also show agent or instrument, as: Britisher, adversary, simpleton, efe. seitence; In Malayalam too, nouns of this class are either personal or abstract, as: mgaid, aflsw, than the &QD, H01Qanmd, Mmepd, HaImA, al®do, ajorad, ®emnad. language thorough! Third, from wverbs:— 1. By internal modifications, as: food, stroke, belief, speech, choice, life, breath. True examples of this occupies | class are unknown in Malayalam, though the following may 4 compar be quoted as near approaches, as: adle, aral; odlen, m@omo; English 2@)on, Boemo; alalles, Qlamo; aiallds, alodo; Bad)ds, %00 or BadMo; ~ Negs— but even in such cases, instead of regarding the noun as 10uDs, 41 derived from the verb, it will, I think, be nearer the truth to 8o0gy, @0 take both the verb and the noun as'derivatives of a common Th—i root through different vowel changes. 2. By prefixes, as: in- jalam om come, outturn, outcome. Malayalam examples on all fours with @0, Qe the above can hardly be met with. ®OBAMOATY), A61B:0), ARBHWAI), Tp—i O 2 ®s), MIwsS), @ossmid), 23)@s), 8 s1@a1d), mosand), and a host respondin, of others could have been quoted as examples, but for the fact ete, 0o IS that the prefixes are added not to the verbs but to the verbal this senge nouns; the examples therefore properly come under First 2. Qa), 3. By su/fixes, as : Hireling, hangman, builder, father, desperado, laughter, Co—T} efe Corresponding to these we have in Malayalam sa.oss, o by the Say S0, 8BNS, HaIMEN0, @ |@d, alisol@h, G.alol, Q‘flo&zl’ anay, anoaf), aflse), g, Galmemo, aflmamne and others. By, gy Noun Suffizes Compared.— A few of the important English Note, suffixes may now be pointed out with their Malayalam equi- ¥l g g, valents. This may be of service not only as tending to a clear of partioyly, conception of the noun-formation, and the meaning and appli- 0 the ey, cation of the noun in the two languages, but also as affording ffequent]y i material help in the choice of appropriate nouns for the pur- 6 capacity pose of reciprocal representation. The list is by no means 0neg foy all, exhaustive, but the student can, if he cares to do so, add by a0y suf — 103 These are largely to it from his own readings. In every language nouns eness, widh, form the bulk of the vocabulary, and from the nature of Iment, ag: their functions constitute the most important member of the nouns of sentence ; they are subject too, to much more inflexional changes o, s, than the rest of the parts of speech. In the study of a language therefore the noun in all its bearings must be 15, 48 fool thoroughly examined and fully mastered; and it naturally les of this occupies the foremost place in all philological investigations of a comparative nature. The chief abstract-noun suffixes in OWILg may lon, 0 0; English are:— 00 0 8OM; - Ness—This is the principal English termination of abstract 16 noun a8 nouns, and is represented by the true Malayalam suffix o as he truth to @m0y, EOSI2, BalIy. 3 common Th—is another native suffix corresponding to the Mala- 165, 48: - y_ala,m @Mo, cha,nged into @Po, A§—BAUTBITHMo, &Py |TADo, G fours with oMo, QIS OO0, ), 08ud), Ty—is of Latin origin, and the Sanskrit termination cor- ), and a host responding to it is @.o, aAS—@YM® Lo, YO0, N0, flggle.lo, for the fact ete. @do 18 corrupted into owo as— egemaomno, afgglomo ete. In ) the verbal this sense the native suffix of) is also of some importance, as— Jer First o aq@), daqaf), aflsal), 5o, rado, laughtet Ce—This is also of classical origin and may be represented 0 gounds , 21 by the Sanskrit o, AS—@oo, YOO, ANGO, BWW®, HIVIZY®), B Y00, ol >, aQVIg;®, A, ete. ant Fnglish Note. 1t may be remarked here, that in practice, fhe student will find that the Malayalam terminations quoted above as equivalents ralan eq of particular English suffixes, are by no means individually restricted gioa cleat to the exclusive representation of this or that English suffix, but g aad applie frequently interchange their functions and often do duty in more than one capacity. Of course it is perfectly out of the question to decide for the pr once for all, that a particelar English suffixis in all cases represented ly ald by any suffix or set of suffixes in Malayalam; what is meant is, that dO 80, ol qoar) s in the majority of cases they are equivalents or make the nearest shortene approach to such, and for the rest, the student’s own ecritical judg- D) for t ment, and his grasp of the languages will be the sole guide. (masculil Other noun -suffixes: —*r’, car’, ‘or’, ‘eer’, ‘er’, ‘ier’. These 015 ( %fl yolsnd) show agent or doer of an action. The characteristic termina- &, S tion of personal nouns in Malayalam is @eaib and its feminine and neuter forms enaik, and eem, as—spswaim, aimaimb, aflm Note. auab, esvanaimd,—aewaiad 1s very often corrupted into eeoab, as:— examples Ralm, @dlgm, easm, aiwmisa, @sc., The termination eoead subject in occurs in a very large number of examples in this sense, as— ) Ga BQISENED, alemEnE, B&igyona; in @oflodsoad, aiem e, @an Num ammd, aremrm, @endlesipd ete. it points to a trade or pro- fession. Sometimes it also indicates, ‘native of’, or ‘belonging Euglish, mation ¢ t0’, as In eaimoasioad, @RIBRE ) @n0@abd, QeOR® 2O @0, la0a exressin amomd, The student will note that eiwad as a noun-suffix has language a very wide and varied application, and examples might be met with where in turn it serves the functions of all the 1tself nty six English terminations given above. and &0 Therg ‘al’, ‘ment’, <tiow’, <sion’, <ionw’, <son’ and ‘ation’ indicate action. deseryes The corresponding Malayalam terminations are mod, What is ¢ The suffix @@d is corrupted o) and o, @y, and CRY. o, 35- into 21 @, @od and @), as—alesiw, anach, @0, Fadloid, names of @210, @ 00®d, a100®, 2j8dach, aflowed, mslweb. mamflrn%,gm o) and g call for no special remarks; oflogy, edlgy, ofley, makes iy &log|, ete. are”examples of their use. the uge g @, and @Eopq are generally used with a negative of title signification, as—epey, awoiy, agpy, Depy. While op Gender. Malayalam is entirely free from the complica- laudat(}ry tions and uncertainties of an artificial gender; and while of such | gender follows sex in both languages, Malayalam has particu- hjectiop, lar endings or grammatical forms for each as in old English; Cagp for instance @road for the masculine, @odo, o, & and @w Cages and 10 the nearest shortened from the sanskrit gy, for the feminine, and @wo and itcal ud. o for the neuter. AS—oyom, @aidd, meomd, cmmmd, as e (masculine); SO, HOMANOG], B)LHOD), ®Soi), EYIGlef), @y ', Thege @9) (%Jfl and S| in these examples are but variations of ccfrofl) ¢ terming- Ea2en?), eai), eeaf), eome, omea (feminine); qamo, a0, @gy, f- ‘v ts feminine &, san (neuter). ma, aflm Note. In Malayalam poetry as a remnant of the Tamil influence, Ao, 43;— examples are frequently met with where the verb agrees with its ation asonb subject in gender and number, as—®@od SaloaNId; MIEMSHARYIM sgge, a5— aiab; GRS imonaid. g, @m Number. Unlike the complicated methods which obtain in de or pro- English, Malayalam is peculiarly easy and simple in the for- “helonging mation of its number —there being but a single method of »000D, &la0g expressing number, and but two plural suffixes in the whole suffix has language. These suffixes are &,00 and @rd, the former changes y might be of all the itself into @00, and the latter into @2, EVWd®HO0, 200, and & 0o under certain circumstances, There is however one peculiar Malayalam idiom which i indicate deserves to be specially pointed out. In Malayalam there is 1§ 416 @@b, what is called an honorific plural form in ewroid and @poid , corrupted '03)607 AS—oRoIQId, WERMMAlda . This is added even after o, qallaid names of offices and titles, as—egysdavigiaided, 85 egmaided, @OV @20 aid. The absence of a similar form in English 2(0')8__‘51 mr\%’ makes Englishmen liable to serious error in this respect, and the use of the ordinary singular form in addressing natives of title and dignity, has often led to unpleasant ruptures; while on the other hand a lavish employment of honorific and laudatory expressions, or even an indiscriminate combination , complice- of such by natives in their dealings with Europeans is equally and hile objectionable and highly ludicrous. s patict i Baglish; Case. Malayalam follows Sanskrit in the number of its cases and has like that language no less than seven. Whereas PR — 106 Allo a copious supply of prepositions has dispensed with the neces- @ o sity for case inflexions in English, leaving but a single inflect- A2 ed case in nouns and only three among pronouns. 201008 8 I shall now attempt to classify the prepositions according to the case inflexions they represent: %']aaamfffi Puss: Instrumental oow.—By. oiowoiamoc wLInSoegls @F); md) Mo 260 WId BLIE lMBR Lo, With (Instrument). SHEMDODONE SMods); Gaia Lo Buamle@es gues) aflojmod; angoeer eI aqLEMmIEIagQlie QIR MY, Through. agad gfla.o_\a@ao@&'gm) S hds. anufl.@’s For; on account of ; in consequence of. oqgile geiod) anseteiw); Bsnge mublese alow (ra@fl%!; f @ato; ey mldlemaw) aan aflaiqeed; Boo @R ©.0100]) © BF ajonEo msam & SIY; FoPDo OaYOSTEIEg P )mo QAP GS); HHNIEIOMINEE8 Qagmaafi %_okafimnb. Of; about. SENOMOSNITEER QNOV; ogDIMOBHITE a10S) Note Fnglich 2118 o); @y Elmooeasmmg af) i afand)esan; Qflleyomaedley (e Q1608 o s)m%. plified th Social avradwmo.—T. A fey eg)@OMIS QIaM 060 ; @D M)emMLS helow, (@0 ilesanmd Ganemily; ®oleenz ELBEMIS O63); EVAICEMIS I He BRI )S20 CVMITD ; 0 @)EMIS @Aayo; GalGomg Saiesad). From. % The Qgais] @omiellewos QieE); EPAIGMNIS QIMOGIE; ERIAAMBEMIS wo(Mgo th adley. Towards. @IBEMIS .0l EVAIIW; O IERER IHSAY o._flsp% 3 On e e@od; @PSIWEMIG ()aves)ds; @&%msvsvmm"lmgmmmmemosg_/fl@@am by Do <gy. From (out of). coReRIses afewawie a)demay); aflemos G0 Flab. b 4 0f t‘ Datwe anpod).—To. @O oM Ee MEEMo; CHSEe 6adD; @Al ac Aoy Galoal; SOOIV o) @OMo; VeI EPEGOSS); CATMOHE 8 On g 1 OB & 1WHnI), At; during. @DQIOM 90188 OSOMD; M0N0y n @S)es aiemo @an uafl% 2S@s | QOB 1H@ER%0; MIK IS8 @Yo &0 Note, @o 0%0. For. aiSde Boallay; Elemend) eoMElmsam; ©IREIVAISs address | 82525 ).2yn@n0 afememy; @i ow I Gemanale ailS)esemo; eeantbo is &lways aflaneoomlan wgean emem)odleam; wealf)si@lan EEOBIS uao_fl%; @O@ I FlOMNGnRI0; 2 NI I@NeEE (EJWEN H.algy; OTBhGEs EQl { 6E) @ouondb @fmmomflésa’no. fative g (R — 107 € 16065 LB aflarloss) icaiaind; Ablative asemnd).—From; out of. 6 1nflec- @i Mo Yo Ica3)an ISEsg Gain®); @osIddadlan ZS)1exnigo; SHaB)B0TVe GOEd ®ENAITVoAH® ag¥ilee &M @a0; aome faj@do ccording 201298 8RB )P £@00 MIK)® 018 )eIIG0ISIBaD; EJa@Qlld Q@M o I amoEogf) S (@) | WEID ). Possessive, or Genitive weg).—Of. a1esQes oflos ; @val @d): md) °} ) oo 2&Hd; a1EMLAINAWOS MNUIO(E)BQILdMo. LAY Locative avayd).—1In; Into. I, OB ITd QPS; el Oals; o mg@ On; Upon. HAOOEAT it of s i a0 ()8R ).a); Semadiad & )9 )eoy. )@go mflm uamfl%; @M S PO )BaIF); @it ERIRHR og)s TR SeNg NSAN; “@pflab msan @b samean. Of; Out of. smaid mnoeoglejo malach onaw; D8 o) 9800915087 ag) ez e ©Q11®)nag, Ao, 195 00 Note. For want of space I have been compelled to omit the Eunglish translation of the above examples which would have exem- s(flgé (AL plified the appropriateness of the prepositions given. A few examples to illustrate the use of prepositions are given y olsamg below. :qrgn_\@m& 1 He sat on a stone, under the tree, near the well, oufside the village. 0, From. 2 The river runs from the mountains by the fields, near the church, round mig wu@o the town, through the common, over the rocks lo the sea. On a fine day, early in the morning, armed with sticks and accompanied S10 fl-fl% by a number of natives, we set out for the mountain through tracks s lwgT pointed by our guides, and reached our destination before the sun was o; adlewsg high. Of the members of a family it is for the benefit of all that each should act upon each with some degree of controlling influence. § 2\, el On a windy unpleasant day in 1746 a great mathematician was exhibit- @AY ing to a select company, in the garden of the Charterhouse, his skill ; By in shooting round a corner with a bent gun-barrel. @@@fl((’o al Note. 1. It is not usual in English to call a person by name and e address him, as—¢‘Raman, come here;’ but in Malayalam aveganieccom is always expressed either before or after the verb, as—o.algy o) : snsh0 &g og|Bam MR D@ )a00aVo; @Y™ M) MYBLI2IEM ANBON 1ESH®EA. s gl ] 6 2. quossniocom comes only in the imperative or the interro- gative sentence. e — 108 The boy ¢ 3. Malayalam vocatives terminate either in @1y or o), He s nan though in Sanskrit some nominatives ending in o take o, as— 4 O@, 08@; but this sanskritism should not be carried into Malaya- lam usage. Hig wife i In Malayalam the vocative of such nouns is p®say, as— e Qwanglwogant ciesamene pmeas (vide Ch, IIL, i, Part I.) He had a 4. As for the equivalent forms of the noun see the Chapter on ‘Equivalent Forms’. He i at d Idiomatic phrases containing prepositions with Malayalam equivalents:— The time About. 1 kept hir [sru@. I sent him about his business. §DOMD ERQAUBMNIS Ha 1B I8 og) an alo What are you about? @) g eaga? of) «geInSesan? Ho lags ] I will see about this. 6o0d @mflam@gd)fié ai)a)d)eso., What about the house? afeabo @ogo agamowi)? He yielde It came about. QME@GS). He cast about for an opportunity. @b @mmo BMNIes s amn. Men were hanging about, @ogo&dh @rallsailos memiladey wo @ man, He shoute Above. His conduct is above suspicion. e Isabo CY')SSE%:J C)_J{1”1)£)€;)CSZJE£:3() gl @ D@0 o8y lgJoarslgy. He walked He lives above his means. @b olpalleitdeo allaay ®.alpan. I am above such meanness. g0 Q® olalomo S)JQJS;Q(TT)(IJCT)gQJ b I was disay I am not above work. Thb will d @Yod] eaPMmE EveIZIMS2dD soab afadlesarg;. A man shall not be above his busi- @O0 (L )QYoD) @B QIAVOBs Gald They are a ness, To be at PICTO®IY) GalOWaD @Yo afl Across. 2390 S BD). Af randop I have not been across a horse for a eo0b tfi;@qmed()o SWG)s 6@ OB0gy Bels year. 20 ). The traiy I came across him yesterday. 600D EPEZ0OTA aNeal W3 ) @o J &Mz g3, Do 10§ 8pe After. s hol He came night after night. @i m’firzg)o U@ laian. Ho left p Did you go there after all. @RHOS, BSdo O loBd EPANOS Gaid Go? He is a man after my owfi heart, Toe behip @ao_;i)m gMlse QB O ®6n19RL) @0 There amn Sugo, o8 Bt PR 109 ——— The boy takes after his father. 1 0t (ero_r_%anbo lale @SN @& Ao, b 8, 45— He is named after his uncle. @paIan @R AHMO &HICMAUMNS Gal ((h[00) (3 At 10 Nalaya- is g, His wife is at his elbow. @oembo @iy a)8g-{0Po EOSHDD (G)G)(TDGDDGTT;). i, Part ) He had a dog at his heels. Bm MY eraiontho e @ean he Chapter G252 I, He is at death’s door. @b 2adles0iw)d)esam; @ooiad [alagalan SN @d @oah oS @ samm. The time is at hand. &oRlo @I QIA. [ I kept him at arm’s length. oD EPMeI) ©SIYSMINAIWD © amn 8 oM 0l He lays this misfortune at my door MO @M@ ERAM agdbo afles) )Omsesm? 1901880, @ eemisamo. He y‘ielded at the eleventh hour. ) alm Syooled alilsloGglod @0@o @i a0zRdlla); QAR Gorlsel OO @Eg J0dd 20@o @PAIDd aVZA ;mflm‘}%@o roflg%. He shouted at the top of his voice @M 988 GOQOIOME adlaial) @"’5%. n‘go\fl ) He walked ten miles at a stretch. @POIM B®m 90d A’ IGY MIK)H: M sSaw; @AM D MiKle: S8d 0y am%j(m. MS oMo NSAM. ag Mg I was disappointed at every turn. @mgdané\@sfl@mocs@ RS VI@- This will do at a pinch, @)@gsIrd Oo 20 @ide; 200 lagy 012MAAM ) oo m(é‘.%&@;o@gfimoo. Tfihey are at daggers drawn. @QId @dleh BGeaim)@em . o Gall To be at fault. @omDIE 1 8s . | (8@@0 O-fl At random. QIMmMalog. Behind. 00 061 The train is behind time. o)) ee oL aIan. 2 034 Do not speak evil of a man behind B00d CHNBIND BYPWINE S 18 his back. B He left one son behind him. EWId 2d)eecmid & adnd sflay BMISMEI IBan. pallas 6o To be behind the scene, 2880 & IQo @G leuy 1d)ds, There 18 something behind his @D aloQYME I @I Mo ) gy suggestion, 2 ong 110 SestEl s Beneath. For He married beneath him., I know hi @P®Ik oanleh oggl® eumym.to OE=1N He was 12 He is beneath your notice. @RId ailesdds AWGOQUSBND 20@o This goes Beside. D& Onee for All this is beside the question 6D H®IDN B AVo 61 Mo, tolerate He is beside himself with joy. @I AVEIMIEIoH oS rmmd'nqyo 20am 1@ )esamn., Between. T could no Between you and me, I think he is a @o@td 8@ aflug) eganoem agad)es stand h fool. GoomanN, ®mE oleEszIsIgly MOG{{O’D@OGTDU. or ME aVASIY His face i 0 @396 S, monkey What with his debts and what with @PAHMO HSoOGIMZo Qlafl@ G:aoenl Do not for his large family he is between OOOOSHITEZo EOAIAD BalIOSRYo o) two fires. oMQYo @) @B8aN. We gre fo His speech must be read between the @BZ0O 10adb0 (o TVowd ol lah © do lines, @P®m00 © 6. The coat iy He is the Beyond. Ho did not He went beyond all bonds. @M 8&asalo @0 |d&hallson ey o) o). The result is beyond my expectation. &Ll mod alflandladlele m For anyth right, oS08y . Beyond all question. WIH@I®M AVoLeW QAo (HSIN®. This book is beyond me. WO ayTR&e amMEslandnabd eganoal [depth CYDO@CL})O. @oaiab o’ )els s & W o) ab Ga o). Heis q 200y He went into the water beyond his By 164l topg, I will stand by you. e@00b afloan @emaso. To come by a thing. (03 TLVIVLDM AT HDENONLINBRD, Ho iy Jame ¢ To lay store by a thing. aflaiwaien; aeilwesy@og).aod)es. It 1 fiile f()l‘ To lay a person by the heels. &0l 2160BRI HIBS. Fop the time He is dying by inches. @oQiad @ranD @ficflsm’]% QI@aD; For gyep al @OaNM ERAIlIY Galodan. He i $ good { This is not large enough by a long way. For that, DO WSO Qlgno &0y, Ho is g f I swear by heaven. NNSALIBMIN AV 0. To do things by halves. @00 @010 O.aIQ; SF)eBal 6.al Yflfl mal‘. do § g@"]é@o@’lm’fim. LX1 For M@0 I know him for a thief. i)Yol a0) @v@gmomemm 6@0ab @A IYo. @RAIOM 2@).0) GSODIT GS . He was taken up for dead. o 2000 This goes for mnothing. DD aAVIRDlR); MOORHINTMRI® anal 2lgy. Once fof all I tell you I shall not MO QG HOEZAIS ITHEL I GRAaImd tolerate such impertinence. OB B W gy o) BS SO ()0 @M Yo O_J(fcq)zsm;’ M0 a10RYAND). I could not for the life of me under- @I I @mo@sfl%o B eE3a00 M g stand his meaning. 0I0Q@M @O0 @00 ag)(I e BM g@momflgd. Bsgosm"?% ) (ABIP His face is for all the world like a @O0 Zalo GEMEIHabo Zalo ald monkey’s. ORI , GPIEI0 VoL@ A )gy. w aos Do not for your life advance. Hloiried oo gl gemiogal 195 4l P& 2 S0OM @QJO@:Q:&T)G)@(T’DOGTDU 61@)6673@6)5 We éfe for going at once. ) @0 E )@ Jowo. The coat ig the worse for wear., B |9@o OS] aflowIsElow). He is the worse for liquor. @3 Qi @5@;@3 Gerod gy, He did not want for friends. @10 QM (B(T(’_l%offl@(flficé@ S0 )[R lom Y 3 anlgy. For anything I know you may be o) oM@ «gebo @vdlaile eal flg’dflfl}‘) m right. BSSEOMIB0 V@) MBAN aGANIEM goomanE; o3 oYM wdlw ) epa@aIIM e@Ith avewa!l&hoeno o ogmiel an gy He is a good-for-nothing fellow. @ad @anidro H&I8E @I S o ganwl OOMIE It all tarned out for the best, OIMEIDNFEM EYHEIIDS Selwd) 210 He is lame for life. @Al 2EEMOAINHE GSAVMIW 18g jo). izl It ig fine for the present. B8O DBJI® EOO @P8HS gy, ZJ%A" mfim. For the time being. @E),08ICOES. For ever and aye. ag) N BANER0., QIEN; 3 He is good for Rupees one hundred, RQ 2Qg|led: @YK 2. péh M. For all that. BROMIOEN 9 OMEFLjo; of)TNIAJo, He is small for his age. @I @RS o_ucmg@rm e 018 o1 )gy. You may do so for all I care. o) apeslom ©.01@Qdd «gM)O8eID olaste 94 @ 2l™o. S S 112 From. [(cflOQyo. 0f He was driven from pillar to post. @oQIa™ §.0lp1an ElasINends ESIWYo You shou He lives from hand to mouth. habit. @ QI R &;)5 lwIdh @RI &%laoy; @ Qb BPANA & Yoy &g an. 1 am shor! From a child he was fond of study. ©.21Qg|O0)3alI @I aJ0lgJoad aio aQumyemg. Yon are v He has risen from the ranks. He was tl @I ©.aQe)g QB DO QINIET . He went from bad to worse. @I Qg s IODO 'sarm'h% ali) this ney BN Qo Qma sW); @oold @emioD He is off b In @lajo ofloowow); @paid Haiw) He died of ell@dad)an @)@)ach a1, This smells He is a man in a thousand. @OUHME 68 YD oom e S I stand in : COHM &o6ermond () @oaVo. Bread is th He cast in my teeth. @b ogeado gei@e aod) alosoy. Money Is He lives in clover. @80 Q1 O.J(D@(T‘Q@J@OGYT)U . His indolence is bred in the bones @M 2S) qLa0R2ET . The news is in every one’s mouth, )0 QORI @RS I J050W )@ esam. A custom o There is something in the wind, Q& DS EW) allelp ooemy oo ey A hatter of QI @eNg. I will do as much as in me lies. & jowel of ¢ 00D WLOIWEH) AVa0IR 1 Bndo. He is over head and ears in debt. @I &Soailsle) @ya8@IZe REE) He s a bt DS esamn. His The ship ra strength stood him in good stead. Take yourse @RAIAD L& IQYEs @ MNaNIW ), [88%0. This will stand you in a large sum. He wag oyt pa@lan olemes wg9o oileiay ails) In a state of nature. alse ez (@ )avalf)oy muneds; Cast ot clot} Galom)el, The bargam This is enough in all conscience. DD PDEW 2B); QIDOHIME BN e brealg 3 & WiLjo DO 263, StOl’y. Put that down in black and white. @0(Q)8:000 SEAING ST Mo, The exanip, He is still in leading strings. @I @mEg oo POQER AIMNS QIIRJo Lhope 4 o ¥ o106m MmsSsME. In a word. Tou bayg 2@ B Ig |OQYAD DOIdD. He arrived in the nick of time. @0 aiab VR )aR MO Gd eg) @), fe s yg) o He came in for a large property. @RQAIaP QI8 O m@mc)o @10 QI a0 &g, His speech fell in with my opinion. 0?2; Ul RSO (@ )aTVow0 agdabo @RE o Ouce t WeEmIg BWoed).al. !t You had better give in. avERGHssa@oem 03 lemes MayD ; &$) ik gy g PSS YM@oEm 0 lemds MED. cld 113 [’Oflwd'o. of; Off. ) @0S|g You should break yourself of this ) o) @0 Slato o_fl%:a@_o_mnb BMICHH habit. 6/mMo. J S, FMW I am short of money. a3 E8 A IeMER021BINE. AIEMo &OO ladicd o S0Q06Y . You are very wide of the mark., ™| ERSg POSEHE ow leflos)eg o). )JOJQ’)WI;J . He was thrown off his balance by D7 QIO 8&g @I EPIWIE .ol this news., Ga1oa)). mfl% o) H g8auen He is off his head. @D QI @AIEs 18 nFeE. i sl He died of a broken heart, o eul) o_fls’“&é zrb")izé. This smells of musk. Do & @) REMEsan., e em I stand in awe of him. ag M EH WO BRAET . 0 Bread is the staff of life. aieabo @TUIR0 EOMEMAIETT . 0’\ 060, Money is the sinews of war. QD0 MSMB TN o_lmmcsmo; QRVo MSBENH2H b milad &)1 woad al16mo BQiemo. @)01880M0. A custom of long standing, A JPIDN TVEBIWo. ) ojism A matter of afew rupees. aNgjoa e oB a0 @oo. A jewel of a servant. 80y R0d1ab Halp) 2em3IWowaldh; gy 00 2o )@d o oand. [(Qog. He is a bit of a poet. @ Baw &ollowled E@vayo Qlomoo W0 %@Q The ship ran foul of a rock. &g T a1008WIG alo6mD). Take yourself off. MO 05:5) «gSATHSE Ca10dh. )Wfiv {65}0. He was cut off in early youth. @AM @ eJ0ay) o ) @b @(lfl_gé aillo) ofel G 10q)) 1 :@)flh‘flfl% Cast off clothes. RQIMRH® NS m@mm. The bargain is off. SQivg a3 )eon 3a10@ ), He breaks off in the middle of his 9909 en ER@ID SHLOYOS MFSe ©Qlo) 030G story. sMOSMO: The examination came off yesterday. a1@l8m @areel &Y leoy. [S2am. IS QUIBjo 1 hope the rain will hold off, 2¢ &am mlay e b o) a0r) @REZa0 110 )HabO QU AE0QJo s ) You have ‘hi’t off his character. &) 20 aowd) of 1@ esamn. b g He is \fvell off. @10 QJA10 C\'DO@OCE)O MY QHQYog: @Y Qim &B)s1eilan @EeEeS)gy. m m QJ@DL’OO On; Upon. Once upon a time. Q16ng; 1M )Enmb; o j@o. I throw myself upon your mercy. MDBROS H@EONER oG IBHIEYWo. I take my stand upon these facts. DY WLOIBOAVONTHOS e 6o 0208 @020 a N o RN D. s P52 8 114 —t This is the rule we go upon 6106013 o @@ Q_)@om-osm MSHENQ. Is there ar He dwelt upon the subject @Y @)Dgyo ®0383a00 o_flmdm”‘):ga Q10 60m%). The pot is 1 gained b I am on familiar footing with him eRbd @2ZA @ CELEN @06y . He has stolen a march upon me @PQIM ogHaN Sawn o__\ooL% It is all ov I will not be hard upon him 62000 @PIHM GGl esay; nyRLU) @5 e lgy To, All advice is lost upon him Q)0 0 I0MBIAJ ERAISHTHO 6.0l 0f)a) @b What is th SHSOW QY I am alive | I wait upon your pleasure ®ailgoom @MRAITVE(Q IS0 600b QIR &HSM203 %0 We fell to This is forbidden on pain of death DO .01QY S I0WITE RREM@ET> U5 )b The beam struck him end on S )20 DAGOD) @EPAODO crmd aSlem May T Lielp Out of [ laughed him out of his folly 1Bl @B @PAUWSHDO BB He rose [ @0 @003 |dng enry An oceapa I judge you out of your own mouth leado aeeedIE @ean olleabo Yoo my i) QUARD )3 ) Ba gy enwd)esam He did it out of envy. @PQITD EPEEIOM O AQYD ERIYWE D thing M2o61 To fioht The clock is out of order. Q1S JWode of oo d)esan He is out of temper now @Q®Idba Bk WlAGsSER M@ I was fright Q@26 To this d,ly He is out of sorts ’BTO@@&LO(GYG)\(TTO @GBaOMpy&@lto &BOQYo Worn t9 g g This is ont of the question 0@ BRAVIRL)o. The fire is out dloag; dloagu. Hear me out, To and 1 6@00d aI0QYMN@ FZPaidBo @@adoa:flnb He laughed out b 0195).0{)d) Ho faingeq 1, You are out on that matter, Ep oogodled mloasd EReUERLED £l10erm [at08) Supper g The secret leaked out &g ajoum 10, 8wvalje ajoaD 0195) Over Undy He lords it over me @M ogBAMIG AI(@IAV S5 Undey le 1o I will sleep over the matter @ @) EYBallay MSE dlal Q10O Q0oo. Under the 0 Came undy He lives over the way re‘rocgo_oo m@mao_flsmbo 2600 QIRAT a_)OzB&m’o N arg 10 There is a man overboard 8ok &gjefledailan @seiled aflend) m&t[gr 5% bis taloy lxa[]() I cannot pass over this fault @O SQ00 I A0g [0dH® gy e 115 — MSaG, Is there any money over? Qigy alemQjo 6RIIEs IYBSED. The pot is boiling over. aN@o AIO®.0) AGIQYaD. ) {!gé 0.\\')6@%}. I gained him over to my side. @M 6@oad o_)ufl@m’fiz% og)®abo 20020 ). Qé. ilay; anye) It is all over with him. @O0 S0 S¥leuy; ERANHDO &0 Qo ad)S@HI3)ay. To. ) 9.20weh What is that to me? @O® OSIHTENOSTNEM P I am alive to the difficulties. @)@V D @WYOTEAD og)lee Mgy S0 600 Qigmo @ oo, We fell to talking about him. SOEBD EOUNMGOG] MVoaVIE).0f 038 GBI, o Ged @Sos), 0N aleImoo 6D @pgo aFleBEs May I help you to this ‘dish? ofls mIGs. He rose to the oceasion., iebo 68 08010000200 aVIZMY)0, Or EWIL® [y YoRlen) @uomfl%. s Ao An occupation to his taste. @160 @O a @@ ©E8)tto. nng)a g, You must pay me to the utmost far- em i &¥lwInm o) ogadles @an ) {mngwmm thing. aflesemo. To fight to the bitter end. OENBILIN® BII0 MU IBANAUDD &Ll o._cflcSfl. G m I was frightened to death. 600 @O_)Sr];gé rcfl%. igenges T2 D OANEWIB0; VG IQYD IO, To this day. Worn to a shadow. ooailsoy ozeflsoy oggle C@oR)BW); 1o B0 ozeilsoy o20leoy GHE.alRINMEg |0 HRIWIW )., To and fro. Mo @@(})H’\"Nb' @emo50 aileanogo. He faintcd but was soon brought to. @b @@oafl:&é aflem agm lejo BAIWD @) @b BEN1DLLRZMEIDBS ), [a6]: Supper was brought in and we fell @) @uem ODTBOL® Do to 610603 0 @Qiwo Mo &g joad o) VB GMODs ). Under. Under the rose. 8oy 20)). qfi’ @,g%mo‘ Under the sun. ) M3 @fi 4 G2 @bd. He came under suspicion. @oalnabo. Gamh mOoLe®o gacrflfl% or S@oam ). Y 2900 mb@@ You are under a delusion in this afeBdhds MY GO e EeIELACW matter., aflal WHReMQYeE. ol o} This calculation is under the mark, WO HMBRGS @ TV BT WIS gy, \aa@q?é' 8 * el 116 IIe spoke under hié breath. epalod a g eds alosty., ith The doctor brought the fever under. m@mg)ab o_m'fl (RIADBISS ). He took | grace, Up. He received Let us be'up and doing. M0 LW ORI (@)D )go0d BNIDs. Prices are looking up. oa) ®@Qaoms. 1 was befor To keep up appearances. &g8) 2 )oOmIQANG I BQTE]; @ oo ®>eE) @Yo OBISENIT D) Eonb QI ], O Ho made fr The barrister threw up the brief. o 61’).10(6]%8& s ailSolley; G @Go_meflfl:gé. @ Qlan CHhialdo QIANR. I will not p His blood was up. I cheered him up. @b @QIHM al0oy AVEAMIAd) The thieye )y % traveller, He came up soon after. S0 SYIYSNNOYE @MW MS I have brok AN o) ). T will close This does not come up to my expect- o b aflandlo© c:ncmacszflgd. The estats | ation. I shall show him up. sod @oaieabae &@Q ojgomoago-. Rs. 5,00 I sat up all night. 620D o JRIREIIB 0 ® OB lsnm IR, Note 1 also useq ¢ The matter was hushed up. @0QJo 6 0QI_p|AOTS . & ! I can put you up. Bleoeoz h O @eEEaIdW) 0_108':1'\ 9000, their cory I put him up to asking that question 625 VLRIV ICR@ BY GoloB o Students: ; @OAIOHM S E9OES @moé‘@:fl%. length but The roads are up. NNoad e d MaNIBs |QOSEE . threatens f The hunt is up. NG @56‘013']?8:‘0@'1 It is all up with him. @RQINADO IR ag)Fe-|9000 HIGg |0 Qoo gD Ay, Prongy I knocked him up at 6 o’clock. @QQ 2em)as b ErAIHM o_fl@’u% s MO ). Same 1p 1 ) I feel quite knocked up- ma0h Qe O Bdlen3)oi)dasaw. Peculiart; He is laid up with fever. @oouth aaon o) @758:;’191057770. Bhe He drew up a petition. @RI B a0 g P © M208s . in \I&]a)a] This is a got up affair. Do 05 .)5720051W SOP@oET . He is well up in mathematics. 8 fing] (o, @QIaR MEM eEB e Mgy o..\(‘ffl_ffl&) Qo 33 \%@B%Q The matter was patched up. S B@ aNwod e alosoy o) OJ; «'Y)"i&’JB% (] 8:93%)' Bataphryg, The meeting broke up. aoe aildlsoy. et ELT With. ) He took the reproof with a good grace, M wdiro eds s)o_tQ&d 06 ) 21 ay. He received me with open arms. laJond i, @0 QI 0O SV SY ) a0_fl&d) .z, or MBRIGAN OGS, GQWEW; o I was before hand with him, @0QIth ogOaN 0l0d)esanNd)an Zmy Da15Em00) @Gan @b @paIHm a10dle) & $leony. ol oy @m” W) He made free with my money. @ OO IO ME I @’L%, 18 wiil not put up with your conduct. mlaado mSgjaiaun «gaies avad)es anlgy or GenlRY BT lgy. y s The thieves made away with the SHBERID WIOEHEHM QIWo @»sfl%. traveller, @nQmo MS I have broken with him.: QR0 @DQAIQD0 ®ZA @b 6)@00’\@8:]0@'1. I will close with your offer. iy mle=de aoan aflel smonh aqOZAD] o). The estate is saddled with a debt of aagailenach @)oo 2Qg]l® &so Rs. 5,000. o gyong, 49@@9@90; 0.6\ A, Note 1. In some of the examples given above, prepositions are also used as adverbs. ) o] 2. The entire absence of prepositions in Malayalam renders their correct use a matter of no small difficulty with Malayalee ) ggjzgjo students; and I would willingly have dealt with the subject at greater gl ol length but for fear of increasing the size of the work which already threatens to overstep the usual bounds of a handy volume. - el b : oo 08150 Pronoun._ Pronouns need not detain us long. They are almost the yusm QB same in the two languages and are declined alike. A few peculiarities may, however, be noticed. Double possessives ol S0 (assm like ‘ours’, ‘yours’, ‘mine’ or ‘of yours, ‘of mine’ are unknown NPl in Malayalam. Those of the first group are translated with m@z,em a final demonstrative pronoun eem added to the possessive, w0l me as — eIz esSY; mloegesy; «gemom; with their plurals ORg CS. Q; mleegesal; ogemboas; but those of the second have to be 0! paraphr ased before translating te}) a8—"*a book of mine’ agmabo ayoye o3z 1ch @am, or agOMO B® ayTRMo. el 118 B0 M0 There is however one important point of difference between the two languages in the use of pronouns, which should be (o @O0l franslate carefully noted. In English there is no separate form of the equivalen pronoun to indicate respect or honor, and we use ¢he’ for His manho O Majetsy the king, and ‘she’ in speaking of our own mother or An has to be the Queen of Great Britain and the Empress of India. imitation of this usage if carried into Malayalam speech and frisnds’ @1 u Part . (1 composition would be deemed the height of impudence and churlish barbarity. Malayalam always makes use of the Note 1 plural pronominal forms in such cases and have special pro- cently exe nouns to mark different degrees of honour and respect, as— { a3, ®om, Mlede, ®omsGo which are the usual personal qualifying pronouns of the second person singular. DU e oSl is, in most cases, decidedly contemptuous and corres- ponds to the English ¢thow’ in all its applications. oad 18 J used in speaking to one’s inferior, mlesde to one’s equals singular 8w gsm. or to those a degree above the scale, and @00 to decided superiors. The nominatives @ooilsan, @, @lG2M 4 Jlave, with their possessives @poilsoom, @GS, olmamul bave in Xy 2mnb @ooy op) still represent the more respectful modes of address. G ©ode, BREGE00, @RAID, are similarly used in the 3rd person singular with almost the same difference in the shade of meaning. In examples like ‘the father with his son’, ‘the servants 1) G with their load’, the possessive pronouns are translated by ) He ) G ®edo (singular) and mssees (plural) and not by @eaisado and @pRoIM®S. The indefinite pronouns are omne, they and 4) Tl ) M people; @oIMOIND, Or GoaMIsoBde Would in most cases con- ) Tr The English idiom that ore should vey the meaning of ‘one’. ) W be followed by ome is not so imperatively insisted upon in §) By 9) 1) Malayalam, as sometimes esmomoeo may be found coupled with @moamoad, but the laxity does not extend to the joining 0) h 1 STt together of mamond with @roimaind, or either of these with Th »ocoomomad. Thus, though we may say emoome @mmoebo ;) N Lo e 119 o6 between 8®@owno @RGIaNad aisley, We cannot say ercimaim @mimeado sws should he o @RAGIaN0b asgy. Positive sentences containing one may be orm of the translated by a repetition of one or the other of its Malayalam he' for His equivalents given above, as—‘one must know one’s position’ @moameab @o mother or o cunimo @ed)e®emo, But in wegative sentences @wydo India. An has to be substituted for ome, as—¢<One should not be partial to one’s Vide speech and friends’ ®Q@o @oLIMAIPDO SIS lBAES oidmo OAIYTBD. 1dence and Part I. Chapter IIL; (vi.) for further information on the point. use of the Note 1. The idiomatic uses of the pronoun ‘¢’ have been suffi- pecial pro- ciently exemplified in the First Part. (See Chapter III. viia. &. and‘c.) spect, 45— 2. Malayalam pronouns may take adjectives or other . personal qualifying expressions either defore or after them, as—enyellacmow @0 Q10d DBEOM 9.2YD EY@Po; NE YIS 218)od)p sellaaiailmovemo. and corres- 3. In addressing b 18 7 or speaking about, God, pronouns in the ey equals singular number are used as in English ; for example, oosaiea 3) , 1o decided W ©@em. 4. Corresponding to the royal or authoritative ‘We’ we 0, O[)]O}Z‘m kave in Malayalam onooj but it is awkward to use avogaided, we oy 2xnad eoaibdéd ete. when speaking of oneself. dress. 69 Srd person 5 EXERCISE A. of meaning: 1) God and His works. he servalts 2) Heaven! Thy ways are inscrutable. anslated by 3) God and His angels, 4) The father with his son. g, they and 5) Mothers with their children in hand, t cases 000 6) Travellers carrying loads on their head. 7 i gio should Wives clinging to their husbands for support. ' 8) Father! I ask your blessing. od upon 1 9) When came you my friend? llfld OO‘lPle 10) The king in his mercy pardoned the erimnals. the JO m]g 11) Stop thy prattle, thou knave! J these Wil 12) These are thy glorious works, O Parent of good! Almighty! 13) Napoleon said, ‘Soldiers, my own brother will march at your head’. o @gm)fim{m 14) Thus says his Majesty — ‘Every soldier of his army must be ready o form with his arms at break of day’. 821U, 15) I have an elder brother, he is now in the army. Some 16) The Emperor established his head-quarters at Weimar. the follov 17) My dear friend, I wish you prosperity and long life. Give the Kaiser his due. o ) 18) 19) The king crossed over to France to celebrate his son’s marriage. odigl; ol 20) Thee nature, partial nature, I arraign. @’5\ math; og EXERCISE\ B 610 1 BE3) 0, MWRZOS aJTRdo DOO. There 2) 99EAICA! M) og)DaN PHM ISEH AN SA. which are 3) WER2IMBEM, EVOFAR e loie )00 BEa®o b .19, never be | 1) S8 ER®IHDO WER2IMHM BMIds | &OWQYAD, 5) 2RO )IaR &) MR ? modern p 6) 220 @Fabo asemleseorlewrs ealges ofl s (Th \g’\afl) @109, 0do Q0ab alosmy. Ol 155773 7 @PBUE I E0BalINEl §).0QY NS0 0. Other adj 8) QLB AN BNIMNE 31 B IS, B1goN TVM®RE )21’ 18Samo. 9) B0AVMIBWINS WO HITYE & B0, O 10) S MIWSADFB0108M @1BdE) IS IWAN®EE 6mMe. @ &80 11) e gmowitslosmpywrd), ) 12) 8E3) B0, OFIVBEOS S &6 AVBIMIES) a1 200, 13) ag)8S0, @b (@ GS) B0 MSANITH 6 H0ER 0. 14) B8R0, @B OS M 298 QIO ZMo @O )WITG) INIch D& afjfe. 208 QB O oc_;Jcrucvfl:e@m, m?miflfimua J 15) @ Qds @MY OS @23 1ed a8 BMYa00 Gaeel @IaD Q@ch remgnaoés; ERAIMOS aJ@IB)EJ0 © TBIGANMIST) QoI }flw GeIm C. Adjective. ) Simple adjectives are unknown in Malayalam and parti- Ologn ciples both present and past called wsnymmo or eaimoi do duty @"5)\50 for them. @n, @, and 955 are the most common adjective- ¢0Sim dme suffixes, as—eyam oaigso, A1W® a0, QigmRes 20, ERW and 02Jogy oee may be added to nouns to form adjectives, as—emsmow, flc&;c eemges. ©ow and epwyes may be added to eco and (yso This Worg 21 5t be ready to form adjectives of classmal origin, as—gaxoeies; GOWEY B820W. Some obhque cases also do daty for the adjective as in the following examples:— (Y\,QJ erA S0S)ea1 HamalPlwmialo; eoIQgROBI B HE NAITIAZE o892 ); o_mflmagmcsz)gg (00RO @D 0 ICRIIBIOWAD @mmomflagom’\q%fl ZQOEONOMIB 6 VIR o_le_lO_fl(Do o0 INIRd SHSS oF\w. v, @aMoGel Gaw ald@o .ald o] 0_16@.\79 ©I2HEd N OMNIT GalS ) There are a number of adjective suffixes in Malayalam which are properly confined to poetry, and the fact should mméz' never be lost sight of that they are highly objectionable in modern prose. Such expressions therefore as eodlwwaian™ afles aflgés (The wonderful lamp) ; 92QPan & v (The true cross); O OHWY B SLlAgLI pom ogoe esamd, at once show the writer up as an ahen Other adjective-suffixes of this nature Brg,0VY5 WEMEBHE @YSAD HNAID @D N AM. @YNEe HWAD MIB): §.1p]lwaeaR I 2a5leo; Oded) @an @80 N0, mae snosin 2M AIES)S BNV [avoesd) 9 00. 0F5008000) HL1IGANI®R HHAIGHE @031QI00 EnER;|Mm 6010084 Po saumd; dleasye aflaegss; Elmom evlamoyo \moa 6083 ad)¥o. moroocmsm(p) 0No @B )ME50y@g 19098 BLIIS0 son0 0 }Mo [ 2J®B8g|3)M @z d; ©gNo agdIm HaIldd 96m ()_@O an 03) QJ /O?)OA 21D 0@ HAIS @ADL D\fl a0 QImY @6E M IR o) @fl@()\'fi O @17 a51a100); Qigmo @ReEER QIoWg |weBd n and parts (H6Mo BmSo QIMTRR; ERITW® BMSI® UOMDRAM 0D Cuade [HEOISTe gl do du SOSIN SHoaANMo on adjeet™ 6)2_306013 0. 0.030@bsalosgo aildlemabd (Y @&;o. 00528 @0 3o @ 1a0d 50050 * This word was used by a Malayalee and not by a foreigner.—Ed 300 &Dd 530 12 When several attributes refer to the same noun, the Mala- oy yalam idiom employs the following methods for joining them Honorary, together: musical, sut 1) 20 with eow, e or some other adjective-suffix ‘y’ : (1] added to the last; a8 — @@nt)g {0aso UB1ARIlg |0000 @YW EIERQY; BSORH Iy, shaky, § BO®Wamo BAVIRID @B )HWARO @S O @ )HWIMe D e Go 1T . For f 2) The adjective participles; all except the last are First and changed into adverbial participles; as— avgyanmee), wasmms Note | ), L—flg@@@g ©IE300y; B M B3 Mol @903 QIMNIYER AIb; avam and co-or @,QJ(T'TO@@_ Baaoeit@ob. whole adjective c 3) Changing the into one compound noun; / as — maee@ed; MNE.21QYRLENGNEes 1b; aliposaellmyes Hales 8ea 1o in gender &d. But this method is more appropriate to poetry than to Malayalan prose. i a need] syntax wit Adjective-sujffixes compared : may safely ‘en’:m’)dflg; P Mgy W; @peies; asS —‘wooden box’ @ooMIL)ER info a e @o_xgq; ‘golden ring’ Sa1VMOGINE oF)ZR)2) R0 (HaI0BNB0@)M0). engraft sug Of course we are at liberty to use the noun as an equivalent a8 has latg form as @magflg'fi, ©a108RI@ 10, Nalayalees ‘ie’; “ical’ = qvosniqweow, as— Britanie, civie, elefic, public, logical, viflently di poetical, Added to nouns these terminations sometimes carry 3 the 1dea of aouRIIZes, OF dlaiges, aS—Angelic, comical, whimsical. When refoy ‘OU.S’; ‘0se’, = @8, Moo, &S -- Verbose, calamitous, envious, murder- comngcte] | ous, uproarious. @YDSY_GJAO @@(y ‘ish’ added to nouns= avoema).0y, aS—Dboyish, British, slavish., absurg g ¢ (LS D.JOO'Q » b » adjectives = neowxyeg, a5—Blackish, dullish, blueish, possibly 0 ‘less’ = mgfoom, @osow, oo, as Senseless, careless, matchless, and the ff lawless. Meaning jys ‘ful’ = aflosoo, Kleizow, as—Spiteful, scornful, slothful, forgetful, and i ther e wateliful. W iy ‘v, ‘ble’; ‘able’; ‘ible’ = @oym, cwowaiw, as Moveable, loveable, %mzsmw passable, eatable, attainable, credible, suitable, culpable, divisible Molag, — 123 g a e Mal ‘ory’, ‘tory’. ‘ary’, ‘al’, ‘an’, ‘n’ = avosnimwla, CVoEUMW2OW, AS— them Honorary, literary, semnsory, amatory, legal, local, vocal theatrical, poetical musical, subterranean, Shakespearean, Lutheran ive-suffix ‘y’; ‘ly’ = avaecaiges, wleievw, aflwges, a8—~ickly, elderly, weak- 0y £5am) ly, shaky, sticky, cleanly, cheeky, tetchy, bulky, dirty, doughty. i I and V. Parv the For further information see Chapter Jast. are First and Chapter V. Part the Second for equivalent forms W2 BN Note 1. The difference of meaning conveyed by the restrictive au? o and co-ordinate uses of the relative pronouns which introduce adjective clauses, cannot be directly brought out into Malayalam nd noun 2. In Sanskrit, adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify g BT in gender; this sanskritism may sometimes be seen imitated by But its general introduction into ordinary prose fry tha {0 Malayalam poets is a needless innovation that will simply complicate the Malayalam syntax with all the intricacies of gender obtaining in Saunskrit. ‘We may safely assert that Malayalam has by this time crystallized itself ! pOOmIRIER into a permanent form and a settled syntax, and all attempts to L6r2imI) engraft such a foreign element upon it at this stage of its progress QU alent as has lately been the tendency on the part of some Sanskrit-knowing Malayalees hailing chiefly from Cochin and Travancore, cannot but v1olently disturb this settled state of things. pil, g 3. Two or more numerical adjectives of the ordinal kind imes CAITY when referring to the same noun are changed into cardinals and al Whlmfllcfll connected by the conjunction po, as—gawo moaj @EOXIGISs caoE) It is nyion punder @6emio BYQO @@)@ch O @BIHOOS0 D & RN ODIMU D0 m@zgzé@c)a absurd to say gmoo moewe @EEND; @@ BYN (@) )E:d; &N m»h gl avisll @m0 anoeemead. The only meaning that the expressions can ullsh, pelsh possibly convey to a Malayalee would be ‘the 3rd 4th standard, 1850 natohless, and the fifth sixth defendant, respectively’ This is suxely not the meaning intended The 3rd 4th standard would be correct only al, and if there were a second fourth standard, and a 1st fourth standard I forgetl and similarly with the other examples ‘We may, however say Joved @I Yo aNJRINAG 1) QYo @OEHID @10 6@ 02 B O RYo @02 T Qo preabley @mfl@ch ble A 124 AR BT d. Verb. enswe) To enter into the details of the verb-formation, or of the 0l niceties of application of its various modifications would clear- Tet! ly be beyond the province of this work. One peculiarity of the objec Malayalam verbs has already been pointed out, namely, that bim go' @0 they occupy the last or very near the last place, in a sentence. verb 1§ 11 Malayalam grammarians have thrust upon its shoulders be killed" duties which do not legitimately belong to it, and this, together &l aans with the erroneous basis of classification adopted by them (lass renders the study of Malayalam verbs intricate and perplex- are divid ing to the beginner. ive, and Some Malayalam verbs especially those denoting receiving, ] Temar K8 obtaining, giving, bearing, suffering, forbearing, and incidents after if ¢ to the mind or body, do not take a nominative case, but are Walayaly joined with oblique cases chiefly the dative:; they are there- Nega fore without a grammatical subject as in the following examples: Q@(Yfls);sm@ ajag®o &lg) I received a book, B8YoQlamw e wg | 1ot il @em) eidlo) He obtained salvation. 100 &8 s@alds TVENZMEIHEA0 ? LM ETB D B EIG: B8R0 WMo ez ); A0S 12JITE®I Bal0d @ fis(mfilgg e goooo{les; «gaileseaizm Vod)e) @SI; EH)es aVaS)@ITH GELMEIN.; o o.aiafles gayeoziw QOOLSXD; EPAUNHIDO WHIEEBXR ag)as B Bog HanQ commang g0 o¥ledly; @o «gailes @ozallgy I do not remember it 80 Q@fl(mgd 20 a@BaMIg @0aEato@) I forgot it. ag))By IS, @&oalo QI@AN, Sense, ag- MIEMAI&AD, 2S1WIBMD; ogBaNIs WEO®AJT); QNS SBRIG @go ol al; A,T ofe 920 aggdemlommoggled My mind is agitated; ogadles aflce@ean I am vention of t0 the v, hungry; adlsmdods 29200 o o_floae__éo @ 3gy! have you no hunger and thirst! @RQdhd: HAQ|IeeImo o_flcw@(o{moe_fli% she perspired profusely all over the Chapter 1l body; eqa)as auad)esan. Cluigy The nominative of imperfect verbs joined with the auxiliaries suffiXQS d can or may are translated into Malayalam not by @yws, but . By by Sp@s), 45— You may go’ Mmlamnes Galodoo. ‘A fast rider may reach Csatiye the place in a week’ @aiwOos)dh cmo_mrzfl@mg%mmm BT EYY OB EIY or L/’"a‘]ie’ 12 MANAIE) BDDN00 . “You may come here, no objection’ a3lemadhds)ailas aioo, afNemousd gy ‘Shall a hare dare touch the mate of a lion?” ©@Ig &Fe20 o of the 20D ION)O® oL@ 1AB P 1d clear J,et’ takes an objective case after it, but in translating liarity of the objective must be changed into the nominative, as—-‘Let Iy, that him g0’ @D Ga &S ‘let me sleep 00D ® QaReSg But when the senfence verb is in the passive voice, the objective is used, as—‘Let him shoulders ‘let it be taken upstairs’ @om@)Om 208 1HQS be killed’ @pQiom O&QONS s, together &b BB DS, | by them Classification of Malayalam verbs. In Malayalam verbs perples are divided into four classes Transitive, Intransitive, Negat- ive and Causativ The first two classes call for no special ' TECEITINg, remarks except that the object comes before the verb and not { incidents after it as in English We say, ‘He bought a horse’, but in s, but are Malayalam epoinb e edlesw sz are there Negative verbs The chief negative suffixes in Malayalam following are megy and eogy; the first'is equivalent to the English ‘have : Ay Qi not’ avill not’ ete and the second to “sg0t’, as—anaiad aa10) 0(/)25“3&3@23 @sari)gy he does not study; @paiab mgy alnmMaEmdEMEy he is not a good reader. W) \puflflw soe) way also be used to imply a promise, and @re) a »g@m@mo command or injunction, as—mad) sad Do SoP MNP Dey; PQD 3 003 Hadl eonang) 2omeav; but enmg is the proper negative in the latter pber 1 €0 SCNSe, 48—V )e®@® Ga108REMo 2SI WIND @M )E SO D) D SEBRD) &00J0 m'fi’m, . @130 ol 19213 LN ote In Malayalam, negation is expressed without the inter- Noam 8 vention of auxiliaries, by adding the negative particle mgy directly to the verb, as—‘He does not come @)D QimBATgy (Vide Part I yoer and £t Chapter IIL;i.) Iy all orer e Causative verbs The causative verbs are formed by the ¢ auxiiaries suffixes o, nae and o 1lds, A5—eaiwsn; oagen; MSgflas; o [ ofen. But there is mno particular grammatical form for the )J (\JLM) causative in Eneglish, and certain auxiliaries as <have get’ rer moy " For stance, or ‘make’ have to be pressed into service. m%fi)fifli‘@ o0 gl 126 AL i 00D @ IOMOBNITE 0D ©aglo) I made him do it; emid e eaug) form ¢ @&@oasfli% I had a box made; @YWL G ERAINMOENIEE 6ITD ®g O 49— gy I got him to sign the document. let me g0s Note 1. The personal pronouns which stand as objects in the B above examples are not translated by eNolw, but by eolw with mood, 1t o@oas which is an equivalent form of gollw. going 15 be 2. The chief verb-suffixes in English ave: ‘/y’, ‘z'ze’,‘ and by enlle ‘ate’, and in Malayalam os, 0o, ca)(aa%, Gryds, 603, HoIF suffixed t as: Pacify aquaiwimeg|s@s; qLAUIMAISES. Purify wo@U) DD formard with &T)9; BERLIWIGN; WRLIN.AIY. Epitomize M0o@al)@e; oj@®s., Pulver- fOQIM MS ize ®a10S)@n; ©al0S Wods. Equalize aveass; avudled)es. Germinate 28 o0 Regulate @@eg|5Q0e. Inculcate ®a 188U )@s. Criminate &00 If ma Og iAW, Iepresents BB, Voice. | The passive voice is undoubtedly a sanskritism, It is too and occurs but very rarely in Malayalam Prose. Tose, circumlocutory and cumbrous in form to ever become popular b, a1 in the language, especially as there are shorter and more of Eugl elegant forms which may fully replace it. For fuller infor- often foup, mation see Part I. Chapter IIL,; v. ;i) Mood. Malayalam grammars treat of three moods, the Jalam pro ‘imperative’ oNus), ‘optative’ ofaqgemo, ‘infinitive’ eiai@ato. 6 m; &g}(%s ;f,:f J The conditional or subjective mood is considered not as a mod, i@l mood, but as a form of incomplete predication and is called are of fre QVoEQIM. In Malayalam the imperative mood takes an express- Dr. Gunge ed subject, and its omission serves to convey a harsher form Prose, ang of command, as—aw mofes is harsher or more peremptory Dravidiyp | than of) maNes an. Iefaing {} The optative mood has two forms in Malayalam, one the meye identical with ayoe esai@ess and the other a derivative from fiCifll hO}}]og it by the suffix es. The first is not confined to the expression family yiy of a wish or desire but freely serves the functions of the true [n By imperative as regards the first and third persons, as—amoo being fOl‘me Goitdh go we. ep® My, etec. The second is the true optative PR 127 L ) o0 9ug) form and may be rendered into English by ‘may’ or ‘let’, aS—@paidd Mamif)@)eses let him be happy; 6@o0d Gan&es may I go, OF 0 ) ou let me go. See Part I. Chapter IIL; i1. jects in the esai@as does mnot fully represent the English infinitive olw with mood, it is rather equivalent to the participle as—canamg going is better or desirable. The gerundial infinitive is expressed & ‘ize’; and by esaf@wem,mo, with or without eoiarel or @908 )0, HQ suffixed to it, as—eeoganad g 2d) oilossangomalcd he rushed Parify @@Jfl forward with a sword to kill (him); &96M2omNOW 1OEHEZQIAT came to see (you); més, Palver- @I MSg{ob oe®)Wlgy be is too weak to walk. h (ferminate ‘riminate @00 It may be laid down that on the whole eaiglw@ommo represents the infinitive in <o’ better and more generally than sanskritism, Qi@ alo. (vide Part I. Chapter IIL; viil.) It s too Tense. Malayalam verbs are not inflected for persom or me popular number, and this accounts for the fact that Malayalee students r and more of English, at least in their early part of their career are fuller nfor- often found tripping in these respects. 6mob alogaR; @RAIAd a9 Sam: a1eM)ed a195aP; MEKo BmEad algmo are all alike in Mala- moods, the yalam prose, though in poetry such forms as eaogflmeema ay ((elt} ? el e @%S:@é\maé 20Q4gmd .alpje8; aNwaamS)ofSined, aflmye)efls) mad, a@a)oflmod aflzadlz; woesmleow e, Ands @eanad emoab od nob 28 & are of frequent occurrence as has been already observed. and 15 called Dr. Gundert deplores the loss of these inflections in modern prose, and attempts to show that, as they are found in all other harsher form Dravidian languages, it would have been much better had we ) peremptm'y retained them: but to purposely complicate a language for the mere sentimental satisfaction of securing for 1t a super- 1a}'alam, s ficial homogeneousness with the other members of the same ialive from family will not, I think, be either desirable or commendable. o expression In English the past is the only inflected tense, the future 1 of the 118 being formed by the help of the auxiliaries shall and will, 30113., &S/mao and the present, the simple unaffected fprm of the verb. But a0 opui® 128 in Malayalam all the three are inflected, and their distinctive generally suffixes for each, as gan for the present, @ and o for the past English. and 00 and o for the fut@W@, as —alman, Oal®m, @®Egan; alao, franslatin stances heay 001Q, @es); QGo, 2P, ®EZo, or AW, 9219, @eg. They sho The Present tense. In English, as already stated, the £ 0M80A30M, present tense is the simple form of the verb, as—c<come’, ¢go’ the 1diom¢ sit’, ‘wall’; and in Malayalam it is formed by the suffix pmo. 0 M3k, G There does not, however, appear to be much important differ- the preser ence in usage between the two languages, the universal, the the natur historic, and the future present of English are all seen 602000 represented in Malayalam as—(1) enapemis svoo 20N @ e eaoll; ally S0; OERAD PJWAIRHBOS P00AVo; Mo FLogan Eles e o .ojab @010 QU ORISTR; om @@ Goaendlgy; (2) &Yl ailal umpesd, aflyarily ahaicms 2Pds0; ) ailg ofleid, @oeeg @wbla) 8208l olaid; (3) LMo EIONDEA The @legamimegy Gzeilab; emaad moeg aiman. Note. In Malayalam the universal present is more idiomatically Ua/z r expressed by the future than by the present. a year” e oan finish ¢h The Past tense. In Malayalam the student has not to feel 6)@'\;32@0. ‘] his way cautiously through the uncertainties of drregular GSQB%JFOGTD( verbs. The past tense is formed by the two suffixes @ and o, the latter, however, is subject to some variations as-—ayoo, My, I have 4 19y @, &), ©Qo), MG, 2S, aI0Q, @ROQ, M3lan, @D, ©AUD, 80 domg OMIT, &@lavy, -ofleoy, oG, aiSan, @gse, e@em, aflem. The so- he dig pgt m called irregular verbs are entirely unknown in the language. In the usage and application of the tense there is nothing Mugt, particular to demand the student’s attention, and so we may fle Senteng pass on to EniBaam, o The Future tense. The tense-auxiliaries of English are Ough, unknown in Malayalam, and have the difference in the uses be tl'llsfed’ o of ‘shall and <will’ or of should’ and “would’ cannot be brought @m' ‘Yo‘d < out except through equivalent forms or a paraphrase. For Ty the expression of a general or universal truth, Malayalam Lot SIokg! ; —_— 129 tinctive generally employs the future tense and not the present as in the past English This difference should not be lost sight of in ‘Sub- 3M: QIm, ranslating such sentences as ‘Fever always produces thirst tances heavier than water sink ‘The earth goes round the sun in 365 days. fited fl They should not be translated as—aiad) aggypepioge esonmm but 5 MN2oBR AN, OISR CERIGNMD CAIMEREE TVILOMEBPd @YESaIIG:aD ete ‘come’, ‘g0 the idiomatic and correct form would be aixd) agegiope 2208 @ sufnx pm 9 20830, CAIBE COMIENIC CAIMPZBE AVIVVMNERD EYMZBaIIG0 Similarly liffer the present tense should be used in translating sentences of versal, the the nature given below: all seen 600 aflgniajo BRBME OO &@aog:figo avgy £lof) oo Essilese ggy) g &) saaf); ofleames @ memItSlalth; MVIQVSHZ OBI5ER0 Elc@%ifl 0.0 BRI Qich&ooimsg )b aggyo Seemz0 MEIB80 0oy 1@ 8o @@ 183000 al@Bo aflaisg 2j@dg0; aNoay Eles)majo moey 8lgmarde o) a) ) GDIHMMEE o The auxiliaries compared Can @Yo, @YQI%0, &P 1Yo, ‘You can live upon three hundred rupees diomaticall a year’ adlemas OO0t FAOQQL|®:0:05 & Wlsuy GSo0. ‘Three men an finish the work in a weak’ @anidhds SEILAMIME DD alem’) @lg joab ot to feel & S IQo ‘You can go, but return soon’ adlem@s Galo®do, aiGHM GAIWdo J)llw 25608 )QI6Mo. e @ ana @‘ ‘May May. egowo, ofemwdlyy, @owIdlent, @rwdlent ad) 1§ 45 —0y =) I have a loan of your pony for a day? Yes, you may’ o3)B29S & l0o® ) B0 HLD) =1 ‘It may be that @ £)aVCIME: ogd)ee MMBA? @m0, allemiwdgy e Il 8.80 he did not understand you’ @aimo o) al0emo® Bmgylenws)ey@oi1@leno e language Must GQli6emo “He must do it’ enaiad enm ©.aigsmo, In empha- o is nothing tic sentences eaismo @em may be used, as—:Go he must’ EpaId Lk 50 We nay B i98&h6mMo BN BQIMEMIM Ought ‘He ought to have known that fools are not to rolish are be trusted’ aflgflees aflwamdlgjad aioS)ogiam @oaith evdlewimeomow) 10 the uSed @an “You ought to be there tomorrow’ a’l Mmoo @SS o MW )G)CH of heb oug! seavery . With negatives eomp should be used as—¢‘Boys ought phras o, for not to smoke’ &gld@d oy@g aellea® Sometimes a10s)gy OT at0S)gyd \alayalan 9 e 130 — ooooeae may also be used in this sense, as—¢Leave ought not to be granted except in rare cases’ @00yQYRIWRPO® Sy GRAAIEgjoab aio Slgy In M e Adverb. o, Of ¢ the mean The adverbial functions are served in Malayalam by several he transl parts of speech. Negative adverbial meaning is conveyed by ing certal a single word—the negative wmym oo Wwith og, as—eodlwieo fill-tempered a10601), 2S5 )898®m Galod o). Its position in the sentence, and s ‘L its equivalent forms have already been fully explained, Gaom ‘only Part 1., Chapter ! 11 80 ‘nothir favery ome o S The Article. and hag | The article is a peculiarity in English syntax unknown Chapter 11 in Malayalam. The particulars of their use and application It nay the student must learn from English grammars. From the ‘Or’, fiS—@ analogy of his own tongue, however, the Malayalee student his brother, is apt to omit them altogether or make serious errors in their loving exg, use In Malayalam such sentences as—aeoaich @sgio0 @aloa), M0)) Batygyg @b QIS) oS MIOHW © o, @S] aJmyo o_somfl_%acfiacmvgfirzfl@gqm, Mmoo @00 10 3¢ a@)MoEd gD P @g\ai(rcfl@ax rpsgaoo_:o(a?? apndo @ads golewoq, epaim Mifister , avmaecacacs mdlesm, could be heard almost every moment, eXamimatiop but their corresponding forms in KEnglish would be — Whlly aliey ‘He went to {he sea-shore’ ; ‘I took @ stick and beat the dog’ ; ‘The boy is read- ing a book’ ; ‘What is @ noun?’ ‘Who is ¢he king of England?’ He was wound- It il 4 ed on the head’ ; ‘He is sitting on an easy-chair.’ Note. 1. Either to import @ or ®p into Malayalam as equiva- ‘asflmmm ( lents of the articles in every case they oceur, or to omit the appropriate one in similar English sentences is equally erroneous,. 2. The meaning conveyed by the idiomatic uses of the articles has to be brought out in translation by means of the para- phrase. The Yaly 3. In such forms as ‘the poor’ ‘the loving’, ‘the wealthy’, B f oy simply use the plural form as——avopeads, BoRadleeamaid, waflemd. d gy €8 ¢ 131 1ght ot to g- Conjunction. :’513:;33’3 w In Malayalam, the important conjunctions are go, «g and 0 Of these oo corresponds to ‘and’, or ‘as well as’, while the meaning of g is adverbial and shows emphasis. It may by several be translated into English by ¢ounly’, ‘but’ and words express- weped by ,ing certainty, as—neM: 9@z ‘only two’. ggglamaitd e.a1Qg o leea -0 w80 till-tempered from the very infancy.’ BMIGS 1HMHENIGIE 2 10T 1So @ I alg tence, and #e8mond ‘by mere glance ete.’ Q@ IMNIS CQIEMOAAT Q) @R CRwEa explained, atafleegos o_)mflgflg,(mmé@ Q90182 @ M2y B2 10(®3 ‘only five towns etc.’ Q@ ‘nothing but sia ete.’ o¥leradlio)} BBMNIIEY) HBR|OEA a1 @5)Bg jodo tevery ome of my wishes etc.’ @ is chiefly used in interrogations and has been dealt with under the interrogative sentence ¢ unknown Chapter III., iv., Part 1. application It may also be used to represent the alternative use of Trom the ‘0r’, as— @@y EPE®S this or that; ®EPAEMI EPAIOMO B8 EGEMO he or Jee student his brother. @y and oo are said to be conjunctions in the fol- ors in hetr ].OWing examples: (Ct) RIZMNIDHPIW BRI DA L6 ; OB AVIRIY 00 gond, MDO BaRINE HAD o) ME), Use there’ and ‘there’ for oo and |3\aam, 002 @ooo in such cases, as—*Here is the ring o v o e s o s o ‘There goes the B@ORy v minister (b) @naf); @ogypdl; @S But even a cursory 1y MOWERt examination of their uses would show that their functions are oud be— wholly alien to those of the true conjunction. i boy 1 10 It wiil thus be seen that g0 is the only real conjunction He Was \VOBfld in Malayalam and its use is chiefly copulative or co-ordinative aS— ERQIOH® o_fl@’\:&éo_x@mrofl @DQI®Me QIAW. am 85 U7 @INEAN @B Qg )0l @aSlg_jodRo 10 onf the @AMOS BOMQY @SHAN .ald))g oo o) asdeo e_fleamoégzcscg f the io 1ses 0 afoan eamajemdley 2ocssea. i of the P The Malayalam idiom demands the repetition of go after each of the items it connects. We say in English «John, James, o vl and Charles came,” but in Malayalam egpao, eseamc, mawmo * N 9 — 132' o QIdmn ogam 1s certainly a conjunction when it comes after or simil: tions are verbs of ‘telling’, ‘speaking’, ‘thinking’, and ‘informing’ as in @ ®MEaid @O YHAD 01060y; UBSo WIAY OB IEBHEMHRMBal the alter Lest, o8l o); OO )EmOOIMoClay @20, It exactly corresponds to the English subordinate conjunction ‘that’ in such cases. out 1n M The conditional conjunctions are replaced in Malayalam Junction by a form of the imperfect verb called avogocim, as—1f you come’ os) axamocd and so also the concessional by another called enasain alolpunh ado, aS— ‘Though you are old’ adlemas Qiwgyoeem®lejo; ‘Though I am a In involy weakling’ 62O UILIMNUBEHHOMANIS 8o, split the You must t; The conjunctive adverbs, ‘when’, ‘where’, ¢while’, etc. are fo take care translated as verbal nouns of time or place, as—¢When you came, ac Unl 0 0 I was away from home’ o) Qian@g o e@oad alflgleye=ocdlmarslgy. It will not start, u be seen that the verbal noun in such cases is equivalent to both the conjunction and the verb or the predicate of the §090 ajo) eld gomy, sentence. For instance, aimegpd in the above example is equal to ‘when’ and ‘came’ taken together. HGCGSSH‘L‘VS’, pressed in Some of the most important conjunctions in English: aiSlad q 0 « Both—amnd’. While the simple ‘and’ may connect any LMZIJ% number of separate items, ‘both-—and’ is restricted to the 920 ogmogh joining together of fwo and only two items, as ‘Both Raman @flgg ete, and Krishnan', ‘Both he and his brother,” ‘Both the rich and s if. the poor’. Here, as in the general use of ‘and’ the ordinary B uivaley oo would suffice, but if it is absolutely necessary to bring out o die, 1 the force of ¢both’ in contradistinction to that of the mere ‘and’, 8~y 1o E20sp, osng0, @omeogo Or other words conveying the idea of fwo, must Wlaseg, B be added, as—awiaamo ggnaee eMeIgo aigw. bt The first is translated “Lither—or’, and ‘neither—mnor’. SPecial eqy like the alternative «or’ by es—eo, as—:Either he or his brother did it’ WOHM be f @DAIGNO EDAINMO B EREMNI @Yem oy sawe. 1o distinguish ettel" a8 it, however, from the simple ‘or’ eoewmimt @m, cmeich e@omb, 90 gy G 133 el nes after or similar expressions will have to be added, but such addi- 1 38 10 tions are almost superfluous, as—eo— o sufficiently brings out MAZMGa the alternative force without any extraneous help ypoads o Lest, This has a negative signification which is brought 1568 out in Malayalam by the aNemw@wimmeyoy@o ‘oo’ in con- alayalam junction with some such expressions as—m@g jomd, @dgjoabsal f yon-come o), a0 g Jonoegy0eg, For instance, ‘Take care lest you fall’ af) atlwy ed AN @@ )goab agesiles, @ dlgoabsaiens) g e )oe, @ro’]&:;omom%osn“ [QEE L FsD) ugh I am a In involved constractions it may sometimes be necessary to split the sentence into two, or resort to equivalent forms, as— ele, are ‘You must take care, or you might fall’; ‘If you want to avoid falling, you ought to take care ete.’ 1 Y01 Come, It will Unless is translated by a aveescin with mogpewm, as—*T shall Tvalent t0 not start, unless you give me permission’ aflesdd @m0 @AM BLJOND sd ajoeg |sH@) ‘Plants will not grow unless there is sun light’ & g of £ Sled 9 MR @RLEPOHD O.01S ey Qg m& gy Of course where ampl necessary, ne or the other of the equivalent forms may be pressed into service, as—oae wejremoch ©w)erdo Uz @egy lish O0iSlad Ag@manmd sl 8aismo PUWId GSiom §mS)e:dd aig @ &gy .01S & dd QB BREmM ect Any 9aS1®>3OS QI8 518 HAID)ad @300} (J(S)O- 920 og)aMI@d SV @ Galemo 1 to the QWb weORMIG OB QI8 S @lgy ete [ Raman As af. ‘He looked as if he were going to die’ is really e rich and equivalent to ‘He looked, as he might look, if he were going o ordinary to die’. This may be closely translated by some such form ring out AS— 2@ )e90ad GauBmanAndo BIAe s OMN@I @aE)Hm EoW)dan ool and eabo @alo fug, WSt ‘He acts as if he were guilty’ $000 S Qi ogeodlom @y @ ) B8 @0 @D (@ )H0®0 @ainb QBOQ_"OTO)I&)SGTO But such a close translation need not be resorted to except for the sake of special emphasis; in all other cases, ogan coueer for ‘as if? trans el bro ghor il would be found to answer the purpose quite as well, if not hstmfl‘lflbh Better, as-—He talksias if he were a'lord’ @8 oD Baloeal or @gam Ga 1068l @AM avoIVIR)Be M. b OO 134 Ll Now. The conjunction ‘now’ has two uses, one to introduce Th a statement so as to enable an inference to be drawn, and or purp the other, to add an explanatory circumstance. In examples 0r @ge; of the former class, we may use ogamoeh, as—A man who has 5—"We @, ‘H taken a deadly poison cannot live; now he has taken such a poison, and there- lost’ @0y fore he cannot live’ @oem & 2I® Q.flfa’@ogl)o &Y o) d@Bod ga‘\oj'légflm’fiaflonb ¢ 8 a0S)gy; e@aModh @OBZa00 EomElomIYes alleBale @a@@q%@"@’, @0 behind’ @ 920 3500 e3)ai) ofl@)gjoad anoslgy. This is a close translation SO there is, however, another form as—ezesmsnerw al@mBaye &) 2{ldlesan emaind eflaflolldlesan@ayog, @oejo, ERBZa00 E@VMEONYes TWhe afleBayo @¥lo{ldleemolmonje @3ge00 eFlaflol@lgjotd ataSgy. In ble in 4 the latter class of examples «gam ci0mo®, @M o &0 May £nactmer fifly take the place of ‘now’ as—¢Alexander was met at the banks of follow, the Indus by Porus; now, this Porus was the king of Magadha’ a§layméelaslo Penal Code OOOO0WEG [0 EPAISMIVOO o JBEANTDAMD ag)AD; aJ@B oA MANICAHM am, || e @ afleS alomo® LW el PIRIANOMHS:ITEIM 0Or @O o jBEE COAGMNI AU L] IR @A, hand’ an Was an hop Well. eRes, @RS, mdlensns, Or epegp may be employed eherous ang to translate the conjunction ‘well’, as—<¢He remained silent over all oQmich 2 their jeers and taunts till they called him a coward; well, an Englishman never 13y, unjg pardons that, and he made straight to the formost of the party and laid him often mef low with a single blow’ @b @oQI®MSS @ la0saVEBRZ0 aflESHS0 BBHYo 6600 Yo | Bag Almiam afley, wodl@man, S8 |awiem EPWEAUNNOEHINE ) ag)dw or the apy Q0D ; @ oy e, 0PmMIY) BRadls) GBI 8o ERSOEIWd)osan being fof] / @8Ry, EPDOSHME @D ete, ‘Well, did you go there after all?’ ©RQYS i &FO,’J. 05, BSdno MRk @2IOS Bal198Wo? DD 0a0) Only. The full force of the coujunction ‘only’ may be But gy brought out by «gamidd em @ogoe salems, OF cicem e @iz, B N the a8—*Do as you please, only leave the country as soon as you can’ o3B3 es example f D ER ()P0 Daigedmdailad, gt & S0 BQIEMo, @GSN GAIM [Ym@ m), In some cases ogamocd by itself will o |@d @830 o.fl%@o.w@ammo. MQQJS!JB@ s answer the purpose. iMinzep — 135 —— roduce «That, <In order that, <so—as’, are all conjfinctions of end or purpose. i, and The first is translated by QIPER ©EZULBOMIG @) amples or egogoesg; the second by saend); and the last by eescgpo; who has aS—*‘We sow that we may reap’ 10020088 © C3LEOMS GS) Ml oflO® nd theres ®aam; ‘He secured his money round his person, in order that it might not be {1l jorb lost’ @ound @m)esee BJjo 810899800 1B g Jond BoeE), @endo BBaOm) ré' mg cmdh BN a@fifl*flfi ®Qloy; ‘He ran so fast as to leave all his pursuers far behind’ @om aflaSMUNRIGRe WEOE afmiand) Balt&cmaaIgmo slation; SO )@ @I &30S ). HJO a9) Y « Whereas’ has two meanings. When introducing the pream- oy In ble in acts and laws, it gives the reason or motive of the ) ) 1Ay enactment, or the evil to be removed by the provisions that o hanks of follow, aS—‘Whereas it is found expedient to alter and amend the Indian ylalo Penal Code, it is enacted as follows’ @ a0 @lsel 081 BMI3 1R A0 BEBOL S0 902 MAMIBHHRY YSAOAAD EMIADS@IT MIN® A I0Qo ()BHa 03 lwd)o(1d) ) o @ER Ly <Bx M, In other cases, it is eqivalent to ¢while’, ‘on the other hand’ and is translated by eganoch Or egamocb — &0, 48 —¢The father was an honest and charitable landlord, whereas the son was extremely debau- mployed cherous and oppressive rm_g(\énb QU@ Qoo wz‘zfl:agora@omj Q08w man, ot over all a@)aMIRd ASHEMO of)(@BWI @cr'ns&_ye)o(ocrao 8B2a0 ) Yo. It is unnecessary, hman never nay, unidiomatic to conclude the sentence with a @ean though o Jaid bim often met with in some works as-—a@:emo 200 @(';ns&_‘icszomcrao 530 BAYP 8Goadlge @oan., There is certainly nothing in the derivation % élm ogm 5 or the application of the word to justify an emphatic meaning Jid)oleam being fathered upon it. Al B0 “Kor’. The correct translation of the conjunction ‘for’ is @I OBIOTEAMIT, G:006mo, dvowas) or words of similar import. ' may b8 But «gan e@eseansa should not be confoanded with «gommanocd Take for ) 6194%%) as in the Malayalam translation of the Bible. ' m]m %_ A5 example the following: wseotanales empo@oe g, oFem AMOOD @0 1 Meyaiad, PO @D WSO SIEM of) ETNEREE OIS AN ; @é(m s OB NS mmemm’}m BMRI@o @mga’\ab AN ERAIHADO d@Em sl wil Q¢ Q) BN S8 ABR @IS AN, ausslomo 136; 1. 2. (Bailey’s translation). —a 136 —_— Sweseg ansallo, @Alew auemmiallas, alg|oaoRes asgangailab, n the tra HOMHANIOD @Bl OO BRMNHTD @Yo 1aVlg [lofld)esan. fic and 0 The two expressions are quite different in meaning not- tgood 18 ¢ withstanding their apparent similarity of sound —.gmoenme the sound aocd means literally ‘to tell (you) why’, and shows reason or snotav is certalnl cause; while sgomana is literally ‘to tell (you) what’, and is and would equivalent to ‘namely’, ‘that is’. For example, coaab SIROM @03 ) |eam @O ‘Raman informs Kannan, viz. Raman informs Kannan I8 & reco the following, L0 PIMBY S ONaOCHNS® ) QIBsI@d, ag)o. S dmowd, have been e20L18amg M. BIRMAD DA GMHEIVMID BT w@PD @ o)y anequival BNSIAV ag®m D, to be pass As an exercise in Malayalam Rhetoric and Belles-letters, n the wor I propose to deal critically with the two verses quoted above —asting from - Psalm 136: — The corresponding English verses some such are:—*‘Give thanks unto the Lord; for, He is good; for His mercy endureth The af for ever.’ ‘Give thanks unto the God of gocls; for His mercy enduretin_for Bible, if ¢ ever’. be made t The apad) form' wseosanwles is allowable only when the nominative is @@aosainw) ending in o), a8—a 100 — asow)es, an effectiyy &0)) — S )ds, MIW — mogg), Gal0w)— Galow)es. The application This moe too of the word appears to be almost as erroneous as its for- the studen franslation mation ; for, the force of the preposition ‘unto’ is not brought ation—it y out by a mere apod. @BaoraIo@aadlay Or better w@saoiciewog will at the would be the appropriate term; and again emy@o for ‘thanks’ and amhus is an arbitrary translation, to support perhaps the charge they have been levelling against the devoted head of Mala- yalam for the last half a century and more, as a language Intere without a word to express thanks, though ma), gommwe, paies 106 entey ; emyoem, are terms of general occurrence in Malayalam as the \ proper vehicle for conveying the feeling of thanks. % e The word emjp@o is objectionable from another point of i for yg view; its general signification is ‘praise’, ‘eulogy’ or ‘applause’; T The a but it has also a technical application in the sense of incan- itslateg ntg Bible i Pring tations, as @g)eemy@o, avgsmislemy@o; and it would undoubted- Ward COrrespoy ly have been wiser to have avoided such a tainted expression Words ) Simply 1 i 137 — 150dleh, in the translation of Psalms; and smyp@e eag) is unidioma- mngyauad for tic and ought to have been emoganab or eioailb. g not «good’ is an instance of translating-the word and not the idea; ok the sound and not the semse; for even when applied to man it as00 0p is not a very flattering encomium, and in the case of God it and i is certainly degrading. augemab would convey the sense better and would decidedly be more appropriate and dignified, as it l @%Qm 13 Kannan is a recognized synonym for God.* Lastly, «gmmemeaso would fenywd, have been more idiomatic and more emphatic than .gesammeso as ) ogfi@ an equivalent of for ever’ and pesmemo for ‘endureth’ is too weak to be passed over without notice. The primary idea implied atters, in the wordy ‘endureth’ is freedom from change or destruction i ahove —-lasting or permanent; and hence aiwdgpon, wowimerw Or VEIses some such expression should have been employed. The above will show how a page or two of the Malayalam i endu\reth dureth for Bible, if critically read and compared with the original, can be made to serve as a very useful lesson in translation, and ly when - LW 1&2, an effective rhetorical exercise in Malayalam, at the same time. lication This mode of destructive and constructive criticism will teach D 108 itg for- the student not only what 4s, but also what és nof the correct translation of the English word or expression under consider- hrough ation—it will not only point out to him the right path, but 0)0I8005 will at the same time put him on his guard against the pit-falls hanks’ and ambushes to be avoided in reaching that path. ¢ charge ; h of Ma ; Interjection. language Interjections are said to be extra-grammatical as they do not enter into the construction of a sentence, but only give g a8 the i cn)@e‘mnb is a Vedantic term with a particular meaning that renders it unfit for use in the Malayalam Bible.— W. D. poiz of T The author, evidently, was under the impression that the Bible was The word ‘endureth’ in the English a,pplause"-, translated into Malayalam from English. of mean- Bible is printed in italics, which shows that in the Hebrew original there is no ndoubted' word corresponding to it. The translators of the Bible are not at liberty to add words, simply to embellish their translation.— Ed. ressiol e 138 L expression to some strong and sudden outburst of feeling () / They are partly isolated and partly notional words whose 87, o0ty ¢ determinate meaning has evaporated Ellipses whose com- interject Hurral plements are neither clearly present to the imagination nor encourag can be pointed out in the history of the language also belong here Owing to the indefinite character of sounds becoming 800y, Al the involuntary expression of sensations, a strict division of yalam interjections is not perhaps possible, many of them though (3) & often produced with a different strength or pitch of sound h vex often answering to different modes of the mind 0r 8! ser The interjections of @b cm (1) Pain are, ‘ahl’ <Ol «Oh! Oh? g ‘Ah!’ is frequently the impression of pain and complaint Y especially in the compound <ah me? It is therefore properly Variatio represented by eosgp! or eogego! according to the intensity tLo” of feeling, S—@R3RP, MM @e0sattal); EOQYSYD, OAYBED, ing the robbi DAY 4 Co «Oh! LO 1 frequently express pain and affliction and for thei also sometimes indignation and surprise a0o! 200200! 20! @Y ‘pon ) a com! and #g0! may be pointed out as their Malayalam equi- nto Mala, Valents, aS—a0) @220, 00 eIFNaMI, a0) VBN SHTORABER aSlem! Eelesalzly Ind o O & Ene, 03108200 )T I agHaANI®W Hno! But «0o &eao is not $pecch uge idiomatic though frequently met with in the Malayalam Bible tress’ oflonh J ‘Alas!” is of Romance origin and méans ‘ah wretched!’ 08 Dauggy The word 1is corresponding to eoewy @@go! @a00mego! ete s o) ‘alas often combined with notion of time, as ¢alas the day! the while!” which may be translated by @eto mafledlem aimas ()Ln GaJo! @ oz lmo @PABEIRIW). A popular deformation of <alas We ca] ) With g is ‘alack I’ from which calack-a-day!’ ‘1ack-a day !’ and jocosely mith IESS 3 ‘lack-a-daisy’ are derived. 2ol gy ‘Ugh!’ and «Ouch! are restricted to the expression of bodily Uy g pain, as—e0, pod) in Malayalam S0me g [} feeling, (2) Joy: ‘Hey!” withits compound ‘hey-day’ in English, and - Whose @, aot, oo and oF) in Malayalam may be said to be the usual 3¢ G0t~ Loud shouts of rejoicing are interjectional vehicles of joy. 00 o Approval and «Hurrah!” and ¢Huzzah!’ equal to smoswe. Delong encouragement are shown by ‘Bravo! well done!’ etc. ouoel, 00ming soniss, and emeaisenias are corresponding expressions in Mala- ision of yalam. though (8) Surprise: ‘Eh! ¢hal or hah!’ express surprise mixed [ sound, with vexation, indignation, or doubt, while engy! mgyuslem! or ! serve the same function in Malayalam. ‘Is he rich eh? @oQIT WMNMITMNE G 3gy! «Oh” ho!” @osaoo! is an expression of astonishment; .N@eo ymplaint oN@o! eo@am@gp! may also serve the same purpose with propecly variations. ntensity Lol ag)fnmoroo@l\g'yo! @M Q_flécroam@z! aS—*“When they were remov=- kRN ing the rubbish, lo! they found fragments of the marble tomb of Robert Bruce’. (4) Contempt, abomination, and indignant surprise have jon, and for their expression ‘fy! or <fiel’ (often combined with ‘on’ or om! 69 supon’) and ‘fugh!” c<pooh!” or ‘pughl’” The first is rendered am equl- into Malayalam by o), ot or og! and the second by s.ao! ! GEA Indignant dismissal and contempt is shown by many parts of . 15 nob speech used elliptically, 2S—*‘I know not thy mistress! ouf on thy mis- 1 Blble tress’ adlomo avd)O® @YD INIDESI, D Ga1w] .aAeS or oAl petched 08 ©&0eg.aws | ‘Ouf upon him thou lazy loon!" &@laSIwo EOADMEITG _n.\os" ad). yord 18 | als ] (5) Lnvocations and cocllé. With ‘holla®” <hollo!” or ¢holloa! oo e we call especially from a distance just as we doin Malayalam; with @eo! aoseo! m@ smoasiad! With them !’ and hist!” we call t of alas’ d jocoseb’ with less exertions and partly privately, as-—¢hem! hem! madam’ ‘Hist Martina! one word with you’ @S)mo, @I SO mmo! 0! 2B98ZA. nof hodily Qnds closemoss. We may also use eox) for thist’ or ‘hem’ in some cases. 140 —_— (6) Consideration and Doubt are expressed by <hum !’ <humph!’ 3 also ‘um!” to which is added ‘hem!’ also as the expression of 2 apeclal i embarrassment In Malayalam it is difficult to lay hold of expressions corresponding to the above that are in common use The language would seem wmot to have got beyond the onomatopoetic st e in this respect and in verbal reports In the the sounds themselves are imitated and reproduced by the intensity of speaker followed by ogm auosoy, agamoss) etc In written 33— ZQOO, Qimiem ! compositions the names of the general actions are given as— allmaes), afles), msdlaicemy ‘Why’ is frequently employed in his sense as an expression of reflection and a decision following upon it as—aiess!, a1e8s caoww! afleyes! represent Thoug it in Malayalam art, ate s Note. Imitations of noises and sounds also come under inter- of harmo jections Ezclamations may likewise be regarded as coming under the age has | same class, the only difference being that while interjections consist of single words, exclamations are sentences or parts of sentences that peculiar ¢ are abrupt, inverted, or elliptical, under sudden or intense emotions. conditions These are Rhetoric 1. Words or phrases uttered without sentence structure and treatises usually accompanied by interjections, as— with thep ¢Dead long dead, long dead!’ Gertainly ‘O insupportable! O heavy hour! ‘0, a chair! a chair!’ f the mg In such cases, bring out the proper force of the interjection and ever, he add 0@, «0®© aigen, as—-0 insupportable!’ Q0 2@ Fgaoo 2 -~ Poetic: Elliptical, as — ‘Oh for a lodge in some wilderness!’ N ‘Oh that this too, too solid flesh would melt? f&l Obe | ¢‘And ah for a man to rise in me, tha leet That the man I am may cease to be!’ Poetical Translate ‘Oh for ‘O that’, ‘Ah for’ ete. by a aveeiaim followed 48 anythiy by 0@ mmiman, «g© @@@ao%eecm together with the equivalent of the interjection used. 846 to e For instaunce the first line may be rendered thus: lI EOCR SHaxo! QILIAIMITDEOB IRje B@ QIOAVAVNAI0 m@'h% Q)8 @b )@ MMM @ amw! CEATA ey 141 3. ‘Inverted.) Iumph! Expressions of wonder and admiration have ssion of a special inverted form of sentence with ‘how’, ‘what’, ete., as — hold of ‘How very stale, flat and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world?!’ Common ¢Oh what a fall was there!’ ond the How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished! reports In the translation of this class of examples, it is sufficient if the by the intensity of the emotion is fully brought out by some such expressions, wiitten 25— 2009, @ aeflw! «goae, all@o ail@o! B U@iQjo! og)d® 10 60 88— @NoeM ! ags19m afloa®)eso! a10020mode &¥)Qo! ete. oyed in decision 111 Poetry. epresent Though poetic compositions of all languages, as works of art, are subject to a certain extent to the same general laws der inter- of harmony, melody and other @sthetic qualities, each langu- ander the age has its own peculiarities just as each nation has its own 1§ consist peculiar customs and modes of life. These general laws and ynees that pmofions: conditions belong rather to the domain of Psychology than to Rhetoric, but as they generally find a place in Rhetorical ctare and treatises of any pretensions it becomes superfluous to deal with them here; and moreover the scope of this work would certainly render it an unnecessary digression to do so. Some of the most striking and important peculiarities may, how- ever, be commented upon. sotion and 00! Poetic diction compared : (@) The English reader of Malayalam poetry can hardly fail to be struck with the number and frequency of expletives that meet him at every turn. You may take any Malayalam poetical work and turn at random to any page and there sure folloved as anything these meaningless plugs of poetic gaps meet your equi\"aleflt gaze to wearisome profusion. Here are a few examples: 0 endered 1. 92K0ena)d &)83@OMIT3 CSo8alm gy 4 fi%i) _rz_floeaa)m 2106y afleyeeanomanh 142 L BY0H90810 1003 1& (YD) GOMY2EANO0 The 1 @einNIdio Bsmualow e @EONRYo meaning 2182050y ailg) oIS inoMmLe. wdlew) 210 6M & My @ o. i) e The words in big type are perfectly useless and have been brought in solely to meet the exigencies of metre or rhyme. 2 & asmU &g ©S MsalleINIOD) Some 261CMHONMBONINS as)ay. famous, 1 S RI®o® gR M. all anxiet i 3 1§ such g G, B MYBWILOM FZEINITIBRIS® QL readers to Baloos QoM vfia@fi»@O@@OQ)@eJSGJQFQOD CMNHD aJodglsd 0 10006)D) 5] @Slel, ) (@ ) @O M 9 &) Q) O o. 4, (@JEeME®o o_n@@s()émas'\@g_o 306MO) @@om@oqg@g QUcheBgo. PO OBIMMDOo. Recent productions are not only more sinning in this re- spect, but the extreme carelessness with which these meaning- less superfluities are pitchforked into the lines as an easy device for meeting the exigencies of rhyme and metre often 0) F are for the leads to highly ludicrous effect. Sometimes even in older It will b works of recognised merit, words and expressions are freely el by Sang employed that not only add nothing to the true meaning but and not g confer an exaggerated tittle or altogether erroneous sense of the Jype upon the pasdage. acenooam in 1, and @emewe aimasd in they are m 4 are examples of this class. For further illustration, tO a COM‘QC‘ I may quote: ature7 ang ‘@cmaaflnbga%bfl afatooem &mc}%(firfl ¢ calls CMoono gl e dd mm’)cscmuflj% Leanigg wf @Oy allgo aymangyans;le 8 oy g U@ N0D6IBLL B)eai)of)s0,’ ambigy Ja LEN 14 The third line is so clumsily worded that it conveys a meaning never intended by the writer: savmdbeqs) soglaed a1B)ewiudley @@ (250m) aflgo @RORaNIS; 1@ (H®E Y& el )BLIUS 1@nd Do sUDIh) B)e) ofl50. a1 Deen (9.0106L) Q EOMOG Baeflavogy® 1 yIme 28] 52)0P)EHTMIT SabsayemIhad.” officers may be notorious 3£ iyt Some Station-house famous, but who ever heard of constables that are free from ) all anxiety! The quotations are from eeosmsmm) ad@oe which is such a rare gem in this respect that I shall treat my readers to one more quotation before leaving this point. ‘& milDg |IRIHMEIT Q) H VD 2119 MIESITINNaI® aali@o (X} @M CWIRM & 1E)a%0 0ININIEEISZIMINVEL DO VOB ECLISIPE) @ PWHTD ) Mo @% o@@&@flfl&@ W)l ) & nilws)soajsemnedl@o o this & ' 2BMINS R OMIM 2QSIVEa 1000, meaning- g a1 6asy (b) Figures of speech are very profusely employed and yetre offen are for the most part obscure and far-fetched in Malayalam. ) in older It will be remembered that Grammar and Rhetoric are studi- are freely ed by Sanskrit scholars as separate branches of knowledge, eaning bub and not as subservient and conducive to a perfect mastery pOUS §6086 of the language. To the English scholar, on the other hand, | mmmou in they are meaningless and perfectly useless, except as helps {fusteations to a correct and critical understanding of the English liter- ature, and as guides to idiomatic and elegant composition. He calls in the help of figures to elucidate and strengthen his meaning while the Sanskrit scholar employs them to show off his own ability and knowledge, and loocks upon obscurity and ambiguity as merits rather than defects of his style; in the 144 st absence of an independent rhetorical standard of their own, Malayalee authors and writers follow blindly the Sanskrit usage, and fall into the same errors. I shall quote a few examples by way of illustration. 8IS BMIO I BazEo @A) )& AI G2 JaN 2MWMoO HNME 6).016)ZA (@12 @M VI MR g 20w @A lem | @oB@Oms o108y Seilab’, & ¢n oL, ‘&a@gmo@m@mflmm@oo 9ED O W OO@BalE;Myasead &M2od Zadlaid) enaiemyeflgmessilehesmgsad & aI2aUIE) 9400b P00 @1, auoab SIDOZHINTEYEIMI® 510 ®ESH 230 QdSIMB0 &HE Zano MU laiabd 16D 013 (@) 000AIR10S Qo alemialva 0o salefl@oud o BH.19G] Qgeid oleildleeniemiejo omsailed mOBaaN a0ITVEQIBBZ 0.’ M3 ad) o @fl@?gflogu. ‘@R AWOHIME ) ammerflse RaAMB 0 o_m%l Qisd ofavhles@mab 210WRIQYEER I M@ @b Hai0qQ 2l lalo o @IBom3 6NUSAIGH 0D OMOG I WIYHER 9T FOOBD LIIZAIQ @oomefl%@g efleiwegyo 2NN G0 Gaime afaflsa ce@,(m@zaqzfl_g cfi;mgmfl@g:pcb ool ejegs o aloddBd MIRHS a1 loang i) aflememoo ilgilossoey oflwmmog o 9282 @EE YO 2)O@BID S06MBINId eIl BMIANRIQ B 93 S0 H® smanlemeamod) moabd :‘; @QMaR MSINIS EMOPIAY Ga1dm@alomd & o1 0w M fg ¢ w T v W ED([OCNY @CULY BoawooftwosS (59 %8 IO (O LOUCRCR( (/I CVELAW Suocwesw Suwod oevw oL 0BE( 0502 VLIV (ELD EL(TOCN® ot @ o p Gwew v 0 WCOBLE@ M OBEWYUUDTD wees(e Fom pewocuro RCRIYUYQY &R E@ALCTVO W(POCYRWID ED[OCN® (@500 BEWSIDUOV war&u@wog@aqé@myfl o @Eo(Waswhuserwangs 08(, 0@ SEPWE(LEILADDTE, PBWT oo Wmew cws G QLo ESER (W Bo e | Ve (Fe ofoamuro (BfheftcGoepmem R [ “queco| ([T &0 QShoe pemweld . (8 QOULY B9 e P62 Bir@mew wwefoutemoPonys gef0o@ P LELWWIE @B, ‘CQWEYCOL O ommenc?loa@@flcgflc@rflefibow@a @ 0B e ©ElsBimeo QN PWOIE9 cforaec Gegemeoo (83 raxu% eo@oglchuoC.‘GflrcflGi w: (O)]d7 (%) wel o?@@QQE@FmFgw@“ O M9E6rvy BEUDO YW orwap@rug| Bafoenr@dnen( (o ofos||e wses (@Bsecross feoan Corwo 0VCWY REQBYDTVCLID SOQIRLYUPS 0l reerod o w moewe foervemseBifoiw e feoanofo ormeorwe (reanwiofo, gicw v @ e s Wem| fE[T@wBe s S(E(me(aw iuer© Eeun®e ombfl HOCO QL (DDILBEBIV w PLLROAD| DD (P PE@(W B ®(@ 493 % 9 VEWY (B YUWUWLYULY e U $BQ)UVR LV ELILLS(T ADTT O MO S NI ofomero 08w [T we M0 ] ] pos ey ¢yl ——— 146 e (¢) Malayalam poets think nothing of appropriating, or river Wal rather misappropriating the ideas and sentiments of others, forest ove and the same figures and expressions are repeated over and heen buil the same over again by each successive writer without the slightest acknowledgment or the least compunction, so that it becomes and mak almost impossible to meet with anything new or original in catastropt this respect in the majority of modern productions. able tends For instance, columns of dust and smoke commenced faghion. carrying their complaints to Indra so far back that one might 0 reasonably expect that even the slowest of tribunals had Malayalan settled their case long ago, but at any rate it is high time Sangknt ‘The abdominal indeed they are allowed to rest in peace. curiously contour of some beautiful damsel centuries ago had struck along it} terror into the peepul leaves so effectually that they have not their vocy] yet ceased trembling, though the recent innovations in the that they . female habiliments of the natives of the country obviate all inflexions, neccessity for further anxiety on that score. out 1mto Jy The conches too have taken to the deep, there to hide their that an o diminished head and weep at their ignoble defeat by the kind given ivory neck of a certain damsel, in proof whereof witness how the sort of they scream when brought back to terra firma. An aquiline I we cap | nose is always a parrot’s beak trying to reach at the cherry Rarharoys lips below. But the most ill-used of all, is the lotus-flower— S0mething |, 1t treads the earth as the springy steps of a beautiful maiden ‘s’ and carries bliss to the hearts of youths as her blooming e gy countenance, while elevated to the dignity of human heart, it 1t woulg opens out exhaling high sentiments and noble thoughts. But all this multifarious round of hard duties it has been dis- SOy gy, alfract {], charging these long years, has not yet secured for it a life of retirement and ease—poor thing! So much for individual fatiricg] Slo figures. Whole descriptions of forests and mountains, rivers and cities are still more painfully monotonous and stereotyped, and ong would think that in this land of Bharata the same — —_— 147 \ iating, or river watered the entire country, and one vast and uniform of ofhers, forest overspread the land; the cities too would seem to have | over and been built after a single plan, and all gardens laid out by slightest the same horticultural expert; people fight in owe set form, becomes and make love in the same language, and even natural riginal in catastrophes such as great fires and floods betray an unaccount- able tendency to repeat themselves after the same cut and dry ommenced / fashion. 0ng might (d) There is one peculiarity in the poetic diction of anals had Malayalam that cannot easily escape notice. Not only are high time Sanskrit words and expressions introduced wholesale, but abdominal curiously enough even the Sanskrit inflections are imported had struck along with them. All living languages, no doubt, enrich 7 have nof their vocabulary by foreign acquisitions, but I do not think ans in the that they are ever taken on with their native grammatical obviate all inflexions. The adsurdity of this practice may be brought out into bold relief by a parallel example. Let us suppose 0 hide their that an original genius has introduced a few sentences of the kind given below in a learned work of his; what would be cat Dy the ritness how the sort of impression produced by them upon his readers? An aquiline If we can realize this, we can also realize the effects of this - the cherry barbarous solecism. The sort of sentence referred‘to 1s tusflower— something like the following :— ‘Rog0ay’ QeE) @osmd GoIAw @@ )esam. 0] maiden g ©.21aNGgodd, af] oqm r blooming Des egP@man. @, «gailOs $ Qo BaloGan.’ an heatt, 1 It would appear that this practice had become alarmingly )ughtS- But common even at an early period and bad already begun to a5 heen attract the attention of Malayalee critics as the following e it o 12 satirical Slokas show: I indi\"lduffl 1, ‘Bl BLIEHD SRATD fain g, Livers B2 Flrogo @LO | stereotype Flo@o BRIADHI Qe 2a108M00o aflniReom.’ . the ¢ 10 148 e ‘@2 a0 ON)Qla0) a1S) eniaw Balg)o which th SIS0 HOEY 2G2S Yoo av) exception Aamod ) QeemR (D& ) OB 603 (105 ) orks sh QIaYSWA] MAIRISS| OB Guowrdo.’ hazard a I quote a few examples from some of the standard works: the 50-cal tion first the student can easily multiply them to any extent. ols, @0 d9a16088 1a16) 1283 .l @ 2.01@)0 100 R2MIe) 1@ MAMERIRAIT ] RIAIMAMOANI® WE?I aim a oo JUOII0. the tram: abundant @om?mm‘flmogémm'\@m;o Do UDIB 1R P DY 8 AIMBAIWS 1G.0|0 BN B0 ¢6)al0 simple an PAIISON - Qos W ameilallmameas e 4 o s o e o v e @@@’)JOV(D.QJ@@OBGUO EIMOIMIS Do ‘ag@mm @20 @HBMAOAMOC anklo g @ao (@JL0@e MBD@RLI oMy 25 1eEElem a0 cfi»oc'g(‘écgog @%rzfin @TI3MY @) Frbayrvae I3 s’ B2 0w &0 o, ‘@pE)IIS®QYo aISWYo 1@ )allomisiSInee s HAISIQe HaISIQo 2o)od NgHB®HIS Yo H IS IQYo Q_J(ao_lcg 0\;8@@3@@%13 60195 )QYo H19S 1Yo.’ aj o od) @ o my @) c'mg)% p_flmflcxgmoa@om N @)@ o 9.a10gj01ab 8 dog {lom & )at af)ggEoem w0y 2B0I88 &0 ISHEM afl1062) The gy il MuYEBE aemimalnail mmenrsleona aiorle@oso, 1ule of v ™M @) 2l B> o DOetic diet; (¢) Malayalam poets would seem to regard initial rhyme (uoted yq indispensable to all good poetry; and the shifts and devices Preach heye they are driven to in their anxiety to fulfil this paramount 4 Certain gy condition of poetic excellence, are mainly answerable for most Fial to 9] : of the defects and peculiarities of Malayalam poetry. It is lmPOItant D not easy to trace with any degree of certainty the source from ¢ fiowhere; — 149 o ?)3 which this idea or this pfactice originated. It is rather the exception than the rule in Sanskrit Slokas, and Ezhuthatchan’s works show that it was not insisted upon by hém. If 1 may hazard a conjecture, I think it was with the introduction of A works the so-called @sm)yango style of composition that the innova- tion first came into vogue. The earlier ¢ Pattoos’ such as, oye avglg s , BeoaSlgog , ®Ba s , ajepalg s etc. are free alike from the trammels of initial rhyme and the barbarity of a super- 0000 & wo, abundant Sanskrit diction. They are, notwithstanding, elegant, simple and flowing. I shall give an example to court com- parison :— moisdo, 62003 ) 998 )88 aD A ITDRI DB 0 aQBAMIS BIOOIMNSIAVER QIBMIS 8010808 QGO &.alE )G D @IZOWENODLO B.0198) B0 @.019 ) 010 o oo SIS OB a6 )E@se o eaglewdlsanewiry)ayd) @arle B&»S00aaab BreeLand Q10PemIods mgo QUM @) 12 )gy0suRy BQIBM HOSOGNIG QUAaMalo QIS )M GHOEMO2OANESH? 2 @®8aES JWeo SHIAOHTD 6).2)0 QY )dh AJO@IRIHZAD el ol®IHRESI? DO.0100N B2l o Mmoo aflosese @eJog b 8@oeilag Hale) WEIHESES, ; nay P eoogy glgles. pmaie The shackles, which a strict adherence to this conventional 50, rule of versification imposes upon true poetic thoughts and poetic diction, are amply illustrated by the examples already {flm(\fl{mo. oy fial rhyme guoted under <@’ and b’. But I am not to be understood to 101 and Jevices preach here a general crusade against rhymes of all kinds; g pa.ramount a certain amount of cadence, and rhythmic measure is essen- tial to all poetic compositions, as otherwise one of the most able for most I8 important points of difference between prose and verse would oetry. I from be nowhere; especially would such be the case in a language ) SOU.I'C? 150 like Malayalam where versification includes the fulfilment of ol i the conditions of at least one musical tune called oo or B\, 8% (/) Though the most glaring acts of plagiarism are com- ale (0] mitted without the least scruples, Malayalam poets very sel- dom make use of quotations, and when they do, it is only the 'TBCQ n substance and never the very words that are quoted. One o) reason for this may be the absence of any specific quotation o marks; but I think the main reason is to be sought for else- fi%}@! where—the absence of printing which made a work generally Lol difficult of access, and the palm-leaf ‘Grandhas’ used in the (e place of books which made reference difficult and laborious, 800 Qs offered a premium for plagiarism of all kinds by reason of o the security thus afforded against detection and discovery. 10 (9) But it must be conceded that Malayalam poetry, 84 whether in Slokas or Pattoos is, as a rule, more melodious ) m D1 and musical than English poems in which melody and har- mony are not the sine qua non of correct versification that they are in Malayalam. An English piece has to be specially (LA set to music before it can be sung, but Malayalam poetic DAM compositions of whatsoever kind must be capable of being 20 sung at least to one tune. In many passages the sense vibrates Gener in such admirable unison with the sound that one is never @0 tired of reading them. Here are a few examples of the kind : 09 1 S0 SBoaflen émdlRmocme@sal 208R1WAI®®Qi)ea198 )@ @210 6@ eflenesaom aflaead afaNem afemoe @aiele audloemmycmreoams’lacoss ). & ey MO a0 W Wl So & oD ). BRI @ 1 D 1S0EQIMEY BHIDS THIRD 6 @A o@o_fl(ab olosoo 2@l mmfla@mflafiwflm @oabo a3lansals aJoad 01 eed9IS)IeWI H.alqg G oS .210010 20K 18@0 alemISI@ISe AW IGel Ggalamizoaioge &w)Geo @8R @12 20t &)SIG0I BLrIRS S IEL BANIEANESSIBA @100 aan dwlews a1reawad)ewane & lg)ews 151 flment, of andmmon it @) «goado 1w Gaomlad anrea QIOBNVAY, PTNE) O 98&03@ 20 HQIB 0103 @om@uBQEQmflwo 0o 01 @), =) gt lte Q18210088 M GmsSOD 6ale allgEen 11216 COm- Sodeiodess 0O agaPo CHSAIVIDEE ZBODD @O @A 1R0 HB 01WER BO%oé@moL@m@@Q Tery sel- Q@&@J@J@ HE Ha_1RBS 0 Qoaflé&mugoo aNemorQIBA9 s only the ted. One amiol qUEMIEag]) OO HS:INIaE agom ayaigl] afoeodlod 2eid ©.a18M20 moailar] almeLdd Sg),EM20 (uotation 1t for else- &5%;8) @Obo PEMBER My TV BHNARBE WaME2D 0 g@EMERE00I $HIBOOD oGOV HaioaTsIeh SRIBANIT 29BAND generally $0.0{)88Q 89 )W 0108210 MRy LMWBAQe alad la¥]eoo sed In the n@ois o aF)aitan MmIg0WEAGBY Qo (DO @0a00 &8 Qo RAIBRI PINREMIB0 HB Qo @EM BRI laborious, ansimag]le ®QJ0 600 @8%98&@@ wWmMBAY 163801 0 Sgplae gy S6m318®0 22& QAN olmozens 1@ Covery. Eoefl.@o@% NEIEw@o wfldg&eo@m«on @eabo &g )ews E&mujmnbopav @eabo mgy emModIDlallg &d)ewo . POELLY, melodious ogqam%@%w% 203)8010 ad)ellos)om Galdio WR)B.210 D00 OHIO aIEWO leO BIUe AIWAN a1$lew®o. y and hat- @IS . cation that 3 TVIROBF)WOS 2IYYo EHSILNCBOB1PWANE 03 1EUE@IWo he specially HOAVIM0 21D HIMAIZ S coad R ewISIBIB) ays o Wo lam poetic 20O )0 )SW e GHoaMIGE MHIBR OB IMWOS AVIZBUY) Wo e of being semailewimiad seemlsarilaidk semam olludlmoaisus o nse vibrates @8, Wo EVSMR) 6.a\aT) 3] BRI s ne 15 never g@@J@@@Jao\VE =) of thekind.: @YD) HMR0RI) o8B0 ete, Nngadlmo &0 4, @988 @alen?) Wdleicialzem) Ba0 298PV A0 ElamEoE3MY @IS AW 80 @5&_% aNHAOAIN QIA0 aLI2EUIRQIY2E GBS 1} RIPBGCHH IS |0 ) el A 19200003 )6m IR ol 8s @ro a«osaonCJoLaflSoLaoo@aoSJm«d? ME aBl®o & LoD ) o 15 5. ©g};08L108118H001(@ 10 J0a0® 21010SISAT) (@ BMUT IR B0 would see aNEegx0E)mand) (s leigeizanowe(y £302100) €lgm 0 style call @Boe’] Ve @) EyalESala j@md BB&:IZ saTVERCMO But ey &mm(@omocfim@@s@gwc@mm@mc mai@eflgsmms)@m. askance b BB WOWo &IOS t00 of th againsh 1t (k) Sanskrit words and expressions are drafted into Malayalam poetic lines with a degree of laxity and noncon- cern that may well surprise the most casual reader; in many cases they form the majority, in some the pure Malayalam terms are limited to the connecting links, while a good many slokas are composed entirely in Sanskrit as is the case not- Malay: yalees hay ably with the dramas called egsesg). These are annually still the prescribed as Malayalam text-books for the University day, 2 go Examinations, though their sole claim to be considered as yalam spe part of Malayalam literature lies in the fact that they are written in Malayalam, and not in Devanagari characters. Poetic Quotations nos. 1, 4 and 5 given under (g) are examples of Ever this kind of composition. has its o] Wise attai The fact would seem to be that long after Malayalam had secured for itself an independent existence, it was looked upon Engiish; ¥ ches an 4 by the Malayalees as only a pafois spoken by the lower orders of society, and as such not dignified enough to deserve the Bullogs notice and recognition of the educated classes, who still dealt Iiterature, only in Sanskrit. In the indigenous Malayalam Schools Sans- st he ¢ krit was introduced as soon as the pupils had mastered the T&tiflg eveq Malayalam alphabet, and was continued throughout their exploits of scholastic career, Malayalam coming in only as a medium for Phenomeno: translation. The English reader will here find an analogy with the position of Latin in the curriculum of early English the ¢omy, Schools. The few poetic lights too that rose among the people a0 n gy during the transitional period of the language, did dot dare With the ne to make pure Maltayalam the vehicle of their effusions, but o Ll 153 1} would seem to have struck a compromise by adop‘ting a mixed style called <Manipravalan’ (@smejango). But even this compromise would appear to have been viewed askance by the orthodox classes, and the wits and satirists »g) too of the period would seem to have directed their shafts against it, as the following sloka shows: afted into B0 Al 1N ) QIBa0IWo 1d noncon- GBS AIB 1B )2 N ERl '+ 10 many @50@@)6‘(’0%@@@(@ 8 Malayalan MYRBLI8E rf)EMYEU(EIIVS good many Malayalam has since made striking progress, and Mala- e ase not- yalees have won academic honors, and risen to eminence, but o annually still the prejudice remains almost the same; and to this University day, ‘a good Malayalam Scholar’ is synonymous with ‘a Mala- isidered 2 yalam speaking Sanskritist’. at they are Poetic literature compared. characters. Every branch of poetic literature from ballad to drama amples of has its full complement of numerical strength, and has like- wise attained to the highest possible pitch of excellence in ayalam had English; while Malayalam is yet incomplete in several bran- Tooked upon Jower orders ches and a perfect blank in not a few. Jeserve the Ballads. Malayalam is very poor in this branch of its literature, though there is no denying the fact that many 10 still dealt chools Sans- must be current in different parts of the country, commemo- rating events of local importance and interest such as the patered. the exploits of a hero, the occurrance of an extraordinary natural wohort theit But , medium for phenomenon or the visitation of same local calamity. being confined to particular spots and particular sections of g analogy arly Toglih the community, they are inaccessible and unknown to the rest; and no antiquarian has yet risen among the people endowed g te peopté with the necessary earnestness of purpose, intensity of inter- Gl do e est and sufficiency of means and influence, to attempt a com- fusions, 00 154 plete or even a partial collection of them. I shall proceed to ciation 00 due more notice a few that are current in this part of the country. (1) @eoyoslaos. This is a form of ballad poetry sung any inher unlettered in chorus by the labouring classes when engaged in any kind of light work that does not require much moving about. sing them, Origin. It derives its name from Thacholi- Odenan, a from- eocn ments of f famous warrior of the Kirtip caste who lived probably some three or four hundred years ago. His abode together with these are I give helc many confirmatory evidence of his wonderful exploits is still pointed out in Badagara, in North Malabar. There is a minor 8 well-to-d temple (e00y) near the place where he and his squire .asgyob are deified ; and once a year during the annual festival (20m01), the credulous are treated to a sight of these worthies and a sham representation of their original exploits. The life and character of these heroes bear a close resemblance to those of Robinhood and Little John. Though these ballads undoubtedly originated as a popular recitation of Odenan’s exploits, they now include a variety of subjects, and their number is such that a collection of them would fill a couple of good-sized volumes. They still remain unwritten and no attempt is yet made to rescue them from their precarious position, and secure once for all, a settled and permanent place for them among the literature of the country.* From an historical point of view too, they are entitled ‘to better consideration, as throwing a flood of light upon many a knotty point in the contemporary local history, besides enlightening us as to the mode of life and the system of Government pre- vailing then. The style is simple, pure, and flowing, in fact, the langu- age 1s pre-eminently ‘Malayalam undefiled’. The large num- ber of slang and vulgar expressions, and the corrupt pronun- * A few folk songs, alluding to historical occurrences, including the exploits of Odenan, have been collected by the Rev. E. Diez.— Ed. — —— 155 Proceed ciation one so often hears when Thacholy pattoo 1s sung, ar untry due more to the ignorance of the singers themselves, than to 0etty sung any inherent defects in the composition It is chiefly the that 1 a1y kind unlettered sons, or rather the daughters of the soil hout sing them, and they would make the same mess of a sloka The mbellish- Odenan, a from eoenseamgo or a couplet from @acocoemo hably some ments of figures too, are not altogether wanting, and some of these are short and sweet, and very neat in theirapplication vether with Joits 15 still I give below the lines describing the personal equipments of a well-to-do Nair 18 & MInor e Am&:;nfi A06MZRs Galnw l@an e&Hag |ab al festival %m@cssflm %O_)dam ite=1e0) @mmfl I8 SEHAM 00 GHeIan ose worthies &V B)OWAN0 &S B6)AA0 ploits, The MOAIN AT Ao BGalQ BN resemblance MWD &S| @RI GAIHO BMIg hese hallads Bwo &) gawo BQINO B (denan’s SHSADAIWIMIST AWRAIY d their @I IMISME 2105 OIS fil a coupl Qa_toaaaweé(ofl 2S)1QYo OB 2 os0g)al Bpj00aemIOER) ften and 10 & (D) 921603 25901005 6o’ ¢ precatious 2N og)O@®ITE @e1Ha D) .em@ | pelnment u%(g@mooommmmflego &O.l:g eyt Hrom 1<) ARSETISNO &.2IQ AN o o hetier oeg e aflmpd)s moel aNeedss ©a.080200 o 17 & notty @®mho HSEPEo LIT®e YW 6D (M3 @) O M2gmo MIWOAIN[D0 ernment Pré @K@ @@)D@(Dm{)@gflo@m@%’) MIB8 90 QIYEA] NGQIPHMI oSlgo &8 0 aYsQIEOM! he langl- 6D OZAN@ GHBIS Q0o 6 23D o large DU @OOZANE 1GOBLS QIIPEaNIDI0 pupt PO @IS Itk Caag |ad mineasIZiwls @weh )b ading o explol® N 290 S06mId Gy e 156 st The metre. 1t is difficult to ascertain with accuracy the ing the | metre of these popular ballads. It would appear that the short by ordinary distinction between @ and ewq does not hold good lengthen in their case, and that they are solely regulated by the num- split som ber of avarce or vowels. Each line has three pauses the It 15 su difficulties position of which shifts according to the tune they are sung to, for they are very elastic in this respect, and admit of vulgar tor being accommodated to a variety of tunes. The following QoMY Do couplets are divided after the most common tune. would hec comm [ aflerles | dlgsan 900,165 6y as single | omogial [ dlgengo / @B S . particular The vowels would seem to be disposed in the following method of order in this arrangement : Q(fi):mo+ v/ / 7 / s stands red The first two pauses are of equal length, and contain three the it 1 vowels each, while the last has four. The third, fourth, and alamgog gy the tenth, are doubly long vowels, 4. e. their musical length is koS equal to twice that of a long vowel and are marked thus ? able to g the first vowel may be either short or long. This tune is regulation most popular in South Malabar. grasp of I 1 Thachg, EREOBIS | eoessss | esmosamio o/ /V\./ /UVVU three Pause 2 the diffepey @108 1n / egj02m | ®eos)Qemmab NS\ / N\ / A A Dlaces it} QP a0 | ompaD aigs’) / 8g|2@BaN @0 () Doy, R Wm[)osition, VY e / 7\ ~/ dicton, | The above represent some of the most popular tunes Tather Jop / current in North Malabar. Ten letters to a line seems to be ring fho | the ordinary rule, though sometimes as many as thirteen are found. But it must be remembered that in the actual sing- N(frth Malgh &h ang 3 ing, the extra letters are either hurried over or elided, bring- ultimate]y . e 157 —— uracy the ing the line to the normal length; so also, when a line is too * that the short by a letter or two, the remedy resorted to, is either to hold good lengthen out certain letters to twice their usual length, or to - the nume split some of the compound letters into their components. auses the It is such conventional methods of tiding over metrical ate sung difficulties that are mainly responsible for the quaint and 0 admit of vulgar tone of these poems. Take for instance the line «gyo ¢ following QIEMYP DA IEE |8g |I@BEIN o, In the actual recitation the line would become og)spm? @Y@Cx’;’ o) O o@@gfl@afloma@mmo 0r QPO 10N someg’leg pmeanao the @ @, ™ o and o og should be sounded as single letters combined with an eooweseo followed by the particular vowel coming after. I have adopted the following ¢ following method of marking these singular compounds: © o= + e, 6)0"5’::0’;)—*-0@), 6)(‘61’0?:(01’0?—{—0@ Thus manipulated, the line So also stands reduced to its normal length of ten letters. the first line in the passage quoted: awemgees smean ggjob= ontain three fourth, and aemges Sman ogaglm; and again eig)aessmoosmo @.01Ba = 0155 )RS I I6MoO @881 = oIS )ARSEBIEMo E.alQEsaD . We are thus cal length 18 | thus = able to arrive at the genmeral law regarding the metrical regulation of Thacholi Pattoo, which has hitherto eluded the This tane 18 grasp of Malayalam rhetoricians:— Thacholi pattoo has fen letters to a line, distributed into three pauses of three, three and four letters respectively; but the difference of tune may shift these pauses one or two k places either way. i (2) Darika-Vadham (eodieaio) represents a form of poetic composition, not far removed from the ballad. In style and memo plais) diction, it ranks just above Thacholi Patioo. The poem 1is lar funes rather long, and is generally recited by a band of young men opt ‘during the annual festival in some of the Kali temples of 6 866 s fo.be North Malabar. < thirfeen 042 It celebrates the fight between the goddess Kali and a demon called Darika; the goddess triumphs . actual sing- ultimately, and despatches him to the great relief of the | elideda bl‘iflg oppressed world. The following quotation may serve for a by specimen. style, and the Thott 320} 01000, of the wo €000 L6 MNRIIBAIM 2YWE W GEAIGHAICW) The Thot MIAIDIS a0V 6)@10562(’(’0(3%0 MERIPESa0ITVo g (ECT)(O@’U;’ dancers’ o ®0EQ0Q 010 )& B0 BREG |50 for the p @033 {9t ERYYIS80 SalERANEGR|0 them the mgy 2odlge aflogaandgyo landatory afloan epmamro N smpanow)) manner o @O0 2 ISOHRIB ASHs) ®Qla esa1ga’)2opagsmeano exploits, B A2 SOOI Ga10@Ee|o Stotrams @AM §2)aR98 ) o1 )& b BnR a very lig gegaidlmoaio &0suyIAD t0 all cast Space will @8g o aflasmneaailaemgymio QIAPBBIS DU T 1060y @S ) mgd@eJcszfl%og@g BB D BRQINIT B30 O3 106y MBLY0 afgio (OO0 OBINTEIM BILIGT aFlgo HIRADEER IHDIT BIOT) avoalo ©01@] pIO@ESMY .aflaid (8o a_flsfi__%Qggomroom BODOD ® 8 9 v o 4 4 o 8 s e 4 e e s s s e s e s e eSlwemgan afleio@mmo @sallg)asan ailai®eaeg jods 210610 NS BREANINDIT3 @S(D(GTO;’ Q10607 MNSELEANINDIT BIDTI 0. @)D )RIGNSDIT B DD O&IMYo GHWL] IPHDIB EIUITDY ag)Qlo aelasel AflUoEnB8gade saaflavallow wamsor @s) ME] NoWBAINA) aIPARALS GRG0 MONMDIBH QI )erDEIN 0. N. B. The metre is four @@ to the first, 7 to the 2nd and 8to the 3rd pause. é 159 rve for o (3) Thottom (6®0000). Allied to this, both in point of style, and the practical use to which they are turned, come the Thottoms. The name seems to be a popular corruption of the word emp@. though at the present day emp@o and emoooo represent quite different forms of poetic composition. The Thottoms are chanted by the Malayars or the c<devil- dancers’ of Malabar, during the annual festivities in ¢Kavoos’, for the purpose of exciting the dancers, and inducing into them the particular devil, or eom@xp. They are generally landatory biographies of these Thaiyyoms, detailing the manner of their wonderful births and their superhuman The exploits. The tune is a long-drawn monotonous bass. «Stotrams’ on the other hand, belong to poetic composition of a very high order, and are chanted by magicians, who belong to all castes of the Hindus, during the ceremony of exorcism. Space will not permit me to quote more than a few lines of each. GdINO 0. BN OO0 Q0™ O TVRAIGEaId a@emMes) AB)HownHbo §.a3)w 2ICrEW af) agPOaNER0 MEY V2o MBS OM ag@sslag) mgy 02101 LHOMEW o) MOModRIB] MEY Al mMBEaN EP@ay) A emoeWIR) Ha 100D AGHM S HISOHOGRY M eOado MRy 21 NIBEA? caafl@gegy mlendo a0z a&:em Mo21910 MIOMOO®I® WIZo HAIIBBHOHM ) WIATB D MEY AIURHIRABD OO®d I2TBKD MLy alo@HIATB®d I8} VIZEY LIOA ZaNo QEVALL L &® go Aap MIewesd YAV )RICSMo O NS WEBISEMo o3) &0 @IBSEeMo SGBEAM@o0 G lHHWIAD QILIQY) HQIBSHEMO @oallgano avalaoel a1¥) MSes8aN? Q) HIMEYPINBHANEY0 HAIIBOBO HAINBSM { pauge: o the 3t ety 160 aJ@ B850 aJomailel Ha O HaIRBHAD D@BMIBIWD Qo MNQY O EHRIIHD P2EAOIBMAIDM) S@ess lotoooad. 0y @ SIB@E®I0 0o [) GOy 0,0)0- w0l WBlal BlaIOM WBlAMHS MM @AM WEMMIWSHHM LBBEMo. 0 RAUBAIS HDEM )@ o Q063 2o @ajeonm myeig lmaisem] 0 2O QIEMI AV EI&15mLo algalel) 22 o9d) smom Al )amow) X oM )Ee 22 ogElud)dmaiwabd & DBRHHIWDRBo DBMNILNWDS AlPREMAVBPIR0 ERLAM I IIDo ete etce ete ete 01e (4) The <Kalapattoo (esgyps) and <Pulluva Pattoo’ (ejegal gs) also belong to the same category. The first is chanted il by a choir of astrologers (eerlead) during the oyeles) (cor- [ rupted from the ojoavaimo of the Brahmins, 4.e. the ceremony ] o0 performed during the first pregnancy of a woman), the second by Pulluvers (ayegcucb), also in choirs, as a means of appeas- 08 Qg ing the manés of some departed female, who met her death 06 under rather suspicious circumstances. Rlts (5) Kurathi Pattoo (soodgps).—A step higher in the ) ladder comes what is called Kurathi Pattoo, sung by ‘Kura- R thies’ or the gipsy females of Malabar, from house to house to o0 81 a sort of musical accompaniment not far removed from the f primitive tongs and bones’. An excellent poem called aflwab of) eq, may also be considered here. It celebrates the achieve- RS ments of Kuraven and his wife, whose services in the ‘black foy art’ were secretly engaged by the ‘Kuroos’ and the ‘Pandoos’ 0 The ) respectively in their great struggle for supremacy. metre is rather peculiar, but very melodious. Here are a few lines from it. Z’QOg 1T ES cLCWPCIDOY fichnvaCg QO OBy §a1 ¥ a10 0100 * * % B * ‘A o Ul ES i S©erogY(0 5b@e epwww(® ‘rmé S00pUed: i (f8ero (@OrvADOTY RO 5690 soufg 20 O Wroo® (W YL Scwe|Y BeeoSiroe s 9 eFBpocoSase volumovecSEe pa(W %z@ 01 rooe ap(w e fFroctero Bemus(ro ofsoro obuwwe olwsgerve ermmfi. o) 004 oAt WECMDMNS @Y FEirvy@RETveIO® oy asn0g 0} &8 0@ 8w cfSpwem| Ve W WoNtE s 44 fu (N Yro QIO s WM @9 [ §HCERIOCTD @comm?.e w8 (98 Eromusero o 1 4 T5TOYY POWSSCEOH [FIEOWO Ecoo| e fuwceo e [Fog cwsrase ep 7 49 qQLCELIVO® Ao Wb @r@er%@ spalde Jo SO fFoem orv@tes@ro oefusw , @ec.omhteur@@gmmoflc@ (@O A [y LUAEE o} i {aoma100 o o (sieoweBloqwon (poe woeoBoro &0 scfFgro -100) (59(ET ofowew elro oforgeeEro POJUET ! SEErogY|fo (O ab(@8 mes verootE rofefo) ) RSB Birvg YrouoL@®© * * L * £ ES ES s QLULRFHCOO ood@oé*rmmfi @8 Bromro®@ o%Wm@c QB sfee U Ep UL ® O EIo0r WoEeEeET T awro PF(Fe SwieoE(sHistws seiwe|Houe T (rFgw© covey WIFEEIwe WEorvroy ScroeSan® ofd|@(ER@ ofp(Yirve( @B Wmo(o (Wwro Stewew QPLLTEINID @@OWreN(fo £usr o pcmeBanUw fFroe FE(UDE QE@OWTen(fO Qr@oeg@geo@flo@ PBOMOW(©@ aro@ee B (Ws(rv s |[Sow QoL B pw(@Ws(o rodbold sfs|pstwee ofD(JHTO DO PSEPIOMUETD (O OPVRCDY(PTOO 000608 O0® £0rv E(WUICOUIFOVY W(LIOWIVO L@ NV MNCN VBT B O PP QA QUOMD(Q BEWUEPYMD OQUO(W CHPRFYID WYY * QO @Q&fit 191 16 al@1).o) os) aflvab@:or) ZS)oimn hran 200.0) 03] cMLAIOE BS).ojo e molal 20001 mnedleanar).ofld)lesw)gy (! 210.51Qo Bal21Qo aflY OWanes Go @"J&;ag; S04 80 1000sB02IY ATl PWOE havei PHOHMNYo HS0MEE alaNIAIG 95T QIBDD 2@ oglab aGmniablmo m@dlasle s the ] § 2HOHMQYHAS O QI NSO L BmIodd Rama 2Y¥BIAI HA YYD SHgrasldo 2S1WIO® S0QIMo MSATY &.0198]) gadha its o 2&:M6M AIZIG00 A I0WIA)Eg {9dd S@BMISAUIPEAM D 3R d archal embel] Mo oERINSHAN &mmm%ommfl ;j§ @ ¥lallgemgsmen) a3)waje &or) &l IMas 1OOMO 205, o e oo . (10 matic The vast number of @@andlogs, posw@alsg, i, 00563 oodedslgos, also fall under this class. %f with th (6) ‘Ottam-thullal (e0g0oamcd) is a new style of versifi- 1EW W cation introduced by @smmbmayod, who has left behind him a8 exar many works written in this style. Their composition is such, Within that by proper modulations of the voice a clever actor is able j’ heen 1 to express various feelings and sentiments in a very vivid Dumbe; and 1Impressive manner. - having (1) “Manipravalom’ ( @mfl@mogo) _This has already been Veteran i referred to under (%). The most important works belonging Thampu to it are @@ adloo, aiaflanoe) Qowo, D@aimymey Yomo and a 2 i few others; it has also received valuable accession to its ranks from among the recent productions, such as exenwamao, ege The avemwo €efc. 0f agogy (8) Satirical and humorous works.—The Malayalam liter- and pog I am not aware ature is lamentably poor in both these lines. 13y hay of any poetic work, that has the slightest claim to be con- Loetry sidered satirical, though as a school-boy, I remember to have Ineyyg) heard a short poem in eight Slokas called assoeneo which is a definite truly sarcastic in tone. We are more fortunate in the other i 2 B S Slb Ne i Comgy g i 163 - — branch, as we happen to possess one complete poem called ndladloo lately published with a preface by O. Chandu Menon. (9) “Epic Poetry’.—Ezhuthatchan’s famous Kilippattoos (&0 glgyos) are the nearest approach to the English epics that we have in Malayalam. These are ‘the Ramayana’, ‘the Bharata’, the ¢‘Bhagavata’, and some of the Puranas. The ¢Valmiki Ramayanam’ also belongs to the same class. The ‘Krishna- gadha’ (ggwon) ascribed to aymadled mmyeN@) has a metre of its own. It is written in pure Malayalam, though the use of archaic terms and expressions, and a profusion of figurative embellishments, certainly go to detract from its merits. (10) <The Drama’.—Till very lately, the only kind of dra- matic composition known to Malayalam literature, was AT @pseng), of which there exist now, some fifty or fifty-two; but with the impetus the study of Malayalam has lately received, ' yersifl new works and new styles of writing have come into vogue, ind him as examples of which I may mention the novel and the mosewo. 15 such, Within the last decade a good many Sanskrit dramas have i is able been translated into Malayalam, and what is more, a large ry vivid number have also been brought to the stage. The credit of having taken the initiative in this direction, belongs to that eady been veteran scholar of Travancore, Kerala Varma Valia-Coil Thampuran, F. M. U., C.S8.I. helonging moand& 1V Metre and Versification. it ranks MEY @%fi) The natural law of ‘work and rest’ makes the alternation of accented and unaccented syllables essential alike in prose and poetry, so that the voice, after it has made a strong effort, o LeY But in may have some relaxation prior to a similar effort. poetry this alternation must recur metrically, or at regular o be ool op 10 haT8 intervals, within a series of words or syllables called measures, a definite number of which constitutes a poetic line. It be- ik 8 , the ofher comes necessary to bear in mind, at the very outset, an im- 11 e portant point of difference between the two languages in this expal respect, . e. that while in English, syllables are metrically (_afarea divided into accented and unaccented, determined by the cor- of letf rect pronunciation of the words in which they occur, they are quarte either short or long, ewy or o, in Malayalam, according to e, 8 a conventional method of classification. I give below the Sanskrit dictum on this head, which is also applicable to the Malayalam poetry with equal force. ¢ VoY B0 Blapio AVIABAV. 100 ATV AVOYB0 aNessm@admEo (H@a 1RIamMane aileseym’ i. e. those immediately preceding double letters, or combined with long vewels, with eomaviome (@eo) or ‘with aflauge’ (two dots one above the other) are called wm or long, and all the rest eiony or short ones. The student will here call to mind the remarks already made under the alphabet, that all con- sonants are pronounced in Malayalam, as if combined with some vowel or other, and that accentuation and syllabification are unknown in the language. The real consonants (m@bocefia The ty @o) such as @, &, & and o are extra metrical, and left out of compti account in all metrical computations. A foof is called a ‘gana’ (uarter (vemo) in Malayalam, and is made up of three letters, accord- 0ne or ing to the metrical nature and distribution of which eight Sloha w varieties are known, viz., @, o, @, @, =, av, @ and o ‘ganas’. Iefre, The following sloka explains their constitution: mnemor ‘ @QE 2R, 001 TVIBM e W@ A190alQlis EERaVIHUINE QI W) POHMIY DDLINCAQID’, iit. the Each Sloka or poetic stanza in Malayalam consists of four € Zanay | lines or ¢ Padams’ (aaceo), which are generally similar or alter- Dauseg ¢ nately similar. The difference of length and constitution of R’«dms, these lines affords almost an endless variety of metrical Al arrangements, that is enough to satisfy all imaginable vagaries §overy of verification; but when in addition, there still remain no the 0thg, less than sixteen thousand and eight mowo or musical tunes, Subjegt { by which this vast array is to be multiplied, their stupendous ngeq ]]()tj B 165 S this expansion almost staggers our conceptibn. The ¢Chandas’ cally (aomad) is a classification of metre according to the number ) 001 of letters, irrespective of their qualify, which each ‘Pada’ or are quarter-stanza contains. Twenty-seven of these are enumerat- ) ed, as in the following slokas: the 1 o the ‘g:_ee@)o@ S0 @moa@g)o ()@ eomy 00y oy alf @0 e h(©) %2%’%.00’5%&55 @ao«fi]a_x m N8 alal,’ hined ‘@leney, LW 181 @LOIDH IR DD DD (to W& 1TV oylioay)e 11 the nind ecfi@@@fl LAY mésu@.’ 3. ‘W @) W OOl | con- HP) ()BT ] with ailgdf) gl dloau@ial cation @LIE ) BB @b @ ). xoio&@m The twenty-seventh is called ‘Dandaka’ (esmwe.comad) and out of comprises all slokas with more than twenty-six letters to the quarter. Each ¢ Pada’ has further to satisfy the condition of oand’ aecord- one or more metrical pauses, called w@af. The following sloka will show the manner in which the coniposition of each ) eight metre, and the position of its pauses are compressed into =ganas’. mnemonical dictums in Sanskrit: ‘ROHDIVMH OB ol MmO @mm@mowgg’fim(o’]mfl’. i. e. the metre called Wewosns) is composed of @, @, m, av and of four e ganams, followed by a a or ‘laghw’, and a « or ‘gurw’, the pauses or o) being same as the number of fastes and of 7 alter- ufion of Rudras, or at the 6th and 11th letters. etrical All the rules detailed above, refer only to slokas, and govern the Manipravala style of composition in Malayalam, Vagaries main 10 the other varieties of poetic composition being in couplets, and subject to quite a different system of metrical rules, which need not, however, be explained here. pendors — 166 — Europeans are hardly ever able to understand, and appre- ciate the musical fune, or the metrical structure of the Mala- yalam poetic pieces they so minutely study in other respects, and the result is that while some of them, and notably the German Missionaries, are able to write books in Malayalam prose, not one has yet dared to soar into the region of Mala- yalam poetic composition. There are of course the Malayalam hymns called @mflwSlomak. But they would seem to follow the European style of versification, and the musical tunes of their English or German originals; many are not wanting in the embellishments of rhyme and alliteration. I give below a few extracts which speak for themselves: Cor (1 1 P&a0 @0 a1 Ao @@fl! from ¢ @ 6D Q100100 ey @) mas, { LISWESH S SHBO); — a0Og)ayWo! oo @ @ s cnmaséabd, very b without mflmg}} (o)o%am'] 2\QOS, mefre ¢ mlea mezmsamad, — congyel@o! 3 - aNwoallemed Panrs@o gance, | Ruomo ailg aydloo; ailweoniseiogo @ Qlwo; — a0egiey@a! 2@ O 2POHANIR: Pa0d0d aild)emo aflab aflg sgasad )@ leh, emoaeo ooy aload. — a0®Rjaywo! @@ anNIear o @) 0020, 2@) G Ids) avgies, aILd) MS@) QIYPEI; — a0Nyey@! (2) GBad Qo @2a0a Yo @sg0— B2 QIWEME 1) o_mgi- Qiab; ©4) aVgBo @Y ITOS0 gaoeido aies.pjaiab! D& Ballo nlMI.AIE0; aN@@iale o¥lab W loa0savmo. Q08 Rjay Wo! e 167 — pre- 200k agar) 2a00(0)QyOD) ®g |&@d @t agS@s 1ejo, [ala- oflggo.;@mog crueocffl%;m'\ ects, D@0 Mpalloieeanyo the anmmyelscn ailssb alam Slneo Cnids) Galto aloab. aosaggeé,cmo! [ala HOHUBDMOOD HaltQBz0 LI | alam mcég 106y GF8@0? ollow @saflah el LE@E@ds) adlad @mfl@o%@o afeeo! s 0f 292@)18g |0 2a0EIMO — 1g 11 sob aRal) aogo @EbAMEMo. — e lDIIN LN &) ) @ 3 & o3 . €8 «Comparisons are odious’, no doubt, but the following lines from ‘Nalacharite’, as well as portions of several other dra- mas, tend to show that the language is capable of taking a very high degree of refinement, in alliteration and rhyme, without necessarily deviating from the beaten tracks of its metre and versification, or sacrificing the meaning and ele- gance, at the altar of harmony and studied purity. ke @0 — © LRI, @80 — Q3 WSD, @OSES 10NIBMI MINSIGYo a joad e o ences; o gueg, b QJj 9830 O eMEscd eqgem DHOROMN DY G&nwomd. 2l O2wIAN ) — A IWSaD, oames @W@nb o OO US leuy A MOS0 1O ailemeny &an G@@W@Eo@'\mflmowfi@m @060 BOOMOID o @& Iad ol almlsuy @M@ N W) 02CW — BB BN BW Galso (PRACW WABW, 168 that w Ay tem) — eHalaus of bis @naflsesd qUBSORXD, ERGHO2 GLGUWRB D tion, tl @)oo &0 @Bk amavy alaavs afld)oe o oo fine 1 S0208 )3 do @8N a3lm.2300b — E1208 0B )@d OO )G GealnallelmeemmiseIPan@d)mod @ mwdo seem f Modl20@e MNQIRAVEMBZ0, MWAo EIWA0 BWQ o0y @Wa o beauty MISER g |QIBRIS MSE|®. most {l 4, differen WMD) — OalmIS. quoted Q) EHNSIMR Ql0.ald0, D OFRANITVD BOERB:0 nature, a)BANINSBANIG VAN L3 WM BFHAH AN HSHID B b sentenc Qian i aosoy @smuslndlamemmo.olamee Dan EHS)Y MO OIS ZeId)ndmMDo make, { commor v 0 gire Fligures of Speech. ence to I admit, that the variety and importance of figures, entitles enough- them to exhaustive consideration in a work of this nature, saps A but it is equally patent that to do so would swell out this emamfi‘), chapter to twice its present size. I am, therefore constrained portant to dismiss them with the briefest notice possible. Some re- coals to marks about them have already been made in a rather in- with figz formal manner under b. and ¢. in iii.,, to which I can add very little here. It is however a matter of relief to the Malayalam student, that from among the vast array of figures marshalled out by Sanskrit rhetoricians, in a most appalling manner, in their learned treatises, only a very limited number, indeed, has been selected by Malayalam poets to compass the decorative ends of their poetic effusions. And, if we leave out of account the Sanskrit-Malayalam productions which go by the name of ‘Attakal?? and the quasi-Sanskrit compositions called ‘Mani- pravalam’, the number really dwindles down to the magnitude of the proverbial nutshell. One of the most important points, — 169 [P— that would strike an English reader, at the very initial stage IS of his acquaintance with them, is the subtle line of demarka- tion, that runs between Metaphor and Simile in some of their fine ramifications, and the almost unperceptible niceties that seem to characterise some others of the fraternity. Feminine beauty and erotic feelings are the two heads under which al- most the entire stock of illustrative examples fall, and the difference of taste and social etiquette, prevents their being quoted in English works, especially those of an educational nature. The Sanskrit rhetorician sees figures in almost every sentence we use, and almost every expression of sentiment we make, that is in the least removed from the ordinary and the common place.—To quote a proverb is a figure (eansssa)), to give it a special application another (s.aeesoed)), and refer- ence to the habits of plants and animals is also important ntitles enough to deserve the ensignia of a third, as when a man nature, says ‘A bird shoots up to the sky with its wings closed’ (avaeo vut fihiS tso.meemfl) s The interchange of tenses (soaflew), allusions to im- trained portant events of history (esomoaimino), and even carrying me 16 coals to Newcastle (soaewsmo) are similarly exalted and clothed her in- with figures. 1d very udent, B D e — out by in their 15 heed 7o ends account name of | M &g[}itude f points 1 1 through | as if in 1 Chapter VII. withont fo of the e General Exercises graduated and classified the age, a with suggestive Notes. if possible whatever t Graduated Exercises. She v round, and dinner par EXERCISE A. look, that | 1 did not kne Narrative (simple and humourous). After 1. Bernard Cavanagh, the great faster. usnal satis One Bernard Cavanagh, doubtless a gentleman of very good connections, EXpression | announced some time ago that he had adopted a new system of diet which was clearly not Mr, Carang neither more nor less than going without any food. Now Mr. Cavanagh was a good gentleman, comely and plump to look at, who conversed pleasantly on the péople whos never think common topics of the day, and seemed, on the whole, to enjoy life pretty much like other people. He was to be seen for a shilling — children half-price, and This m although Englishmen have read of our starving countryman for the last century 10 866 in {} and a half, yet their curiosity to see one, to look at him, to prod him with Something f their umbrellas, to push him with their knuckles, and otherwise test his 1an, who f vitality, was such, that they seemed just as much alive as though the pheno- words, of g menon was new to them. The consequence was that Mr. Cavanagh whose cook This, lf ot was on broad wages and whose establishment was of the least expensive char- Way, not ing acter, began to wax rich, Several large towns and cities in different parts of theoriey ahg the empire requested him to visit them; and Joe Hume suggested that the {ruily fop corporation of London should offer him ten thousand pounds for his secret Note, merely for the use of the livery. In fact Cavanagh was now the cry, and as Bernard appeared to grow fat on fasting, his popularity knew no bounds. Unfortunately, however, ambition, the bane of so many other great men, Had he been content with London as numbered him also among its victims. the sphere of his triumph and teetotalism, there is no saying how long he might have gone on starving with satisfaction., ‘Whether it is that the people are less observant there, or more accustomed to see similar exhibitions, I cannot tell ; but true it is that they paid their shilling, felt his ribs, walked whom and pronounced Bernard a most exemplary Irishman. But not content with the capital, he must make a tour in the provinces and accordingly went starring it 171 through Leeds, B!rmifigham, Mauochester and all other manufacturing towns, as if in mockery of the poor people who did not know the secret ‘how to live without food. Mr. Cavanagh was now living —if life it can be called —in one of the best hotels, when actuated by the spirit of enquiry which characterises the age, a respectable lady who kept a boarding house, paid a visit to ascertain, if possible, how far his system may be made applicable to her guests, who, whatever their afflictions, laboured under no such symptoms as his. She was pleased with Bernard. She . patted him with her hand; he was round, and plump, and fat, much more so, indeed, than many of her daily dinner party; and had, withal, that kind of joyous rollicking, devil-may-care look, that seemed to bespeak good condition; — but this the poorlady, of course, did not know an inherent property in Pat, however poor in situation. After an interview of an hour long she took her leave, not exhibiting the usual satisfaction of other visitors, bnt with a dubious look and meditative eofions, expression that betokened a mind not made up, and a heart not at ease; she was clearly not content, perhaps the abortive effort to extract a confession from 1ich was Mr. Cavanagh might be the cause, or perhaps she felt like many respectable h as 8 people whose curiosity is only the advanced guard to their repentence and who y o the never think that in any exhibition they get the worth of their money. ty much This might be, for a fasting is a negative process, there is really little rige, and to see in the performance. Had it been the man who eats a sheep, you have t contury him with something for your money there; and I can sy}npathise with the French gentle- man, who follows Van Amburgh to this day in the great hope, to use his own fosf b words, of assisting at the Soiree when the lions shall eat Mr. Van Amburgh. o pheno- ose 600k This, if not laudable, is at least intelligible. But to return, the lady went her way, not indeed on hospitable thoughts intent, but turning in her mind various ive char- theories about abstinence and only wishing she had the whole of the Cavanagh ; arts of family for boarders at a guinea a week. Nuts and Nutcrackers. that the s geoted Note. For the use of the livery aflgaiondlemn@es epaiwdlmo Ty and 88 cquene), Cavanagh was the cry ©&QIamDIdsIHADO Ba1B80 G Devil-may-care look Q1MN® QIEOS, QIAND HIAMO ) bonnds. c)oa_._;ooa@@. paf 1Dy ®2an EiQloe. That bespeak good condition gy SHIZHMEAN [ondon 8 @)Hbo ERS®Iso. Of very good connections MRy WOANSH0 ©ab. Which was neither more nor less than D@ 29000AVARY. ‘homight Went starring it through Leeds efl RO eje Galo®) )eople fll’e annot tel} 6a19S 101009, Whose curiosity is only the advanced guard to whom aud their repentance ®@Qgjo IO EYUWRYo afleom aid)®moaloo S06m3)eaa, or @Yalo AVIUS).o) &8erodd aloan alloeavo ¢ ith the stafl'iflg i 06 BN QIS E00d . —— 172 LA 2. The vision of Marraton. Nichara was ot | Marraton after having travelied for a long space under a hollow mountain, He arrived at length on the confines of the world of spirits, but could not enter it by reason of a thick forest made up of bushes, brambles, and pointed thorns, Iandseaf so perplexed and interwoven with one another, that it was impossible to find a shady v sid, - b passage through it. Whilst he was looking about for some track or pathway innumer: that might be worn in any part of it, he saw a huge lion couched under the side of it, who kept his eye upon him in the same posture as when he watches diversion the fgu for his prey. The Indian immediately started back, whilst the lion rose with a spring, and leaped towards him. breaking Being destitute of all other weapons, he stooped down to take a huge stone in his hand; but to his infinite surprise ingenions which ir grasped nothing, and found the supposed stone only the apparition of one. broken, If he was disappointed on this side, he was as much pleased on the other, when he found the lion, which had seized on his left shoulder, had no power to hurt fisherman him, and was only the ghost of that ravenous creature which it appeared to be. angler {t He no sooner got rid of his impotent enemy, than he marched up to the wood, down by and after having surveyed it for some time, endeavoured to press into one part Not of it that was a little thinner than the rest; when again, to his great surprise, he found the bushes made no resistance, but that he walked through briers and brambles with the same ease as through the open air; and in short the whole wood was nothing else buta wood of shades. He immediately concluded that this huge thicket of thorns and brakes was designed as a kind of fence or quick- hedge to the ghosts it enclosed; and that probably their soft substances might be torn by these subtle points and prickles which were too weak to make any impressions on flesh and blood. With this thought he resolved to travel through this intricate wood, when by degrees he felt a gale of perfumes breath- ing upon him, that grew stronger and sweeter in proportion as he advaneed. He had not procceeded much farther when he observed the thorns and briers to end, and give place to a thousand beautifal green trees covered with blossoms of the finest scents and colours, that formed a wilderness of sweets, and were a kind of living to those rugged scenes which he had passed through. As he was coming out of this delightful part of the wood, and entering upon the plains it enclosed, he saw several horsemen rushing by him, and a little while after heard the cry of a pack of dogs. He had not listened long before he saw the apparition of a milk-white steed, with a young man on the back of it, advancing upon full stretch after the souls of about a hundred Waghs, that were hunting down the ghost of a hare, which ran away before them with unspeakable swiftness, As the man on the milk-white steed came by him, he looked upon him very attentively and found him to be the young Prince ] SR PR 173 Nicharagua who died about half a year before, and by reason of his great virtues, was at that time lamented over all the western parts of America. untain, He had no sooner got out of the wood but he was entertained by such a enter i thoras, landscape of flowery plains, green meadows, running streams, sunny hills; and 0 find shady vales, as were mnot to be represented by his own expressions, nor as he said, by the conceptions of others. This happy region was peopled with athyay der the innumerable swarms cf spirits, who applied themselves to exerciges and Watches diversions, according as their fancies led them. Some of them were tossing the figure of a quoit; others were pitching the shadow of a bar; others were 3 with & breaking the apparition of a horse; and multitudes employing themselves upon ous, he surprise ingenious handicrafts with the souls of departed utensils, for that is the name of ong, which in the Indian language they give their tools when they are burnt or broken. He at length came to the side of a great river, and being a good r, Who to hurf fisherman himself, stood upon the banks of it for some time to look upon an o fo ba, angler that had taken a great many shapes of fishes which lay flouncing up and down by him. he wood, Note. A kind of living to those rugged one part World of spirits Gl ym@aiodo. Surprise, scénes @Y 9 W aBlNAIW SNYHBOS CRAUNOO B ailwo riers and S decmds or ald)a0d)Es DG, Not to be represented by his he whole own expressions @aMocd Q1BOSEE 106D W Jg o aAVIRY) 20w Who applied themselves to exercises . fancies ded that or quick- led them @QId ®ELAR0 @IHMI QJjRIAMBE Ao &M lajo Shapes of 15 might 28 czfl,%s)@asfé\mam. fishes V) ) @RS . Lay flouncing o 119S.oj0@ e l@an. make 80y to travel og breathe 3. dJohn Gilpin, advaneeds John Gilpin was a citizen | pefets 10 Of credit and renown, ) blossoms And a trainband captain eke was he nd wore @ Of famous London town. 1 As ho John Gilpin’s spouse said to her dear - qpon the ““Though wedded we have been ittle while Thege twice ten tedious years, yet we ore o 887 No holiday have seen.” yack 0f 16 “Tomorrow is our wedding day r&ghs, that And we will then repair them yith Unto the Bell at Edmonton by him, he All in a chaise and pair. 0 Prince Sl 174 it My sister and my sister’s child, Myself and children three, Will fill the chaise; so you must ride On horseback after me.” He soon replied — ¢‘I do admire Of womankind but one, And you are she, my dearest dear, Therefore it shall be done. I am a linen draper bold As all the world doth know, And my good friend the calender 'Will lend his horse to go.” Quoth Mrs. Gilpin — ¢“That is well said: And for that wine is dear, We will be furnished with our own, Which is both bright and clear.” John Gilpin kissed his loving wife O’erjoyed was he to find That though on pleasure she was bent, She had a frugal mind. The morning came, the chaise was brought But yet was not allowed To drive up to the door, lest all Should say that she was proud. So three doors off the chaise was stayed Where they did all get in; Six precious souls, and all agog To dash through thick and thin, Smack went the whip, round went the wheels, Were never folk so glad, The stones did rattle underneath As if Cheapside were mad. John Gilpin at his horse’s side Seized fast the flowing mane And up he got in haste to ride, But soon came down again; For saddle tree scarce reached had he, His journey to begin, - LSl 175 ‘When turning round his head he saw Three customers come in, So down he came; for loss of time, Although it grieved him sore, Yet loss of pence, full well he knew, Would trouble him much more. "Twas long before the customers Were suited to their mind, When Betty screaming came downstairs, — ¢The wine is left behind!’ ‘Good lack!’ quoth he, ‘yet bring it me, My leathern belt likewise, In which I bear my trusty sword When I do exercise.’ How mistress Gilpin (careful soul!) Had two stone bottles found, To hold the liquor that she loved, And keep it safe and sound. Each bottle had a curling ear Through which the belt he drew, And hung a bottle on each side, To make his balance true. Then over all, that he might be Equipped from top to toe, His long red cloak, well brushed and neat, He manfully did throw. Now see him mounted once again Upon his nimble steed Full slowly pacing o’er the stones, With caution and good heed. But finding soon a smoother road Beneath his well shod feet, The snorting beast began to trot, ‘Which galled him in his seat. So ‘fair and softly, John’ he cried But John he cried in vain; That trot became a gallop soon, In spite of curb and rein. — 176 So stooping down, as needs he must who cannot sit upright He grasped the mane with both his hands, And eke with all his might. His horse who never in that sort Had handled been before, What thing upon his back had got Did wonder more and more. Away went Gilpin neck or nought; Away went hat and wig; He little dreamt, when he set out, Of running such a rig. The wind did blow, the cloak did fly Like streamer long and gay, Till loop and button failing both, At last it flew away. Then might all people well discern The bottles he had slung; A Dbottle swinging at each side, As bath been said or sung. The dogs did bark, the children screamed, Up flew the windows all; And every soul cried out ‘well done’, As loud as he could bawl, Away went Gilpin — who but he? His fame soon spread around; ‘He carries weight, he runs a race ’Tis for a thousand pound! And still, as fast as he drew near, ’Twas wonderfal to view, How in a trice the turnspikemen Note, Their gates wide open threw. And now, as he went bowing down, His reeking head full low, The bottles twain behind his back Were shattered at a blow. Down ran the wine into the road, Mogt piteous to be seen P 177 — Which made his horse’s flanks to smoke As they had basted been. But still he seemed to carry weight With leathern girdle braced; For all might see the bottle necks Still dangling at his waist. Thus all through merry Islington These gambols he did play, Until he came into the Wash Of Edmonton so gay; And there he threw the Wash about, ' On both sides of the way, Just like unto a trundling mop, Or a wild goose at play. At Edmonton, his loving wife From the balcony spied Her tender husband wondering much To see how he did ride. ‘Stop, stop, John Gilpin!— here’s the house’, They all at once did cry; The dinner waits, and we are tired; Said Gilpin — ¢So am I’. But yet his horse was not a whit Inclined to tarry there; For why? — his owner had a house Full ten miles off, at Ware. So like an arrow swift he flew ' Shot by an archer strong; So did he fly — which brings me to The middle of my song. Cowper. John Note. Of credit and renown €3MNGeIEY QL &loR IR 2e2. Gilpin’s spouse said to her dear eeoend wIleiloabo w13 EOPBANS 01060y, I do admire of womankind but one oga?)ds Smack went @0 eneanlch 3@ (1O 20@82 IR R8s . the whip 8S! ogaw .a12Ag)WOBS &mogq:g%. Loss of pence &0wp GaldaN®. Good lack @aep@o®)! To make his balance true Galled him in his seat .1a®) @@ o). Neck aqimMo &g {lgoad. or nought 2@)aypm 2Q)6OS g Qi) Streamers 0@&9S @3 Q. The dogs did bark ete. Render by historic present. 12 — 178 — business. 4, Basilius Valentinus, the Alchemist. hed lin man of Basilius Valentinus was a person who had arrived at the utmost perfection in the hermetic art, and initiated his son Alexandrinus in the same mysteries; time; i but as you know they are not to be attained but by the painful, the pious, the he himse and in ¢ chaste, and the pure of heart, Basilius did not open toc him, because of his youth, the greatest secrets of which he was master, But believing from a natural 1 certain indisposition of mind as well as body, his dissolution was drawing nigh, life to w he called Alexandrinus to him, and as he lay on a couch, over against which {ime shou his son was seated, and prepared by sending out servants one after another, and Alex admonition to examine that no one overheard them, he revealed the most: lionsehold important of his secrets with the solemnity and language of an adept. ‘My the day o son’, said he, ‘many have been the watchings, long the lucubrations, constant Basilins v the labours of thy father, not only to gain a great and plentiful estate to his® With one posterity, but also to take care that he should have no posterity. Be not Suspicions amazed, my child: I do not mean that thou shalt be taken from me, but that disposttion I will never leave thee, and consequently cannot be said to have posterity. Alexa Behold my dearest Alexandrinus, the effect of what was propagated in nine Pathetio g months. We are mnot to contradict Nature, but to follow and help her; just as to vaity long as an infant is in the womb of its parent, so long are these medicines of escape fl]e revivification in preparing. Observe this small phial and this little gallipot — the renowy in this unguent, in the other liquor. In these, my child, are collected such and T sh) powers, as shall revive the springs of life when they are yet but just ceased,. into the pr and give new strength, new spirits, and in a word, wholly restore all the Renaty organs and senses of human body to as great a duration as it had before & Wixfyp ¢ enjoyed from its birth to the day of the application of these my medicines. ‘This phil, But my beloved son, care must be taken to apply them ten hours after the breath is out of the body, while yet the clay is warm with its late life, and 10 maky th, hOme, but ] yet capable of resuscitation. I find my frame grown crazy with perpetual toil of fllacriiy, and meditation; and I conjure you, as soon as I am dead, to anoint me with Wholg bOdy, this unguent; and when you see me begin to move, pour into my lips the inter- Basih'us’ e nal liquor, else the force of the ointment will be ineffectual. By this means EXpresy 10 ) you will give me life as I have you, and we will from that hour mutually lay Ordiflfil‘y per aside the authority of having bestowed life on each other, live as brothers, Tehemgy, and prepare new medicines against such another period of time as will demand Would po i another application of the same restoratives’. In a few days after these wonder~ fr i Joung ful ingredients were. delivered to Alexandrinus, Basilius departed this life. Well, 4 But such was the pious sorrow of the son at the loss of so excellent a father, Wam(]nnesS 0 and the first transports of grief had so wholly disabled him from all manner of ang Cast U f —— 179 e business, that he never thought of the medicines till the time to which his father had limited their efficacy was expired. To tell the truth, Alexandrinus was a footion man of wit and pleasure, and considered his father had lived out his natural steriess time; his life was long and uniform, suitable to the regularity of it; but that us, the he himself, poor sinner, wanted a new life, to repent of a very bad one hitherto, y of hig and in the examination of his heart, resolved to go on as he did with this from a natural being of his, but to repent very faithfully, and spend very piously, the o nigh, life to which he should be restored by the application of these rarities, when t which time‘shlould come to his own person. e, and Alexandrinus began to enjoy his ample fortune in all the extremities of 16 MOk household expense, farniture and insolent equipage; and this he pursued till Ny the day of his own departure began, as he grew sensible, to approach. As sonstant Basilius was punished with a son very unlike him, Alexandrinus was visited It is mnatural that wicked men should be a 10 hig? with omne of his own disposition. Be not suspicious; and Alexandrinus, besides the jealousy, had proof of the vicious but that disposition of his son, Renatus, for that was his name. osterity. Alexandrinus called Renatus to his bedside, and bespoke him in the most in ning pathetic gesture and accent, ‘As much, my son, as you have been addicted i just a8 to vanity and pleasure, as I also have been before you, neither you nor I could ioines of escape the fame or the good effects of the profound knowlege of our progenitor, llipot— the renowned Basilius. His symbol is very well known to the philosophic world; tod such and I shall never forget the vemerable air of his countenance, when he let me t opasedy into the profound mysteries’. g all the Renatus wondered to hear his father talk so like an adept, and with such i before a mixture of piety; while Alexandrinus observing his attention fixed, proceeded, nediciness ¢This phial, child, and this little earthen pot, will add to thy estate so much as after the to make thee the richest man in the German Empire. I am going to my long e, a0d home, but shall not return to common dust’. Then he resumed a countenance pet“al fol of alacrity, and told him, that if within an hour after his death he anointed his whole body, and poured down his throat that liquor which he had from old 16 with the inter= Basilius, the corpse would be converted into pure gold. I will not pretend to jig means express to you the unfeigned tendermess that passed between these two extra- fually 167 ordinary persons, but if the father recommended the care of his remains with vehemence and affection, the son was not behind hand in professing that he brothers ill demfind would not cut the least bit of him, but upon the utmost extremity, or toflprovide 30 Wonder' for his younger brothers and sisters. i 1fer Well, Alexandrinus died, and the heir of his body could not forbear, in the wantonness of his heart, to measure the length and breadth of his dear father £ 8 fathery and cast up the ensuing value of him before he proceeded to operation. When pannet Of 12* A 180 — he knew the immense reward of his pains, he began the work, but lo! when he achieve had anointed the corpse all over, and began to apply the liquor, the body advance w stirAred, and Renatus, in a fright, broke the phial! The Spectator. lightnin Note. The hermetic art @avomalile. Initiated his son., . .in the The mysteries @®bo admow mm&o@fi@g@m @D AVIMLAIW whisper QVIBEIICELEBOE §.01Q). Unguent Homalo. Liquor Goaudo. airy qist Restoratives goavsdlausmoeno. Will add to thy estate af) cleared, Upon the utmost extremity @ 9o avieDem aiellg eso. Was a 1 @y Mo RGPS I @och @o@o. Cast up the ensuing value o290 Fleming, 01000 Balodan wmo oo @emos PO @slemo ‘Con B2 or M eed, hail upor blow, I 5. A School-fight. He wag 1 rales of | ‘We want you, Fleming’, said the chief. up again ¢Well!’ and I turned round and faced the speaker. energy, b ‘I tell you what, Fleming’, said he in a rapid nervous style, ‘You may fold with think yourself a very great man; but we do not understand the way you are distinguis} going on, There is Musceus; you and he were the greatest friends last half, Wit ety And we all think that and now you do not speak to him, nor to any one else. Thet' wag you should give an explanation of your conduct. And in short, we come here generops | to know what you have got to say for yourself.’ with infop ‘Do you!” I answered with a sneer. I mady ¢ ‘Well, what have you got to say?’ he contiuned in a firmer voice and more peremptory tone, ‘Say, say that either you or I must leave this gate. I was and aftep ¢ here first, but as you are the largest number I suppose I must yield’. lost y by I turned my heel upon him and moved. Some. one hissed. I returned knee Upon | and enquired in a ealm, mild voice who hissed. Now the person who hissed ‘Ap()l()g was a boy, who was indeed my match in years, and perhaps in force, but a Apilogise!, great coward. I knew it was he, because he was just the fellow who would T liftog hiss, and looked quite pale when I asked the question. Besides no one answer- off, [ g ed it, and he was the only boy, who, under such circumstances would have been silent. fhrough thy ‘Are you afraid to owa it?’ I asked in a contemptuous tone but still the ha If ingy subdued. This great mob of nearly two hundred boys were very much ashamed at Note, the predicament in which their officious and cowardly member had placed them, So their leader, proud in a fine fraxfle, a great renowned courage, unrivalled 181 hen he achievements in combat, and two years of superiority in age over myself, 6 body advanced a little and said, ‘Suppose I hissed, what then?’ ‘What then?’ I exclaimed in a voice of thunder; and with an eye of )i lightning, ‘What then? Why, then I would thrash you’. Jin the There was an instantancous flutter and agitation and panting monosyllabic MWW whisper in the crowd; they were like birds, when the hawk is first detected in 30, airy distance. Unconsciously they withdrew like waves, and, the arena being tate o) clearefi, my opponent and I were left in opposition. Apparenly there never nify @0 was a more unequal match, but indeed he was not fighting with Contarini 16 050 Fleming, but with a demon that had usurped his shape. 3g16m) ‘Come on, then,” he replied, with brisk confidence. And I came, as the hail upon the tall corn. I flew at him like a wild beast; I felt not his best blow, Ibeat down his fine guard, and sent him to the ground stunned and giddy. He was up again in a moment; and indeed I would not have waited their silly rules of mock combat, but have destroyed him in his prostration. But he was up again in a moment. Again I flew upon him. He fought with subtle energy, but he was like a serpent with a tiger. I fixed upon him; my blows Yoo may told with the rapid precision of machinery, His bloody visage was not to be distinguished. I believe he was terrified at my frantic air. I would never y fou are Tast halfy wait between the rounds. I crisd out in a voice of madness for him to come on. hink fhat There was breathless silence, They were thunderstruck. They were too oome here generons to cheer their leader. They could not refrain from sympathising with inferior force and unsupported courage. Each time he came forward, I made the same dreadful spring, beat down his guard, and never ceuased working upon his head, until at length my fist seemed to enter his very brain; y gnd more 0 [ wos and after ten rounds he fell down quite blind. I never felt his blows; I never lost my breath. He could not come to time; I rushed forward; I placed my knee upon his chest. ‘I fight no more’, he faintly cried. { peturaed ‘A pologise’y I exclaimed ¢Apologise’. He did not speak. ‘By heavens, o hissed apologise’, I said, ‘or I know not what I shall do’. ‘Never’, he replied. 008y but & Some advanced to interfere. ho would I lifted up my arm. ‘Off’, I shouted, ‘off off’, I seized the fallen chief, rushed through the gate, and dragged him o BRSVer” through the mead. At the bottom there was % dang-hill. Upon it I flung | have beed e bt gtill the half inanimate body. Contarine Fleming. shaed B Note. I tell you what ogmo®emam os0@o0. The way you are going placed them, on mloabo @wd), afleagho aqvgisaiaan. Do you? oo mcw@o? led Fine frame mgy dlsdsea wo@)mo. I would thrash you emsab o) 3 uul‘i"a e — 182 oan 01l )ens Qo Come on 019S9. I beat down his fine W«;a brof guard emond EPAIOMO ®SOWRI0 S8 ).0iB 60. Rules of e, but mock combat &g 1RIw allgo@om®abe @ aard. In his pros- groaned with him tration aflemadleilab, afleemsqoadlar @mean. A pologise BINOQOMD 0. Mead &oamomo. Dung-hill &g |@mimbd, marderer &g |GaS . 11 Historical Narrative. In 4l 1. Edwin the Atheling. employed Evil men came to King Athelstan and spake falsely to him saying, ‘Lo! brought a in the ma Thy brother Edwin the Atheling is one of them who had part with Alfred, and he also seeketh to take away thy life.’ And he who was the chief of them who and emba told this false tale was the Kiug’s cup-bearer. Now when Edwin the Athel- prepatatio ing heard this, he sent messengers to the King his brother, saying ‘Believe not Were ever these men, for I am guiltless of this thing;’ but the King hearkened not. and Sping So Edwin the Atheling came himself to his brother, the King, and he made an the house oath before the King, and he swore that he had not done this thing, and that Togiment With recry he had never sought to slay or blind Athelstan his brother. Howbeit King Athelstan believed not Edwin his brother, but hearkened to the voice of his Netherlang cup-bearer and of the other men who spake against him, And the King said, of Pal‘ma [ Lower Gery I will not slay Edwin, for that he is my brother, and I fear to have my brother’s but epeci blood on my head; yet will I send him out of the land that he may die as he goeth, So the King commanded, and they put Edwin the Atheling and one for the trg that was his armour-bearer into a boat, and bade them sail away whither they and prigges would. great ente But the boat was old and leaky, and they had neither oars nor rudder to guide it. So the wind drove them in the midst of the sea, and no small Gouzaga, ¢ tempest lay on them and the heart of Edwin the Atheling failed him. And he Ay under So he m&ny of th said, ‘It is better for me to die once, than to live thus in fear of death’. entertained, leaped into the sea and was drowned. But the armour-bearer took up his body, and he let the boat drift when the wind was for him, and he rowed as he ate skill, might with his feet when the wind was against him till he came to the haven Power, ang of Witsand in Gaul. /And when King Athelstan heard this, he was grieved Twingiyy 4, and his heart smote him saying ‘I have slain my brother’ and he did penance in the church for seven years as one that-had slain his brother, and when the seven years were over, he held a royal feast on a solemn day, and his cup- bearer served him as of yore. And as the cup-bearer gave the King wine to drink, his foot slipped, and he bore himself up with the other foot, so that he fell not, And he said ‘so brother helpeth brother’. And King Athelstan said, sl 183 Sl his fine “Yea brother helpeth brother, and I once had a brotiher who might have helped ales of me, but thou didst beguile me that T slew him’, And King Athelstan wept and is pros- groaned for the death of Edwin his brother, and he bade the men that were with him seize the cup-bearer and smite off his head for that he was the pologise murderer of Edwin. B, Freeman’s old English History. 2. The Spanish Armada. In all the ports of Sicily, Naples, Spain, and Portugal artisans were employed in building vessels of uncommon size and force; mnaval stores were ing, ‘To! brought at a great expense; provisions amassed; armies levied and quartered in the maritime towns of Spain; and plans laid out for fitting out such a fleet red, and them who and embarkation as had never before had its equal in Europe. The military hg Athel- preparations in Flanders were no less formidable. Troops from all quarters Capizuchi oliove n0f were every moment assembling, to re-inforce the Duke of Parma. and Spinelli conducted forces from Italy; the Marquis of Borgant a prince of ened not. the house of Austria, levied troops in Germany; the Walloon and Burgundian y made a0 and that regiments were completed or augmented; the Spanish infantry was supplied with recruits; and an army of thirty-four thousand men was assembled in the heit Kil]g Netherlands, and kept in readiness to be transported into England. The Duke yige of bis of Parma employed all the carpenters he could procure, either in Flanders or in Fing said, Lower Germany and the coasts of the Baltic; and he built in Dunkirk, and Newport, y prother’s but especially at Antwerp, a great number of boats and flat-bottomed vessels, - die 83 he for the transporting of his infantry and cavalry. The most renowned nobility g and 016 ither they and princes of Italy and Spain were ambitious of sharing in the honour of this great enterprise. Don Amadeeus of Savoy, Don John of Medicis, Vespasian por rudder Gonzaga, the Duke of Sabionetta, and the Duke of Pastrana, hastened to join the i po small About two thousand volunteers in Spain, And he army under the Duke of Parma. many of them men of family, had enlisted in the service. No doubts were hi 4y he entertained, but such vast preparations, conducted by officers of such consum- ok 1p And the Spaniards ostentatious of their mate skill, must finally be successful. ored 8 g e power, and elated with vain hopes, had already denominated their navy the ) the havel Invincible Armada. Hume. grieved 785 [hd penaflGB 3. The Battle of Agincourt. 1 when the Fair stood the wind for France, md his oup- ‘When we our sails advance, (ing wine 0 Nor now to.prove our chance :’ 80 that he Longer will tarry, pelstal saidy — 184’—— By putting to the main, At Kaux, the mouth of Seine, With alk his martial train Landing King Harry. And takig many a fort, Furnished in warlike sort, Marched towards Agincourt In happy hour; Skirmishing day by day ‘With those that stopped his way, Where the French general lay ‘With all his power, Which in his height of pride, King Henry to deride His ransom to provide To the King sending; ‘Which he neglects the while, As from a nation vile, Yet with an angry smile, Their fall portending. And turning to his men, Quoth our brave Henry then, Though they be one to ten, Be not amazed. Yet have we well begun, Battles so bravely won Have ever to the Sun By fame been raised. ‘And for myself’, quoth he, ‘This my full rest shall be, England ne’er mourn for me, Nor more esteem me, Victor I will remain Or on this earth lie slain, Never shall ghe sustain Loss to redeem me. Poictiers, and Cressy tell, When most their pride did swell, ——r 185 P Under our swords they fell No less our skill is, Than when our grandsire great, Claiming the regal seat By many a warlike feat Lopp’d the French lilies’ The Duke of York so dread The eager vanward led With the main Henry sped Amongst his henchmen, Excester had the rear, A braver man not there; O Lord! how hot they were On the false Frenchmen! They now to fight are gone, Armour on armour shone, Drum now to drum did groan, To hear was wonder; That with the cries they make The very earth did shake, Trumpet to trumpet spake Thunder to thunder. ‘Well thee thine age became O Noble Erpingham! ‘Which did the signal aim To our hid forces; ‘When from a meadow by, Like a storm suddenly, The English archery Struck the French horses, With spanish yew so strong Arrows a cloth yard long, That like to serpents stung Piercing the weather; y None from his fellow starts, But playing manly parts, And like true English hearts Stuck close together. —_— 186 AT When down their bows they threw, And forth their bilboes drew, And on the French they flew Not one was tardy; Arms were from shoulders sent, Scalps to the teeth more rent, Note Down the French peasants went, Our men were hardy. This while our noble King His broad sword brandishing, Down the French host did ding As to o’erwhelm it; And many a deep wound lent, His arms with blood besprent, And many a cruel dent Bruised his helmet. Glo’ster that Duke so good, Next of the royal blood For famous England stood With his bold brother; Clarence in steel so bright, Though but a maiden knight, The dg Sunrise the Yet in that furious fight Scarce such another. began fo | infantry ar Warwick in blood did wade, Plain, T Oxford the foe invade, And cruel slaughter made , each tugge‘ 0 lephayt Still as they ran up; T, Were Suffolk his axe did ply, 10t frop ¢} Inbabity Beaumont and Willoughby Bare them right doughtily, that hogp 4 Ferrers aad Fanhope. The forgp thousaz]d e Upen Sanit Crispin’s day, by Engligy Fought was this noble fray, Tanky of th ‘Which fame did not delay on § i QOIOm To England to carry; ang Gasco,]y‘ ——— 187 — O when shall Englishmen With such acts fill a pen, Or England breed again Such a King Harry! Drayton. - Note. Fair stood the wind for France mm@“\mfi"mo% Bodess WO WGLAY @M S903 . Nor now etc, @O MG DEOBIOS BWILY @I TBOB aadlestlg b @ad) ERUS )0 rmozcnflgfla_nb @ooigeeol@milgy. In happy hour wegegamodlan. Which he neglects the while alggoee@an Gaip| or oS gyoeass s pINe This my full rest shall be oD &an © 0o{ld)esan. No less our skill is MZas 8z pgeR AVIAGLY o @O It BFo GO agy. None from his fellow starts @gmo @M M0 aflg @03) S Qar gy. Arms were from shoulder sent ©9&:»8 .ay2ailcb Down the French host did etc. a1 o’ an H&Ie)Z0 e, gé’smcmcgs)m Sdalelo mfl@@fl@zomfimflégom%o (@Jad®o @s ). And many a deep woand etc. @a3)8&M00 alel &FINBIW 23)@2)ba)lan EEme BPEr) H0IINTD OB |28 | 212 o] O when. . @oalo M) eg)3g|odd QIMo, 4, The Battle of Plassey. At The day broke, the day which was to decide the fate of India. sunrise the army of the Nawab pouring through many openings from the camp, began to move towards the grove where the English lay. Forty-thousand infantry armed with firelocks, pikes, and swords, bows and arrows covered the plain. They wero accompanied by fifty pieces of ordnance of the largest size, each tugged by a long team of white oxen, and each pushed on from behind by an elephant. Some smaller guns, under the direction of a few French auxilia- The cavalry were fifteen thousand, drawn, ries, were perhaps more formidable. not from the effeminate population of Bengal, but from the bolder race which inhabits the northern provinces; and the practised eye of Clive could percieve that both the men and the horses were more powerful than those of the Carnatic. The force which he had to oppose to this great multitude consisted of only three thousand men. But of these nearly a thousand were English; and all were led by English officers, and trained in the English discipline. Congpicuous in the ranks of the little army were the men of the 89th Regiment, which still bears on its colours, amidst many honorable additions won under Wellington in Spain and Gascony, the name of Plassey and tl}e proud motto Primus in Indis, R 188 LA The battle commenced with a cannonade in which the artillery of the Nawab in loud 1 did scarcely any execution, while the few ficld-pieces of the English produced both javs gmphasis great effect. Several of the most distinguished officers in Siraja Dowlah’s service fell. Disorder began to spread through his ranks. His own terror and oomn increased every moment. One of the conspirators urged on him the expediency with whor of retreating. The insidious advice, agreeing as it did with what his own I may ad terrors suggested was readily received. He ordered the army to fall back, Amir wou and this order decided his fate, Clive snatched the moment, and ordered his Commons, 4 constant troops to advance. The confused and dispirited multitude gave way before the onset of disciplined valour. No mob attacked by regular soldiers was ever sapient ph more completely routed. The little band of Frenchmen who alone ventured to as the Ind confront the English, were swept down the stream of fugitives. In an hour which if s erusted i the forces of Siraja Dowlah were dispersed, never to reassemble. Only five hundred of the vanquished were slain, But their camp, their baggage, ooncealing innumerable waggons, innumerable cattle, remained in the power of the conquerors. or Who he; With the loss of twenty-two soldiers killed, and fifty wounded, Clive had that he by scattered an army of nearly sixty-thousand men, and subdued an empire larger has met & and more populous than Great Britain. more prof Macanlay. path or gr the Hup he 111 Personal Sketches. Dossess the into mogt 1. The Amir of Afghanistan, him ;- thog his slaves, A man of great stature, of colossal personal strength, and of corresponding stoutness of frame when in his prime, he is now much altered by sickness from the appearance presented, for instance, by the photograph taken at the Rawal Pindi durbar in 1885. If T may hazard a personal opinion, I would add that Note, he has profited greatly by the change. A large, but in nowise unwieldy figure sitting upright upon silken quilts outspread over a low charpoy or bed- stead, the limbs enclosed in close fitting lambswool garments; furlined pelisse hanging over the shoulders and a spotless whitesilk turban wound round the conical Afghan skull-cap of cloth of silver or of gold and coming low down on to the forehead ; a broad and massive countenance with regular features, but compquion visibly sallow from recent illness; brows which contract as the speaker is pondering or arguing ; luminous black eyes that look out very straightly and fixedly without the slightest movement or wavering; a black mustache close clipped upon the upper lip; and a carefully trimmed black beard neither so long nor so luxuriant as of yore framing a mouth that responds to every expression and which when it opens (as not unfrequently happens) —_— e 189 Nawab in loud laughter, widens at the corners and discloses the full line of teeth in roduced both jaws; a voice resonant but not harsh, and an articulation of surprising Jowlah's emphasis and clearness; and above all a manner of unchallengeable dignity n terror and command—this was the outward guise and bearing of the kingly host pediency with whom I enjoyed so many hours of delightful conversation while at Kabul. his own I may add that for stating his own case in an argument or controversy the ll back, Amir would not easily find a match on the front benches in 'the House of lered his Commons. Like most men trained in the Persian literary school the Amir is fore the a constant quoter of saws and wise sayings from that inexhaustible well of a8 ever sapient philosophy, that Iranian Pope, Shaik Sadi. Nor do his written letters, ntured to as the Indian government knows well, suffer from any dearth of hyperbole, an hour which if sometimes florid, is always artistic, and which though commonly Ouly five crusted with the sugar of compliment, is suspected occasionally of but half No one who converses with the Amir, baggage, concealing the barbeds haft of sarcasm. or who hears him state his own views, can fail to carry away the impression nquerors, live had that he has been in contact with an intellectual force of no mean order, and has met a most remarkable man. It should be added that the ruler who is 1o larger more profoundly and more reasonably feared, by those who have crossed his { path or are his enemies, than any other living potentate, and who like Attila the Hun has been a veritable ‘Scourge of God’ to his adversaries, appears to possess the faculty of enlisting the devotion of those with whom he is brought into most intimate contact. In the inner circle, those who respect him revere those who are his servants become him ; those who like him love him; his slaves. esponding George Curzon in the ‘Times of India. cess from the Raval i add thet Note. If T may hazard a personal opinion og®nbo qVLIMIE) @)oo a0 QO a10S)18EHEMORA MR, b, Manner of unchallengeable ) anwieldy dignity oflgflonseiw wElessalb. ‘Would not easily find a 0§ or bed' match on the front benches in the House of Commons aflaiommni) ned pelisse round the @oa HalnEMEWI E0C)EIa)IDIBOS owsejo @IB) an qVAMRIEIWAINR GHINMAND ERE og)Bg |28 Nor do his w dowh on written letters etc. suffer from any dearth ceaoarar@@o_m&fl og)MES. abures, but ratt 8 the s20md)egyam g)_ngomo_:s)zbsf@’]m Worogo @G0 e e ®gyo Though commonly crusted with the sugar of compliments ete. i out 7Y aVIUOIPEM WIW) © a3.alDECIIS TBS 9GH AT 200k Q) OO 20.0)00 ]g; ablaGk $20QOMEEajo @Ry o .aflaiGylod EPUWYSS oaswesHnw mmed b\aflk hot responds SYBE0DHOS @RV P2 @S)Ses gD LEHE $HIEMZED o geng. Iy happelfi) L 190 S Note 2. The Boy at Home. Our Boy is your Valet de chambre, your butler, your tailor, your steward, and general agent, your interpreter, or oriental translator, and your treasurer. On assuming charge of his duties he takes steps first, in an unobtrusive way, to ascertain the amount of your income, both that he may know the measure of his dignity, and also that he may form an estimate of what you ought to spend. This is a matter with which he feels he is officially concerned. Indeed the arrangement which accords best with his own view of his position and responsibilities is that, as you draw your salary each month, you should make it over to him in full. Under this arrangement he has a tendency to grow rich, and, as a consequence, portly in his figure and consequential in his bearing, in return for which he will nia.nage all your affairs without allowing you to be worried by the cares of life, supply all your wants, keep you in pocket-money and maintain your diginty on all occasions. If you have not a large enough soul in consent to this arrangement, he is not discouraged. He will still be your treasurer, meeting all your petty liabilities out of his own funds and coming to your aid when you find yourself without change. As far as my observations go, this is an infalliable mark of a really respectable Boy, that he is never without money. At the end of the month he presents you a faith- ful account of his expenditure, the purport of which is plainly this, that since you did not hand over your salary to him at the beginning of the month, you are to do so now. Q. E. F. There is a mystery about these accounts which I have mnever been able to solve. The total is always on the face of it mon- strous and not to be endured; but when you call your Boy up and prepare to discharge the bombshell of your indignation, he merely inquires in an unmiti- gated tone of voice, which item you find fault with, and you become painfully aware that you have not a leg to stand upon. In the first place, most of the items are too minute to allow of much retrenchment. I have struggled against these accounts and know them. 1t is vain to be indignant. You must just pay the bill, and if you do not want another, you must make up your mind to be your own treasurer. You will fall in your Boy’s estimation, but it does not follow that he will leave your service. He likes service with a master who is a Burra Saheb. Hs is by nature a hero-worshipper, and master is his natural hero. The saying that no man is a hero to his valet has no application here. In India if you are not a hero to your own boy, I should say without wishing to be unpleasant, the probabilities are against your being a hero to anybody. Eha i 191 Note. When you find yourself without change oflgjoses 603@0'7@%@0110()0, The purport of which is plainly this @edilocbo mIRO2MIHEM A& Q210@d ) MINEMIAR TV A gy, Call the Boy up and dis- steward, reasurer, charge the bombshell etc. enioay @m00em allg).e) wegsleoensles Smiodv. That you have not a leg to stand up oFl@saweg)w)gy 16 Way, agan. Without wishing to be unpleasant @edl®@omegy emonb al [easure oYM . ought to . Indeed ition and 3. The Village Blacksmith. uld make 10V ich, Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands ; caring, in The smith, a mighty man is he, you to be With large and sinewy hands ; ket-money And the muscles of his brawny arms e enough Are strong as iron hands. ill still be His hair is crisp, and black and long; funds and far as my His face is like the tan ; Boy, that His brow is wet with honest sweat, He earns whate’er he can ; u o faih- that since And looks the whole world in the face, nonth, you For he owes not any man. nts which Week in, week out, from morn till night, of 1f mon You can hear his bellows blow; prepare f0 You can hear him swing his heavy sledge, an unmiti With measured beat and slow, o poinfully Like a sexton ringing the village bell mosh of the When the evening sun is low. ;md ag aiflst And children coming home from school must just Look in at the open door ; Jul' mi]]d tO They love to see the flaming forge, put it does And hear the bellows roar, master VB0 And catch the burning sparks that fly agter 18 bis jcation Like chaff from a thrashing floor. app! He goes on Sunday to the church say Without g . heto t0 And sits among his boys ; He hears the parson pray and preach, He hears his daughter’s voice Eho e 192 —— Singing in the village choir, And it makes his heart rejoice. It sounds to him like her mother’s voice She Singing in Paradise; with swee He needs must think of her once more, ready fo. How in the grave she lies; from conf And with his hard rough hand he wipes imparting A tear out of his eyes. golf — nv Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing, Her softlo Onward through life he goes ; tion of spe Each morning sees some task begun, Her gostun Each evening sees it close; tones, ] Something attempted, something done, ingide and Has earned a night’s repose. profonnd ¢} Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, ing, leavin indeed, A ( For the lesson thou hast taught! Thus at the flaming forge of life loving nat Our fortunes must be wrougt! €0nseions | Dafure ang Thus on its sounding anvil shaped Each burning deed and thought. verdiot of Longfellow. Il 0le, Note. Spreading ousan o<y, The village' smithy stands @@ o2 OB 19al 3o @gel o3lay an. The smith ete. B;HILIBMNO @R LEBdMIEM . The muscles of his brawny arms etc. @l eabo OODHBONS B00aVAT)leMLOBHS HMRd D S R ] oG am Gmoamo, He earns whatever he can odlodlQeso aomiod) 0. He looks the whole world in the face @I G108 @D @b ERNOYo WAy, He needs must think of her once more @0l 08 aleomyo SR, “The last para.—oegeabo aipeeminyaeesIzal adlmocd el oild) &3aN ALICEIAIGBLMB AR oD Mmas) cloQawp. D OISR @0eMBRY MRS eflae@Isa ®allaeeTEldlesan pe @b Moo EPAIROIMOS 80D BWILD) TBOS crflcgq;flg%&@,o@@_ GTB@, OO EJSH00 MIMNPIET @GR! /(a0 IRV 0T dsan (1 b]av)] LI R T T T R S S @zrcbao,xfié NAROS LYW AV EEBSIW of)Ryo m’)mommm‘QQo (YT &HHE QYo auowqg___"fiz%meao@@@_on. p — 193 4. George Eliot. She was always the goddess on her pedestal — gracious in her condescension — with sweet strains of sympathetic recognition for ali who came to her — ever ready to listen to her worshippers — ever ready to reply, to encourage, to clear from confusion minds befogged by unassimilated learning, and generous in imparting her own. But never for one moment did she forget her self-created gelf — never did she throw aside the trappings or the airs of the benign Sibyl. Her soft low voice was pitched in one level and monotonous key, and her delibera- tion of speech was a trifle irritating to the eager whose flint was already fired. Her gestures were as measured as her words, her attitude as restrained as her tones. She was so consciously George Eliot — so interpenetrated head aund heel, ingide and' out, with the sense of her importance as the great novelist and profound thinker of her generation, as to make her society a little overwhelm- ing, leaving on baser creatures the impression of having been rolled very flat indeed. She was the antithesis of George Sand, whose impulsive, large, and loving nature never became artificialised by her fame, never grew to be self- It was conscious by excess of intellect, as was the case with George Eliot. nature and art once more as so often before; and by one’s own character, the verdict of which was best, will be determined. The Woman at Home. Tow Note. She is always the goddess on her pedestal ®oQIg®S milal aLEO (@)®IBOmISGS WS e @ @3 IYeS a@oem — o s 69 02 a6 Qloj0@ @b o_xggo_ué@o SO0 S06M3 1B e H; Ieh @@ AeNRIeM? el @vasauo@enem . @9 eavailg jomb AIMMMAIBEIOS 5 efo. 0L gJ00 MVAOIABEIVICOIS @S)W aId)lalWajo BIYYBIAIQJ B0 &M &0, Minds befogged by unassimilated learning @mmooQu oo gmo Wb @O QYE S8 oflce,)m_flcmm,sma@omt (mmnog'\:% g asdl To clear from confusion Voo medlggmames emyrllow. g o) @daslan 8aigils s ). But never did she s e e e self ogyamomd o more 8003 AQUIWod el OO al2ail MANmINeMINEE VIR B Q13805 B@ Mdlmeas)aj QllsGald)marlgy. Her soft low voice etc. @VQIZOHS AV I AV BB D 21@M)lajo BE0 Clo ) m)"i@&?!w a) (4 ejo @O Iman. Whose flint was already fired @ dogjo0d @)W potf AOBOEMINS GITYH S E )@ BN AIRIW @@oefi. Having been Ham &8 rolled very flat indeed @n@)B0ZER QGO GEBIOS GG aflend And by one’s fifl 26;6]3)5‘3@ C&HQAl NS BB 60 oD S@ B@IANML, own character the verdict of which was best, will be determined L o ea DA @D OOMA0 oM He{IEEHEMOHBAVEE TVoLe®o VA g1y ol 0. QU@mOS NS |QIMNNH ST @SAD O3 QO oo, sp7=0 13 e 194 —_— 1y Description. 1I H. R. H. Princess Christian’s Drawing Room. The drawing room is a capacious apartment, and if there is a state room in the house it is this one, but evidently such rooms are not much in favour with the family, for I am told it is seldom used, except when guests are present, the smaller and more cosy rooms being preferred. Grey and gold are the predominant shades of its ornamentation. The painted portraits on the wall are those of the Queen, the Prince Consort, Prince and Princess Christian, and Prince Christian’s grandmother, The floor is polished oak with Persian rugs; the furniture being upholstered in various art colours, making a harmonious whole. Here are two Russian vases, also several brackets containing antique China of great worth. Some of the pretty things here seen, I believe, were silver wedding presents, amongst which I particularly noticed a white silk cushion worked with pansies and silver thread, a really remarkable specimen of needle work. The Strand Magazine. 2. To the Night. Note, Swiftly walk over the western wave, Spirit of night! Out of the misty eastern cave Where all the long and lone daylight Thou wovest dreams of joy and fear Which make thee terrible and dear — Seéond Swift be thy flight! Wrap thy form in a mantle grey Star-inwrought! Blind with thine hair the eyes of day, Kiss her until she be wearied out, Then wander o’er city, and sea, and land Touching all with thy opiate wand — Come, long-sought! ‘When I arose and saw the dawn, I sighed for thee; Tho Jog When light rode high, and the dew was gone, And noon lay heavy on flower and tree, And the weary Day twin’d to rest Lingeriug like an unloved guest, I sighed for thee. o aga Thy brother Death came, and cried ‘Wouldst thou me? Thy sx.veet child sleep, the filmy-eyed, 4t Y00m Murmur’d like a noon-tide bee n favonr Shall I nestle near thy side? - present, Wouldst thou me? — And I replied | aro the No, not thee! the wall Death will come when thou art dead, tian, and ian rugs; Soon, too soon! \Imonions Sleep will come when thou art fled; g antique Of neither would I ask the boon v, Were I ask of thee, beloved night: — phite silk Swift be thine approaching flight, pecimen Of Come soon, soon! gl P. B. Shelly. Note. Spirit of night! aflwogeci! Out of the misty eastern cave Where 'all the long and lone daylight etc. ag e @ Iea @PAWSI003 lnilapao® NeoW i aldc FPaIaso g8 o lws Ylman & $leecmiod af] MVa0®HAIYo BRINS20QYo PME(@Id:0 BREMYo DR AVIQIORNZ MYar 18s 3181208 @od aFlean (am cmd)ég) BMeOQJo BRQJo 675, Seéond Stanza.— @inrvemiwaBEg o E0LIB OWIW o) DN QTNRAOW QIPIRIBIVDBHZ WE)0)0S0MEPHMEE | @O Em@eas 08 oflad E&eEIEOLITh A0.) ERAIOE ajoenilal @ITWIHS) aFlQo ay@) avg8 oy o8] augidleeselalo auem@).o) qLAMRQ0 aSloabo alGRiwee@ esmyn@oemg gyUdl.ooeo. When light rode high etc. a@@m&;womfl, oSla&emesd AWOED (0)oai -] @RUYy9aMo eRILIAITIW] oé;cemejmoe%mé@ mow"l% ©SeB) S)eMERICIGOINS B0 o alEYIRORIHANIWBEE ] AVLGMNEI o SO ILE)OWE 199a) AVoL@EIGAIM a3)ay Smiodo, The last stanza.—afleabo mwedme acemezme @) en20w) @B 9 MBIGo Voo WA)gy. Moo epeco)®mmd o3lBxyoe Qian G.ol@io. ag)amoed a318aMoS)Bg10dd @b @G IB 880 (o) o)l @eavo @000 VOO ajog 95 GAIEB)d YWD )eees. @S9 QIaNAjo, QIMILJo ogdR 600D M QAId M@RAIGISe @O Go1eM |en gy, 195 s 196 —_— 3. The Emerald Bird of Paradise. This most gorgeous and elegant bird is about the size of a jay. Its body, breast, and lower parts are of a rich brown, the front is set close with black feathers shot with green; the throat is of a rich golden green; the head yellow; the sides of the tail are clothed with a splendid plume of long downy feathers, of a soft yellow colour. By these are placed two long filamentous shafts, which extend nearly two feet in length. Of these beautiful feathers the bird is so proud that it will not suffer the least speck of dirt to remain upon them, and it is constantly examining its plumage to see that there are no spots on it. When in its wild state, it always flies and sits with its face to the wind, lest its elegant flimsy plumes should be disarranged. Wood’s natural History. Note. The body, breast etc. @@)OMO 3200 P9Qo PG GHILj OB glemo @aflg aodsem , ZadEIte BQOIW HQOM @ Qlejo OS wso @8 Note &9 )9S mgm%m"l&flbo 2RIVWYo hIENMOABENE, ogan aflomeodlalgnol @aise B30 200 . aioefleabo D @alhiodleje Elaae®) @zawss GO IZEMI0EAIYER BETDOBAILBHD ODHITELIB B2 @@z, & @) 08, 4, The \Fountain. Into the sun shine, Full of the light, Leaping and flashing, From morn to night! — Into the moonlight, ‘Whiter than snow, Waving so fiowerlike When the winds blow!— Into the starlight Rushing in spray, Happy at mdinight, Happy by day! — Hver in motion, Blithesome and cheery, Still climbing heavenward, Never aweary; — Glad of all weathers, Still seeming best, S 197 Sy Upward or downward, Motion thy rest; — Full of a nature ts body, Nothing can tame, th black Changed every moment, | yellow; eathets, Ever the same, Ceaseless aspiring shafs, Ceaseless content, feathers Darkness or sunshine 10 1poD 10 8pots Thy element; — Glorious fountain, the wind, Let my heart be listory, Fresh, changeful, constant, Upward like thee! e}0 610 Lowell. ;‘QJQJO 05 Note. ) g ag@mcé\mflrofi, Ba]o_fp‘o_@@@ DEWITRAMOAINM 0105 1Yo @ 18 608 ) aflano Qo, 2@ IW)ob @O D)@ 021 YOD06Mg NR20TER IO aidBjo SMMBaINNL) TVEIMIE] 8, Motion thy rest Full of a nature ete. aflemaee aflwyoze @Ean aleIN@06 . WID@IMDO SVGo & 19SEs QIIMILIRL) 20W ), af I )o@l @ocs) oamEl@marlge ava MA@ IOTHEEM @ aeloen]) olId) SMMOIW B EIH®) odlemses oygnacd] adledlallges. Let my heart be ete. afloansgovaI®SmM «g®adO eHa®ajo @ esflemaon), £I0IBEEIVEAMAIW), Mud)E@W) ©IGRL B%EJ‘OJO @) ®EaN W@ EeS. 5. A Duel. Then each at once his falchion drew Each on the ground his scabbard threw, Each look’d to sun, and stream and plain, As what they never might see again; Then foot and point, and eye opposed In dubious strife they darkly closed. I11 fared it then with Roderick Dhu, That on the field his targe he threw, ‘Whose brazen studs and tough bull-hide, Had death so often dash’d aside; For train’d abroad his arms to wield, S 198 s Fitz-James’s blade was sword and shisld. He practised every pass and ward, To thrust, to strike, to feint, to guard; ‘While less expert, though stronger far, The Gael maintained uneuqual war, Three times in closing strife they stood And thrice the Saxon blade drank blood, No stinted draught, no scanty tide, The gushing flood the tartans dyed. Fierce Roderick felt the fatal drain, And shower’d his blows like wintry rain; And as firm rock, or castle-roof, A gaingt the winter shower is proof, The foe invulnerable still Foil’d his wild rage by steady skill; N Till, at advantage ta’en his brand Forced Roderick’s weapon from his hand, And backward borne upon the lea, Brought the proud chieftain to his knee. ‘Now, yield thee, or by Him who made The world, thy heart’s blood dyes my blade!’ ‘Thy threats, thy mercy, I defy! Let recreant yield, who fears to die.’ Like adder darting from his coil, Like wolf that rushes through the toil, Like mountain-cat, who guards her young, Full at Fitz-James’s throat he sprang; Received, but reck’d not of a wound, And lock’d his arms his foeman round — Now gallant Saxon, hold thine own! On No maiden’s hand is round thee thrown! That desperate grasp thy frame might feel, Through bars of brass and triple steel! o for Sweeping They tug, they strain! down, down, they go, ad the The Gael above, Fitz-James below. break gy The chieftain’s gripe his throat compress’d, His knee was planted on his breast; The His clotted locks he backward threw, Mungipg | sil, Across his brow his hands he drew, — 199 e From blood and mist to clear his sight Then gleamed aloft his dagger bright! — But hate and fury ill-supplied The stream of life’s exhausted tide And all too late the advantage came, To turn the odds of deadly game For, while the dagger gleamed on high Reel’d soul and sense, reel’d brain and eye, Down came the blow! but in the heath The erring blade found bloodless sheath The struggling foe may now unclasp The fainting chief’s relaxing grasp; Unwounded from the dreadful close, But breathless all, Fitz-James arose The Lady of the Lake Note In dubious strife they darkly closed S®@onIRWEBD VLW oo)ch & @)BeMON® (81031) YELo EBAID EPE @RV OEE2:) Fitz-James’s blade was sword and shield adloq em Doadlan 019 @OM al1d)al@Io O IBWIUT 9920w | amn Hold thine own adlomm @ad)g)n@ooeoajo They tug, they strain, etc. @RQId 9 ad5IwYo rm@@_’]cqgo, oo aflemo. The stream of life’s exhausted tide mcfi(a)@moaomom’u oM@ @aflemo. Too late Translate as an adverbial clause of cause the advantage etc Unwounded ett. adlon’ emaloadlan gd)agasls)ey «am 2@ B2Weg . @0 &0)N20w AW oSO o PaTia), CaICLYas S®Qaltlo MBS QLo m@%@uoafl@m V. Miscellaneous 1. A Forest on Fire. Such a morn- On went the fire, rushing and crashing through the woods ing may we never again see! The heavens themselves, I thought, were frighten- ed; for all above us was a red glare, mixed with clouds and smoke, rolling and sweeping away Our bodies were cool enough, but our heads were scorching; and the child who now seemed to understand the matter, cried so as nearly to break our hearts The day passed on, and we became hungry Many wild beasts came plunging into the water beside us, and others swam across to our side, and stood still. Although faint and weary I managed to shoot a porcupine, and we all Rl 200 Lol tasted its flesh. The night passed, I cannot tell you how. Smouldering fires of mankin covered the ground, and the trees stood like pillars of fire, or fell across each pecuniary other. The stifling and sickening smoke still rushed over us and the burnt He who k cinders and aghes fell thick about us. great knos ‘When morning came, all was calm; but a dismal smoke still filled the air, mixed up- sacrifice— and the smell seemed worse than ever. What was to become of us I did not know. corer the Audubon. getting, 62 Note. May we never again see a3 $26r20ab &) SQUBOOTE@ G VU1, vould argn I cannot tell you how ogeBlomemm aloemod)@lg o smoab What was to hecome of us LHOMEY 0r of)aMI@D @0 aVIEL) 0. Note. I did not know e@eBges allu)n@amsnsman emoth @ )sws lgy. 2. A Letter. Mr. Spectator, I desire you will print this in italics, so that it may be generally taken notice of. It is designed to admonish all persons, who speak either at the bar, pulpit, or any public assembly whatever, how they discover their ignorance in the use of similes. They are in the pulpit itself, as well as in other places, such gross abuses in this respect, that I give this warning to all I know. I shall bring them for the future before your spectatorial authority. On Sunday last, one, who shall be nameless, reproving several of his congregation for standing at prayers was pleased to say ‘One would think, like the elephant, you Where had no knees,’ Now, I myself saw an elephant kneel down to take on his back to tailways the ingenious Mr., William Penkethman. Subjeet Your most humble Servant, A B. 20t belgngs f()l‘ the fi!ne Note. Discover their ignorance @&Bges oflyfl®ioH0m ojoQD 210S) Companieg, AN . Who shall be nameless snaN@EOHB8AR AIOQYATI QY. Ay contrag Your humble servant ay, for f) Ingenious M@WBOMIW, TRYO2D VI, aflewwad. Works conpe for the time 3. Money. OVer auy Jay By river, The philosophy which affects to teach a contempt for money does not run gflS-pipeg’ ( very deep; for indeed, it must be still more clear to the philosopher than it is Aches fypy to the ordinary man, that there are few things in the world, of greater impor- tance. ®uduity gy, And so manifold are the bearings of money upon the lives aud character Proper, SR 201 ting firg of mankind, that insight which should search out the life of a man in his 108§ each pecuniary relations would penetrate into almost every cranny of his nature. the burtt He who knows, like Saint Paul, both how to spare and how to abound, has a great knowledge, for if we take account of all the virtues with which money is | the ar, mixed up — honesty, justice, gemerosity, charity, frugality, fore~thought self- us' ] did sacrifice — and of their correlative vices, it is a knowledge that goes near to cover the length and breadth of humanity; and a right measure and manner in Jile getting, saving, spending, giving, taking, lending, borrowing, and bequeathing would argue a perfect man. DGR, Sir Henry Taylor. jurd omoch Notes from Life. ome of us A contempt for money — use the equivalent noun-clause. Does 20l o) ! Note. not run very deep cAlNo &OWQo. And so manifold are etc, — as an adverbial clause of cause. That insight which should search out etc. SEIZOS AIAMAVOUMVAIW MSANGNHOS 2o ) @0o0Qlamo @pem_i@i)aidlanmd GacE] ©.aYD EYAOO @AM EDEZ0OB OO «gald 2ego SR 1Yo Q)OO AN « generally To cover the length and breadth of humanity @200« @VIE0QI0 ( cither af Would @V SIQTNo Wal) |9@ER MW BB E5m N6 rignorance argue a perfect man QUQUWEMAVEUANINIY o J@BEOHADO L1AM her places, amaosrfi’ . 1l 1 know. (n Sunday 4, Law. agation for ‘Whereas it is expedient to consolidate, amend, and add to the law relating ophiany 00 on his back to railways in India, it is hereby enacted as follows: — Subject to the provisions of this Act and in the case of immoveable property not belonging to the railway administration, to the provision of any enactment AB for the time being in force for the aquisition of land for public purposes and for companies, and subject also, in the case of a railway company, to the provision of ) 29! any contract between the company and the Government, a railway administration oJocSz;fflfl%' e servant may, for the purpose of constructing a railway or the accommodation or other works connected therewith, and notwithstanding anything in any other enactment for the time being in force — (a) Make or construct in, upon, across, under, or over any lands or any streets, hills, valleys, roads, railways, or tramways, or any rivers, canals, brooks, streams, or other waters, or any drains, water-pipes, gas-pipes, or telegraph lines, such temporary or permanent inclined planes, {oes 0ot 108 arches tunnels, culverts, embankments, aqueducts, bridges, roads, ways, passages, el than it i conduits, drains, piers, cuttings and fences as the railway administration thinks reatef impOl" proper. Act IX. of 1890. g chare?? 20 Note. Whereas etc. Qamoam c:ismd®@oack, For the time i)eing in and beati: force ®RP®IDDIRI0 MSg i8s. Split up this carefully into sight app clauses, and sentences, pick out the principal sentence and arrange caused by the clauses according to their mutual relations. The student prominent will note that may make is the finite verb in the second para. Say Just over @O 0 10Qo(a)SIP0 (@)QON) | @noo. enlargeme to violent 5. The Pruning of Rose-trees. that the When, how, and to what extent to prune, are questions by no means easy 1§ not unf to answer. The extraordinary vigour and beauty of some rose-trees on which The goats had been browsing, gave the ancient the first idea of pruning them. The The giea general rule may be stated to be that the weaker the variety, the more severely by natuze should it be pruned and vice-versa. are widel; Yellow roses, noisette and climbing varieties should be pruned sparingly, with in 1 merely pinching, or cutting away the tops of the shoots, which then throw out the Giraf laterals and flower abundantly. If the branches are too crowded to admit of herds are their getting the full benefit of the sun, a portion of the cross branches must or ten foef be entirely excised, the centre of the tree being left open to air and sun. E'very exalted he portion of dead or withered wood must be cleanly cut out, all thin spindly wood, eighteen { from which it would be impossible to get a fine bloom, must be removed with a picturesqy bold stroke of the knife, in all cases the branch must be cut off at a plump Whose upj healthy well developed bud which should point outwards and be cut at an angle hich na of forty-five degrees, The cut must be clean, no splintering allowed, and no fails to di snag ends left above the bud. Suckers should be traced to their origin under the surface and cut out. Rose Culture. Note. The top of the shoots then draw out laterals etec, O@omilaabo @0 Kashn 000D B3N aISOE MG MIBJBINAJ0 Bal0g) ete. Open to overstated air and sun &50Qo OQI® Ao @%o_mnb @ &% Qlgmo O 0lg 1010 &) 8 61Mo. Thin spindiy wood GnEw @atlem).oy OGImyddh. With kind of ¢ therefore a bold stroke etc. @@ O IX M FAS).0168 EWemo. No splin- supply i tering allowed aflaoi)@g joiomb or el eogBaio0100d CLEAGG®D . nndevelop| Suckers anleiomlaoeg Jobas lan mo_ms"li% Qg @ma gg dHdv, World ag 6. The Giraffe. silver dep immengg | The Giraffe appears to bear the characteristics of the antelope and the camel. The height of the animal varies from fifteen to eighteen feet. Its beautiful it will 4 Kashpip long” neck enables it to browse on the leaves of the trees on which it feeds arrea]‘s, q On its head are two remarkable projections resembling horns. Those projections are not horns, but only thickening of the bone of the skull covered with skin frangs gy ing hang s St 203 6 belng i and bearingha tuft of black hair at the extremity of each. The fore legs at first 3fillly info sight appear longer than the hind ones, but this apparent difference is only d arrange caused by the great length of the shoulder-blades. Its eyes are very large and ho student prominent, so that the animal can see on every side without turning its head. para, Sy Just over and between the éyes is a bony prominence resembling the projecting enlargement of the skull. ‘When it wishes to repel an assailant it has recourse to violent and rapid kicks from its hind legs; so light and swift are these kicks, that the eye can scarcely follow them, and so powerful are they, that the lion MEANS easy is not unfrequently driven off by them. y 0n which The appearance of this animal in its native haunts is very magnificent. em, The The gigantic and exquisitely beautiful animals, which are admirably formed to gevetely by nature to adorn the forests that clothe the boundless plains of the interior, are widely distributed throughout Southern Africa, but are nowhere to be met sparingly, with in large numbers. In countries unmolested by the intrusive foot of man, These | throw oub the Giraffe is found generally in herds varying from twelve to sixteen. 0 admit of herds are composed of Giraffes of various sizes, from the young Giraffe of nine nehes must or ten feet in height to the large chestnut coloured old bull of the herd, whose exalted head towers above his companions, generally attaining to the height of . Erery indly wood, eighteen feet. When a herd of them is seen scattered through a grove of the oved with @ picturesque parasol-topped acacias which adorn their native plains, and on whose uppermost shoots they are enabled to browse by the colossal height with at & plump af, an angle which nature has endowed them, he must indeed be slow of conception who wed, and 10 fails to discover both grace and dignity in all their movements. Wood’s Natural History. origin under ) . Praise of Kashmir. oilanho @ Kashmir is a country the natural advantages of which can hardly be n Opento overstated. Its soil is of a fertility that certainly equals that of Italy. Every gl kind of climate can be had by ascending the slopes of the Himalayas, and J@flhv With therefore every sort of fruit and cereal will come to per fection; its water No splin- supply is perfect and constant. Its mineral wealth is great though quite 0B EY: undeveloped. Its scenery is so magnificent that visitors from all parts of the ;@éh(b. world are attracted to it, and these buy its products and leave everywhere a silver deposit. Its forests are inexhaustible; and finally its position gives it immens e value from a military and political point of view ; and in consequence, it will always be protected by the English. With all these advauntages, Jld the ggmel, Tts befifltif\fl Kashmir is always on the verge of bankruptey, always in debt, always in i it eeds: arrears, and al 1 for want of a firm civil administration to prevent the endless ’ ofi0ns frauds and corruption by which the revenues are turned aside into the grasp- 56 p10) ing hands of greedy and lazy officials. Cornhill Magazine. g ith 62 fetaliay 204 Note. The first sentence. o BT @08y Boam ®0gloo. Leave a silver deposit (o)@)@ocf) am@g’\mamgd OB O ISBMD. With all these advantages @@O@ids B oYORKd EVWGLINW) o= @fl%o.‘ Grasping hands @@y sWeSlegow. 8. Loch Katrine. The summer dawn’s reflected hue To purple changed Lock Katrine’s blue, Mildly and soft the western breeze Just kiss’d the lake, just stirr’d the trees, And the pleased lake, like maiden coy, Trembled, but dimpled not for joy ; The mountain shaddow on her breast Were neither broken nor at rest ; In bright uncertainty they lie, Like fature joys to Fancy’s eye ; The water-lily to the light Her chalice rear’d of silver bright ; The doe awoke and to the lawn, Begemm’d with dewdrops, led her fawn ; The grey mist left the mountain side, The torrent show’d its glistening pride ; Invisible in flecked sky, The lake sent down her revelry ; The blackbird and the speckled thrush Good-morrow gave from brake and bush; In answer coo’d the cushat dove Her notes of peace, and rest, and love. Sir Walter Scott. Note. The first two lines. — GQIMNAY ILIOT 1HAI ERMEEMIBR D 1HIO @98 00 Wbosieorla (e)oflmmlas afldlome @) The mountain OO qLIIReM aFlaiaigRo dgo.ajdg o) @G, ghadow on her breast etc. caQiomad oo oflwdd @ e a1@3 lsoRa; IS arh @ ang @’Wmfl% ag)aWo @} og)TWo a0l a10s)gy. The water-lily to the light etc. mizE&dk Oaigs) S@oilgvesd agmilg{ISlom Galee @RBROS aJE MEOg aflsom), The doe awoke etc, o@emMEBRZo 9eman, odlasem M2OBOB0eE EONE o flewins Bwidlesan mem(Edlw)3eies @EBZOS GoNOOBEE QYo @GS MSan. The lack sent down her revelry @So& @ )@ban Jano @1Ya0 92LaEIYeE @:yafl@u_\m']fié—- ag) TR )OS R AMO@D . Good-morrow gave— Swele) B oé‘).nl%. 3 .@3@0%% o0ep| P PEIO S|eweee aporv ofgcucE@© EOMPfFtULIE® VEroAUe \,m_ceg@ rovcw|rowe Merweld Gos B oy wop 17 ORI WO SCRIVPETI| D w0 a@r@w W@ o@ro Seg Scrogw (o wseaP @Gme@? oD upEe @O W r@was o ‘B UD(W MRFOAD OPB(RLCCHI U ADIT O WWFQ QLY O @F@pficg Jroorv 0 9|08 o w fFForofSefecve cspbw [y o@D ™UBYIVULIE @ Tauw ALl @ceomwmon A S® o5cwRErv (o0 0g ws® Ts&BeTlo dasvae oo 'roofio | awsewp s BT Broe 0rg 42 (e ew Govoro &oecmero®@ n.oC.GGW.ofi.C@@GmQflO oW 0CNEY WD ofge@as(OueHWw omes FECrLY Qo weide ¢ freve oo ([T o Yavwecw Gos ob VW UWLrve w(Bawwo fFofoso grounw(o (@@E wesanse ofoghaw Lo @ Be oo Treno QOO ULER(Y(@eWERtY F(Qa of © Brow| gweEro Wmer@q OGP @ ONLIORD VOWITD ROV, (@ eawscF8E Brow (FFew F(sw (S WD iRecfSreSE)| [P BB fa( ScuniT(sw cwwy Sed Cuw (5@ ofnre|ero o fo qurm e @(EIWIO@(P @RIV ADCWO(@ID QuCRBCE UL BO (o@D ogeuwe @sfaScwofw(m srop aw|@ fF(srv weroisse (I (OCLPIRI OPOW (HfT(Yroe WU LB ©TER (e Bt [Bb° ‘o fmoc@ee@E @ ‘T *SNOLOWNET pun 2)durg 22DLON . (208 (e TR 0 ‘g ESIOUAX LRI 0% — 206 pRIGERES Note. o g1ef) the musk shrew. oaig)glg 0520 was the oracle. eaig)olg |og@eBsod] the oracle became silent. @0 QIO PO HANILYZAINH O GHoaNAjo 2 Q100w aaascmfl% walead EaM et if these or those fall it is all one to us— we may swoop down upon the carcasses and have a feast. 2. @RPRMeMO ®Ea190ilYo. (m@mn{) Q1O TEImES08I0 BHOHM @Al OEAL) @EO@E®R00 alduyaImo AIE g |omo)) @moan alQieoe b Gaiginw e.aim @s) aYazEMoe atempa@ad Q1A ldse &oalo 2 WAV MANSING BLINSHODRI0 BV OED DEIOIDENHS O_@GY@ @B Q1MIDQ o ERRRMOMHO ®Ea19ailealo WGBABASIEMEgjods @0l @02 g 1905 WI@Y20ss ). MyBE)20P@ &8l H.a1aN A INAMY@MRODO gailebadlan aflenaoasd osigo O.aQ alog a10S) &glengo al0em@mogo alls laaQo @QSEABMATIWo @05 aneily l@ngo 21Mal a1l Gie 8&d)QId ore s QYo m@aflom_n@’]@@@ms@fl@moa_wsfl ag/m® BQITEY aeiBedlodto MpR@l20d (@ )8®@IuUT).a) @ma&0ed)s &5 lal cnosmpalaiload Q105 HH0E0 anef) ofla @U@0 anef).oflgyo 0195 1210890HMB AORIANAIBy E@OAT ). )20 (GSOBRY0 MNITMAe HSHSEORAS) N6 I OX AN ARO@IF S0 QIaD. EoEyMObo @canallgH @ a1ro myESIZS) @10 €0 8108005 Ja 10200 @A 1200, 32N Gomenw E8aIQa o0y lg ceaized o @mgmilch @galelnusesiw). &) OI®o o.xs@.flg___\o%. Note. QIO &oflo once upon a time; in times of yore. 20300A% QR b Ze1cisw eoaian@s] repaired to the foot of mount Mandara. BRSO BWOR s all the world stood aghast. Q) ©BQHED 0 yog BEBOI0IRAY0 the Lord of the gods trembled for his safety; the Lord of heaven became alarmed. mno%m@"]@ —— 207 — he orae 98g09S @WI@WY29®s) deputed the whole bevy of heavenly nymphs. aflenauesd aiai@o &og) made use of various blan- dishments 0195 )210890HMB @RJAN QG I3 ] they were con- those fall moem vinced of the utter futility of their attempt to entice him cagses and QOOSSOZAS ) retired crest-fallen, momfl@mmflcmmaamo% a0orilgo ciaw from that day their reputation was irretrievably lost 3. R06INAIAV0. @UIATEMIBWIT AR AT Gal GR2QJaN AMOMN0 O IMNG &).0160ZA @%@)mo@@om MR 1853 M=20w) AT ) WICWI® a1@dBnSellad 06RIPMINYER BIMNAIDMANBY o NZROS OO OdmaR man) HAINOOI® ENEQD HAIOSAR &.aa)g 2O0I®o SHLEMIOD® HSHMNZEa1W ) a 0@ eSS @marIeeidleoy aflarisimoad 99O OBISIN Blmnacgjode Q1@NUS ) a100d afls’):%smaomcsmmo 601001850 a@fnmammflmo @OHaN Og | @10 a@@fl@u@ E088MNoCa10mL) 6).a) Mg |0OW b lnNaad oI B0 Q100 &REBIN0 QIR FIMOOD Q10PIOD® 6.2IANEE & QBN DO Gl g WIN I HNAIMOE) SHE ] &%fiammflmomfl% an@ &) adlanod MIEOMINR]IN QNTDOHR oS o aNIREEANSAINH OSaIdT @SAN @ANHS SHIANMI AN AT 160 |HAN adlgn .oy ileb OJ@@S)@)QGTEQ()O ODLIOZLI03 Qe an aiganaiab MORY® HWOQIMO o YoEHIRl0 '3 &od) ojmlomom 20adlad) @eanig Q020 msmflfiaflm QI06mDOMN Bg|0dd g0t of mou? @106 WIYSEB ™ M ANOS ©IQIB D tood go h’lst MU IGSIO® &HTROHE0) 0gMOY CHSIE OB 1OM 6.2108]100 ols [rembled PRAROS &AM aslang . oo jlo ‘Tlecon B8 @ .owm.vfivoamofl Q.C%o@..mnbofl U9ULW (WOOoQADL SEALQLEBWLI A posuste el Sorwe il w P O EQYULULECQLIO([FWIvEE Seawdo 0QWRUDLTT © Swuw(Ww Stubyw EIOUDLWEIO (WCELETTCIT SEAD| W (@oma|iaspmeeisHBustes < vocfiBreunwro Ehes Fe P(FH(© 6oflm@arefiu8r@o§@eoflm PSADITE @OV (Whteswiw peFBpeuoft an(weeteroeE 0@QCPDIPYPLrve SOADW (Perove .oeew@fifisércbprfit e WG[ 80| UL @G LOCRLWITFCITY SOALW ‘ocffo e P U @utre veuw|w fF@men wess(wec e YOUL(W (S@R OBDULY(TT DOSED Qe S|uw(w Busor (werve F(srug EHw avweseriBroywspaweeo ocfo o w(@te W gueioe ovunzefo Bwunoe ©Eiwiro U9(UL® ©UCTD QIULG(W DOKICTD (PP SECAD@ W[ EQLIT fF @fo coiewe svawaveovan pcFBpmuvee quroewsws o oaem SoUpRELYIUL0eN BYWUD(W |BEWTRD *00fI@©@ES( F@ BroY SOAL (woaw o BBenroSwy @unbo 0B @) weaw &uo(md aw(w 9@ SQ(ELY SEOUDELOITUIR) rorGEmE e wwoorofBee© (W W@ QLYo CEBYCAD(VIOWOE SEAUD(UW ‘QUOEIS TUD(W (MDY SO W @ @dBw avmew wRne 0oy 80 — 209 — Note. The first four lines may be rendered as a simile thus —Govinda had by his wife Rugmini a son called Prathynmna, like the full moon out Maes of the churning of the milk-sea with mount Mandara. @raIEmRd UG GSIO® HTRH®mE® how is it I see your manners are not what they ought to be. OORE) MIMHS GalddZLIGHNIVD0 OGO aFlan ojearl®Bg|odo there was a spontane- ous flow of milk from the breast of Vaidarbhi. 4, emoeilory@lorlles sandooamo. 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W@ N ZORIWAID DO Pe0H IYNS 0105 &G 00205 @SB meaad aflean Ea@mMazo rmcra@o.fl:gé QA IGEBO) eesien ailg eflaigemmiw] msane gSs). ot} [0)e) mo_m(ozomfl%,@g mowfl@mo@m@@mfianbo Q& HE aid e’]oc_bcsemda;@ @EaN BSBANI BN BRIV O Des. o) (el Gel &0 aI0QINEMN20? y Senw l&:5ad @mymoad o_flg)oo_flemoé)mfl&flmh Note. auo(fflrmcaomo%o the praise of music, the pre-eminence of music. amm@;ega@moammm’] was translated to Vaikuntham. @ao @@ & BOIYME0W @D accompanied him or escorted him. @ comd: O&IECaIwE ete. which not only displeased but irri- tated Narada who prided himself etc. 20 QllOS oymaaan I here pass over the story. @0E;0000 B&dailgoe knowledge and experience, aa@)a1na] usually. @D B0 oo @ arvmo @O )0eE SWo &s@c@mfi%m}osrr;’ we are waiting his leisure. )@ @Bg oo ama$)eop s )gy you have not yet attained to that pitch of perfection. £006N1QDN QYOS ERSSHTd BSQIaho @08 M).0j03000b @eila) asked him to be trained for a year under Jambavathi. @ogo O©®0G) missed the time; you do not keep time. 2Q&n $eaid who have been able to master. 22 ol (BGRINGCOD &L al0QIABM=0? then why enlarge upou the state of affairs in this world? 6. 9V I0do, ag)ao ay@ad Q10600 1SaD @mm@ @maylme 6219 @moeflfié OIS 2@ 2@).afla1moa 18aVEAIBDI S Yo eman al108@eamo. @@oo_\mowo 1060y @EINAA N 0fe, Qs )0y ag@aGo ®.0100 s lnoab @00CEIRMVEAI a @ ad)alles E» VO (E®NIH QI3 &mc‘@o_l@ao_\(mnb { 2O WI0 ©SES1W@ AN % = e —— 213 ) SMINEEYMTM @EM.21d A1) Galoel B6Te @ne, eaorsoro’\ ®EaD aUd)20a0EEMIm00 Wg'\'fiflmgo Qm_n’ch msaw wlo® allellmio YR oum o mid)ab Zamoe aimind woeim 0108 \afi)% gmilch L12mQYo H@TE UMSANRO Q180 m @0 ERA@ A& B 98 W 2oNRIRIMY0 2@ )alloimiciavd 160" a0 2)BJOMBIOW, G OWI@ 212 BH0Dd 28| ®BRLIGd FYOD a@;mmgflaaqsmgao HO@ Yo _o_fl@ o_fl(mmom@oo_m@cmmo 5 BRI GO AVBHSZTEID). ) ab, AIRL@ ) @RS ZLCTS cailol)omo ©6R] I W@IWOHDONMMR §.0108R M B20 16 O muslo $0008 mNEa) Halgs o )@ aSleno ham, @0 2103 )g{1S ) gjeamogpa@ BN o d him, @06 Oa10Q aiR)a0a¥)@01S) HSawEaId sed but et %OO@&%G’DG@O(GO&@ 2820 avo e I here a1900 al1@)ad @) oflsmaide dds owledze and BoRIRM OGN TEAD GQIB2IBM 1S )0 QI agMadlelo e | aidleoad) olhg 60 SNDOHME@ MG B @emo, attained 10 egowe@madlaumgllnlowan @ GO BIDAIDORID @Iy @SR Imod. ] for & year @fl@'\o@mfl@mo $0g) 010D @SOS e you do not 86180 &A1 QIOMD® G& BnWITd y masters @ @021V D m’\@qfi;@@’]&gc& large upol @oalo @8a0E@AR Ga 10820100 &g alad aSleso UDOEH@® @O aFlen@o aSleso QIEs afleBd oila)).o)m @@oEmodb aesdl@mmiflagomalaeimeoaciad PG )M lo HBSAAIsuDoLe Q1000 (@2 @O NS @ )ds lajo BP0 HUORIND o3 as l@osrg an@o @0yl QAVAICMIG e.a10g51Slonoad e 0B00 o0, Note. ERWHOANAN H.010BRIEMER0? are you curious to know what ir is? Soodegmen eaigsaol)ed allene tumbled into a hoof- mark filled with water 21001 {18 ojvamopanm emeo were struggling to get out when etec. 95 ) @nSaea10w) stepped ovet it. @ J@oalo Odgaso shall put down the pride of Sakra. L 214 /(4 @9y oLfl@ma MHINE0 IR 6 Soy0 ©.a@xslEmonileg 208 % @@o@ogawo.o._o@m.@o@oE@@E BUIHE@IML@ IANIMBo BAVIAT)E alo “ayg@lem alompal mies ga3laio PNER Bal Masm. BFlor @aiav gl gdlommeal 120Re ZE10 @e.al AVIWDe @A GO QUGHRIBRING:MNILO QIAVAI MY2BD @ e Blajeaism BIMYELEAMAIAVED Hoalo.” ‘@ aINBMMOD BN QUHHLIBZA M NECMI0 aanele 8CeMA )M E® aflajel Moo @.afl@m 20 )9alna e ladlas eg o BIIP0ds8 Q1A MIaIaTVAIY.” Note “opmledeanabo amnanimi) 288 onE r1oEdo N NEsEMIId M IMNEEME) aoeflg {lg joomagjalo BN ORI AVAWD0 & o6eMosy e @b SMOBYMEL@H (2)a)R0 @OE TLIUS e @b 0SS WRIP SOHZAD 1R, 6O MABWaeto ®maIb al®e @Ca0Q3." “apmmebo apedemo LI BRI OWB B W5 Th %%Sm golaig eemo ggjeo @mwéaf @l 2ERMd @J@BO%.@o DM IYSmMId 2D ).030%0 S.E e @ o )d cimar’laiGans gléam, @M@ g elo ay@l® caeayeal.” sa‘E “aflagammaaeeaBmEy VLM M) 99g] iga 208 514 aflegydlgyaid @EMMINST g a3 19aj@ MO @& A AVIR06NINAZHEAD 3192 3558y go88ar@odh QI IEBNZOD Ya a3y BMIARAMN EdhO @A @Ry O&&J&w sfifi o LSemag @MNOQYLaM a1BeildQle og)gjo@o .7’ L3S DRENMRUNE W) 215 amoda m@’\% ) o@o @y QI QIQRLIE @b @oag) BKR oolaflacds CBQJQQJGGBOD NBDYEMEDB o groo:c;)am&@ssflrofi Qe 1@no0 Q108 B 6 30 ag@lm a1payal MoazM)aln.” “goa_.é@g@om(ra(oow 2 Q1 o B3 N2 6) DRI B Y | @b wro'\gflmflmcfog)@ @) B 8ME0 Quallenoy a1d)oflsaamaing waHeemMEU®D ®a@).g101d (TQ(O@G]CB)QQ_ @Qyod 180, WAGEMMAIMI®Eal @ab qOAWoeNI8® dlgloan Moo @l &ale0gMeo.” Mngadlmo SO g Note. Seeing Narada and Parvata approach Indra heartily greeted them in these winning terms: — ‘Good morning to you, Revd. Sirs’ said The he ‘to you my geuerous Sir, the son of the lotus-born etc.’ whole is to be translated as a dialogue between Indra and Narada. 11 Personal Sketch. 1. o0l GNOdsl OBy’ BSHISWomIBYEH ag)®R0 @OLOEINAl ailelntD o2rgflabagIgyes 2oem e:og'yams___\ocfl @osmied) o) Gleg s ©.aIQIMMBIW SeyM(@E)Io cag]s) BAYAIMIQL D 2185 cacmoss) emiodlg{leaame egOImaMomh: — @S @9d)8amMaINRIERI5 @), 82g|SlocnflrbasIQYes wal 1@)8Lad ufl%} MRNRINEM 1M 20Qo ©a1Qale &lg)w oo @Y G@sniad) &:flesmo. 3 2d)g eaflad mo 800 JR&E0b zogzflgcwosrfi". mall®s alam eal aflpj0® 010150 9.21QY OBV aflg)@b 083 ) oR&HBBUoo GAD TVOQIBTVE AW ). @oacm'\._,g%o_n@cm. LIOWODEN HSERO VML) BR0 MEY. @08l @ndlatleb §a135SEOMIB0 YRRV S0 SHRILAIW aatlolale poeodlsley. Mgy addg) (@-)o®o, ageg.a’ 0o, B0 6NS | QeR B©3a00, o@HEBU0 DCRAICRED) QI moailemy aflzo, QISA@I0, 2oL @S)Wo, alldlam@Qo, 988 MOW) HeNg. 2o @moen . alpy SlomEel Qid) D SemE:ald @l BSIWA ) esan. ab M@ EZo @B ISP B oy BlAIBleMO GSW® BSAD —_— s 216 ®mMOod e allaiseam Gono Sloneer mogrlwloh oG O MaIgIGes @pe@leny dlgomlc @mo @8 aildles Gomem @iwaISoHch CaIeO B DHRIQYo &g geigmo &elleado ajoaisiaglemel @ngyo adldInado L1BMEMEBD HIENIABEN aIB)Es®dd WIN@IAWo &ME gy &g Iwaid a3t QREAQYo AVAF]aa0M0d al@S), @aIamm, @eIg, ©aIde CRg|S)HRo @floe moelemy Elaicvaw) @wssm alas) aseslogmo eeaigm Gaialgy oo .aile oo man, @Ml ellHal aINE @Ry CBEZM2IY lman, 6 QIGBEAN o m@’\@eflfl% @) AR e SWsuy EoIWMRIN® BN aflwo 2 MWLM A IOJYAD 00b 0082 &Wloy EPBMNIMEMED)Ejo wQlo AN.al TVORWSHEANW WINMIE AV SGo aJ0dgls doemoarilgy %onb S IMNOSISOY ROLIGR a0 AS6E ) Note wlo Q.:((fl@(faow'h% held an inquest over the body of [egvlatalh) G -idemo m.mg conducted local investication. allgjo @ So petty trade alo@oads worth mentioning. a@eg oo dark brown, o0wab @os) scanty beard efiao@nbo_sgd irregu~- lar teeth OOAISBANR0 @G D3 ).0) grew Worse towards the evening, or, in the evening there was a relapse VoL WEh DA @ WINGOIA0 aJOSg|g HHo6noamlgy nothing suspicious has been elicited 2 @@rfid 0QIMI©0. m’\m@ommfimmfl@o@afl o) emmonems do @eRgleh Galan adleanye o3 lwidoeeal a1 WwIY) ciemyBmad asmyesa:abd @ANOS N WM IWETBAIM IR0 ngfifib 2meeamlo® @sagmegallm 21@08] (WaOBEHS 81020 ®logo algpo m’im’)@mm@om@ogafl@g DA DD eroamlaiwesd BmIQRNANYPo QySEI8 3W 20URIZEQOYB LD QR®@&:HoGe 8w (20 A1) NS )RL M E WD EE BEE ey (o )avdloidodlay o M eM@E & d Omg ey 23.ef). o @o o QilGmo ayEIAMIEY SHOMM MULD g e g oaitloHm@oo WA Yo 5RO RECIMIBRIWOE@D aSlermyey)r ooz nm@WYoe ailgaslmad 0, RIIWEBZ o MmTbBMEMe HOE leuyes % @M Mmeyc oo (@D *QUCRRITE CVC@IDUD W W(W(BHE YEOOOE oeneroanN s 888@?3@3@.@8@0036 SsfioSSoocSooSoemce?cSofl@& (WOLTNQI(W QS DETICTTEB( QY DDUDD PCaCQCRL@( O QD (FBwowe o0 o @USS @(SPCULADOP TLUWITOODO :FBgro Bowe0obfoo(g@ w(Eotro oV P O BEWER R S|OOTE VOO 000V EImIVEEP| W ocwevu B8 ek of9raceeres(®) WO Wom(fDees YA Qow(ews® fFlpfhow coort@ruve Pk (et UR(fT oE0RLMOBY PIW(S(FF(FH o westedfvap (YCCPR( YOO oofi.fi_mm@ea@@flum@m@ PO S|V SOLEIP(FN AN TP T @ADL TTd 0BEZHW TC@ mw@o@@meérsga omeoaremcgbegommuqo OEO@Y WO O 0EYICEWOCN OOQAWw@awCCGa@ 09CE2 QL ez Flel (B9 Gesouw fi w8 00 (gUe®mN cw(EWS® ow(gnoaw eeLfdawmoud® 1} SPABAO} ©(e0s® [T roreete Beroptun ."C.Cmv@ wc ~1gat foro w( oBoncer B FEodroes 00| EBe 00 WRBWCW(S;Hte AEEPDEOD OECRLTPS O BW(SCADOE WY(UBOBDD e o -osf8m o cavewe @aas| seBe@ e o (R0 ] | (gnceas Boo pesmsGe soBwinean qUEWO(E B0 ewdifo orero 0eb@)oeR(@(fO U909 0roY; (| BEQMULE SEOQZVMOYAW(W(HBD ofs gowsrs er@@éraucncoflo 008 Boa@Crvd@ero 0609 UL oo go Eopmwomn W B9 QYW EWST 0BEWUCELLCO(Y fimcd ‘e e B © fOWCrVEDY @D ) @(FEOTVP TP Riarog o ‘YW S|fOBd fFluwcToBe @z roewiaase t g (Sro© cwroee (56 oBewmnd e mero Yrom(Sec fF 0000 ot @ eus e BOCmICUTE D 06 9|0 ¢ iBowBcebiovcto G Be pewwefd 0¢rog ] s@éara fe e o o es@czecfEn e Bawo *Erfo SR VAL . L1G — 218 - Note @Tomfl@oo%zfl the eighth after the new-moon, Qi@ emi®omo Tauri. aoarilelwsssde the proper mansions. QBMIBEW when the Taurus was in the ascendant. M SM(@E )& o 6)@@_%@8 31 il aj@@o MeIRE)a) @S®EIMod ete. render all the past tenses in this by the Historic present. BEEAOSOBAMIBRIWO @A etc. was rejoiced at the prospect of a speedy termination of all her oppressive burdens. eoam@ ey A taflem@oeo@od fell into a death-like sleep. 3. B200v. OO @818y MBTIEON2%0 HNEZ IO OO@BRIG MYBE &R @aSlaid)) enolem)afly@psasilad oomgsab G QeI E ) o1o0b @QOD@:Q(@QJO(Tb 00D INTBYIMI® g mEH220 QIOSIMBo &HZ GaNo MEIVSlaiad a16mIF ) 013 (0 & 0UERIAINS Q Jo 16@12190.190 DG00I )Bo U3 1Yo eoabe.andlaingeld olsmildnasemiaje amMemilod @HOBaD 200 aVES QB 0 L S T TR T R R S Y ote W e el et id e Q1B @Ma0IBEM a6 1Y U3 Qo ovenilpemismilmo damilaige mgy S06DIMN.ABIW AP0 LOHAVDAS R Ao Q‘D@@)DSTTUJ@TB@O _a..\O('OBO_JOBSlS‘B%B_o BN 22T, (0 )& 00 20 )38 & Lo JaBo ABM IO Mo VIABMIO AVBIADI0 (T‘DO.flCTBQJo 20NBA@MOD GHIGHTRE HHVD HIod @YMAERAVINEGO 2UNMIY IS Inoabd. M8 ol @)@ o @fl@flgflo%. Note. e1aism) o flgmeax)e dhasmgsa B QL1200 IE ) 0100b 22008900 awoad he drank in with his eyes the nectar of her charms. @RMMBAVI 2 BUNmMI)SImnoab he was steeped more and more in Elysian bliss as he continued to be- hold her charms one after another—her locks which ete. iR ofD| O FTEC® G| @(WBOLBEBID @O G| ZL(LB TOW®W(@ 0 ponty v Ewe| FBEEWWIBUWOTS s o QRS © QWY W EWWS(ID ALITE oYLV qlo s T ofoeseero o [F(puee QUErDEEroY TRIVEWS SCULDELWUWRR \ QUC© CCCEG]@.@FCCQG?@GFSE@ &of [S8L] QTR VALY AL B@ PLULRUSCE weeefFol ene ropffes Eom@@H([0 fwawwswo (81T 0QWPWI(JO B @as( Beroe@ero SEAUL® P (YPCro BB fE w(BLEY o8| wane S\mioBavee BS(UD(W AEE (LCEWED(T «cfSpmm(ie m@m»mraéecc& VeECEQLO0Y @ BB Im(OOWO Yraemiw ©osusdfv oreruee DOTVE I @(WW ©IEBRICE T QQ QLULRER(@L(JT GUEID “ACro 0BQLER 2| 2LV (W(ELEt@C@MLAD qLCES APEWSED aw| Beweve 0etrero PeesPee® Buwde OBPIIBUIIMTO omfoC@cc@% 2S(QEEE (WY P(E@EITE UWCOLVED F0BBoSRE (9T @pmcbr\%o_dmmcc 0 PEHWH|W Py @Eiry avfdoaus oc sus o sus( 9 00 BBAD W a9t O Crod( e eiv e (Staust®© EG?%FPE@GFM.G@ 0% awro o@ULmEBF8ro erwefdere © RE o e =1 o W @Ot awfvcsusHewocro qerofcfFome uee scane wmcrasfo ¢S® UL rOTYrVOO AL(FOCUD v 00 [y (UOCrOCIT © o(Csroc e Barcef0s W8 j0m (meeBee woassfo wofoe RINGIT 00O OCQICPIUID VR QPP E@ WY 80819 18g( opeFBmowsce ofdUL@ @ (TTOOUD g mér@ o C.aog@C\mGoa ey Uubw oQrugou® TOUA mge .E%flofiom@o@mmso% ‘¥ oeoa\amre st AR 61C llwwoxl ag)M TR B.a108mMIm ala®))S)SImo 08 Mool l@ogy realeg jod aflgl@ziqes ®8gelo aamde’ow 02880 OnlaM &g )eeWose) 838@@@&9%5%0@93980 Sloneseg ansgyo 601088y an. @RMM& 0 l@sdgall aflalgan 207 o} 1 @i 18NS IS Q9N Qeymloflsan eavaemeeIN® AR HOL § 100100 EDOD 8.0 0@B)ANRIOH VI 6).a1DANINE | DEHAS) 21000 SHME® OSIADAIIMD OYRIBA §.21p1aN OO IR IE ) o@MEHAN Q.Eom&o._o&ogoanqscho@Qfioaw 2emMLMN20QSR BN AIEMD DI B 2emu OR0YER UosMWo & EMRodh adLm.wos@oam@mmo@ SHaMS) DARHS Qgmoas) anm:mo ailossasg jodo @.219@8)mEIMIg BMNEIW Do) Eg{odd Q100IOD CDISHOOITI 6).0) MO ) 20L16WANEEB IR OO QAo @ANIGEL @00J0Q MILIAT &HI6@ A 19010 20000 B.al@EANIVIE) T @qfigm sMAlg 0.160a)0810WmMMES) @oegeBde g0 @0.a a3larilgam QUSR03 523 NE. o Jei SO RMME®I 21Q3)® O.016 e BY0 6X2106) @) 9.&0%&0@9«9%&0@30@0 0B EMITHORVLT W BN (@221 8:00608 b @36MO) @20 820 @PLyWIg @b 0gERMIYBERI@ @O O@vailwlob Nof agog wlarlsan eewaieflowo g M@ BT ImImMmMo @b &lew ol i)z egaassmo &on2omb Q0PLIWINH VI ALIWSsaT @b o) MOMaz0 Ba_10aNEs 10603 1GNH S N&ADSEHIAN BRILS1SHB MEE 1000 & @HAN eIAZaC |BaM. ceaf) mab al®m Sem®BYdd NORITY @2af) adlarilesemeaard @ego | Skl 221 — agameng .ofla0).o) a)ESHeI0 D OaPOS SAVAIOHW @.m%mflfl’nocfl aERpN@IBWI® &Moo AT @b Bald @ MR aeS] MabEH & Roate $0020315an HELEIS IS 280000 a1 lavsolsey .010g40. MmAed ezneldde eoaadaslgan DDA 1ER02160B8 @b apg@omilomean mlarls2 g |IBMAIETBAL @ ANoUGERdLI0, FAoomai¥lemy alRmME &IeMmEaId & P ADBOYEER 0T (GTADAID ag2Mo @A IER) CVAM@o B@DIARATS ) @oe @b (a)a08emBd M50 2olRo MANSHS B6TR, B AIERO BB )RRID@0G AN aOoAVMNIS0 ag)8g-{9Po G hBWLIg {980 6).01OEZA ©.010HOHBNSR 0 AIHEHAM B0 QIMALD OB Q1D R0 6 216 DICZA DIOMATN BANOMY (GHmID o@d o NBHOB MEEBI® LEHQYRTE 1)) Som:0)oflsam avaes o @YUATNIME ) |986Bd @O B0 W@IIEEY BaIRAN®) IV AANId 60 603 1M WQYBER 9@ 019801 BRIEIAMD OO 1HM W OB 1HMO@AR & .2107dOY aneRes @mils ailangoailango @%@mefl 29 00mMmo aiegym. @grs%mom. Note. Begin—Ambika was seen suspended in the sky with a splendour unbearable to (human) eyes. seafomanmecal 2aIem)o §.a10 p) o0r3) ete. my tongue is incompetent to do adequate justice to the charms of the divine form of the goddess. a@s@md‘mis @MMOS S o@e.o10pjat0ad ete. but see, I am growing ambitious to attempt a description of her locks! o) MO %EJ@@W@E) Q1oL 90 o etc. therefore do I give up the task in disappointment and leave her locks unpainted. eane e eyees I Qicda))md @an g ®S ete. half of the moon that adorned her head slipped down, &l but was intercepted by the brows above which it became fixed &:lm'] :; and formed what looks like her forehead. BYMMo ®BANIG BM (mfloé)?j@‘ ORIQD Galomalond ete. both the moon and the lotus bloom strove 2000 &0 to equal her face, when Facial attraction came out and proceeded QJmm0d to settle the dispute by dividing the domain of each. ¢Stand thoun OMENGRM above this’, said she to the moon, ‘and thou below’ to the lotus. 9:1_)0@@’? This mark formed her brows. 8 0609 ¢ 80 @O& 5. g Not $00Y) A IBUI@ @G B3N 0yQIMO®S) @fl@sgpamfm aflsuecnmoages ai o), @céfi)%-b oaaamsmzfi@ooauuao@@@_\mmow’], 800 &1 lay@mocd), B, caigdlowan @IIRLMI® &m @coidall @i lrman 2@ )2 )8000 © MO )G @)% aleiBo Q0@ ).of)g 2o @) @moo. zeocoofloaidloodlaado (@ ymyaimelie @OaNg|0C] EaIE@) 0. @9S aloQaoss. ®035a00 QflecoIE @es aEReyd)W)eh o gosnioas Soaw aflg).ojoiman 6222261 QYL O 191008 0 WER, BRI )ee )b OO ®mOED) IS W ©IIdndod emaiaee @YW man. alo20dlowan alomy 2RY I ON Db mowayooslan avdleizes 2)MaIBIYNS @SBRI B AP g @) ) M m%‘\gfl%@g@r)mfim’]m @HBBo0 MNZYds ©Vas B oo. 2\@ad)wlejo @R NS0 DR wHREYElagleh oomomdlwriaienimo @00 1MRoeITY(@O mmoa).fl@@o EOW EY2IM@HS AUB O DAOTBD PGy (0o 9 ME. (eY@ahI=h] adlng) saEFYes aviceworisan, @molemo qdleicdean EYW) @A oganE QIBA)gHPom AV WIGanD. O TP IR .0)G OO @ BN @REZ000 (mmfls)mdagcflfi% @6y &las Jab Q106D 5675, o.flmcm‘ 2021512000 oot @mimIrson @ oo @ )H020W] EHaltlo B GBLIE a0 MYes oflaidlad 2o @ eOm m%qg_fl%o 9B, BAUEWIYNS all®ay aFleieepae aflmo@aomh 858001021000, D@MBWIMNT IS IQYo ERYD@an. L AUNORIQID QIRBAIWe FOAIL® RIMOBID 6 alQ,QID0o VY (I OBEM Qo (e‘@rs’figaogo mfl@;amgfi%@@_ (BRI ERYX mamn. BUED) dyElaIcy @b amsemmo epmgoeysam msaflse 2006k qLEIVIC o ye3 QIZOB AYEABOMIFGHSAVS O WH D0 B@ & loQIBND QY. S 223 ed down, @oo{g)mos&oe}o@acmmgflmb M@RHS Sail@eMmid@m alsmibloyH o e fixed o fedan m@@gem@e‘;o 9 1M TS 8o g100) @P@o 0 lssaMm®@ey. Bmog 80 cmw@j)cgcsvowz@smgfie‘;o @PEZ0TH a0 MEy @G 1QITNRIWIMAD ogao @1y o strove 2209 SQIYHS MNISH (@WEB D o_msfl_g’“;%@@_mé@ () @odVo GSIDD ad &9 proceeded QI ISHAT. em ®»ailas allgpavmiay @S )&208:MBMS GS) EYWIZ Stand thon 6MEY B3N fi)OQc.bqu)flbO moafi\@o_fl@uaammfima SMWPMEISHO2ANEE BT the lofus, pogglal axmiloato aflemesn BAEHIYS GTled a5y lga o QOB aI0QYSMIId g lee @O Mo 1H@ 03] aI0QNAER O®ERY0 06y &$leoy. sall @© oidrob&j«ncrao &0 Q) 6Bk @VE WIMEW leyas =) 8o @Y. ofl@om’\@moé?m”l. LNote. a0 @y O™ al0d) @@ andlesmogy the attainments of. . Mg .are undisputed, em ®ailes allgjpavmiay ete. I may oo, sum up all T'have to say in this connection by stating that Bhava- uc o bhoothy’s works serve to explode the theory of an English critic 0 that as a poet advances in knowledge the attractions of his works e 604 begin to fall. ggosmmnas g@(fimfl(fl@ 6. 6m10e1HoN ad. oy ajogyeaveilenilosnio ajoggy@avoa), 8.0 ogm o) 3o 208®@0 1@y @20 aflay0Galnal o0l BHHMRIMOS ACMNIAIOBOBR B®IQo MO moam‘ffgf@“ 00a B9 N8R SoSImeNdlsa 1 G080 RLES aag 1o @AVl aFlo g 800 SmMocIZalnel aflg a8 lSIsmons &alo la @8M mmomfl@mz%%ow’)uo@mfi%mfi el )b 002126RY) IRV Ja sy 6210 DRBNOW @BM0H B 95) e NGaigy@l@go @ao 5 el e1ememIm o alEraI@ERIIMNEBS0 | 95 o,fl:mm %gflmm. m@%g@moa'swflmfl% Sa0d @) .oflso 2 2@ NIAVIW TVoZUB ] @mememBg o Q@@fl@(flfim mmeg'flmgfl@ DM @sMLMEBE | @b ) g ;{‘bi\'fimhE 0B m’\@ m”)'\@@@amcfixspeflm)mgo 2 errom_s?s(&)".mgo 230000VQIZURQY g e 224 e eameasam aflgos)sIm geent ayo nIngHs wommfimw@mogflmszhfis%o @nash O 06 0l ()o6n) U)BMSJ osgwm@_@ga p_;;«gflm 21HBSYOUIWNaflewIEs; 1mao mog) Qemad) @mmsmo@@m@@mm@omo M@0 aiggileaslegpaisalememnaago oy 10) oz myesgeilanj WE)ae oW OME@ QYo ABMIONFBRERIRIE 1Yo DIVAI6NG 2Ry G800 .aim EINMA3] M M@MS wIo2MIEIQo aflmaimyelRssmosnoo Mg W @OVSHGSo BQIBIA IR BN 1) 010 QO(Y‘”HU HAIQYUIN@I® 192 1THEIVBS 0 0508134 o QJ%QJO SH oA AVIE DAY 8.8, 6 ailgn @ o® @b ay@mow) &ege@meonb MR @) 2200 &0 DAl @ o. EROROY Note SEIMI adogieaVoayy thousands of millions. Begin—8aw (lying) before him in the guise of his child, god Vishnu resplendant as a thousand 00 %@ millions of suns brought together The sight of his crown appear- @08 2l Goundh ed as exhilerating to the minds of the pious as a number of suns to the lotus plant; his locks ete. @lovanh a10R0@ ) (@) L0Z0yamoudlal ete in the centre of the forehead which threw into shade the half- smumany moon there was etc GQIBIMIMNTBHS EVEM I ) 01091 QI Bryomim: MBI LB IFHEIOBZ 0 the lotus-like feet which the hidden mean- QLIS ing of the Vedas has not succeeded in grasping, or the Vedas ddlon failed to reach B Mt (2950 m) 111 Description (Tyeus 1. @5\@02@ A4 (o]0 ©03)B000. &% ynf] ®Bany) Al m).xg;csmorfisocga_wsm_x BwoE)oaam m@wo%omwmm’\mfi B8 2% 13y afgyom @@Cf_bzlgg@ow CBEAMIVECWENId @PUS )0 @neIz; ORIW IRATD (m(‘flfl(om 1o ab BBRY) @2), aomoo, CTDJ(C_HO o gan @mo@magc@o ms a8l @an Miaganng 8E002000@ MIAIMD, GESHINMD FOLHRAUINOWYo 200100 108)T 1SS I® ‘@’}Cflflma% @O HMAV QLo Lo 6 B0 cmoczom")i% VVWIO® (@ )aile) ©IAGRAIMD OSBRI 200 EENE IBISQl RSEMEMWAIN 210 dnE )@ QIEPHSHAJ0 PONGEHEM 20 %Jflb’ %@, Bonys, AUGMIAITH MOBIEH 1SRRI ZLRVRLIYo YA WMDY @0, SSITYO@ LLIVIRYES o aJo, alfl@E20a A, EIEgBrwellwo, afleamsmozem)ge ma) ] £1ay» @']flns) % BReMmBgo Qilall@agmiseminal, o omdlwal oSlmoenimayo (Dr(fl% 04, gy eT e i ) ofo0r f9ro ‘erop ‘o ‘oSromle ‘cveiT (Steo ‘se ‘oee ‘wie ‘Yo N A\ () ‘s oW SOIDS(MOE PEUs@E PERSERve ‘eus(fo frloe ERcun e tfimrm : 0fuis? 0@ W oo (L BeErRRD cenro(dene ofomrue® ‘fo aveetwesw ofeoaves fouswele® o8 @rviway 5@ uwwetesie ‘eaow ‘uecvross ‘iuoefo o@ues0? ¥ ‘LB ‘URFVPD ‘QERCOLOCNYD ‘QREEIrol)(TO ‘@ ‘qurep g8l 1o oree CrocovE ‘QUEBEOPRR ‘UIIDE ‘e ‘quece(w ‘usee ‘Ffoc @ wel® %@me , ‘e ‘qQuore ‘uawre® ‘LY mewseeBeooa ([CQCRLY LU mee sl weeafdan ‘oD mnio(@) ofaiSes ‘ScUrroe® K @(NImPICD MVCRAD Y weeg B @ap s (o P owerz0Bioaroudn oorospeY| @) iBefE (BUTD SOCm(VeI®W([OcwWD ocfiupe®e ¢crogawro fepe (mioe@en croce .osom@mcofi.m@@rcc ‘ropawsFBose|an Fee (meuww @i e (5cBS@Ff0 seBemw oBe(Ec@m canioo® ‘oBeR0cnmmn ‘oBew8D) CNBMOY ¢ CrOPALEE Y LULW OB@MEeen i oEewe@IC® memmécc ‘vt croms cme o {(sPcws BO@(NIMYCOTE LD (UNBDE SOCeRYTPLELE Ab COPT QUEIYQD oTEeNY OO fr oomenes weetw @ Yroes sapop o1 10 e et pidfv oo 1OpPIY @E@e@ frPBrre Bramww@e quifBp(sermore s Qo cwvptdme (OGEGT OWELID VOIWHEP 0BE (PR Fe U(QUO(W (@ @O rUMUsE WTOL C1e <J[eT o1 9P Q@ awswe(iv Qe réemflb@c@ QEroes nrpof e Bre cwcRuowmus (e Mfl ‘050 Qranc.m BH ALTEORT VO(WHEULG(DPERVY(UBWADITVO(AD WUIRTS Qe e §008 J0 JoqT 8o Bow( & Q@ occiE(rogw oW( @ rOMUSEWITWLE® Qroee LWy -qvadde naol wervy Swiwo(5® ‘(wwwro heus VECOT V(PR 0w (O)rri| Poe PUBSHOT % § SEMM oV(LD .Wnaumoo@@ WE([OCEVOPE Yoo oo 0 aueq (i) TR anmose|moer WeRiwet(@d awdr awse(((wro e oePewcave oro@ WINPT R FCEMV(EVW Wewaw ScugcsrEoie apwe @Y QT Lecroofvine BB @Il @EroMtewTno@e AT e @R VMW ¢(recmean ewiiore (900 @ iromeuwses ‘(@ee ‘oeeme ‘quetre 05 ‘urofte cmpan ER(VULAER (OrocEY Sl EEEE e (IS s o&cBpawmRu|rosiweroews @ ® oBre cwsw @D Gwwwor (29@ws ‘ofnwScrv ewwimnmeg Libnuuvmem %8r813®9d Ewe (@ro (geieow) (Ve (Bsusre mfirfi\flu OGP CEICQ go@o&p@fl.\@fiomfiflfi_g (e (@B owSwwE SO0 StUP BOroWw WOEEEE Wosan® fwiap oo memscre (Tisero 9py0 CYERID BOED MAISD MEED 10 efim@ Rue { gtaw roBR MO MU eflo@uo@ oY MOBW woro moaw ‘Goso|Ww orATBID mewtaLeusit we Bromean Cog S gocferod ‘oBerosedan (pctroges fiom@r&chQ (ecleawro ‘(Bouw QB EHEEUWALIOYY ADULTOW SEBeStme(fOBR0Q QD oo covY Fc@e.@rmmo§r@8@moeobeflc@fir306,@ Pousescfoan (@eww &oow © foo(ooe oBews BretBfoe(qumeane o we OLLEDIT 09 B BW (Y3 ¢ GG — Ll 226 @O, EeMY, GAVAI0, (e, G0, HAITY, 0 m)08) QRLIYPWDBZo B3 engy @&HmMm Ood)ley alled) M) roce(m&éwcfi@'?mt @S| 8ya)l md), md), S0, DY, 010D D0)IElB:Rd, e, mal, ODIPg |, Mlemo ® AN &Sy, aiefl gjo, ©S0B)gd) 00, @la0o, &Sl.alo, GBejo, ddvejo @A &I GW aElQo @se @S2 o leE) pra s, @), @0g) EYUYOSITE EBBEHD® ailioy®80 @Yo Oalimo sldzoe BRANSONOS @G52cW) @S) WIS @20® aEBglcd B0ty ol @«mzesfl% 98313)0) 8@IM HSS) @ooms)eg o oflBwasy] aeamIei).al MHOB2SIYo, 2Ea0ITVUCONINS @RS0IAVo O.1QY 'Qflgawoflgfl S0l.0) MIBEMOT), INEMILIIGWSs), 2100 ©20@) QI3 o) EPRV.N M, QgMYaileoemioamo, @ourileniemo m ay9e) e?oéc@ma@ aJo@lPajoal2@] MSAilSIHNm H@MIST LOAUEBW) ©ald @) &lsmio elsmu@o®] ailall@aitwo QEN)! Vo0 @ .0}, AVQYBRIIE O a0 cRA)gp@ds] anamldlgjoad mondlamodle allegzel wdley aflew £100IUDEMIY Pa0IEIRIBAI, OSIWYo @a0IMBaIRG)2WYes B &8 0ej0 HOE) @mo&d,ow')oqmomuego 2BO0® QIBE9IIRJ0 B g |0h & WlIT TVSHE1 PIBWO o@engleje AVAMOMIY), eIAIN IR WLIYTIE I AGRLRMOIW) 8108 od )@y 20d, @SIBLDEMID, BOEDAUMEHR, BRABIE @b agars] anoay QS QWOW q&fl@%mé@o BIBDIMODE BB B&S) @S g |MOPEHNIS) G2IWEMEEHhER0 ERU)aId @I CEEUEMOM FIWINI00H ;IS OHDS) &0 PIeO®E a8 1@ 03dlome @ locman Goid aid)ol 22005 @IS WL el G‘Ooafi)((fl% SwoE )Bsam aIBpemaee @ @1Bs8mdy OOBNEE BOMIR &02IQD0 oGO GOHQIH; 12jo © TRIGEAD ogTOB0 A IO Yo 9 a1, ol ¥ Q %(mao aldOo. Note. Observe the context. @PEWIRL, I0N DR O )b PIEIAAML Al O 102 GRL) mzced adloeeaflewis @&S) a¥lea0saLM @D 8@ @d m@an@g ) all the rest of this long sentence are qualifications. This example has been purposely selected to test the student’s ability to deal with adjuncts of various kinds. @A) @b av_ggo Galome) like a heaven on earth. mONS S 1So erown bedecked with gems. SHSdo armlet. D EHENo bracelet. B0 WD, Qlows ete. see Appendix. (BTO@@')O(OO ®PUd 2a000083021)OM @@dagzflfié they accordingly announced to His Majesty their arrival. @@ OO Brodio EYIEIZND Ba0IATVETNIENBOMINS - 0 - . Rama’s question auvd its reply should be translated in the direct narration. This example affords ample scope for a full display of all the linguistic elegance and niceties at the command of the student. The style in which it is to be translated will of course depend upon the standard or class to which the student be- N, longs. Icommend thisexample to the careful notice of every student. — 227 Cae )‘5732)_ 0 %th@ o), mg), 2. Q)oéflgg‘@mgfnm. QUR00 a:sj 1) HIdBRcAICIGE ORAT)0168)OM o @aim g0 a3 E2e1&08w a1 212600 )@ 7% Botiyo 35) ouews n@@@og@o(o@csuao@@ch 203) 800 9ag) €@Mo0 anyaye alflely cag),cach BOUCENS (@JoemEwo o_m@oosm?flsfifig_o 085, algy1an SeMIW | GoalIERIYB] Qiaheago o @ay) @00’103) 20 &)SCaNI® 8as o) f200) Hoy @961m; 029 g @) 212D Iy (G Mo m%m%%wo%@ W@ Yo 2a1y) TR craoe{aflo.s@d‘l%; 208 2ilo m% e QYBMRImE &6 g 18 o g o0 I B350 89 M&al 206w @15 6M0 & &RICROBRIE | M0y 818 S92 maIaV-iledo @) elo m.fl@u’u%. 9 a0V0Z) 200 QD0 OO )60 @03 602 b o] 08y Qg 10asmL 198 98a1 &eilQewY ;H@geasesW G En @) BQIBMBE @G I06el 7% 96g) &9 OZINDayg & ISan 26my & 6R 1900310 BIMBERIS GoaldE@3d @ S6E ImMod 0d oo DEEMIWDBS LY (EEMIWBY GMJ%. DAOWo @A) GLIMDH SN2 IHm 0 1000 ZeyMEl&d Qoo O&ITEEUSIQo mfi%am@@@_@fl%@éfl@m 010608 1o oy 0I0m 2 mmmfilm{lfi w{).o) BReQTEd Qe ).oim OB aIQjmmaBsea @dla &lel, qualificaions. fp student’s @R dh qVEmINOERNEIRD @EMonE:0eg 6l w4 zcggzcflm«sflo’amo@'\ VoL Wo, owa bedecked G@eQMBEE 00QJ0 al0smy DG )EnWo 210&HECQ a8, oo 121SeE Isamn. let, Aol o mfiimqy@@@_xaflg@ @relg o 921021 B30 a jol®ieile® ey josal Majesty their @s) mEleg ¥) savy @.\muflé% M)eEnIas ED0G0 0 JPSSOAIMIOWIA]Sean. *, tl‘fiflimed in alshavaysdlegom augelslg o 0pe for o full @0 & I | o2y @ Gaslos. the omnmand B0W Q1 ™o, pslate { will of Note. The first four lines: 1 student be: Storm-clouds over-spread the. heavens and arery sudet the splendour of the sun, moon and stars became subdued, while 15% 228 strong winds careered (over the land) frequently. @oggemc)o av e@1o3e1980b ete. footpaths became obliterated being over-grown with weeds from the dearth of travellers (or from long neglect) eny) savm susnw'\:% bursting the bars and bunds or anicuts 3. ale1zlgomes esoieao @omamo Al ndl@md 8@ areIw gemonemefle m@an geisl elge QUIEBMd, alsMI&d oggyto @@ ICUUMED It @O0 BPSenmd AIGEM Yalesc) (@om’\:o:\ N monled Enegen o eado «ma_xggceraflamoo%momb AUSHLIZIMNZWDBB0 IBN 1HBo EOAUEUBCNS WD &S o l®man DRSS Qlg 6o Qi0 ©851dlg @0 wdleyomlah @SIgo alommo Qi @S ausos). BIHOE @Y DNNZ0 2SN @u%@;gfim’mflm @ Nog @) Q108 OO QIR0 w%]%m@w@o o) OB a8 loa0smadb, m’chfivck) ajeile do, 8@9578@05’\63@ aan mo@w&@@g% DSIPYesan Baa@ssErd GS)Weaneal aieflw el a&IIMIMN&d, allSlwimaed, @YMEss & de zefld%o @dlojo mles @ OM HOB QJ00 BRUNI&6Mo Ga 1Pl o_flg'\:%o QO WA SHISIMNBHIS) ag)@lsogo Alaed)laeom a3leeeee0msd ®es lgo aflal @)X BanRo .afl® Slojo BIBEIEENEBD BRGIVOARI0 (@ J8IUElg{l@soimmo Qg @ODo GO )OOV IR MITEIR BAV0E) 0 @I N, GHSASN, HIMERD )OS SL12000S D, IaBGHRN, HADAIBHR, HES &d, Fegbaiatled, SHINsme &, O.aMMIY d, NBl&N, GREE D, 31aIRd, @YASD, ©SnISd, agell @k, Oa1dloplad, gweied, awlailemed, a@ISEEd, @RMOaR, @fl@']«e»da & ej@d, SIBSND, BISH KD, @S d® DSOS L)% @Qflmfle,;o @YD 18jo B@ Ga1deal ol M3losoy. @milch cuan @RI 1> G0 @D @b aflomm Qian MIWEBgo aldM @80 LDl lalad l@ow] Qi o @b el SO aIIBEBRE G AITB QIEMENS) M EBIOHM 9 MO ISSAD : — POPOBIB)GAD ajglo @PSGo, GMIIYo 2 .alo, BV |FOEIYo, Bw Note 9g150, 80120 W) GaIGD O.aRo, &lad).op, S9S)Qo, avsmyo, roflml%o, 65@”]%0, anSamo, @flsmoo, QEeBo, o @G0, aildlengo, &S).ojo, MB M0, &) oo, aITd)dg0 EPVBOS UMV W SIVEMo @B 1O 21@eje aVIA .’ I a0 @) W (@M a @5 6M o Note ‘{ERAIOUMNS QIR &S Lol BN HEDHHS @& |5 throwing down the very morsel of food they had in their mouth Q1009 o o) Mo ed ete they fell down at the feet of the sage one after another in regular lines and thus addressed him: — ¢Tell us, Oh kind Sir, why you have brought us hither, etec. 229 ety oy 4. QJ@(Y?). g OVer=grown long ueglect) Rmoejo Bandd eI EMWHRSE] ) )L anicts, 2Nmyam i@ )gGamo Bdn0elo SHEnABRD GBI as) © @109 lonogg) 0B langy . qVLYIREBIM®mBEL) WMElD HIQRO™ @b NS BAL QIOgYL0 B paie) anth Q1806 §8 8101 R1AINSIGIEI ©allne: Q10 aegs Oal0ag Jend leun. amc% oo @& oejo MIBGenIRIEITh RMausldaynand M DOBHOS &A% N6 QB QN oI Es cE H®ISIR) of 2@ e walnd %m&nm?flflo Q00 alS@eaN®o 3. 9518813190 OO AV B ENADATI @ PAVH@ISA%0 1oa el aNanelgrwd @) el Ol 2floaimosnaindolegsamin o9&l mal) $mo Galifel G019 @S)EMN Do ) péng allo @3R) AV 2y ADIG'S QIS IH@O M aggch @O 2@MPOODTD ZNEY NE0108 M, &8RO AWHRADHER I 0ILHRIE) h, G9S®2 8888 LMo el ).0) 9m§;()07 u@t’_fl MNBRIIBRIBEIV0 &HQILIZD IO , @mMIBR, @ ay)go Oalenbaslanal) HAMEPMIBo BWED I aid)lallomig Qi o0 ghllep MO{GYO)(D‘)(DC)) 0 Q) D0, ng,%o (ETJ@'\/C& \b gadlalo o8 G)ce;o:%g;@mmmonb. o_fl@oo_flczmo & ). Note. ‘Tell me, Oh Selené, why your heart looks dark and gloomy. Is lS'WflW‘ W it because you regret the apparent injustice of Brahma in giving 0, ('m%“x,%o, g Moy fi’@q you glory at a time when three-fourths of the world close their eyes in profound sleep and you think that all virtues are useless o, if not appreciated »’ qmosmfl- 9 throwing 5. mom’nmoao@cmocb. b, R @ @ S EEM @OGTT)O%(TTO Q_IOOIQ(EOCB(OOG)(OOOJ'-](DO of of the 9160 eo‘afinflmo@mommmmomam Qem esd do !d him:,‘Te” aIS& R, ajsadd, @oi6e w0 fe ; —_— 230 il BSHMBHB NI s lg 1e.0j0m aflwo SSOETBHB OB Qs |8 ®RS) SBOO |Gt PGB0 aflal 2000 P3EMBZo .aflel 988 G oeh S Z0samoyes Gl e imallwo SSHOBB0 aflaids lejo Oaig)®80 DoISOHOBZo OBS 8|S IWesEImailwo amaéesgwuawcbeo @009 @ald oflel Paslad, e@agled, &gled RV @S 1Qo @alg |00jo HEDBR0 B oA @@umJoL@oA_o g lod Oaseg b rmaego 2SI )om afa) §.015)e @ o) @b afas B1I9S@o GSEYS) C.alBAI O BIB9S @08.040 OS5 ).0{la) a 10RO EsSOEZO $08.0do woajo aflgoflmslom aflaigmo Baugelo &S )olleid @ DD OISO BHIMNS A1 &S0 .afla) QRIS 7S) @0 10823 o laid @amMmeasaid)oad Qe 100 ZYWEs 19EeeE es am So6mOQam . acua.woo._ooo@aga&so«wamuo% cewav)) AloveSm@o ogig @oglab adlailasE)mods @sOR GOS e.aam Gsam mSanegad & .alg 1@ BWeg s 26 lmnod ofalod) @b CLIRgMo& Wy alleaHMaMBAImS®Id a5 IQYo BWeS OOIPE §.a0gfISImoad @A) QRGN GeAEGI AIMNITNED WoWI SeeaB 6.a195;a3) MyBal aem. M8 adlmo @J@meow. Note. aQVIMOQIa0SHB0d caravans. Gauzelo O&g) wearing masks. @g rough thick cloth. Q@YIRROSTE @S| wearing veils. 6. B190s00 30l Qo 18:@R90 @30 oy @ gegomorla mgy mem@oe @ea &)ay @0 ajoo ool Q1088 003 )0y Q@M LA MIBELRI SRRAIHTD ailealle go adles) a1 Gwommais) 8wofo canwoelenws cvwe il b oo ( Esawoue| wewekBeeau| @ @rfiéaéa @ P EBPALS(HIBOTO oBEDES 0@ o W 0BEWIW(© BBAIPY@UWNCUTVCID 0BeRerve P@EW VOB Pawrs® AP EQIMVMULPZUICIOCAD D @ 6@ 72 AL UBT QD oBewBw sodifo eaworwworvdran (P WARRITE PV GULRIY(@ CWARLTBOED (¢ BELZAL @@L 0© oe@erQS@meafio@ g4 ol oo(IIf0) pefocsrsw wewPomiw pysen S0 owérc._@oocm_lnsQGd@ NroeepE| W om e fBw cauao@dm@J&urS &of ) oBe(eywe (v EBepewd @ BBeDOrOAGD WPEW@ P @ LOMOCUCW oBeracewesesd fw oulsro| Q@ CrECeNLUEID OQ(ELBWCEL 0Q(ELD(BED oB@mince i oBawcode(woan recen QW YELAW oBerWo e O oBEEBcERrvMcy ULl B(ro @oe BemEenweWwdrmw ooed 0ce@)([T 0@ LY SLE BELIMNLAD© EBDO@0090ra9 cBeo0) W eEiBrourY @IV ooty Buvwe|Stww avFoeweipimr Q@Y BIEWMEAD O QO QW B(WIDTE ot sepanoed BfF (@B meuwww o @ Gorue P EUO QBT WO OMNUC.CCIC Eoro9 @ErUWED (@ WL ABDALBUID 0BEOCH WO 0@ 0WE G| EWT® 0Q@IrY PawCYd(U9Y MEBUWSLID orar oYY (| Ea W rS(me©Fter 9Oruy @ULRESCEIEWSHY PP e RS BrewS®o ©@QCTT oPo@uSud Beew s Reoovognce e A S Erve | Bewofvimng roaete @ o@eofvime (@emeunw ofos fe (ECIE0ULW (UtRRtsPr@fs 0o megHdo EoeRABD W ofJ wedesdfo cmmmbvae (HTOWERCMMYNE VAL OFTT(HY o%,CC.O Qow(wrtawbiorore setmrsend oo Bo(p ©u gt rav Gese (nfusoce@nro 163 SRS 0Bewearm «@isuwdfo scenguovmEer o PEwWIg[o 6@ fo(p covnIEDIm W s 0@ uwsusefo| Baf| @ aw e fS | s|Luecro 0B @[ D PR WP cffurspe|wsce c@rese(ftser watw @etmLrv Q@ LUSCrO ofBro© pesogn wate ocf§Bowws|roeuerty oBawmoesuwsFBaruv sworvteyew | o UQQIT W EG@)([TEM 0V PO oBewro@e (Zr|W @unesd|Fered Qv Mo EeLE(WeURY o8 fF(Bre3fo 0Bewso8L e Fue ofSBrasuov®@)Iro oo 0@ LI U0V IO THE B3 BIO £u00 @ O TINCUBQIV 0PO VP CUIOEBAUD 0 AUV © @ w@%meflacaée@ ofoBosans Sm@@? BWBosero v an®° oY TIND REVDCBELEY ATV (foraca oY@ BV PEWYBLIT QSTOO PEWSTOPOE I (008 Scawgancfi uPerow ocm|sclErewos wifdew oQWIgro oflumfim_lchomge oaumfiw@cmmum»mdlpc e Bimoy oty son(rorro eestro WEANCIUEE BB VCDEQID 0ELULVCAD LD Pro PeFEndE estrcwovs s ar 5 REw (U @iawemy orv@ewmswBan oBesra| o@e@,%ogzc‘acdcsflwm P EWWW( O omfimMClG RV Y UPLEEO POIFCD N (2 & %8@6@%&8@@@0?&@ ‘oo fWormsces 0B ooy Bivee B8 BrocmnDie o@emuarvwcfbow Suwtse e or| W@ @ Gee ewooe® (W wiscimesteny (wewcFB o wertms miwenrogsgroes BECrug| O (MEULW WE(v T ok @2 oW (Gvd o @ e EBYwew B “wsawodiero fF(qu @ owew Boewcef o8| Froawessfdan ewro ows GEewgevw o0 EQIUC @.@oa@r?; ouscn mnBuwuwee 0QOPCWRY( WELS @ eoBtLD Neltede=reslmeln @ Sl e b} 0r0 QLB W oSed owoviedfdan CQP@rogcro @S@gfiaod@@g .Owfivfi\mg OOQE.cF@ oe@dfl\eoa ocTO TR (9 AEPEER L @aqd il 233 —— cwi)mame)dd & ISy GUaJoaRd BLoE D@ )eeaN WY@ Iejo alldam @ OvE GAMEH®EI0 BIBINAD U8 lei)BEregd Afl@omflmaflsflmonb @M B® A IOGWEE, mm@memo@o Va0 EYI A DAY ) RO Jdo al0QIId00 &I6rdIA00 a6m lwrGmIomh aNveaszoay @obo aflmy@ailafl@ssd N 1ev)ee1EESABo &g @ dgflaemo 90©@ca18,) anmSlRmd)g ) dloencmaym) OO B8y OF 1@ elogyamo. o) ailmy@leiod Qe 1&eRaj GEmMRDdd Mo l&e@og aflreaailmy@o 1@ oflSImosmale aymo B2 Qo Note aflmyeedlaao qOA0 Bre@IRMAIS) ten yojanas square @onan 8lo oy Yo o@YAM ajo MYQITROITd ete seven walls of gold went round the town with four towers in each @@o%mm 8.2l OS5 IOmND GMmawo would seem to brush the moon, CT’O_\gTT)’) a1CBH a0 D aggn@coma Bgo fountains filled with gold-lotus, or, basins in which gold-lotus flourished o) @Yo Qofd)) qanelo aNmimessd ecret recesses or cosy nooks. @emlailGao corals arches or domes 8gjemailelavae) aflaego aflaiesgo floor as smooth and shining as crystal MV |MNOIWS(BAato B.TDIT3 26m)dnglad bLed-steads cut out of precious stones in the shape of a gerpant o_\cmszwac)a aseiawo Gmoam |dso Gl&lo&é@a(h irides- cent curtains, meW@@mmdc sculpture. 2 @emrd paint- ings Slaisg jemeocieado numerous glass lamps of ® s e e s s e @msrmo_flsmcass)@gdw @8N U3 DETBD ®.al@jo Q196 )& D aI0®D O Lo B3O 2 (Yo self sounding music-boxes and talking machives. @@a10@ @b secret doors, Qflwe1@a00) @eabo aflayeal)all @6 ete nowhere did Vulean display his extraordinary powers to such advantage 7. envellony gHlaiw @vo, alglo &S)ojeid)od@nomg enioeilgo gyl legMmemesmo® 8o @0 el hoa@eg @al)olly smeilow @EomMoo e19al) YTl AIBMQYo @LO e ) 2y@s) (@)e0@) o)) @nc ol OO Yo HITONS A IRFYDo @IALMO —_— 234 el DS1QYo ZFOSN50 ) OERE @b 05 YBR0 Jo o_fls'\fié @us'\d%@ costelelulc o_flsnao aNesrea@enzg 25l000 @BITD MEloOSIENE A Yo 21981 |0 )99Qo GOS B )En QYo 29S| OIS HHYo (BHSB9IS QYo 2050 l@ao a1oS) aflwano 20S) allglano C&oailoisan Qo 2085 aN@eQYPo Masledd afl@nwo @o&g’\c&g@o@@womo@a@ mlgyaid selag Sogo QIO © gl len®o &0RIB0 SOLIMRHIRINTNMRZeR Galdd en1eflmy S ) QYRL OB 16 MO 19800 oz qVZ B d @A vd Ha1BEMIINAI 3 ONUAITED ®ED 0 HalIE®SAUINLIYo SHMEQOIAY OIS la )& QYo &Elal QNSO C2D B2 @0 2) (b S 05ETRmAA enloallas @ cm_ru @b el @0 U lQiase @@e@"lwgdocmaaa)osngo @A oeiglejo @@Efl%fl@cfiflmm wao aNao aQLIRQYBRN N0 Seiamn mySlasaeo GEILCRINS EABMILAOIN BN I&s QYo @DWRYES (@ JEWIUDDBES L), Wodh MYUNUCMO00 mB 21 YNTRAND) Note &H oy 670(25367’90 SHRIaR BQIBWLIMN OHNQI S0 BrerLnmamad entoelaad QIS ()ERLHTD LIBEY) 298 DB cgafifinuasmuo @OGTU@O@ @(EOOLJ.U 2y0 OOMISQD aleflay mio%snb @ ®»@0rR0W o1 )S Imoad ®alme muellaad 23l ®e0.018 oanesaid) aflensisimond enailwe @2 \Ysaom afloolmeamraD @2eM@Gg ) Myall.e) ecog®d m@,& 002 0029 WeMo. LV ole The first five lines— When Bali came rushing on, gnashing his teeth and roaring loud, Sugriva received him with a fell blow from his fist, which the enraged Bali returned at once _a.\osflaflmflm S 235 Qo etc. they rush against each other, jump high, ward off a threatened blow and deal another in return, and then nimbly turn away—thus t‘hey become quite exhausted and full of perspira‘xtion. Mo 1d o .gfid;smgo with turgid veins. aVIBQIBRANN0 &I MY Wlaimwo etc. Sugriva, being quite spent, sent a piteous appeal in the dircction of Rama. @2 \yazoan afloslecanead ete. when even the earth trembled; and the son of Aeolus applauded Rama. ].Vl Miscellaneous. 1 %@O@o. DSBS 058 SE1amERD aggo oo leraoy HaINSID $H0eMIw) QISO0MIOO RIS a1 e o @b NAICSIW QMEH BB 250 @S IMNd @ogailgsedd Oas »SEEImIb @s00® el 8&g @Saslmond Mg A¥lagleh H556250 oI @So Bmeasd Msan ©SasE mod 0015 &8 OBIS ) OIS A0S P51 h alISSH M HaIHSOMSSM. Seneflen gegeb. Note Towards the dawn, darkness began to clear away from all the eight quarters of the globe; the lotus lilies opened their buds liberating the imprisoned beetle ete. 2. @@o__\i)fifltfig : W BURIYBMEBOUE BT BALIAMEI0MILS) aggnwewrITHd Eélayomemiw Quslegio @2)laamsailaeinae8ass E)208)®8920108R3MIS0 @od o wos w §Boalmslewogo No 209 N20@OS Baido o yoELn ashing s @od o) @arlejodndg o PI220BR a1PCAG) BB |G plow from MIZWaIB D S8 1S ofoSEEE(S(W ofD(SPSTEerT© SOELVTNBY| [ODCWUWS T [E@IAD wcEBoBe 0o oD ofasaw orvfd) SEEVD(Y WP ([P Powceseae @ rorocs @ r@san N @ ©Povcrog|Y fFots|r@we @ OCSE) S(P® QD WIES( & (ecew | Beb ocBunivrmmety e av @ eafurotgeme ($eSh @ (H oL T@S D © Bwe (wsefom @mesgro *Quesfoe fuerov (Wro(Bcr@esru 86@9988?8@@880@3 fe (o se(rraseostmse ©@CWRIOSW SOB@UNCI@IrD BT © 0worv B e @ery ogcw seeww fowminemsro (E@ST@ Boo QA WA V@ edh P W(SUrYlWw (L@ anTE W(Beh SOV N @nC(CG@NQC.GQlO qQuCrom g @Cgrers fF o0 Tsoelyro oo ReRoe BTE ofowesrod QL0 UIS© QO EOWIT YD WS BDTE PLUPrrvy Scroey(fo Q@O oUW fo(PUrap (8ws0r0 ofowro ev| ew s U18usCe@ O 80300 SceADeren(fo oRD)cwrv@ierv &CULUT NP YT BDo© omsproaw Sero (o ggcflfl..maw 9?@0@8@@ m._ eldpertsiccdflduaiye oo e(wewd Qeuweee(Tbad o wreow cFB(scovornes wiwteres QY| P W ofree witvere POV EPRY ofgm Proeeee® O[90¢® 08| V([T @YWV TSEE@ £020Mlw YDV (CVYMD@@E® ADSW (MCYTRLUNYCTT (BERRIR(© ([Tuormole® PSR 23 avsi ) maIIUSEN@ I8 QYo 216D 210NM BAT | &ML DA o ajeil@loemiln olmgaeramslagoe ()] (o]} 1B DS D ®RIQjo aBlaiadlmo anem) @ I@BE3ISAlo IDUB Y UIBWAURRHSIDS) LR EyLIiil &Mz leqQo @)y oailessSlos @121 IB @O0 LOREM 1E2a1 2190 18183 S &g 2S)2R1F e ™Yo 18190195 B ama) 8@ &)d)S) AIPEIMAE VRSB ZYas) glRGRAL IPMa0HAMZ 0 ) 2| TWOORHD) YA FaFlwei DGO T ENINS SaW & Ql)soy. aneigendled @amemndlgyo C=TARELe ol Mo clbldsltelz ) =TH 0)RI2D 1O SHIBY AT 19 EN TRIT mSleigo Bl Yee@ ayBaaidmo! osaIdla Jn)@MmaHs VSYSS msalilah alelaiel i lad @sod Gs) o) ayef) aumed agarlal aian QleiQjo 9.21an OJGTT)GOBfl%(TTO 210Qo Qg lédde s Isw o 240Q M@ AQIMA IQar lgyo. QJ0Q oy &g N T IMSE2 2J0QM @AM Iar lgyo 2J0Qo atmd:d QI O3 10s0Y @0(© BWHOAW @algylwe AIN@2®IS )@ MDD DARHS QT & BHSLA QIOTVAINBEH @b afleomim &)d) gYar oses. Sl oo @@@@b. When Yuthishtira T T Y Note. with his brothers Bhima and others, and his wife Droupathy wandered through the forest in the guise . of ascetics e s o o . . and finally settled down in the Dwaitha forest, ete 1B)9.a195 CaimaV) Gaay &)A)E) Kiriti fixed his mind upon the contemplation of the divine form of Siva. ou®o .pE@a.@cbwcofi@mflmG@o@g &cows e oenevzanTLoD ogQLEaL c8| Be@( @D 08ueceE|@ (YD) oduscwooGranrocy ofoce cmerpanoBe ©wE - EBoweusc e QLErOOTV ULYBOVITCNRPLITCO rBroed oBdinte wow(gaud SO Bawe@sm([T mo(ewmeswode jose(rEiap Wo(ENEe ©Efdssies o 5@ @B@WOPD SE(r0eRawten (€M) oGeneroeEre (0@ oMo @ | Bauw®d oro %.Goscec @G%@&@@@C@eo@ orgro e 08@8665@?6 B8aD QDo CITDL 19 g Aroogrcy el wgmcgo [Su] © oon@aw s (o@D 6® quolBee owsc@( (@@ o . Wawwm@flco@c}ogoa Qoe@o@®@eogan@@@ BFF(nimervd Brew oo BE BB BewdneeediRewwsro([oentro Eiwetay awe@e ofo fiU (2 esmaneancto) of O FoccnTa ofo Bocaw o tme™®) BBIDOOWran ¥ePERS wsefVerenos G oy o oG “Suoencausce [F(awfs oy (V) PErvre ofs Berwse ) YroroeEE(Iew OPE(EYOTERT MIUrDCS) eD00YE Or @(YOVLWRDUWER WV I (WA D) ooy @uw cvcewfd)w® o8y fSoBesSetrv qQuio@® aw(fttewenwme(™ WO 0IiEIETLICE WY WY (N PEE apsP(@enoa quies oawbe oflm%@mcu%g@rpc QW (L BERIW ? Qore) Bergrow| e o (s@sepe St Bie Bom e we npoirug 029ap ©® PorwdsP(YeT (IO omen(@izf0)d ULScsute@© WnrmcSF@Q@ Qraucr g(fo e mow ocmOrov oD POroRe ofg Bewensfoap ©(ew B Bimme we(eu miglo cfF (@ anffo(S(miauw® (@I sB®EY VErPOE (@ W 0ErY (WY 4] Ereme @Scaw Scawpworrdawruef® movimsfio @vocawfoan G imtouw m902w 8@ (o crER@® oSuwiewolo Bererots ofuecen|mosiwme ‘AL PLOULLPCD(QV ) MIPUL U ALY OBQLELPANCTFCY (WPUBVOVCECPIVIDV OPO(OB PEMCOULIDOTD ploof @%rcm@gsgoacdrogfid @R Wpw L) BBaw| ewovSy @ WP(ERWDES WD cro o) Woew ‘apTee oz @rroiwen Buvserotlufd) sero®@ (poF? 19 (UL H WO Ltee @S mizeHenus oaus r0ofworvy A w®meePanwRs 0950709 ry(f0 ®(Boed e Bewawruefo o &oan ooeworEaw mimedh fvomm T 0QD roape® ‘0@ewYTIH® ‘omeg(foreten(fo ‘ofod g o muecrv memefB(w OrOSroes %om.w@o?;o@cd@ wem WO S© E@Qrowtofwen (@@ *ocsFBose N 0 (O (IO (CBTRNPOVB(Q @QForacstom sevwmocimuafde mciBen owh ®[oe G o fore moOme o® | Wwstd) B8 ® wounbo N CEYSIC) 000 cosero oW waeeS fFraiaw wee ofbfuio® an(ewouBe® Mewm|owe S Q@figflu&mg”@flmcdfioawaéoc weBeMLIEVZERE PP oBovw 0[90%Y COCTEP0S) MCBEW@(JTQ([0 (@WPen(e® iwlr@Io@(MUsrv 6@ @U@ W 20008([0 weeneoifd) [Froo Be(re Bwe| whee meewBoes *(BOEDEP T 6T Y5006 quees seoewamrteLsaw owblan Buwe Fose(wee some® e oroms i quues (5@ Scma(Ero(@fOSoreane miefunfd) avs(oee (Bees o OqE(ew Y 'Y 0 awrefoBeofo) Wz onepawotbe SMBewrtsw® EiBeroae quiofwew .@ew%@ (e (0 WOBUED (@AWY (O ‘D WEULTDiwg| NWERB SO %@?S ©0eNELHW0 DD '€ 200D 8¢ fl&b@d siy Jo uonwognsul (ejdwme 10) avopp ® spaope A ER( Q@ TOCTID nnfioafi@ : (@e2En(ro e ERiPiap(oe ®ie fui) ofbfo st *UOIINqLI} w\m‘g&mnfi -uoo ® jo sjrmi] L1eurpio oyy peeoxe Lew | se WM @CQULER (T Axre0d egvrosadde tanerdlor SO0 O@MGGEfl@a«y 90@@?@0%8@80@ o mOM(§ ou pouogySyne A[juerogims sr purm esoym BBbavce (o rafuo *Lpojowr ofB&cZUSTOGD) 0 %sg opGfiOGmu@ @Coflm_fiOQmO@@ ogeos_c,cnmu owkya jo ssoueyseyo pue ‘Suruesw jo yydep ‘wmorjonigsuos jo ooues _a_fieé% fiU & Egamltt o1 \.fl B -9[0 [BINjRU J[OT} ofo (& cIBAD QD) o?@?@ofi,sqfleg ‘of0 caNIm9(0) R roewran PIBAOI 05CrE0@UWc Q@ uo13901p groo @9 & @om papEQ 30 90uESae SIQERIIWPE EWOAWCIY([T(LUSCID MLRM(USP QL) wselujor Lepouy jo sge0d Surpwe| oyy Suoww jsoweo] oYY SI OYM @CLL ofvlg GO ® | WO PTI(0) fFroe W Be(owareWwhe P(ewBuwd "9I0AT antovg or e @@Cargrmfiwg@cunvo o PoEEro | @& *(rue tC@o (rue WEUOGLELWAD *(T0 *(S (mee ! ‘Sose(metse Qore g6 [0 (8N pcoflo@flo@r@ommec\sew@ (fod che@mquom@o@cd@fg oo 0@ g RErog® O(WB PEADCITF( T UMD 0 BEBEBCWRIO @ OGLOPERADIOE W CCIeDCOY 6@ AW ER(Q@(JRITI® (@@ (0 cwe FBravoe oo (oFo wf of0) ofpfuse® ev|rocewenws() miwew @i (T oE® seFBedw s e QPGP QID SCSUS LR O SOV | [TorHs g oBewwsidaw mivtaessyian Qowian oveBo ot Erime meaws U9 g ¢ PCANCAD V(LA ofSY BawEr ofvSpBEswmIme(D F(mimervd | ewfo IF otpunin e O *Fuweerocfufl seo®@ cwcuroap (PorvtBeeBon e trof )| wse 4 cl wse(roseaw ofvswcwremy WIPO(LCUOVCANCAD Euot@OBUD QUL DS we| e eSO 06O We(wWtwgtw YeBaw EiunE° m%mrmemawofloam%flow re(fo m| £ owee ‘op R(OE PawU@e(D) mTEBY@EIWED @EOY (WraRQPIrogisan oaD o@eficoafiofi oEe@fiero@@ficcoboSD W@ MFEroy®wm orogroes B o) ocfBore ar_umrm@@ w(BewdBo stowiervess FBouwse moan oz hezqr_d (@t eouteoim queFBdBro ofvceBuan ol (cosow e o oo «Bcdfi Qg o t@5ero; T ce ol ofomm ofto(efdiwses SUErWE @IVEE(TELIPUWISEOV (D (EL] &@ctw@rgooc 660?@%085@%@0@ @Cudog QLCro( O oIS 06| Qe a@f:_@ra QO EfBenuan©m otFoan msmgfio@m@aqw EROE meBawrmomeGo oProw NS MO %op@@on@@@rfi\ QL "FO e ser| @(Oaurort otptut@etm EBBANC@([O Wz | (refos otBrosee quolB rosenow oawt@(ow@ ‘ofo (@ Beerocs ofo|cnosanstd) Qs e sotawelly T mimarvd e e om@ LER (B0 oeDOHD quo@s G@W,@g%fi rm@mog@§o®vr@§ @(@hHB° PEQroUl QEWIPRTDIT (LAWY 0 ‘@ BS%@@E @@ (W Frws (1ot G mra eLEAZews( F@ (F( pteewomweD) o @ EWeELAD 03 (98 | FBrwee(se oS qurey (wuplboro AEEDV(NY0CD e ofufiinee wWrn@? oftd(nostwre an|ee e irofive 0@ peeeeD” e AL B 6¢ 240 AL supremacy in the poetic world which the author has already attained ; or, affords ample justification of the domain which the author already holds in the poetic world. 4. EPCWICYD o\ m@@mosm afloan @aloeianoo s@oqvel ol werg )e)dEiw) MIPBUORACGRIRD HR AT 1603 O™ RIRWIN) 2o c0®I8woaIm. MR aI0S0 QIB BETDIPSTISAN oeicm@avegmalnsieg VoW &Sy o o) L)IDODIRAIQ B2 @ @b Gwvailas, (3 TVAUED IOMES Do “Igo EBIV MO EZTET 15 1@ Yo 0)(DZEMLLIBOISDBEB |5 aD mm@o&m@fi@mflmfi swmoailaa. AIEDE200 )@ Haliaradd @ON @I afNmyoeae)oh 21980 &1SesaD QICHMEEBS0 Q@O0 o aflom g, 310 @Yo @eooallas. 208) o8I 3 a3 lad loemsg o @030 @20 FENE NSO IS MY AB0 U3 22BN T G 6TE | gom@mm&g@mo@ swoailee. 2aIBRYo SHSANIROS LS © MBS ) 0162 .01@ & OIS0 SaNELY, e 120MNEI® | IS b Al @d Basmeal o_flgemafl% 8waoallaa, cedxSlalaido Ganeal Ay RIS 1e)eM20)) o IO gzé) ) ano eanel) awoln MIBRLOWAINIBM B Gnoailaa. @ P IV C CaaAIIRBAaNI @¥) omla wloyan esHe WBP BHILSHD GSIO® VA oy M &emQo IR0 Buooailas. Q) LY 1B 2O TG BHI6T mgRey@em ailadlgle.s@yo LI — mfi has m:.ga_q UL NOm M@ Qs o lmo 0 which the mlasmueimoead woailas. SEE OOIDER LNIAA g |29 9QIgs B aymmeg WY)W o g& laloul) @poon@ocb BLISHIM) g oS8 )8g paw@ssele @woailm. OB:OAVEYL 0 HODOS W) My@)@oodmMd QQCGC@fian_L &) @%%@.omflfldga oowidlayo QI8 SPRINEIV O SN Lo QWIEIBOSHE EUIQllm. @ 1B HaI@RI00 Al )@ )b @0 1B2UVEBR 6).0)QAIOM @ QYo aNw188ImIBRB0 QIS @1 lanoabd aNyoson) iy emsailas. VAR @) a M )gyemy TVIDDO aQUAMAIeg | )F)BeaN (G0 allmmesooialellgy Bw@ew QLA IMN OB 1A AINSAV Bwollas, &110Mo a0 Qi e N AIQRE M=) @MH2MT IBW 2H00AT T H&I® B0 2N BaISE) .alR60Y MYDII )& 69800 VAN aleea Jod 8woallas. @ (@00 ) B30 10@@HIEMSd €BraY) MYRQ Q.01 EODD fi@@%&@g@&uo @ses Imoab 81 WowRa0ga3 ) @a0allas. a0 QY QI9a0M Gemw o )@d oy )am enesa)) mgom_L MBI 0 @M BAN DO &@led 82aflm alv@wave Gaaeado & @] lab ©QUp| 2060YBa 100 swoallas. @RU) 1608 68955 MIQ) PRL2RVL HBISAD MB)©@so emBLE@R0 eed)alaud @aidso 16 e 242 — wEgTEI) Qe Bwoailae. 29120 Ep |®@ e 1eISAsan QITRMNIBOHMN GANES 12108 IS0 QICBBEI.AM BIUDj0 aJ@P 9B A IORMV0ER QIR0 a0®)8walla3. M @ al QO M I e} Q) @M 0. Note. eaoavelaflenaensg e in the country of Kosala, QIR &) S aN208%) 21HD01@0 ) Sevgeng @flm'mfl% forms an effective wall, &omodso who would attract all the fourteen worlds as if they were mere cotton. ARYBHIPH D @GSIe® without partiality; without giving room for complaint. o 2ol es voleuoadl. 0 aNSHLIH2AD @08 o a0RI@E@EENANOIDO 2a0IGEIMBHOS aJ00 CmMIPAQ D@ OFIEE), M GAIRIOWIW 2MAT IYNS S@hraade $H06MITd QlaC ) Wogy @I Bald@®:aw o) B@iaRe ailWo ala3d Qsm‘:fl@osrc@. D0 @ M) 0WBBR HEMOANG 102 INATD MIMNMEBo10 «g)aD BIANOVEHAIGENO LIS Qo ERHAM. @O0 AloLoBImMIY 0B II@OTDO &2 @O mcgom)@omfl aGlomlHean B $IEAMANOAD BH:00l0 HSITE agID EMIANAIQ MYYJAB0 @IEAQY BAIHO BT BINAo HIAMIND A JORAINTD H&HINFBAID Qe”ligg. aload a’g\:% @ROAOM B288 1T ajes @@%‘ngo 2102 AIW ) @@’15% oo ENIRIOIL0 aflwendl@aado SS0000UGHEAOG Nj aIMBTIOW L) g-oab o_fluflg%. @0g300y afleamigoailom amamantd eiley. &l@ma2od GG 1) o). afleenigo & oo )a @Jc&)uog@omfl alleaileb iRear aian &% g8 AP QeSS a0 @) 0@ (@ o @ 9 6M o. Note. B@omo@Q as if prognosticating. QU0 BT 20gHAo HEMIND® seeing no other alternative. @POROMEEs Job ajds retired to the consulting room. g8 adlan alemes) stood at a respectful distance and made his obeisance. i 43 6. Q)08 HRGUD @&“opb& -a108M @) QB0 aflogan ooy wmang @oein 21EMBITVAR0 alemIBl0 BHSIH® o o 202a00aV0 & a1 )Hm ®.010eilmoab: — INBY &) RO O WA gy Ba @asad | 21925l 210D YBRIS ©RIRQSSS sif they were 0POS DEDOJADRER QIS 2 lity; withoat 9@o§JU£ QIMmoEd BS18BeME20 aflean Q@A) Qiaw oo @ailSg oaflgy CMOR daWYlo eaigise salomb. alEmasavaslalgme Q106D @g|0cd 2as).0) Q106E) aflamod alem@sored mggfigaa mch @ueind 2 Ndna lah &8 MBI CdrSaim aldem -2106M&)) ob@&w@m_oa«s&aa 0 20 @0 08911003 |6 M AN YRS o éwwg og) Relmogo esmuatnw et @smme @9,@ ému% AMME25Sy afle).oflsS mimia ) é@@ @ngd_@@odvmn_gmq&o._@o Qiamod. v 9%3%,&0 0 fod (202) @RMWMIR) 2o enimnyao@flsan 20 -alIBMNBITVMOYEEB 0@ AN QYo 16 n“& o il 002 e )ojimabo @@@fi@omgamo MNP S9SBIQAIM0EE LM BD QYo i U DBM ).l AWDIA ) @) AVAIN 290 )67 0 @20 omlefls)ge s, 1) S06mIe0 ag)MLJQIREE EeMuIDO RGBS 0 61 pefired t @gpo daiarey e eaimslse t 9 168 eotful E@fi?&% BoL3J§wJ93 @ei).a) 16* e — 244 AI@BMNBITVEMINSANG euD 15 alla, &90 006N grhag]len 2IEMBSH YD QIAIMNAL0 HSAOWIG CHBFI AIBEMEITVABATN 0 .ai 110) ) 0100d mleimy 8 901268 MYagE) 22 H@EM o JNBEOOZ IS @I QIR0 ¢ OQAV1e0XM) AIRBIDSBAN@o QID dom & eyl omo AN Alla @Ok AQUABMORINE AVS DB QAIES. og)am mfi@o._fl:% adlgp,an ENEQY ai0ho 2 o1 alilSlolle alcamaauem Gmo @C Smognn @omom@cfi)omzmomoc&@%m 020y 02 @30&!0_\0(/006231) Qoo BGITLL)O_JOUOOQK_JJ Qoo &08Jo &0 QIR mMMOS ool $001BBI A ORI D HE )3 a0 DaSIHN OB @B)SEBIS GSW 0288 AW POBOWYo £leemaolg josmo b 6man }m & MBS a_10E106m MV el |2 QYes @@@%ad\? SO0 @ @b a_fls”l% oIS mod. Zemfl%ggro Qonlwg MOM@W@O. ooy Note. @pwmn®) 2QY))ds eninyalflsan ete. as a direct narration in Dmle the imperative mood. 2@y Yaiml@Elom deiloy .03 Gl MBITVEMINSNA ety lsailad these are His Majesty, Chandra- MO8 gupta’s pleasures with regard to Chandanadasa. @Yo €lan 29 81 maomfl&:\om@o_ub used highly threatening language. L5 leclel Sm), [ dark cell; dungeon. 2B 00e! D gty 7. 8100, UD&)B:@ .'l 004) of @@ omdbav égiellomo agag, 6@ @@@ledo wsssgdlss 80 o) 0L smdlwm® ager Sazes GPeNAY «SAY OaIes O @og ), @@363&1 C /Y SWQo mfls’]g SMEMBM PO NZ @ BZa00 HAIEE TB IO AYMNZ. D)8 s ) ®@QEj0 &g &)5510QYIRI IWAD o lejo QI @b OOWPo @0 oIl “flOQ o mflj% @O0 BPEZ320O0 N0 allmisal @8N @Yy SHRQ a_fls'\% @906110. m@fil(& o GE (@ oaw 6w .w%@efldcn@ QY Q@S0 (WSrv (WPEBuO( @S (D@ Q0 aroe® pflg. @ceccnomzon @eoYete (S8 cmeredr wifm| secws Scrop@e VO(W W e _mcv@ He Booe avsrouw ‘BB m(poro op(mae wey Suwtew@mi| W BBree Ar@%o@ @Cee ‘Bl PwW eeomroee By se frow ‘(Ew9S© @CO&@.O Gl e oT: g oS0 o Eeowsiy miemn s owropdow wewas oFBFESIv we Lwomese 1€ SFBoaeto Soe@wecf8o wiBpaus fF(roes ques|o (vowe face eFBpunsw Scrwel (s@oe® (so|w Srans pEansan (goo SFBeap N ) UOBro B meoeSe @euuets 0BiSsP {@TWes? cEetFroe ap®e (wrT (080 P QRISHALS W Scamga® 0cnoan(d) e SwieeTERE 0Bowem ot (g ofde pcFBamervy S an|@ (SBoLE apd|roaw (@S 08s® pdun FofF (@ pewos awpewstes o(®0® UWIWSE([OE Swiefc ©uire moo mmnmm_, o_mn@@c o owiDwscofo ofgcmew®o (mesusde( Wle 050 TIY oL IR YT CQLYAD -pIpusy) Hig UL @ ¢ sue et efocove Qe FBaue won Bo ogeragrow opcFBg o o U Sue @ v@@ [oYoC) W ade EBimsee wecse| v mefde Froo ewieo 1 nopyBed 1 (P WO (wesOofe P(WEYVUrs YEsWrv B ‘Sue (IO QW 00 CeO RRARWEET et wewumrivmiw piFfsmwiws (wwim el (suweofe werod® Euscw®o ‘(cwy aEQG@@@@WF@@@F@@ mm@@.@mr@o@ @([ocsera oustre oefSe @ piBymsecws (swols Moo Qo(mese (&) @Eevcwsce ay(ffe 6T owmaDd @EMEHIrtY([OID MDY ULAUS C@ @DECPHB °VOB cuw(B(R SOkrWw (meroiwe Muoe we B %ccd@.cfm e WY ongdwdo mwmmvmrgfég@@rerfieosmére@ac,u@ WO 80 @ Buoe BuwsiSeBenae ofiploses pen Qv mETe mETE owemE(ro CHeIE @(SHECBYEWO(WEIY MBIV PI@uw Wirwgsepsw oee Boae (50 W@S® SO e P uw e mewonwran cences (E9S@ quostwg ALY aSW ol Pleselr ADO(WEBE (LD ULE(I D VUL LIERWRAY VWY fFow "SuPeDCAIC® 0BLRLAD (WP OM([0 @V QOVE @EOIEEBEeD OqE (B Moy (D0R@ecEED ce(mar ofgewrwed ocvor odwe Biw Qe UDER( (S CRO(UD(P UDR@ @A Susc@Eonte (™) OO(RLIVE WD 05U PNTTE@ OO SOBEWES *8uoeDCAUSCE® VOB QOBMD 0B@(S([0® oY@IErv oBemworeee B @ere m(eTe Bhe@uecTin @(mhe 08wt ewd @R o(s@ScBrandlro cewraw ov@@pc@memo, SemsS® @rE(w (et FFBos (5o Sruse se(sus ‘S Quuteo® e Bews QT ®(F0 e aomEe (&) i eoseenw iBrusie oo AL G¥G B0 ® Het@ wiFBaunse Tees 0oLy (SO Eees ‘Bufs@iD W (D cerooRBup @upMB W pawos 0mIFVIRLY(STO OPO(ELIVTWSY &TE 8% Gosorv WPWEEIRE(UN(2 trd@ @0 otriELIAD MWesus @ Sgproswecee wwo cogsanruee iFBase|mieriue Obavaue e ny dB8 Quro(wen @@Moe SzrocBecn|sc*Apgco @iwe(rotwae D) Fs Uodwe o mieBfo QUMD B MUY 6@ roTIus SHroew wfriore Qo ms®Sewemnmeriw wbr Wrwsteo swse(mee Eee o e oltgcocee| YERU® WORF (LT (IO orPtELPAD MesussP|WER P Bhweubr | eoflee {@moan mcaoocoam@rs DT © @e@f@@ ofg(B®OWO(EQTE® (W UCMNERBCY QD 0 Couele @ O®RY(O0P BBig mE@Urs VWSV @ceforsonw oo @™®(Pro o@m@nrfiflo Wt 0@ V) ?are%ccd QOB W Bawwstofoantoo(e® miPwd cwrtmey ety 190r900)7 *(ROrUPADUD AV TFO0T0Y ,auw@,m% @ 01rvpioY Yare teewrVwsFoe @ goro QuFB E? oesgrsorue (e Sefy (efdmeorue peFBpupwadwes G secFete oButewoofues(™ oque @ TORZ9 rée_tcrmmmcd W WIEPDO@OE SOBEwEs 08uieeBT YwEee Suwosee ® 1m0y BOaw@)([T @Wus ®™BewQO)([T(0 POIBO@(W(S 0510060 © BOERIW aum_meme@ QEOPO(AD @(fBM 8w WHEP( Y BBEBABraD (MEPO(T EUVIDW 08uecEew® wehiFop Boswsoluuwe uwBw (wim oo e G ®OPO(FIW Eust@© [9eero fe wmivuotiwsroan wowe eof Stroquese | WREB(O (et oan 500 0@ e(s88 @ (B mirSme|w oBerm DFbpap soBasas seerdwws oo cgr@ froe peBie owoeoBoar woo @ EEPTID) G wifBruwse 609 0y BPROY@VCO0ED ab|WEee® u(W(@irvy °E0e eawes .o@o_lc@wmufia H00E86r &u(ro oero®e (porvewowRBece@r oo EiewILE T e WeFB ) WUS TR (QEcee gty (woefEcEae pavs| s ‘OEBE|weasT wocasoe e 008 QU608 oMY MCPTPNY( O QAU érm@@owwmégumflo B0 ROIBOP QS @500 QYU QB[O abIT© PEQRD Suo@ (MOELEM COVYD (5L CER © BOEWID _ ofl@%@ ©NRHIO W(D(V(©P WSOBE(Eerv ofvseBantBfo ovseBewn twatw 00D Q® (S®&cBoe s Brveee Porv werndy Quo wiFymezusw@ocfit 08 00090 wWowe® Cmew ofgwbe |mezs® owsb wisweeoefio (miee BlEaan (e faeen| @fO)fteer wes® Woo pewas Fmfimm,v@ QUCURCLY UDSW UDGIYILW ek Cw oaws(roew Foomro aver cRomee R OOSE@rvae oM([OLWm orvgsuow s__(m@ 9 Welstilel) "0QUIT([0 @eEe® (@oeeUIft) Bp|wbe cw@unbe BuvEwe ' mn@oe (O WCO@FOTB(L OE(FSE Wot@WEEwd (wbe voroswve WiBomem@® 9%¢6 e RS 247 oo mocszfl% WIH@IMISQ 0 LJIODMIW BT BHIEM) &g, @) ORWoay @) ] 88y & axami oy 381 @S) MPEB)0EE WSy jode Moo aflamoGal @Ean Galow. anallsmg ME ZOMI HMECasIYss alellw Fdlowimagy, 2M20©2p) @B OO og@oflwag ) &3 16 NHMSHQAD QIS OO @ancruzocgfl%@g BM@OO SIOGHIBIED 0 Gasm 2RO0D 9 MEBIds | WMINHEMAD ST ). @ Z3IYSS 2R aBoh e 120G lasgisag) Db @poslaileuame® amdlafloe @osmiaesns. | egaP ©EMWEY, @Y atlo b allgewns odloado eoo Mmges e Slay ey sieflesmm maieonmad a3o.si@o M g&Hson @ EWHOAW e iBRIEBAITR N OSITN | WORIW S@DAVIgNHoBo SR, emailwo s @OTINDO EPGNE ©.a1a0 HANEY BAD HALAT |GIMNIW S Boall.oig Jods 3070 S\ SMEMBMOOB0IG EVQY FPAUBM OS] 1S W) 18g jow ), m@ajac)o J(Bo OFIWB QIHTRID | B9L o ME)S 1o @l ) Lo 1)) @b @@osfidg@mo@e’):g Ga 1001 Yes NINAEOMAR B® SRV ). @3 IPISHES DTBINS HODQIWo M I@man ailg %w"m’,: 804} Slato 8@ 9a3)wa)d) SoKleaeaQss (@)®wo@sS) 9 M lman gy, R0 fi% MO @TE 9SOM EY DQOVE OB IHNB00E @SN MEAN GYSZBAIOGBAD 020w 53@% Ga106)8l B®oam . DO Do BWHgs allmflom@ood] allgyemide fl(mo@fifli@ @001g00 Slovigeeigl@an gleslth HZOZAY MHeeidd Wl g | (loa0om oMM afla@ao@oaisme 2Jod)QYo LA HIST s28e1g o oflpmeog Ga106L) BN oS UMD GE, 08 BAAEAIINAI HQHQOD @aOd oom) COMGPA) GaRMIG G W M EYRYUAIEM ISR IR PIZ EOEXd @Y afd ool QYOS aflamosel sposhdnd)Zel20w) ammoo &g, M Geald AV 16O 5 oMo B® SIBGSMNPY OIBD EMFGaIMo QRPH® BaiSla) B2edlay @mSloS)@ 200Ga106)al m’\@@fl@(mmow’\ apaHsomemm o3)anSa1ow). B2 1O aflnyoly Dd)ecmd @doenmont 8@ weilw e ol {S) ooy sl agObO EPSENT AT MEOS GHLOV M OO G @gfiweafloc)o—“mméjoem, MNQYIBO, ogBS0 Gad M™Y I8, QIVOGNNEMESI WO? SM®O B 2)WIAIINY w’rg o WERY, afPlay,. )B)niniso 200@ &S|EEMEP” agHAMINB IOYIND EHS. o0& oflgjoo_flcsmoc—i]crfl. ){%o @m%“'fi Note. a 01""“83};%‘:% clggELes on the side of. e lmieabo O_lgcfimg’(nfl iron ring. Z@gmzmé’i ®QYRIdM) rope. &sallo trepidation. OO Po @oa1a106n) o) mustered or plucked courage. allg {lenmemedo fragments of mother-of-pearl, 0\gA) moss. aal oComIs &S |® of iri- ngooflme descent hues. HE@)e2nDdlses artificial. (03 (gfiffl)o(f)o B2 YL PO s 248 —_— g MSARGSIC M) @fi@amfl' could not go a bit forward. , o\7A) o) MO Q10610 @udam lZA! moss, gigantic moss. Qes080 o) owleh Bgo :o&Wgy as high as the knees. @RS a’\m%o a’los) separated the moss. Soe)o®0a) slipped. & allw oy )alall@momno ooled o3lal &)g) managed to find a footing. surface. ws%@@flmm%.mm”)@flrmamfl by the multiplication of echoes. VY3 wemBgo a3 leMenaow)sg |ox)) we were beside our senses. @CWO v ILA)2IPINIMBAN al0soy@GS is nothing when compared to. Abras pre Achyranth Achyranth —_— e O D Hgle mar Ailanthys Alangium Aletris hya Aloe perfo Alwond oo Alpingsy g fimaranthu Amaranthu Amomgp | A ndl‘Opogm Anethum f Anefhum _«; Anise DN Areca Cate Aeoant 1 A Hstologh; Ay Owroot Attimigiy 5 APTOFaerS \'TOQ‘drpuS UL eapy “1dy tibi iclepifls g ; mZ’Zfl;@ 285980 g8 APPENDIX. ~ o ~ g @”@m§o &m aflw A nlaafamo GLOSSARY tiplication of OF 6 ere beside S is nothing FEOCHNICAL TERMS. 1 Botany. Abrus precatorins &ard). Ash-gourd g id Smig s, Achyranthes triandra OB 0P, Asparagus racemosus Lo@oQi@d), Achyranthes aspera &Sei0s), Assafoetida & oo, MHgle marmelos ¢igo. Balaria cristata od)laidsd)soy), Ailanthus excelsus aflmod), Banyan tree @at. Alangiom delapitatum &om. Barringtonia acutangula o)@sSamy. Aletris hyacinthoides ®oma@ami. Bassia latifolia 80 Mg} QJSMo. Aloe perfoliata ®ooauw, Bayplum Go10os, Almond enRo. Bdellium ¢sjey. Alpinosa galangula @oooo. Belerica myrobolan @oad)ss. Amaranthus Qiso2gi). Bengal gram &Seiss. Amaranthus campestres .01Q.oflw, Betala o lailswo. Amomuam Zingiber g eoil. Betel-leaf ®»ai0d ). Andropogon muricatus @921, Bignonia indica aspi®aigom, Anethum feniculum ®amensodo, Bignonia longifolia aigpm. Anethum graveolens ai@@g|. Bignonia suaveolens ®aisnbaiswy)@) Anise eSS0, Areca Catechu &Yeg. Birch gmgqyomo. Arecanut tree &eog. Bitter gourd ©&ag |os. Blackbird wood &@)gmos. A ristolochia Indica mowi0@g) Arrowroot @;Qu. Blitoria termalia af)om @00, A rtimisia austriaca @ds)ol. Blue waterlily ®@)as0ieiwo. Artocarpus integrifolia o ileioqy Lad. Bombax pentandrum oyg, meial, Boerhavia diffusa @d)woa, A rtocarpus pubescens @y@as) aflein Arum campanulatum G.aim, Boswellia thurifera eog. Arundo tibialis couwmygy’. Botany @Ieg’\e_fle, QMm@ lvomyo, CT\IDOO.J(OUOO@O, CT’O(TB UoD@o. Ascl‘epiasfi gigantea og)@)os, 250 Breadfruit aflelom)aiss, & flaiaiss, Convolvulus Ficus racem batatas _.ol@»Es W3, &g |00y, emabas]wab. Ficus relige Brinjal cu@ollodles. Convolvulus turpethum @)8@ogyman. Ticus venos Fir tree 68 Bromelia ananas 66 & o .olds. Cordia myxa mMQyd). Buchanania latifolia @od. Costus speciosus ®&ogso. (alege 98 Cotton tree )@@ ), Butea frondosa 0o, 90wy, Gallnut 20 (fentiana ch Cabbage 8osailaflo, Cowhage moqy @em. Crocus sativas &:&:Q0. Calophyllum calaba &.01Qq jam. (tinger 6 Cucumis anguinus mommog). Geortnera Camphor tree tfi)g_'.] Awo. Cucumis sativus ©Ques @ )ds. (Homorous | Cannabis sativa @em100y. Cucurbita hispida &migo. Green gram Caranga tree & @snowo. Cucumber 0188 @&, (Fuava o Cardamum o@eIO®®@ ). Cumin seed &5]odo. Carat bean @em1S ). Greens | Curculigo orchioides on)alg jon. Heart-leave Caraway seed B0WERRS0. Curcuma angustifolia Gau. Cardiospermum Halicacabum o $)eo. Heart-pea ¢ Curcuma Zanthorrhiza @o@sond. Hedysaram Qarica papaya asg{owo, &g aV, &g S 6012, Curcuma Zerumbet & ) @o. Hedysarun Curry-leaf tree &@)@aig|. Carpopogon pruriens mog) @M. Hedysarum Cuscus grass 002.0) & . Carthamus tinctorins &mpocoy. Hedysarum Custard apple @ o0 .01d9, EMIMNI Lo, Cassada Jatropha manihot 2oos)weng, adloawo. gmng), Cassia alata oo ©. Heliotropiur Castor-oil plant @T@O_m‘ndagr. Dalbergia Sissoo spmaildamo. Heliotropiy, Datura fastuosa @_mrm;’. Casuarina 21801085 @00, $I000S). Helianthys Dill auy@ )&, Cauliflower ojssoall. Hellebopys , Casalpina sappan g |60=0. Echites antidysenterica SSdhg |oal. Hemionitis Cayenne-pepper (capsicum) Q1o@d@gg . Echites frutescens aioabaigg)os Weng. Echites scholaris o@@lalomioel, ABAl Hogeplun ¢ Cedrela Toona ojaimyy. Hogeyeq ; Chaste-tree &@)lomMo.ofl@d, 8:‘09“ [@ow). Horse-radis] Chrysanthemum Indicum ®@.oi), ©.) Eclipta prostrata &sogen). &), Eglantine @0 ) B30, @JO%QQJO)J Tecebroy, Cinnamon &®g {8@o@d, 61 AIQI0WUO. Egg-plant aypoiladl. % Hlegehryp, Elephant pepper mmroflroflgfllafl. Tndiag gy Cissampelos hexandra assoigg), Cissus latifolia 66 @ leRomyg)). Eleocarpus ganitrus @Bcso. Indigy Jolay Citrus acida ®.a1QMoi@&o. Erythrina folgeus @dozd)es . Indian ggp, Eugenia jambolana e30mJ. Citrus medica @o@m8MIBo, AIgg Mo Indigo Plai &0, mflBRoymo. Fan palm &d)laum, ogyaomoaioim. Indian aigh Tnks Citysus cajan @Qiog|wd. Fenugreek gajal. T C})% Clitoria ternatea oocja jgro. Fern (c)u&\, BB ead, oil@ Juck freg o Cloves &@@cC s B3QJoUD0. HN - Jasninyy, : 251 mafifl%@l Ficus racemosa @0 o), Jasminum grandifiorum @oeiay), a_{lg; o, Ficus religeosa @oo@owh. &0, Ba0a48m, Ficus venosa égyomb. Jasminum sambac maiag]le, DG Fir tree 8 QIBo®. QY Galega ©899)o{)ab, Jatropha glauca mowoaad)). Gallnut 2@ os. Jatropha curcas &:Splalem®s. Gentiana chirayta ajo@)oyoe. Jonesia asoca ERGWIB0. Ginger g emi). Justicia adhatoda ®gserISS0 8 10 Justicia Nasata cnowagi). [o>. Géertnera racemosa &®EOM Q) Glomorous fig-tree @@ ). Justicia paniculata chiretta & l@)lws Green gram .a1Qa1®@0 . Kaempfera Galanga &@.oj0010. Guava Galnds. Knolkhol gge@oall. Greens oflo, Liantana @o@)at. Ty Heart-leaved moonsced afloogw. Latifolius agLggmo. Heart-pea o $leno. 25w Lauros camphora @»%mzmo. h Hedysarum Alhagi 6®oS)omal. Laurus cassia SQg |@mo. Hedysarum gangeticum ®oim mas. Lemongrass @mom@agjg’, 0010100, Hedysarum gyrans ®@o@ens). Letfiuce cm@g_oéj : Hedysarum lagopodioides @RM&Q Lime-tree a8 monso, .a1QmModdo. 3mMIMUY0, camoss). Liquorice @ g)auyoo. Heliotropium ay@j@2e1o; ¢aflacmglas). Long pepper @lgjeil. 2004 Lotus @oam. Heliotropium Indicum @Qung|ol. Helianthus (ng,yo.@) Maiden hair @@ofoflmmémgfimag. Mace £30@ las@)). Helleborus niger &S@m0ad o). 58l Marigold ®.a15)oy. Hemionitis cordifolia &oc)eai. @afi!fl?fl@@'@v Michelia champaca .admid»o. Hog=-plum momiswo, 108l gsel Hog-weed @d)woa, Mimosa &@050010S ). Mimosa astergens aflod)@so, all@ano. Horse-radish tree g@)eos, [ Mimosa catechu &@)soaoel). @;§adw Illecebrum lanatum ©21Qay8s. Mimosa octandra .ailoomom. Illecebrum sessile ®a1vanisbeny ). Mimosa sirissa N300, Indian birthwort eowe_10ggy. 1339]\ Mimosa suma Godloydmmo. Indian jalap @ )8®ocbasigan. A0 Mimusops elengi g @60 ). U Indian corn @ni980, Mint ®@sSomao. Indigo plant @o2d), Monk’s bean &ar) 8@, o et Indian nightshade ojom®)oyore, Morinda citrifolia @Sadlaiay. Ink-nut &gos. Musk okra ®5&a0 dl, A10I&AV @) = A A9 Jack tree afleiaqy. Mustard &g6. Jasminum auriculatum &Qo2048)ggy. Mystica moschata gazfl(a?cesu. — e 252 Nelumbium speciosum @Qmid. Radish Q%%Bfl. Vogetable 1 Vitis Tndica Nerium coronarium mMa, 2Q450. Raisin © 6més)®@ Z0m)@)emBoa1wo. Nerium odorum &emalloo. Red sanders @& .0la3Mo. Vitex trifol Rose apple g,;O.l(Thgaocmu. Nigella Indica .a1l800el0. Nettle H&osoOBQA, 60100 e, Rozelle mm@ggaomj’. Nutmeg £007)800. Rueliia longifolia 660 e Jab. Nymphia carula & leQiei®o. Saccharum spontaneum @YOQSE. @analle Indian 1 Ocimum album ®gs @ea av). Saccharum suma ®0QA. moalalls Ocimum sanctum W@@a av). Sago palm &gnlaam. Okra &M o9, @) F Safflower &:MyoBay. Oleander mog), ®emafloo. Saffron &e:20y. fig-tree Olibanum &S dno. Sarsaparilla mmamod). fmmflmfl& Olibanum tree g . Semecarpus anacardium G.oldamo. e Min Serratula anthelmintica @)o"cf')s)oelrzfl. Moo Ophioxylon serpentium @Qfl@oaI0 Shoe flower &)@ EOD ). plum, @), WMWY, Omum @BRWERAIRE. Sida lanceolata @pimon=), @02 Sacek Orchard @a10)Mo, QJBHMIB,IMo. Sinapis chinensis &g®s . a0 In Orris root Qi@ . Silk-cotton tree ayg. plant, Oxalis monadelpha ayglwoomd. | Siphonanthus Indica H01QENDs . Aogds0 Snake gourd aisaleleso, AW Pederia fotida @cmommfl. Soapnut aLIENY DO, aflwes. carvi, Panicum Italicum, Pannick-seed @5lmn, Spinosa longifolia & d)Zeww. s)o Parasitic plant Q&Qfl?‘(m)fl, @@’oflc)o@a%q. Pavonia odqrata &Qeamos ). Spondias mungifera ®oau0wo. a00smy Peacock’s pride ®oeiavlay. Squash ojoea. Enoo A Peepul tree @oo@o@b, Star anise @@d90al0, HHEHNALl0. MOV Pentaptera Arjuna oldoa@o . Sun-flower fig@cflaoflvfloflgfio. rmr:fl?% I Swallow-wort ag)@)é@s . Pericarp enfleEa 000, mmmfla‘ Sweet potato @g|o9)1WeB, aldnOGs) Phlomis Indica @mul. @)y Phyllanthus emblica ®mgilds. wes , aeMB®S)wab., un Pigeonpea & @0Qi0. Tamarind tree ajg)@mo. M@, Pine apple ®O&@.a1ds. Tapioca @S )PeoS . @@SGB: Pinus longifolia o)@80. Targia cannabina ®&IgEBAI. 6.0190) D000 Qsmo. Piperbetel ©0103)016990S). QU Piyal godamo. Terminalia alataglabra ojggg(da(tfi). O Plantain tree quoe. Terminalia Bellerica @oa )ds. @@Gflm'\n Plumbago && 05810, Terminalia chebula &Sas. (T Pterocarpus santalinus ©@#m.alaamo. Thorn-apple 9 ZA®Mo. B0, Tree-turmeric @a60DD, Pumpkin 2ooeR, &aig s, Castor. Vangueria spinosa oai@on. Quercus insectoria 20 ®s, ®ogy s fol] 253 peliis Vegetable marrow ailelnod &:ang ea. Xanthochymus pictorius @@221200 "flmus%. Vitis Tndica &aimyoias). Yellow myrabolan &se. Vitex trifolia &@)eXm0.ofl@b. Ziziphus jujuba e eiam. Malayalom. il 00088, @email@aicno Aristolochia indiea; 60 ei) Amomum Zingiber; ginger. Indian birthwort. @ oo lddmy) Misletoe; a parasitic mo)allSwo Betala. plant, @ooi) Ficus glomerata; glomorous @ ey | Mimusops elengi. fig-tree. g lauyme Liquorice root. @015 )@ )g_jafl Elephant pepper. 80 Mg |QyBfno Bassia latifolia, :alb2no @@y Mimosa Inga. s @ajld Dalbergia sissoo. uténeid), @ I0%0 Spondias mungifera; hog- 60 2100 Ziziphus jujaba. plum. el (Qlo) ol Bombax pentandrum; the l ®r@ Saccharum (suma) sara. silk-cotton tree. @oa®) Indigofera anile; the indigo 60 Vaw Boswellia thurifera; the plant, olibanum tree. L) @B ®o Physalis flexuosa. eono Phoenix dactilifera. ®BNWWEAIM o Caraway seed; carum @l (@) @eil Helicteres Isora. carvi. Sl Q@omofl@ Horticulture. @R 6oy )@ The buttress tree. m @a1aimo Orchard. 1040, @ oern, &ato Hglantine. oo Datura fagtuosa ; stramonium; oo Alpinosa galangula. [tree. thorn apple. SAn0el, @oo®@odd Ficus religiosa; the Peepul @ejas Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum E“go mm’\% Lantana. gracum. @oeiaylay Peacock’s pride, a@)afl@# Asclipia gigantia; swallow @oailedea1od) Ophioxylon serpent- wort, g, 2808 ium 2@ PBOMIRIAIM, See & @ lam. @R CwItho Jonesea Asoca. oerod@] Cardamom; elettaria; card- @IY)SBrISHo Justicia adhatoda. amomum, g 82001 EQom.aids Custard apple. og¥)eimioel Echites scholaris ; Jatropha [osum. manihot. ®YMgIM, see dglg (. eoau@ Water-lily; selumbinm speci- 630somao Mint. fi;%zmo r )18, (BT@mflm'Wxa.flewo,; Artocarpus pubes- 0@ )1 Hemionitis cordifolia. cens. 00 )aiomoan Viola suffruticosa. @Q@Qlem®s Racinus communis; the dheamonio, sce @Bamoalo. castor-oil plant. &0\ @0 Curcuma Zerumbet. it @Q0QEE Saccharum spontaneum. £Bol0alo Kaempferia Galanga. &oemoal Cannabis sativa. alloooo? .afl(')ogrmu Menigpermum cocula; the @050l o) Eglantine. heart-leaved moon-seed. 218008k oo Assafeetida. @m@%fl Eeclipta prostrata. e afl0 Gree &0 Alangium decapitatum, &Sg{lainal Morinda citrifolia. &288901@) Serratula anthelmintica, §aglo) ) &Se1ge Cicer aristinum; Benggl gram. &)d)@oom Justicia paniculata, chir- 62100 &5e10S) Achyranthus aspera., etta. &sel )8aio Aristolochia the sho Indica; ®Sdhg {01 Achites pubescens (antidy- Indian birth-wort. 90l A senterica). &5@ Sinapis chinensis; mustard. §.alQMin tree, &m0 Crocus sativus; saffron. &gden Terminalia chebula; yellow SHID®O0 Olibanum; frankincense. 92 myrabolan; ink-nut, &an) Abras precatorius; the monk’s §lalQelm &5800asClen’) Helleboius niger; black bean. hellebore, MQ%@ ) emigo Cucurbita hispida; pumpkin. &6mafloo Nerium odorom; oleander. Galm Ay SO0 )70y Geertnera racemosa. SRS Jatropha curcas. €al080 Ind SmyoBay Safflower. Bsienm @o%'\g:]m Sago palm. SQeams) Sida (retusa) cordifolia. &g jos ) wes Sweet potato; Convolvalus 2106 I SQOR081Z0) Jasminum auricalatum. batatas. 2l Eugq @®s)a1 The Malabar cat-mint, [tree. tlnan Cur &g 18 608, see alg |oWo. @1 Curcuma angustifolia; arrow- & 6MRo Galedrupa arborea; the caranj DN root’ ®®)gmainio Nymphia carula; the blue M@(flmfll: @Qigo Aigle marmelos, waterlily. D60 Cas OOd@oldm Bromelia apanas; pine- &I )eooal) Mimosa catechu. [tree. Do Tahy apple. &@B)OMoo{leb Vitex trifolia; the chaste O@enoal T O dhg |d» Bitter-gourd, & )mimn The fan-palm; Borassus anise, &S lomal Tragia involucrata ; nettle, flabelliformis. 023810 Xan a353aId) Plumbago; the lead-wort. &m)gmds Convolvalus paniculata; (AT ddosdo Costus spesiosus. black biljd-wood 3 ey (g o@9¥) ofleb Galega colonila, g ©Q)dfmo Laurus camphora. ericg, O3 0YPg | Achyranthes triandra. awens Areca catechu; the areca-nut @20 Nymy 8&9aflaflo Cabbage. tree. Wn Panigy @@83 Bdellium. SHowomy Cloves; Kugenia caryophyl- ULTRY 2 1@ &g | Anethum graveolens. lata. Dy Ci(ys almudo Michelia champaca. &3)ayone Spinosa longifolia. the Digeo alg {6080 Ceesalpinia sappan. @ucflcscug:‘" The curry-leaf tree. DBY) Byg; 210 Butea frondosa. SQg @0 Laurus cassia. Dy} Chry 280 Pinus longifolia. S00w Aloe; Socotrine aloe, %mmwo: 2\B99® ) The soap-nut. BH0GHM @) Hibiscus abelmoschus; %’3%@ 2\@QIIES BP0 Casuarena tree. musk okra. gyrans, o 255 L cocula; the alloooom Mimosa octandra, s @18&0gdam Convolvulus turpathum ; od, ail@ooeio Nigella Indica. Indian jalap. ala. oo’ @no Mimosa abstergens, @GRaizcm The fir-tree, rifolia, 2510 Greens, N anad) Sarsaparilla. ®.a15lay Marigold. ; Bengfgl gram, onavylwadalsoe Nariam coronarium, Spera, ®almi®mo) Hibiscus Rosa sinensis; mai2g]l® Jasminum sambac. chia Indica; the shoe-flower. mMQ3IeE), see manad), ®.01Q.oflo Amaranthus campestres. mqai®) Cordia myxa. s mustard, O.01QmM&;:o Citrus acida; the lime mow@og | Trichos anthes anguina, tree. chula; yellow mMowmead) Jatropha glauca. ®.21Qa 10 Green gram. mowD Mssua ferrea. 15 niger; black mmq&é(m Calophyllum calaba. mo2gf) Justicia nasata. 90lQaye Achyranthes lanata. mowaigg) Bauhinia anguina., @.aln Arum campanulatum; a yam, om; oleander, Moy @lmy Saccharum spontaneum, , C0rCas, G.a1080 Indian corn. m oy ®em Carpopogon pruriens; E3s02000V) (206mi)) Indian spikenard. Negriba prariens; cowhage. 0; Convolvalug £300) 1@ Myristica moschata, o )aigjon Curculigo orchiodes. 20wy Eugenia jambola. m)aiauese Tonidium enneospermum, lo®o Cumin seed. [free, af)émsay Barin gtonia acutanglia. B BY)@ leozoanyz) Cissus latifolia. rea; the caralj a3lda®@ Pentaptara arjuna. ©6@leow lad Ruellia longifolia. arala; the blae aigs e ) Barleria cristata. @& Cassia (tora) alata. HMBMAM Jalod Mimosa sirissa. chu, [free. @ o Tabernemontana coronaria. omgjles Phyllanthus emblica; the @@dsoelo Illicium anisatum; the star olia; the chaste Indian gooseberry. anise. Im; Bomssgs a_loileiaro, see maselo. @@oelo Xanthochymus pictorius. alsajeleos Snake-gourd., . paniculatd; @d)woa Boerhavia diffusa; hog’s weed., 1@ 100S) (o_;&mflmsfl) Mirabilis jalapa; @031@s (@oari)es) Terminalia bell- the marvel of Peru. erica. mphoté. aig o@o Carica papaya. @o2® Nymphia lotus; lotus lily, the areca=nub a1@jo) Bignonia longifolia. @) Panicum Italicum; pannick-seed. aimom)amo The cotton-tree. © a1 Phlomis; or Leucas Indica, alRldha QoM Bignonia cordifolia 1 ryopbyl @aio Citysus cajan; Cajans Indicus; a1sagg | Cissampelus hexandra, the pigeon pea. a0@ @) Bignonia suaveolens. olid @8 aV) Basil. a0mboigg ) Bchites fruteseens. af trees ®@.of) Chrysanthemam Indicum, afloi®o Jasmimum grandiflorum, BomMoImivo, see @IYOD\E9. 16 aloe, aflawal Artocarpus integrifolia; the abelm030h“55 O@MIPHM3) (or @msnfl) Hedysaram jack-tree. gyrans. o flmod) Ailanthus excelcus. ax;myaflgs@ Gentiana chirayta. @Rles Hyperanthera moringa; the 0_395 emo Terminalia alataglabra, horse-radish tree. Acconstics aggd%q Parasitic plants (misleto). @83 %) Radish, Acid @020 Tamarindus ajg)ano Indica; the @o@a@)es Erythrina falgens., Adhesion c tamarind tree, D smalazmo Red sanders. Ajr-pump ag@smoai) Cauliflower. ©iA 010 Cuscus grass; Andropogon Aleohol EE 0 gQIRwy Cedrela Toona; Hibiscus muricatum. Alkali o populneus; the toon tree, 2@ av) Jcymum sanctum. Aoy )z the silk- ogd@ Bombax pentandra; @BoBmQyHo Eleeocarpus lanceolatus. Alum QBS‘ cotton tree. Amglgan Eloreay dl, see ®g5®a) @) eoidleofloo Anethum feniculum; Qlee=any, see Grallododa1nd), Amber (ol sweet fennel; anise. Qim) Orris root; sweet flag., Antimony Oaimm@as Aletris hyacinthoides; Q188 1Moo, 62 BIMB MO0, Apparatus Sansiviera zeylanica, [bay-plum. QYo oyl Brinjal. Aqua regi Bald» Psidium pyriferum; guava, @0502g§) Amaranthus. Arsenic o sao_wmvossag%q Illecebrum sessile. Qebza & Cayenne-pepper; cubabs, Asbestos ¢ (@avomlens) Pederia foetida. Q1o Musa sapientia; the plantain tree. Atmospher 940wy Batea frondosa. afNelnodeéaugo Vegetable marrow., Lton gog 6T)_oflga<2<fivouao Pericarp. QNelooo lalds Bread-fruit. Attraction (3Bodmo, s¢e aud00S), allgn @o0)) Evolvulus alsinoides ; Blit- QMG @gégcgcfifflo The birch. ., [wood, oria termalia, Balloon ) m&bfla@ Artimesia austriaca; worm- afl)emo Blackwood; Dalbergia lati- Baromefer [folia, 2e6m5) Jatropha mainhot; Bengal %)(Bcfifnog) oo Orchard. Bage-noty maddar, ©Q1gmo©i@) Bignonia Iudica. Beacon ol auy@)&o Dill. ®ai6m @@ Hedysarum gangeticum, Beer anfl 2oss \weg The tapioca plant, oaicess Lady’s finger; okra, [betel. Bezoargty 2oason® The tree-turmeric; Curcuma 4 Q001108905 ) The betel vine; Piper Zanthorrhiza,. oape @) Cucumis sativus; cucumber. Blue vitrig 2e13:00 Vangueria spinosa. eamg .oy Heleotropium Indicum; the Borax 9o eeimoess) Sida lanceolata. Indian turnsol. [tree. Buly Qg osma mooeor Citrus medica. 8aug |2@0 The Neem-tree; the margosa BuOyancy é 20@as Gall-nut, (R@oaId) Asperagus racemosa. Calcination @oe1o)) Jasmimum grandiflorum. @) Mimosa suma. Calome] o @00) Mangifera Indica; the mango wotlajgo Clitoria ternatea. Cflpfllary 4 tree. @ laamyilas) Heliotrope. Catphoy (s 25809021) Knolkhol. MUegoe Lettuce. Gflmphor ( @@5)o Horse-gram. “B@% Helianthus; the sun-fower. o, g@ds Buchanania latifolia. ay@epealo Heliotrope. C&T‘l)On o Note. Wherever possible the common names have been given in preference Carbay to the scientific Latin terms, and in some cases both have beén given. Sl 257 AR 0tinga: thy 2. Chemistry and Physiecs. Accoustics w_lm'\(/ao@o. Centre of gravity caimndehem easgo. Acid ®ogo. Centrifugal force @@ @all@dhemo; 3 €08, S Adhesion ogo%bcfiménsmo. @roc]) 0o, Air-pump @808 AT0. Centripetal force @& modahemo; @ Avdropogon Alcohol @8y Vo o. @(Dg) (O Alkali ®emomo. Chalk afeno@agd; @.a108s . fm Alloy dlywig. Chalybeate ®@REWoHeMf)s)ea@ow. s lanceolatus, Alum Smsflauemmo. Chemical combination aemf)ememo., 00 ), Amalgam a RO FHUID. Chemistry @IV QVo; @aVLIMYo; bojom']. 851200, Amber @smzsm'\.d fag.i Antimony sulphide ®avoaflmoemmo. Chimney ¢gaimogl; aj&dewab. M0G0, Apparatus qVo2)); @M. [@@Dpo. Chromatics mg'%uao@o. Aqua regia @00:8001&0. Chronometer @o2mog); @dal@oaim Arsenic a19e106mo. Cinnabar @&m0-19080; EaVAS)Cgo. 1 cubabs, Clarion 92080, Asbestos &anomo; &eb.alemo, plantain tree, Cohesion @ e ahemo. Atmosphere @Q®IW0; LILMO; QWY jle marzow, Atom mweno. [@smwelo. Concave 9801&I0RIW; o JSISIOAIN, t Attraction @@ ahemo. a. of gravity Couductors (a)8Qius )& emdb. Al IS ahemo. inoides; Blit- Conductors, bad @@emufl&mda. Balloon @g@waiqy; @g@se@omo. Conductors, good (T\;@csojcfcflcfi)mdo. lbergia lafis Barometer @g&owemonion@ oo, Contraction ®y&emimNo; AVEH:0.al0. [folia, Convex @zboédago&hom@om); m, 6 o. Basge-note (Doé](bua%o. fioa. Beacon @0 @0weslalo. Corrosive sublimate eauoafloaioes gangeticum. 6rmo. Beer enfl@’, @aimyo. rao [betel. - Bezoar-stone @uc@moaiMo. Crayon o0& ; mel'é®. 1 vine; Piper Blue vitriol @@oosmRmo; 2w)@dm@no. Crucible gw; OO@ERAVIQIDE aT). cacumber. - Borax ©a10::,000; So&emo. Decomposition ojosnemo; afleiwo. [udicun; the Bulb Gwg gelo. Depression ®0Qi@HMmai6mo. [fres. Buoyancy g j0Qimnwa & ). Dilatation (@gjav@ermo. s the marg0sh Calcination oySa10&o. Echo (@yafl@vaad); @sonef. 0em0sh Calomel QUG | 0. Elasticity (@)@ ) Joaadato; ud) @ )Nt 0. ted, Capillary attraction @& wodahemo, Electric arec ofle @Ucraggu 4 Camphor (sumatra) a3Sabég'| o, Camphor (Borneo or China) Q.Jg:yfivg’% Electric battery Ofl,@% SEWIo, @0, Electric current afla, @ aloo. un-fover: Carbon ®0owI®o. Electric induction afe an)@alwo. i Carbonic acid ®0owIIG0,. jn preferen®® Electric machine O‘flg’;} DM .alHo. 7en 17 — — 258 Electricity aflg) o) &), Gum, lac GdooiRds. Microscope Electricity, negative enomooe, @ . Gum, storax @PEMOB0. %957. Gum, colophony aiamo. Microphon Electricity, positive e;oa.\o.flgo,@". Electrode, aila,mog). Hydrochloric acid weosyBoaiso, Molecule @ Electrode, negative eniadlanog). Hydrogen £3p183010). Monad bod Motion Electrode, positive mamanog). Hydrolics .aleimyeiaf)emomo. Musical no Electrolysis aile ® a1 8o, Hydrometer s2e101@)@0018:@ QD)0 ; €385 202307, Nitre ug Electroscope oflgggc}é‘lcrfl. Element gelo; wog; gelaiay. Hygrometer @ga@ia s (Q0o. Nitrie acic Elevation o @&fa16mo. o 180! Impenetrability @owg)o. Energy (o)Qicomwsdie ). Inertia onud)@))weo@ay@ Jto. Nitrogen Energy, conservation of (od1))weove i@ Incenerator EmylaEeM®(Vo. (bservator @Jdo. Inorganic aleyg)alofewarw. Optics gab Energy, dissipation of vosrilal) @o. Organic o Lactometer guzvacaaad). Energy, potential a’)eamaivesr). Orpiment ¢ Energy, transmutation of vosm)(@ald Lamp-black (9e0g@o. Oxydation ado. Latent heat We@ajoomo. Layden jar Gei)awab coemo. Oxygen (o Equilibrium aqvasioom; aoas@orimo. neutral oaradlmaim Lead &0 )@o. Pengulun Equilibrium, Penumbra o Lead sulphide o@avoeRmo; @R Pereussion Equilibrinm, stable cudleasmmo. fifl%. Lens &o.alo, Phonograp Equilibrium, unstable ®RoUC )AL Mo Lens, concave @@L 07312 @ho.alo. Phosphorus Ether (liquid) a0)2BaJo. Lens, convex @28RL)oan@&i.alo. Photograph @; Qi Expansion ail&oqvo. Lens, crystal (TBg'ya)omno. Physicg (X Experiment @8@0(00; @ Q0o Ql Lens, double convex ®@aQli&o.nlo. d)em. Lever ®&®@0OQa100; 9 GOMILINEHMULO0; Piston gy Pirat qfly, © L1V Vo. Extension %90.&9. Plaster of | Flask aswlag]). Lightning conductor oflgd@o_omfl. Plummet o Fluid BaBayjo. Liquid @m@oc:bo. Liquor ammonia MQIaLonBral&o. Poeumggiog Fuleram @guoo®o; @RoITRoBE0. Load-stone &o0Ma10¢I6mo. Porosity ) Gamut Vo, av-i@o. Ray &g Locomotion arXOIMIAD) @ UAAMo. Ginger beer EPBHOIVo; &lemd Ray v y Penci enfld. Locus an)UIMo. Reflectiop reen vitriol GEANEEE); MOEGNIAV ; Magnet @oewozen’); @o@aysa®o. Reflection 0 oS lavo. Magnetic attraction &AM ahemo. Refactioy Gum of)eavo; e, Mercury ©@Vo; alo@@o (80). Repmsion ( Gum arabic (QQD. Mercury sulphide .aloa@)ajo. Retort Y Mica @08E®0; QuMe Mg, Gum, bfanzoin aoo@06m3 . — Gty 259 Miocroscope 0 Sal ammoniae MAIALIR0; NAIGMIDO %osfl. chcsB:ec}amm)@g B Salt peter @QJS']QQJ&_A. Microphone TP IR QD)o. Boaé, Molecule ain@i6m. Sand bath adl&mo@vo. Siphon @ @amaien?); ax@®@mog). Monad body @R EES) QM. Snow flake alom elo, Mo Motion w@); wamo. Solid caimBao. W0, ey Musical note aV_10o; @0, Spectrum Qignmpademo. Nitre aveg;)@oamomo, HaIS)Qgl. W00 Spectrum, solar &avVOEMYEBMO. Nitric acid @oIBMIEBIQI0; SIS Wa 1Braydno, Speculum 8g'jemo. Still @R ®QD0; MIGPIAV.. o Nitrogen @.aa\o&o. Subacid @oaiego, (s, Observatory mam@enimasay, Sublimate aim®o. NWAIWs Optics 880 (Mo Organic queflaiall@m@erw. Sublimation @rs@b_m.m@mo. ) Orpiment cO® ) moal0; @RAE)®oMo. Sulphur ¢OMSo; DAWaIOEeMO. Oxydation 30@6mo. Sulphur, cream of &MEGs UMW 0. Sulphur, flower of WS M. BIBMO. Oxygen (@)oemMQioy. Sulphur, ruby osmwoweo. Pendulum @enaimo; geioaiesmuyo. Penumbra elsmp-o@ow. Sulphuric acid wMWSBQIG0. o @OSEAM Percussion auaseaiomo, Telegraph gesaIQIM@EY0; Gmil® Phouograph wouad)eaiaiad), 8:\”’1’ Phosphorus g |9a06mo; (0)&0ws ). Telegram & miloicmemo. %ens./flo. )@@3.&]01 Photograph @@@mo@@m%o; a)®.al) Telephone gowyeM@@o. o @o; ile 8 a))o. Telescope §RBAMPAYo; aflneswd. Physics (@& lweoyo. Tension @@ ). QIé0alo, Piston @mowa?). Tin ©0igg|Wo; Qisko. AMRIMBATL0; Pivot allaicomeslalo. Triad body @aVEmem&o. Plaster of Paris &q.|nUd)al. Vacuum &)émo. Plummet eloemiay@o. Valve oi)uoimo. Pneumatics aioqoao. Vapour eniogro. 0B Porosity 6210 MW @. Velocity wa)eaimnm. 060: Ray soemo. Verdigris mog®so; 8- (2000 Ray, pencil of ®RowyeR0alo. Water-pump £@2102006M®Q00. Reflection of light @“’fl_;;}éow' Wedge 00063, g Reflection of solind (@yoyl@vaasl, e Refraction of light Q@5 loem@.to. White arsenic teogja0m106mo. ) (B")' Repulsion Q))@ahemo. Yeast mymozsmuo. R‘etort UMW QD)o Zinc ©@oMIBho, ]gjo. Km;@rl. 17 ity e 260 Al Sul Malayélam. Aflm@sgflfi)'f Ha | U)ol Plaster of Paris, @R SsQD0 A still. %snb@g%mo amiloog joad Telegraph. Menuy @U@ Impeunitrability. enemmancd Lead sulphide; Galena. amiuomamo Telegram. AN ®06o Atom. SHWOQAII, See O CTMILIMNEEMUO. annemo 0! S00em) Wedge. @0 6m 10dch6m Cohesion. Qoo 8¢ @oawanog) The positive electrode. &oalafle,@ Positive electricity. Mo Expt @naimMyoco Fulerum. &0alo Lens. oogarlso ¥ SHoama 19 oemo Lioad-stone, ®06ES) a1y Monad body. O lone0a SIS hemo Magnetic attraction, @ns@ao Mica, @msa@mc ®@rgo Acid. oS )wo Lead, DRNT(0, @ cwiemailuelen@ow Chalybeate Soeipsaino Chronometer. elle Craj @peIAem | Magnet. @ocfa'\ceg&fl Flask. memaen Soadlavo see DIRISHIAV . HOMERMC @oods Gumlac. @RenaMm& o Gfum storax. &oa0so Clarion. (ONEhre @b )eatmmo Unstable equilibrium & oemo Ray. Bgmm § @ QI8sMmaiano Depression. @&néc%oe:omzom) Convex. alv2m0 ®Pow®Igo Carbonic acid. B&r@ @) U0, & Afl@dhemo Centri- @0owndmo Carbon. fugal force. g@@mfic @(OGP_‘.&J‘(Y\( @powyeRoalo Pencil of rays. BB @I ahemo Centripetal force. @& wodhanemo Capillary attraction. gogaT @YY ahemo Attraction. gébui(nyo @Y IE®IRINW(o Barometer, ;e 1&H@QYe Hygrometer, BBayo @0 &owalalto Beacon, oMo Alkali. B81WoEa, QoMo Balloon. 6) lsmw.0I® Penumbra. Wop Ele @Q&owo The atmosphere; ether. @) Motion. Baymog) e@ga:emano Contraction. woleaimwa Velocity. (ORET ®Q@® ) Tension. naWSBooude Sulphuric acid. odleay @BV Ginger beer. wawoeelo Flowers of sulphur 3 m@&r@a EQWomo Fulecrum wmbdo Sulphur. { MM @R B&dMERIa) 0 Photograph. WBayogno Latent heat, i mwrflioro‘ @Q_‘D(oa@aoafi’ Green vitriol. (9a0¢y@o Lam p-black. | Midho Zin enago Subacid. BwoB8Mmo.alNo Bezoar. m’\i@dfigm Q_afix@@mmmfio Elevation. 8w @8alo Bulb. gl o @beaga e Siphon. wo€lowenio Base-note. TV o Gomorimasmwo Lever. OQICT)@QC_!JO Solid. 0 R2EIdIPAIw Concave. aQIMIG ah M BB (30 The centre of il saaSlnaimmo Neutral equilibrium gravity. oIS aemo Attraction of gravity. g_)_'!)@:o.\n_m@mo Sublimation. Mgfi&' woaflay hanoro Asbestos. 2 Jaimpeiailegsmomno Hydrolies. s 261 . o &o sublimate. .g_\omflmdo Sulphide of Mercury. aflnéswad Telescope. 1o Gum colophony. 1is, anaene Molecule. 2y Sab& '| @0 Sumatra cawphor. Ji} o130 Hydrogen. alicalyh EpUo Amalgam. 2QELIBVIPEM®(QYo Water-pump. a_10b6mo Arsenic. ngémlll); 2906mo Oxydation. allaosanoe Valve. SoH6Mo, $€€ HaIoghoMo. aJ®o{)@o Photograph. clricity, 0) Qoo Experiment. ajSalodo Caleination, @o@®s g0 Verdigris. QJSIHIVAIW s€€ 0 BRINIAIN, one, @ lajoeoemo Phosphorus. ajlndnemo Decomposition., attraction, @ @060 Blue vitriol. . q.édaeo@voihmo Adhesion. 60108000 Borax. I\ ©@ LWV, sEe ©BMMIAINEsMIO. @ el Crayon. (@)@owe)@o Phosphorus. memaen’) Amber. (@@ aJpasdoto Elasticity. HOMERAVIAIED )3) Cruecible. (@@ wo@go Physics. @avgem&o Triad body. 9w Reflection of light. @mfl 6X Bgyemo Speculum, lay@)evaa’) Reflection of soun@;echo. @Uwan.lm'\ Lactometer. (@)8WI0, see DYO. o Centri C G @ eodo Bad conductors. oM Usr) Energy. gReaIRIN(o Telegraph. (g@o_ufcfl@umdo Conductors. al force, (@)avEemMo Dilatation. atteaction, §RUYUINR (Yo Telephone. (@0emaly Oxygen. meter gabwo(yo Optics. @OJ(BOE;JO Fluid ; liguid. gJoQIM e ) Buoyaney . @ g8.a®osmdho Diad bodies. AN Vo@D A still; retort. entaclanog) Negative electrode, W@ Element. 10 AW, @ Porosity. Ugaamog) Chimney. w.ax3)8aieia’d) Phonograph. en0g o0 Steam; vapour. acid. w_lm'\uaa@o A ccousties. @ng’\@memw(n@o Incinerator. alphur, M em@oenme ey Observatory. Q]EJ avomo Alcohol. MQITLIREBIQIS0 Liquor ammonia. 2R m’\%@»o_ruo Concave lens. QI Sal ammoniac, a@@g) s @m&o.alo Convex lens. mModho Zine, 22008 o Aqua regia. a?eemaivoda | Potential energy. dlgyuw Alloy, o mglala e e Inorganic. @iy, see . a3 lomo Locus. @ Crucible. ome] @ meo Cream of sulphur. Qi 0.0 Double convex lens. » centre O f m,6n) o Convex, @ai2g)o, WAIMY®O Beer; Porter, a_l.21®g 1 ®o Borneo or China camphor, Qamwawdo Ruby sulphur. of gravity asenf)@é©emo Chemical combination, namadoo Cinnabar. jrolicss — i 262 QMO q | @0 Calomel OIS QY Salt petre. Ansntapur ®a1S ) QYg |Boaido Nitric acid. Antatctic € OAV®Yo; PAVWLI(MYo Chemistry @AVAY)ago, see P@m0100mo ®aies’ o, see QIsho Antaretic ¢ @VIRMo, S€e BERM Endd oo G osoameo Transmutation of Arcot €08 Aretic o0 Mo Mercury energy Aretic circl @82 3HI0SHRW@o Air-pump. © &)1y @o Dissipation of energy. ®\amo Vacuum, DB ) RO I D) Lo Conservation of Aurora @0 £ 10emoaile,@ Negative electricity energy Aurora bor ce1lawadb @iemo Leyden jar. woeBo01&o Hydrochloric acid Balasore o woa10Eemo White arsenic. Bay o ey @alaido, Gelor1dsmuoe Pendulum, Bedar 0fle alotnITy@o Plummet VKo @eo®@ Organie Benaris @ Ql®mog Siphon. AU 1IN0, See swcus'lcsya__é Beror allo aispo Tin Q¥ AV 1o Gamut. Berhampor Qignues(Tye Chromatics, aQLAB®ILIMN0, TVABIOD® Ethbmum LAl mo Percussion Bhagulpur Qlgnapavemo Spectrum QU )&@I (o Sand-bath Bhurtpore anQa@do Pneumatics Bhutan e afléahemo Repulsion, @GQJU:Q@;G‘GBOO Good cunductors, ayoosmwo Yeast Bihar afla ail@oavo Expansion TyEpeem@@Emoe Microscope Bimlipatan all@smaiwoam) Kinetic energy. Birbhum ¢ RSP @M R0 Microphone. afle @e.osnfl Lightning conductor. Black Sea allg, 8 sewoiwo Electric battery g oamo Crystal lens. OaUNEMRYBreMo Solar spectrum. Burdwan ¢ Q_fle 8, So Electric cell. oavnaleaisasemo Corrosive subli- Bureaucra afle ce(afl Electricity. mate. (aloutty aile,s 180 Electrolysis. ®auoafloiemmo Antimony-sulphide. Caliont 66 alle, @y @ ai@o Electric machine. aNIMIaD) RUIBMo Locomotion Canara & onud) o) lweoe i@ to Inertia ailg,gu8)ad) Electroscope. Cannanorg b o lnunseadéoto Elasticity ale @vaegy Electric arc Carnatio ¢ aile,anog) Electrodes. aus leasmao Stable equilibrium Cape om afe, an)@aiwo Electric induction av S )& @0 Alum Cape com auv.imo Musical note. ale (@).219@0 Electric current. Capital o aNoicrmmeslelo Pivot Celesti aQ @ @oalo Orpiment Chandrgp, allelwo,” see ajlndn@Mo. a0)em elo Snow-flake. afenomlagd Chalk, aGl2Bato Ether (liquid) Chicaeo] Chlngg DU 3 Geography Chittal g Cholg g, Absolute monarchy aUIGEDIL,E) Allahabad Qis@emaQi@o. @o Amroati ®@A®IQID) Climate ¢ Cockiy g, Aleppey (BTge.le__tlw Amritsar @O AVREY i AL 263 — Anantapur @mMama j@o. Coimbatore & oweRmiznd acid, Antarctic 8eailemea@go. Coleroon &&0gSo, Antaretic circle 8oa)emuyQiGoal. Comet (RACHD. mutation of Arcot (BTgcémSu. Covjeveram &o6@fla j@o. Arctic 9 cEOEHM0. Coosy, the @018, f energy, Arctic circle 9 oW QIBRAI. Cudalore aweyd. ervation of Aurora ER@EEMIB®o. Cuttack ®S®o. Degree @2tno. Aurora borealis (g.gq.xeflo_:o. a0l Balasore eniaflwearo. Degree, a minute &al9. senic, Bay 9 doaasab. Degree, a second Qil&al. Bedar afnaeo. Do, Democracy (@)230(@)8 ®-lo. Benaris QI006mMaV). Delhi & @3(eyorano. SW‘QH’ Berar almoSo. Desert 2@; am@EaA). Bquilibriom, Berhampore @nja@a j®o, Doulagiri coaig ¢3)@). Dowlatabad @2a1e3)@). Bhagulpur @eown@030. Bhurtpore @omajmo. Dwaraka 810080, » unductors, Bhutan 2:8388wo. Equator 2RL; e, Bihar ailatowo. Equator, celestial 80y 0a& amo, ope Bimlipatam &)@ )aigemo. Equatoral regions o3 loomeswemde, Birbhum aflo@2). ophone, Equinox aflegato. Black sea, the &@)ssSaeb. Equinox, antumnal ailegaigo. ofrum, Burdwan Q)R0@9Ma JRo. [on Equinox, summer @d'asflsa,m)@ao; rosiva. subli- Bureaucratic govt. @003)@QY) @wesr0 © ODIVMo. Calcutta o92°)ogiso. Equinox, vernal @a00afl®g1i8o; a0@) Calicut @&96)8E90S . o180 : \y-sulphide. otion, Canara &anSo. Equinox, winter 280 8 oa0)); 86 6MIWMa., & Cannanore asécqgrb; @agp)ogcb. Exports SHWOI)] EPWHIMN .08 oty Carnatic &omMISHo. SHd ibrinm, Cape gm. Feudatory chiefs quI2a®IRIGCRAID. Cape comorin &m) 08203 ). Capital @meiaonomo. Feudatory states a0Iaam©oe3, 0B, Celestial equator @Qj 92, Hfno. Fossil gg}om'@m o. Chandranagore .2)(@3N U Mo. Ganges, the wowoma). Chicacole ¢®)®®8o0. Geography (§8w03 0o, Chingelput .ofl®m@caig. Godavery, the @uoz001@)NE) Chittaldrug al@ggg0. Gogra, the cmmo%gcr'nefi. Chola @108 @Iy, 0. Goomty, the SwIAMD)). Climate 82woallGuwoio. Ghauts, the oalgo. Cochin ©)&0.0i). Ghauts, the Eastern o ygieaiso Pty 264 e Ghauts, the Western ou@fl@acaiso. Mangalore @owoeloajro. Petroleum U Gulf @ hoasmbd. Manipur @em)ajoo. Point, s¢e o Mansurwar @oonNQLAVEAY. Pole Gujerat £ AV 0. Gunduk, the wmwss). Pole, the o Marble @enildler; Oaimeay . Hurdwar cod)etomo. Masulipatam @.o{)lallaagemo. Pole, the S0 Hill aar. Mediterranean BRY) @06m) 0&). Pole star @ Hurricane .a\@omo; (@)semmad. Mercara 2S)889® ). Pondicherry Meridian e1@@U),o0. Hymalayas, the adl@oai@aiqijmo. Port g0 0 Import mossan axoda& . Mica @0EE®o. Pulicat aje Indus, the alayme) Midnapore 8a&)a’lajwo. Punjab, the oo, Irawadi &0 @0QId)), Mirage a@).all®d; guwm) am Quilon 0 Island 8flay. Monghir gD, Ragahmunc Isthmus & lsos; MVoB@EA). Mountain aQlj@o. o) Red Sea, it Mountain peak a)QjmusleEo; Jaipur gam')o.gmo. (@owo. Republic ( Jasper Q& oo, River mé) Jumna, the @@mome), Mysore @ad)ae1omy®o. River, bra Kailas eea@eri0av00. Nagpur mowmajmo. River, left Kashmir &;océ\mo. Narsapur anavIA j@o. River, righ Nasik aemiois). Katmandu &oeg@08)0 River, trib Kaveri, the 81, Negapatam mowaisemo, Ruby aun Kolair e@ogjod. Nellore ongy d. Nepaul @mavgo. Sadras Konkan, the e&86mE8wao. Nerbuda, the cnz@somnd), Saidapet 6 Krishna, the ganomd). Salenite o Nuddea anaie_flao. Lake @so®o, avegy . Saphire g oo o; a3leaial Oasis emacRY) pe8 ©g)mualo. Lapis-]azu]i Alo. Satellite o Ocean U@ Bo. Latitude @ &MBna), Oligarchy @PgERM(EI2®lo; @RI Sardonyx Sea &sal, Latitude, degree of ®®Mmooweo. mow’\o_mc})o. Seringapat Latitude, parallels of @0 ameyoo Orissa 8020 GB2wo. Shimuga ( Longitude @yQi®o. Oudh EREWIRY,; GMoaval. Lucknow pi8meemo. Palamcottah 2108 @@ s, Sindh o) Sivalik ¢f Madura @uUo. Palar, the caoend. Skateg of Mahableshwar @a006nief)we 100, Palghaut 010818905 . Sledgeg o Mahe aqg¥). Parhelion @W% oc’rB@nb; crgg'yo@om)o. Malabar @p12080; GHEBo. Patriot qv.aGeweE)@)); aV_IGBLEIMD Snowflake Slstiog f Maldah QlowdBBweo. ©003), VIGBLEEM. 3011, the Malprabha, the Zaom%@@omefi. Peninsula @peLe_fay; e fay@elo. Malwa @208 Q.. Pennar, the eaagmod. Sriflagar ( Manantody @mnamaios), Penner, the afmoasladlme), 265 Sx ey Petroleum w)e10®o@elo; 20gmen. Strait @selses . Point, see cape. Subanrekha, the myaigneaIME]. b Pole wyaind. Subterranean ®RADEE0R0. Ao j Pole, the North o omowyaab. Sundribans myoadlasmo. Mo, Pole, the South eeailemyauiab. Suvarnadrag myaigngigo. ) Pole star ()i &m@o; Nam@ema). Tanjore @emoaj@o. Pondicherry o o@(pd). Tapti, the ®aia)). Port @0o; @ogelo. Telingana ®@ell®omo. Pulicat ajefless. Tellicherry @ei@up). Punjab, the asmmneo. 0 Theocracy 0o 40SHODH®-lo. Quilon &@9g0. Tinvevelly o @meamabeaiail. Ragahmundry ©IRABO@I Mo Topaz o_flfm(mscao. Red Sea, the ®.aimsSabd, Tornado omyemaiy. luo; 1) Republic (@R )g@lo; ()R lal Town aig6mo; MWEo; ojlo. River m&). [@)0. Tranquebar @EBHaIS). River, branch of weogiome), Travancore @ )m dfl@m(@ d. River, left bank of easilemo’)o. Trichinopoly @ )gglmoaseg). River, right bank of @ @@} o. Trichur @lglaicg |@o. River, tributary of Gaoasmd), Trivandrum @ )@IMaMaj®o. Ruby a1020000; @waoemmono. Tropics @M EBX. Sadras m@mowaigemo. Tropic of cancer 9 @OIWMo. Saidapet ® v ecas. Tropic of capricorn 8&ilemMomo. Salenite )& oo, Tungabudra, the @owEBINE). Saphire @e0005)elo; @@ lato. \ QI Turquois ©9QIAYPo; aOB)®go. Satellite ® aa0o. Udayapura gewa jmo. Sardonyx 8woG28&0. Ujjain @ mplat); anaad), .do; OB Sea &Sab. Seringapatam (¢25)@owaIgEMo. Vedavati, the saug0a1)). Vellore (SOJ%&). Shimuga w)agel). ) Vizagapatam ailuweosinisemo. Sindh m’)mmp%o. S Sivalik w)Qi8eIeI00IQ ™0, Vizianagaram oils®@mwo. Skates a0)@a 10286080, White Sea, the alo@ba:Swb. Sledges ®0.0@WomeBdk. Zodiac, signs of the @yu3); @) o. Zones Gralaiédo, w@agam. Snowflakes aG)am alo. ORCEG Solstice @P@MNIM0; o)), Zone, the frigid 6w caalal, Son, the av.gnme). Zone, the temperate woameaaiel. l:]a‘;@,go, Srinagar ®lmwmo. Zone, the torrid g9 oncralal. 8, P 266 et _,,fl{@@@o (h Malayalam. oS Th BN smeoes Latitude. &HSad Sea. L BRamjoo Parallels of latitude. e d Cannanore. Bwo oo J B EMo0weo A degree of latitude. SanSo Canara. @oeLafay Peninsula. (0)sm0a, )00 &m) o&@0©) Cape Comorin, @RI a joo Anantapur. SWOS) EPRAM 2lRes®d Exports . mSdo Liak o) The @y mwoauan Burocracy. SHOMISHho Carnatic. BROM6OEI20 Subterranean. & @ ®mSaed The Black Sea. 00m0S) ®8EoHo Mica. &o6mi)a oo Conjeveram. @A}@%(C’] T @PAMIQId)) Amroati, ®08a1@) The Cauvery. MRINIMo @Bg®AVEAV A mritsar. omomaie fl:ocaq(oo Kashwir. @o@mesd The Tropics. OB @o&g@aeflmo Katmandu. ®RWMIMo Solstice, &og’loaigo Calcutta. dmaflog @G csvo@g Oudh., <an Hill. 0% 00ga @R@CMIRWo Aurora. [chy. S&H30 Malabar, o228y 1 @RESRM) (@) ®-10)tSlaadyo Oligar- 0> a10aVo Mount Kailas, oty @0 1a%) Ujjain. o memo The Konkan., aoellsim: B0 0 Bhagulpur. ®&9.o{) Cochin. @W%Wmom @T@ém@ Arcot, 0 &0g1So Coleroon, Reatlma (81@&1%9? Aleppey. o&ogod Kolair. ecfimfism:g%r. 80 aslalo Saphire. ®&ogjo Quilon, Bfififlémw O (@3(@J)A00 Dehli, eoovwpmmd Coimbatore. 8atlemyg & @2a1af) The Irrawadi. 850188905 Calicut. G801s)e) P OSIAN alRdeS h Imports. Gdhoqual, see EPEWIRL). 810080 Dy 0 Vo oiyo-to Theocracy. ®&0ws)as) The Coosy. e.fll]fi)eio 8.0lo) Toa O &y @ 3) Ujjain. 6)_\@% o Meridian. Howss) The Gunduk. Wag ) 290 crm@oc_g)o Fossil. 2o O8H 30 Arctic. waweyd Cadalore. (B@Gfl»@ ( 2 omoEyaicd The north pole. @uosoai®) The Godavery Waan Lo 8woadt) The Goomty. 2 ooWBral The Arctic Circle Wkl 9 oo Mo Tropic of cancer. BwoG228&o0 Sardonyx. Qg @e®ajmo Udaipur. nonomE) The Ganges. Wanh T 2 a1aeo Satellite. OQlso The ghauts. mfifi@@: 92 o @aaial The torrid zone. oy a0y Tornado. M0 Toy 2 Rd»Sod Bay; Gulf. 2 1S oo Hurricane. ma? Rivey, 630@ @Rwoo Orissa. al@ ®awaigsamo Sadras. Mmagy Ty, &5 )SH TV B, @0 The summer equinox. 2)M SO0 Salenite. mm(flqua HSdho Cuttack., a@mM oo Chandranagore. m%&) Xelh @sellsen strait. all®mab@ais Chingelput. mme.flm( 267 s A @gggo Chittaldrug. maaigemo Negapatam, O.o\®Sad The Red-Sea. momajdo Nagpar, @.a_\o@mo%o Chola. mlosmesweasd Equatorial regions. A @a oo Jaipur. adleennaelo Lapis-lazuli. @mo@mo Tanjore. a_lemmao The Punjab. ;()a Exports, Sodo Lake. a16@11S) Nasik, @aa®) The Tapti. alS6mMo, see MU Mo. @o®aus) Tranquebar. Q102090 Ruby. [peak. @a18¢p@) Tellicherry. &J(}Q@(@owo or w)aimo Mountain @AIM00Mo Capital. aaQi@mo Mouvtain. @ meomadeasal) Tinnevelly. a1@N@caige Western ghauts. @ @AM j®o Trivandrum 010018905 Palghat. @ malloogd Travancore. a10g),S5@ The White Sea. @0, ®ogealo Port. a10e19d The Palar. @owEBs The Tungabadra. aonoea’) The Pennar. @ggqo_lé’g:\@(b Trichur. o_fl@oceo Topaz. o@eilmomo Telingana. aj®@RA) Pondicherry. a)a@sos Pulicat. @)gg)noasgg) Trichinopoly. ®alsmod The Pennar. Benilemes@o Antarctic. [ele. 8omlemwaisoel The Antarctic cir- BGoloam&mea) Tributary. gaaflemyaich The south pole. (@)Roy2 @0 Republic. 61 Jand Masulipatam. 8@ )emowmo Tropic of capricorn. 8eaius)@) Dowlatabad. eniaflve_t@o Balasore. 10089 Dwaraka. enigyo®) Bellary. 8_flaa®gyo Peninsula. @)a2a@> The Brahmaputra. 8.flay Island. ejaRa oo Berhampore. Waig @) Doulagiri. (Somaj®o Bhurtpore. (B@@)@ Comet. &)z aisemo Bimlipatam. @yaido Longitude. 8w woo(Tgo Geography. @alato Aurora borealis. @& oav s, o] Winter equinox. Wamam@o The Pole-Star. aoilefaigemo Masulipatam. @b The Poles. 2@ Mercara. M em@E@em3d) The Pole-Star @6m)ajmo Manipur. oo Town. @6m)walal Marble. ma) River. awo Madura. nas The Nerbuda. BRLY) D6 96) The Mediterrancan Sea. 2@V, 3oat The Equator. METVIa oo Narsapur. mpay d Nellore. og) Mahe. maia_flato Nuddea. 2®).alleo Mirage. = 3 Gapy & Vellore. om, o®EA) A desert. P@ACRY 288 ©Q) aunalo An Oasis. G)G)O_I(‘L@@o Lapiz-lazuli; Turquois. Adjective 0 peiwogo Malabar. Qlotn@Ruao Maldah. Adjective 1 @a0mb(e)8Im&] The Malprabha. oetomne) Branch of a river. Adverd @ 220903 )alo Saphire. wian@easel The Temperate Zone. Q)qw(fbfl @a00emeila joo Mahableshwar. wlansnemelo Petroleum. Adverbial 2a00Qi)ea,80 Vernal equinox. wagal) Shimaga. 2ol l@omya o Mysore. wim Vm vlaseeiaalgi@o The Sivalik range. Allpgory. @ 29B68wo Bhutan. 00wy 82aia The Frigid Zone. Alliteratio 20 al1os) Manantody. Bwoosmm®No Ruby. 20NaVaVE Lake Mensurwara. Alphabet @ @&go Chicacole. Ambiguity @08 ) Malwa. @ Mo Srinagar. Analogy € z')m‘QJ ocrgg'ynb Parhelion. @) Powdalgemo Seringapatam. Antithesis @ Cape; point. Archaism | @mu3)@) Monghir. (m(ocgficr"né] The Gogra. Balance gUwmen, see adlalleo. aqoogy, see @Sio. seairidd The Zones. VIO IRIGNCAcd Feudatory chiefs. Barbarism saelatlajmo Midnapur. a2 e 0 Feudatory states. Brogue (o alayme) The Indus. @owela o Mangalore, (adence adlmyooeg;o Sindh. Casura Q Qgmo The Jumna. myae@)aimo Sunderbans. Casoral p MR28a0@e®o Rajahmundry. oud) The sigus of the Zodiac. myaigngyie Severndrug. Canto i £ jesmeemn Lucknow. amyign@oaiomea) The subanreka. Caricatur RS0 Jasper. Case Qe Q |@lummagroo Burdwan. QIRIEMAV) Benares. . My@oEoaVo, sce &g omypyab, Case, Non QEemI mo Allahabad. eauE)eoGals Saidapet. Case, Vo HAVII(Ro Gujarat. almemweo Vizianagaram. Cage, Ao oNeeo Bedar. TLoBWOLEA] Isthmus. Case, ns aflooso Berar. V1D B0 Absolute monar- Case, So chy. allwoauaisemo Vizagapatam. Case, Dy AU IBELE BB, a0_188RIMRMOLT), Cage, Ab ailegesgo Autumnal equinox. aflegalo Equinox. auacBws&)@oa3) A patriot. Case, Go aflaoooo Behar. aQd)zacwo Hardwar, Case, Lo Cirgumly afleEd) Birbhum. a0 Jago Vernal equinox. a0 )aa0g@emde Skates. Climay b mm%@:gfi’ Marble. gaiesai®) The Vadavati. a0)20e)Wo, oF)laauaad The Hymalayas. 180 COmedy Conjugg Consong Contrggt B 269 4 Grammar and BRhetoric. Tul'qu()ig, Adjective onoaail8uacanemo. [on o, Conundrum (a)8a0ailen. Co-ordination aV@mM U )&@6mo. iver, Adjective participle Goi®®@olo; o) Dentals 8oy eBdb. ite Zone, Adverb @lwoaileweaiamo; @RI aNBwEnemo. Destich @¢godro; @.flaimemo. Adverbial participle alln®@.ojo; @) Dictionary anlealsmy; @&0weo; b QN Mo. QMVoaNo. ivalik range Digression mamim(m&rocg 9o, Allegory. pa. | Zone, Diphthong Mo &IV Io0. Alliteration @ do(@joVo. Alphabet @pamE@); Qigm@oal. Dissertation (g jeniawo; ars)enionwo. Ambiguity q0a3)(2VIG00; ©EWIBN., Doggeral verse &:&oaJ)o. Drama onoSo. Analogy €laa®0ei8:000. atam, Dramatic stage ®@otoo. Antithesis oc_b@']csm@omas:amo. Dramatis persone msmad. Archaism {a2.ofln@j@®@ow0. Balance aieailgéainiono. Drama, acts of @oso. latory chiefs Dramatic scenes mogjo. Barbarism mcm@ (@80, tates. Brogue (@)o®®E0en. Drama, Jester in a ajlgaaaad. Elegy 8woswomo; alleiaius)ao. Cadence QUEAVOG@0; AVIDIQIBDD Ellipsis (BTC@Q) 0@@oa10; avamoale Cmsura 01©20. [ao. @Gpioalo. Caesural pause @@ ). Elocution Qioca . Canto m)ggo. yanrekds Caricature c0200.af)@o. Emphasis (@.21906mM0; @G0 ). Encyclopeedia Case QIEam ). ailg)oa0ava®o; smoaud), g@flfi. Case, Nominative (@jL0@. Enigma (0)8a0ef)&9; (3nuomoaing,)o. Case, Vocative avoBeniocom. Enthymeme £ja}o0)®@QIGa0®. Case, Accusative or Objective @_{loV)w. Epic poem @2000&900. Case, Instrumental @)@ lw. Epigram alop&o0Q);o- lufe - monar- Case, Social aqvoadlyo. Epilogue ©a100oa0®o. Case, Dative m‘@minfl. Epithalamiom aflaeou3oo. aoza(ramv(ffi, Case, Ablative aiemd). Epithet afl@woanemo; o asous). triof, Case, Genitive or Possessive ey Epitome avomootro. Casge, Locative auayd). . Circumlocution o_\eqs;mrafl&)(osrno. Exclamation g@%smom&omo. Exordium (@ )agroion; Qloes &lo. Climax © COERICMO O @& cho; VIO 218 0Mo. Expletive Q10800180000 ; 0-19804@6mMo; Hymslajos: Comedy @o6Mo. adedmoaigo. Conjuuction @LQ)wo. Etymology (0o®; o8& osmuo. Consonant Q) 6ERMo. Favle opilosLn; aoageLo. Contrast O‘.g)rm']@(o@o. Fallacy GaOm-1080000; aiaMoEIMo. — 270 flad Prologue o Fancy 800IMowd@); Spimovedo ). Noun, abstract @imoao; wemmoao. Pronoun MU Farce (@Ja0q0mo; geapg{leo. Noun, common QLILIEMMsRo0. Pronon, d Figure of speech mom'loselaa:o(oo, Noun, derivative @@J5)mmozo. Pronoun, Foot metrical ¢twemo. Noun, material @@a@moo. (oS, Frontispiece @anall@o; \Qm@mflz. Noun, Proper @580y HMIBo; VoD Gender aflowoo. Prose U}go Novel ee)) 0 &9, [mo@o. Proverb o Number Qiaimo., Grammar Q) 9 eMo. Gutturals %@bcg o . Numerals, definite aqvoa); &db. Quotation Q0dno, Harmony avaeewmso. Numerals, indefinite ’@@q(‘mo@é})&c}o. Rehearsal Hemistich @g@o&»o@bo; m@b@g@o@:o. Object &Do. Repartee Hexameter endoaid)al®emo. Obsolete £ja @ j8@owo., [@o. mfl, 4 Homily (OZAQ08;)(@)aVowo. Onomatopeia @RS 0M0; AVIIADED Rhapsody Homonyms &€)amomncwesn)eads. Opera auouSlomos®so. (MO0 Hybrid MVods JemaiBo. Orthepy wp3RL.2)0MEM LMY, Rheforic 0 Hymn @myo@o; Mysmo; uSldo. Orthography aignallm)oavwamyo; Hyperbole @00) 1to8@osm ); @), 61 BY0 SM O DHIemuo. Rhyme @ Hypercritic G2onemeads). Root Wi Palatals @210y DB, Rythm o Idiom Qusbdla); aisdbavayeswo. Pantomime gUA0MO&0; £10aY)o. Riddle &g Imagery ifMmeamoLITHIMo. Parable g a2, Sarcasn Inference @O@OAIDITI@AITHIDO. Paradox @OYSD) 9SIAV0; @10 AVM) 080 \ Satire o Infinitive @oai@alo, Moo Sibilants Interlude Q_flog;o@o. Paragraph Q108 elsmuo. Inuendo Simile 9. QBB ; Parenthesis a3)@®malaflamo; o asm) Q1,08 U0B ). (E_n_(st&hOcG{a:fl; Slang a0 Q_I})QJO‘QJ) 0. Solecisy Irony QyoEay@dl; SaLIEIMV0; al) Parody @0m&06emM&0Q))o. oaogmfl. Y Paronomasia BYRE0LIEHIM0. Labials @oey emdb. Personification G.al@mMoLishomo. Soliloguy Sonnat g Laconic Q0oGHMEaI0ds ); QIR & ). Philology weenjweo(myo. Sophism Lampoon 03)a30818l0; @QIUS)mo. Phonetics au_\muao@g'o. Sorites ¢ Litotes @Q8LMa10L18000. Plagiarism (ENYH-210Pjo Synonyn Liturgy @o«sioqu?{fio. Pleonasm wen)uSldyo; @RUSI&oJe @B8samo. Melody avac@oeio. Metaphor @aa®0018:000., Poetry aigo Metathesis Q_lgfig afe gjpavo. Predicate @&y oo, Mor Preface @aio)o; aSl0la. Metre _ruacrag:Bu > LT Muse oneusail; aveavim; allg)o Prelude ogQymawo. ;i mmfl(m GBI, Preposition @ aavggo. L) Nasals epaomoad)seasds. Prevarication .oc@©RQ1080; a’)@@gom Noun oo, @o; © O™ (ISIMVo. Wmm A A e 271 et Prologue (aymysaino; @pgealo. Synopsis aQLoEAVoHaO0. )} DaMmg, Mo, Pronoun augimodo; (a)aflavessmo. Syntax &G w; Q08 ©.a1NQl) Mago Pronoun, demonstrative 2IOSLOD, -010(00; QJO@:Q:OSTTIDO. Pronoun, 0, interrogative @.a108; (o)) Subject ey . Qo &y, 3@0; (fl]g%a Substantive SQo. Prose (DS) o. [, Syllable a@90woo. Proverb a.ive)smioch. Syllable, (accented metrically) @, a6, Quotation pEY ®aNSy0; @RV Syllable, (unaccented metrically) eiaa. QJ0d 0. flmo%m, Tautology ajmmane). Rehearsal oyqjaglmo. aVOEaVI Theatre MOS; roal; MISE(Halo. [{Oo. Repartee ££i18(jo0mo; &m); afle@oommo. Tragedy GEADMNISH0; GUISHAIPQI + (103006 VI NS0, Rhapsody @0 0o ®(@)erimuo; @®10 Verb @w. Vo NIMDE Qf D). @0@0. Verb, active IRNHIMPa1Bo. Rhetoric moao’\g ©o((Tgo. Y Verb, auxiliary QLa0IW G w. Rhyme @a®o; (ajoavo. Root wop. Verb, causal GoO® & W. Rythm a1@o; @080; @98 6nimwo. Verb, copulative aVosIWE)®. mmgo Riddle &S#in; @S@% o, Verb, frequentative agymro«s'm@"lcw. Sarcasm aflasoaiaimo; 000 QI 0. Verb, intensive guao«s'm@’kw. mavgo@n Verb, intransitive @poH@H @)@, Satire @gyeemaidaflo. Verb, Reflexive (Passive voice) @pow Sibilants gm%m@mm. Simile © c1@021800@0. MAalBo. affoy 7)) Slang ®waco0; a15@0n0, Verb, transitive qU&R&H @)W, Solecism @0 (@ )BWIW0; @O AVIVOOD Vebrosity ainw_{lomgomo; 00¢3)a 1l Q@o. GTT)@(SGDDU)O. )0 Soliloquy ®YORW@®EIEIEMO. Verse a_\ce,)o; (fl)fl%o. #9100, Sonnet elog)Slamo. Vision 2003180018000 Yowels aquimeado. Sophism GaO@_19E0a0. Sorites &o@EMALI0LIETMDo0. Vowels, long &lagav1oemdb. Synonym QIQ@o. Vowels, short @oaoqv©eBdb. mulpese Malayalam. m@aéfinfi)@q@ Intransitive vetrb. @O@OIMO M, 000 Digression. @AMl Alphabet. @omnoe)mono Figre of speech. @PUJ e 188R5do Pleonasm. @@ lLe8Wosm ) Hyperbole. mmcwdcsfafl Hyperbole. m@g) 08®oalo Ellipsis. glemgyi™ @RO0AIOD |eIgoro Inference. m@b@g@o&o Hemistich. — 272 e @O WS M@)o Parody, @®owo Dictionary. :Tflfl@‘me‘ bl ahenalalm @O0 Onomatopeia., o8 18(a)oom@o Repartee. @My &emde Nasals. @emo A metrical foot. mleseiak @B (Q)oao Alliteration. om0 cng)o Prose. @00l )8®atdo Solecism. WemMmMozo Abstract nouu. [tion 0.} AR08 wsozlofle @oa1B%n Slang. @ An accented syllable in versiflca- wleaflsoa @QYH) 90800V Paradox. D@ 2l006emo Emphasis. @oaiuslmo Lampoon. 0180010 @womino_m&d)o Enigma. @O G l®ad; 0 Quotation. alopomdlaiesn) Dative Case. 8300 By ®0Q)) o Conjunction, alle@ommmo A repartee. m@mo 8y (STO(TD’DC)J ¢E0o, See @’D@g:fi@ 0E0MVo. 21059 @® Demonstrative pronoun. ru(bé)&fl&}fl_ BalOMILIsHoo Personification. mce%\(ofln mocmg) (@)8@owdo Barbarism, mmow@@mmo, @10 AVo IR0 ®.0108) ()@ |0 Interrogative pro- o) Qyjo Rhapsody. noun. ojéine 0ORalB0 Prevarication. G000 @Y cemaidalile Satire. @YoM a10e1gHoo Litotes. '@«;fla\so;‘- _ruaosgé’ Metre. QD) Subject. 8008808 | Inuendo. oaalle (31@6)‘___‘!) oo Predicate. O)VImmnozoe Derivative noun. fymypoum @Qay) 0@ )& Novel. @om%mm Palatals. (Moo EQORWMEIMEeMo Soliloguy. @Qfi(fl)mfi @O8 6RIMDO Rythm. e oaemaido Reflexive; Passive voice. o®@l@aeso) Instrumental Case. (Weoelle Qmmo@om)o Prevarication. g8 B(Tg eco Dentals., ® ODBOICVO © @dhaho Climax. Slaaauimo Long vowel. (eallmg (825mp ( g_)_(ég @Al a0 Quotation. Elaa@oeimomo Analogy. ®o0.@ Allegory ; parable. 8)0Jmazo g@@gil&o Farce. 9 0.1@0818,000 Simile. goammISHo Tragedy. @DQJ@D_)Q @ 1avgzo Preposition. ca0eeE@add) Hypercritic. &10flengy a_i).aleemo Destich. é\(‘{m@o(fi o a10ud) Epithet. © @AY 9weoRlEo Exclamation. eldflwailesm) Accusative or object- guaorts'm@" © a1oand@o Epilogue. ive case. Moo Q‘Dcfi&\oces)do Sibilants. Wz Q&) (e)aVowdo Homily. %&{@@fl; 630#g eadh Labials. wop Etymology; root. G0 hsodin Riddle. Mos& 0o Theatre. W) g mMoSao Drama, &R0 Object. 2w Rl SelloaLno Fable. mogj w92l Theatre. ;\ (@ SR ()G @ Syntax. mnmozailewensemo Adjective, B SHOOEMP0a10218900 Sorites. oo Noun. Elfifnm &&0QJj0 Doggerel verse. ad)eadlayalodyo Parenthetical clause. Hogy Ay M i8emalallao Parenthesis. @Sy e Riddle. m“%s% — 273 — o leqlsmy, See 8&owoo. ejon ¢Flmo Sonnet, a3 asoalaino Sarcasm. alony 8)) Laconic expression. o’ )azo3aialo Lampoon. 21®o Rythm., aflemoasgo Expletive. allewo Gender. [tion, o _lemosoauo Fallacy. ejad e y8@owo Obsolete usage. in vorsifiep. alemdlaf)@sm) The ablative case Qls@os) louendo; repartee. aeafleaiaimo Balance. QlaiMmo Number. 218y | emo Circamlocation. Case, Qigmaoel Alpbabet. a_18%wao Syllable. igpailmyoqowesmgo Orthography. Q.J@OCQ)O Synonym. o_lg'%o_flo_x@ocmo Metathesis. 10804, 1RO MPaI0 The active verb. Qiod @lsmwoe The paragraph. ation, 2080 josmo Expletive. Q&) M Qilaleo Syntax. 0gative pro- aJn@&m) Tantology. Q0 @9 Elocution. o€l @o Rehearsal. alo8w3al) Muse. [bosity. Ba®®.0jo Adjective Participlec. QW alal@o or Q. ilrgodoe Ver- (@)@ lavosxm Pronoun. O'flf’d 082Qumo Muse. (@)Lo2il8®sm) Nominative case. allesm) Case. 00D, (@myoaimo The prologue. aNeraimonim oo Effect without cause, (@)yat0 Exordium. allme@.gjo The adverbial participle. (@aoavmo Farce., ail@wmemo Epithet, al Cage, (@@a0eile Conundrum; Enigma. aiew@mosm) Description of a cause @)HH D@0 Brogue. without its natural effects. @;\agflm@&%wowo Archaism. Qilogjo@o Interlude. (30smo Comedy. oc_be@zmo Consonant. 20QiMo20 Abstract noun. Q@180 Antithesis; contrast, Brai@olo Infinitive, Q)93 6Mo Grammar, @209 )&0a1%omo Vision. 0 qyomayo) Irony. &lanomowsenyesde Homonyms, QjoBWIANAY), see QIBDIBM . 0 or object guomo@y)® The intensive verb. %%&mm@o Plagiarism, Q)QQO@)OOC_})O The Epic Poem. ey wo(go Philology. ily gella@)a, galafl@o Frontispiece. weavoane Dictionary, %@b@ s Gutterals. uasnéow’)@o Pleonasm., QJwy) Cesural pause. ©ERLIEEMUed(Me Orthoepy. @ado Rhyme. BLaId IMo Elegy. @ruom)rofl Emphasis. 8RB ITVIR IMoS&o Tragedy. /s @ 1$0elzhoo Metaphor. BROD0 Distich, A iememoai®omo Imagery. B3 A10R1H 0 Paranomasia. ioal clatge: ajogy An unaccented Syllable. aNeglaiesm) Genitive or Possessive Case, 15 2105} 0040 Epigram. 18 — 274 —— V& 2o @)@ Transitive verb, Appointmen Gauo@ocmo Irony. avasdluzvomoo Ambiguity. Appraiser . cmo@flgf'ga__leo Hybrid. aoMWw &Moo Diphtlong MVoC@BMBAIIBD ), See BIB B ). Approver [ Arbitration aoajdlailesn) The locative case. Mo SlmMIS&o Opera. Arbitrator ( aqvemoaie@aioato Ellipsis. aooeiTW )@ Copula. aOR0MILS ) 6emo Co-ordination. MDoBaniotom Vocative case. Arms-Ach & avaV1®) Muse. G‘o_\roe;oq;@o Melody. Arrears or avQinoRo Pronoun. [dence. Arrest & m)_x(ocrao@o Phpnetics. 0@ @ Auxiliary verb, TO_LEMo )20, aQU_1EIAIBMIa0s Ca~ el MO aVo(a0o Synopsis. TO1O& )0 Harmony. Arson o0 aV_i©o Vowel, Assassinatic avoILIsHono Clymax. GaDp @)w Causative verb. Assault &6 cmcno')fodv) wo(Tgo Rhetoric. maoosfl@d)o Social Case. BaO®1080aV0 Fallacy; sophism. Assault and Assembly, RMMo ., Law. Assessment Abduction comemo. Affray &eiveb. Assessor @ Abkary contractor DHERO0AE SO Agent @ogjaunad. Assets &S00, Agreement &mod; aflUwo, Assign th: Abetter G00mmImm 2 oI [lesm Aider aveoo@). S aiab Alibi &00V2 OV @M G LEMIY ) Assignee ¢ Abortion ¢wEo @IS ssdh. @aw ogaN Q0. Attachmen Alienation ©8& 29000, Accomplice @3 @ooamb. Attempt @ Accumulative judgment @gu)om. Alien @0M) e dmEd; @M B Attestatiop A ccused (o )@l; Bo0EMIRMD, Qos &5lpes aiab. Attorney., I Acquittal aflny@ley ailsab. Alimoney aflaieomoeniqwoe aIQi)s Adjournment afaeem ofoo o EoQes afleiafanie) @omay 46@ o 9 d O ISHIAN Gocgjo. Auction g Auctionger Adjudication @flgl_(l@g___flzfimmb; mflg'dofl Allision &g gmenwn® medlch -2l06MmM,. Q5 OGN Qgm0 R30S ) an@b. Aufograph‘ Adoption @™ og)S @b, Amendment g6y |goOE; BBEUL@). Avarg zei Adopted son oo @b, Anni Nubilis oflo_mooem;ocgzoqv @390 Bail 00,0 Adulteration .a\o®8)ed Bo@o 6 alde@h Qo Bail hopg 3 Adultery eaa(om)ocmg'fio; O:g)@qmomo. Antedating @b o)wd) HAUOPDS. Bar mSm Advalorem duty aflaie)&o0zeg aymo Ante litum motam %mmamm’]m Bastarg & Adverse possession 2@ Q) NOH QIR0 Zom. mflfflo; Advocate @RAYQIBENOS . Appeal @og{lab. Bench g A ffidavit aV@) Qe LIBEE, Appearance aQIER©IQIEd. Bflqueath ‘ Affinity avosnIMLo; 21951, Appellant @og {leb @om;o@enab. Bill o} Ui — 275 A ppointment a3lmw@o, [Quab. Bill of costs @®osmle.alalajoilaimoe Appraiser aln#s allal oS@ieesan o_lgfldib. L0 Approver @og| avosesd), Bill of lading m’\gds'l Arbitration @@5) 0o, Bills Uof mortality Bmm 2rem &em Arbitrator or arbiter ZIST aanabd. a6 {7 Arms Act @@quocgf. Blasphemy ep0co1@geemo; @8 Qg 610, Arrears or arrearage 6n)ods ), [denge, Arrest Blood kindred o&mavoenimus). S00EnEOMm ailsSlas; ©s 60000 (a= coB@b, Bona fide 9 omeallw toavasw, Arson CLJ(D%SU s Bond ®00d; &ofls . Assassination .a10))9g |gond)@eal, Breach of contract &®ad elocaimo. b Breach of peace avaoudomalcemiano, A ssault ®3Q000 ®.alql. phism, Breach of trust ajlwesoqoiemimn. Assault and battery @oS)ea10e0b. Bribery oo &(@seail #000. Assembly, unlawfal m)r@oadlozo® £30N MocAlo, Broker @@en)pdmd; agjoail. Assessment o )& ). Burden of proof emglafloado @owo. Burgiary saimeeame. Assessor GiJaabeasel Capita felonas or, capital offence @@ Assets OJ@Q)@)&:()D. mmuflcfimo@m}oc@@om) R00EBR. Qo Assign the right @IS0 GO H@S:0 S 00 Carrier &:S@&oab. Carrying costs, 630 00000) Assignee @)@ 82).01Qu0b. a verdict ®.a1p10)00 ) oSloges ol Attachment ®Raof); &ogedscd. Cause of action QJ) QJa0IO&IREMo. A ttempt wo@o. Certificate a0Z)od)8900 b CTDOCB%\J A il Attestation VIS BNV DGO, ai@o. Attorney, power of Qi&0R1OW) Moo o el Challenge the jury, To (@200 Qb)) od Moo, @D NIeg |SAUMOS Gac ©Y o) oYy Auction @elalo, GHMmal o9, ) oudlb Auctioneer Geiniod )od ofl%mmnb. Charge sheet &:00a1(@©o. Autography Gmmaidgl, Chattel MESHMDo ) 8 SO0 D BOW of o_x@o_)aea)c)a. y geaoml. Award 2@y fmo@flg:d Bail £309)0. Cheating 0@} )&:000. ;(,3239&’ @D Bail bond €392 S5 . Circumstantial evidence 99a00@g )ay. Bar osonno, Citation c0REOQIIMWLER e M. 11921909 Bastard £300TV0 MO OOAYMBIW TV Civil law a¥lailed odl@ao. 03001 aIMo; O&MRIGS®@d; RV, Claim @i Lo, Bench @sms@f. Clandestine [ a0V @0W; LUOAIW ; @foflfio. Bequeath &0V @A JHIRo BIMo .al Bill enflal’, Client &dat). @*m}@flbr 18" —_— —_— 276 [¥)oy. (riminal tr Coercion r$len|mwo. l Contramandatum M) IWAW 286 )& 000, Cognati @@ai¥l@ow avoemy)dds. Contumacy a00E3d cMISIAS @AV (iross actio Cognizable offence Q0 (GSIO® 890D B9, ai1S)890jam &ooaRM®. (jross exam Convict vdlamilomeg|s @Sagcs:orodb. (alpable 1 Coin aMoemyo. Conviction «3)om., Collation 0015()) m@agéjmg{;e;@omfl SO Coparceners qO@0QI&903 &b, SM OB @M. Culprit &0 Copy aadgy . (urator @ Combination (CERLH [@ad. Commission of an offence &:000 ®.a) Co-respoundent @og {lebayai). Coria ads Commission &2&)wead. Coroner mmg@éoflmom@nb; Y cur ad Gnoemad. Common assault or, simple assault 0D Corpus delecti &00@ICOMO. HQIQo HLIL@D. Custody 61 Company QOooalo. Costs Q) Q1a0@&.alIQ]. Custom o Compensation (a)@)anglo. [@n@d Costs de increments Q) Qa0 Vo6 Customs 2 MWW ajOo 6.alelQy. Composition or, compromise. ®QQ @) (utcherry Counsel Qi®s @b, Compoundable offence & ©f)@n0a am Cutwal 6)¢ Counterfeit ®g 100 af)ed) oy, $000; ERIWLIQIAN S00o0. Dacaity Counterfeit coin @@@moa*g)o. Complaint @M 0®o. Damage (v Countermand og)@gimn, Complainant @) o@anonab. Debt @So Condition ay)@)my@j@semo. Counterpart Q_\cfiag'flu . Debtor & Condonation &g &Sl o&a&; Gong = Counter plea ag)@)QIoRo0. Court G&S@ ), Deceit N JIQ B9, [e®oS@)), Declarato Confiscation 0.1 @IdeEd; ailwal) Court martial macmmd) MVoNIMV AR S )onrd. Covenant ®Saus). QJ?QM Credential mwfi@omm%o. Décree of Conjugal rights aflaiseomomiqwar® @A 0B, Creditor &Samood. Deed @ Consanguineous Frater & (e‘tan%smbo Crime &00o0. De facto Criminal breach of trust ¢GOoOHOAIW 28N, Defamatic Q1100 QlEIM. Consanguinity ®d&aVoenIMWo. Defence { . Consent qvzra®o. Criminal court ¢)d)mnodd 8&S@), Defendanf Criminal force &:00HEAIW 6nILI0 of Consideration ailal; @Jalacalo. l)emurrag Consignment .a10®s ageilan@b, ellonh. Deponent - Couspiracy @Boa0 @ laMIYS @3 Criminal intimdation SO0HORIW EW Deposit ¢ 6761%; 8 Q. g SoO@h. Dereljot Constable camb:g(.) 6nico. Criminal misappropriation @oalad i S e Qg 20 Z@LIS 90, Contempt of court G@IS@) ®PAIAI Distres @o] &000. Criminal negligence SO0N0AIW t Qfi;g@ Counterband goods m)waallerow o_flg\. Dogumgp 200 alodadd, Criminal procedure code & ldlano@b Donatiy ncsiite sk Contract & mod., msais) o’ lwa@o. fi)_fi% e o i — 277 [$lay, N ghg, Criminal trespass &00&HEO2IW SHEQ Dormant partners ajoe@ Q_')O‘goo_fl Q0o 900 @S oRa; TV ISP D8R Cross action og)ay BOM); 9®o. @g&ooab. SN, Cross examination ogm) 3.0108)0. Dowry @‘]wmo. Cunlpable homicide @oo®@I@W M Duces tecam, sub poena Goaid b aQIER [elol(o)] lanh, I8 QI0PEE He M. Culprit ®:o0assoab. Duress o )srjonwo. n ) Curator @9000d; aa@)Woa0Sad. Dying declaration @@emeqf oo Curia advisare vult Earnest money @w.0j00o0. 1080 280 (abbreviation) Ejectment eWg {losabd. [g)os b, cur ad vult @Q@8einallal aflus) e O, Eviction 03eio anomy goen@a &yl Dmo, Evidence e@g)a,. Custody IO, Evidence Act @m@éj]afi’mo@o. o000 (Vo6 Custom ms&é; Qg QUTVEBOWo., Customs aysho. Estate O_I@O_icfinfi)(b. l. Cutcherry &®.01@). Estoppel @smano; a@@%fgo&:;rob. Cutwal ©®00Q0100, Examination (TDOcfi;?@Qfl(Tgomo. AP} Fxamination in chief @E; aflmzomo. 6,0 Dacoity @50 @i, Examination, cross ag@ailmyomo. Damage maxo. Debt &So. Examination, re- ajmaallmyoo. Ex-contractu &idgeo. Debtor &So 8@s)eyaiab. Execution of a decree aiiad) msoambd. Deceit aliemim. [sausa, Fxecution of a document ®@UOIO of) (MosIMUANY Declaratory suit @R AL ICaNNsaION Y0NS 8. oc_bo_moomo. Execution of a person m &5)0@02)@b. Decree aflud). Executor of a will S0V QB MS@YaN figo aiab Deed ®QU0Mo. De facto aqLOBMOo@d. Exhibits cc®@elnss @ coald . | G00HN2Y Defamation @pai& o) eg|somah. Extortion Bweg |50@) @oolaO®@6mo. Extrinsic evidence Goanomalallem Defence (o)) )Q1080, Defendant @(ofl:esmroab. 3 88150, ®aig)og |gQDan @M oogla). False evidence &g ocmg )l . o 620 o Demurrage &glailoabo @oacuemicm. Deponent L@ ). Felo de se @@oR0Q) & .01y oiab. Deposit ERINIAT) . Feme covert 0f)Qisa0o & W )eon (@’\. a0 EV Derclict land &S@t odles) oomo@ Feme sole alQisano &Y @omo @fl. 0 mfl—mflm annealo. Ferry contractor &Sqy &00& &b, Distress ®of) 020QS6eo; S og Finding of)g]. 80060200 ' &G, Feticide §oOTa0T). Document ®gUoo®o. Forgery oo ggog |. Donatio mortis causa Q@6emMialo Forma pauperis fe @Wé]mwfi a10g|d @pM)IWo; 6.21Q, 8omo. (DO(’Q) o, el ey 278 Fraud oclemim. Noveables & Inventory gomet aflaioo asg)e. Murder Gl Freehold property @ps5l8g|d; e300, Issue aoamono; QJj QJa0oR@elo; Qo Negligence | Freight 6&al; g j@sel. B8galo. Next of kin Gambling aymoso. Judge ). Genealogy Q_Jouao_xorocm@o. Non compos Judgment afluSImyoao. Notice to qu Gift Bomo. Judgment creditor aflulpsaaanad. gfl(’f\s} ' Grievons hurt &0)8mouaiBalo. Judgment debtor N )&Sensd. Qath a0 Guarantee gaogo. Judgment debt oflul)@:So. Obligation Guardian o8m& OO0, Jurisdiction @) omo. Kazi &0 )wod. Qccupancy | Hearsay evidence ggoilomgoy. [@é@@. Offence &0 Heir @o 018000, Kidnapping on@Gaosaemo; D2 S8 (nus proba Highway robbery f crucém(b IS d Leading case (@y@emegys aflus) or Pardon oy o piep o__flSq%Q_J(fl. JPuR Paral evide House breaking saime@amo. Lease @) ; a105.1000) . Particeps o House trespass @oimn&GQ0qo. Lease hold property .aloaio)iosss) on Parties &ré Hurt »a1Bauo0, Sdeamn O_l@ Partition & Immozeable property g &0 AU Libei 081072120 @oalsson). Partltion, { ()] Lien ©9&Qiwo ©Qig|o(0gs @00 Pawn auen Impanel a jury 3012000 6@ )00 oo ? @10 QJH 020, Penalty 7 S Local investigation aruneln@m._teiemo. § Pendente | Impeachment &:0008moaa. Limitation &orleO@emo, Impersonation ®@Qd@0000. Lunatic aflom@asdssoad. Perjury @ Parmit o Impound aysloQids. Lurking house trespass aao)@)@an Improvements &Wlantern.al@weado. BN CR000. Perprog (3 Personatio Mgistrate esdleys . Incendiaries ojo @oe@AIS mfl Petition IR QQId. Maiming ®00b®O@& &S )8ed. Piracy Incumbrance &oemo alsemM@o F@AID Malice genQilalomo. Phaintif g Malicious @@' prosecution 80 ailalom Plea qug, Indictment &00a1@o. BOmIG @SIW &R M) owo. Dielgs ¢ Infanticide volyyaOD). Mandate &g im. QU Informer &0Q&oab. Mesne profits epSaega L1960, Possestion Injunction a3)BEILOMEIM; D EOUEDE Messuage QioOMLNAI0. Post gy b epym. Minor (@)o®@o @SR I &S ). P\]und [y Instroment @oal; ®QYULIMO. Misappropriation @pailedlm2® gaeal Power gy Intakers &2 Qjg@od Qlosmganaid. S@9o. Proampg Interest &)®ai&ow0; asef)we. Miscarriage ¢@o @PAIAVD. i Pre-amy Interim order 2RLY; HAM. Mischief 8Bosa0o. Presuyy Interrogatories ®.a18)aflaicalgle Mischief by fire © 19908 awi) @BGoa0o. Presumpt‘ Intestate @AV DODL@IO® AG).21. Mortgage alem@o; & oemo. Primg g 279 — ugla, Moveables @8 &an g, Primery evidence &anoe @®o &@g lay. N0g8l: g Murder &:e188000. Primogeniture ai@gy @g; ogUR Negligence gainsma. @03 oy QiRIm@ Jo. Next of kin @pgom @& rvosnimy), Prison @sqy. Non compos mentis .oflomE28900b. Prisoner @sqj@oad. SN, Notice to quit a1y @<lanmea @mo Private defence aqU 1@@EM6eM. Sénnn, S, Probate e;mc;)«mflam a00)iyes O Qath av@)o. gloy. Obligation 6rU0RL) @, Process avambay’ &pym. [s& Occupancy ©6& aiwo. Procuration @@’\mflwfi@owfi &gl [ Offence &:000. 03693 Prochein ami (0 )0@o@ 1&@IoD &S 1Y Onus probandi s@sg)alleabo @omo. &S o). IS ) or Pardon @08:10 s Promise Qiousomo, I A Parol evidence angboms)ay. Promisary note Glo)odle o) smNS . n'a.flmm“i ) Particeps criminis @g&o00amoad. Proof ejce%) 0 Parties & oM )& o, Property-mark goeiseigo. Partition @003 1Hn@bd. ), Proviso Q@M@ )@oemo; @slajo. Partlition, deed of @owas@o. % UG Pawn asem@avotomo. Public servant av@sod o @g)swoaanad. Penalty o)®sa. Queen’s evidence @Og:lu aQLoHad ). Bondeismo, Rape smiain@avowoo. Pendente lite J01a000 o210, Rebutter @0 1O OO © TMEo; Perjury &ga avm)o. Permit aormoal@o. ® G@o. Receipt @us)m), elelam Perproe (@0 lodlaf)@od) eg{lge. Receiver of stolen property &20Q] Personation @gdh@0000, Petition aumSaones). goad aneganaiad. ) Piracy &Sabaaigl. Recognizance bond &S . Record Slesos . Plaintiff @M, 0 En0M. Reddition 2S@s) ogeil@ncb. @fmflm’b Plea aoso. ajem o Redemption @so aflg) oggenad; aofl o Pledge QM@ aVIUOMo, QD , G 1@V r6mo. Regulation &oQgob. 50 Possession ®&&alwo. [o® Post Rejoinder {o ), @@@o0. dating ailnbollgaleais .01 @ Pound auascd @rgel. Relict aflwoazs. o) Power @005 )®000; BRUS)SI0AI@o0. Relocation ©a 1089 01900, 00 202 Remitment GmollGoigs @O ASEs) Preamble (@)oPoBo. @ 9 od., Pre-emption emption gabeedaiceo Presumption @0a00. Renewal of lease 60108901900, Presumptive evidence 9ve0a@g )y Res judicata aflg ode@g|s Moo g01) 6B0e00: ) Prima facie (@)naged)w)ab. o, . -2 280 Review aymadailaionem. Testator BV O agPorl@aind. Riot ela08. Theft a)goj’. @10 2000 k Robbery &ausi; af1s)ajaa0). Thesaurus inventus oF)8emaio; af) msloen Schedule aus. sl g0 08 Search 8wotOmM; @PEM 1Mo, Toll ayso. g o, Treason RIRSBra0o. Search list Guoatumane. @o04eNe Search warrant ®wowwon ainoems . Trespass &38Q000. o0 Secondary evidence @MBHaAM o )@ Trial aflaooem. v auflen glal moflfi)m Tribunal cgorxz)o_fl_ammm B ISD ), Sedition @IRZMEMo; ©ILEBra0o0. @amo@m: Ultra vires @nud)&ooo@ @b, Seisin QLIRNO S QIweo. Under-lease &)fl% 00 . ams ot Set-off ag@@So; mS)an)os. Usage MSg| ; qLEuEIWo. GTDOC')JW)& Signature 638:|U. UOsufructnary mortgage eod)lasemo. 'BTO(g bl Smuggling oy®o O@ISBEIOD og) o) Usury cgom;mao’)@om) aaeflwain ng@t SHSQO S, 603 @b, mngjaw Settlement @6]8;_1” ; OB, Utterine brothers oBREHIBD EIDIDN mwus Stolen property &g ajgmmbd. @od. Suborning a witness qLIAMOW OGS g0y Uttering a false coin HEB M0 NS QRIS . 8:10@8@’- Subpena w0omE e jm. Vagrants o@eeledo. mgjlesmd Subseribing witness 00SOWog |Ig Void @pavopaiow. a0y {loh . OIBM ). Voluntary aonguoeaiQes; amsayqy mm@)m. Sader Amin cqvé)oodlab. 20 BRI Suicide @YORO D). Waif, weif, or weft @oo1&0w3)&a) Declar; Suit \QJ) QaOd®o, Lo s L1001 A @b, Suiter aljQla0c®nI0Mb; HoM. UM Ward oasloa)oabo &)d)od & @) Summary jurisdiction aLO@®) @RI 0o, 88N W)W, the g m0ild) Warrant moo&é’@)g:\m. Summons qvaadav &gym. Sunnud aqvana . Waveson cf)ag:!(cb amagflmrgfl% &S priatic ei)ob &P &) &1Sesan qLIRIM B, approy Surety 2020, Taxing costs @05 aeia)l afla Whipping e&5)jgs ). Gfocmcq;z o a5 |BWYNS 1@ )BLILM, Will &Y 0® al@o; 20smavItdMo. L Witness aOsom ). Term of a lease 1O OMDO @oe [msay. BMeq confinement SOOSHOAIW Q1) Wrongful 0T Terra @) ©.21@QPAJAM RN, Wrongful restraint &00sHo200 @S @‘@gofl( Terra boscalis ancomsgo. Q005 NIMLMN0. LTS Terra calta gyadlaunaio. Wrongful gain @M IWRIW L1IEo. ment, Terra debilis @@ v aunalo. Wrongful loss @om);i@a0@ Mdgo. BRI, o e Testament samc;)cm;’. Zenana ®OI0E oo, A dog e 281 S wam, Malayalam. @YD 01000 Barnest money. @@ngog}’ Arms Act. &0k; ) @S eele Assault and battery. @Qeaailey lWS) atoge Curia BOSOB OB TVosnIW) Next of kin. advisare vult (abbreviated into ®@0s18g |d, ©n2o Freehold. cur adv. vuit); to reserve judg- ment. @PAYEAIEH00 Advocate, @S )&o00 Power; jurisdiction. Y PR2000 Impersonation; false @pUISopor e $alleon Ultra vires. personation. 8d15a), mw’\@omm@%o Credential. . @mgfl &gy Injunction. @omoam Deposit. @Scflsfiié p10co Mesne profits. [ty. BRAMS ajo Zenana. 08 &0 qOIT Immoveable proper- ' @M, 9@ Complainant; plaintiff. 08 Han aqu_aom Moveables or move- 00 lanemo, ®0MN) 0WAIW Mago Wrongtul loss. able property. aueflaay WS BaAN0 B DIOMOAIW VIR0 BRM) 0WAIW a5080 Wrongful gain. #mdo Chattel; moveable and im- madu)am)aorogfl Plaint. a0 EIidn mucfiflm{@fl@&:}@mm’o Defamation. moveable property. 8D Vwosegaemo Blasphemy. miam;e MS @099, aflaooaab Coroner. s aus) Covenant; treaty. msflflfoh A ppeal. o cmaaiwesavaed) Bonafide. @og Jleimn; s@so@ad Appellant. OO0 (@M Iwadinabdo) Rebutter; @g {leba)of) Respondant. rejoinder. ®PQIHHiwo Claim; right. : amioydl 2 ooac g {2110 (000 1a0) A bet- B QISHIAVNIAIMN A8 OéOJQOO(Oo [tor. peiaSlmo Negligence. Declaratory suit, ®a1Bale (82a0) Hurt. eslag) @I ow) Heir. 9 a1Bal (|BmM) Nuisance. ®OIRH0 dOGsos To assign A9 oo 9 DVaoo Presumption. the rights; to transfer the rights. 0 ne0e®e 1oy Presumptive evidence; anailadloeiw gomeisase Misappro- circumstantial evidence, priation of property; criminal mis- “,m”s% a5 af)@@0M) oo Cross action, appropriation of property nimeBdh, aq@&So Set off. @0 aLoiow Void; invalid. gD Qlweo Adverse possession. IR fe‘m%%m A gsessor. og@deyn Countermand. [@SQ (BTQ)MQ.O(OC)J Suicide. a@@oco Coanter plea. 00800 BRYOZODy oaigaiad Felo de se. ag@ilmyomo Cross examination. 0200 @5 @@30.\'\(1},}0{00 Examination in chief. mmggo&jmb Tstoppel. instru- Uterine @gwomo Deed; document; Q@@&oem@%eeocragamm ment, brothers. g e, @YU P )OdISHn To execute B oléndh (@om,;om@o) Compromise; g m.fi:’)o. \ a document. composition. Al 282 ——— S 65 8004aN SHO0DEk Compound- SER000 Trespass. able offences. intimidat &b Agreement; contract. $0060200 SaMomrodmg oy Primary evidence @)@D(b%@_}o Ex contractu. @8:10 Signature. &HId eloealMo Breach of contract. nal breac &g |®0d Signatories. &eird Affray. H006020T &0 (maa(%smbo adnd Consanguineous &I\ Robbery. @00600b frater. 000 &2 21008) o) False; counterfeit. S00a02W &ay, @ Will; testament. &80y Theft. af)m Ql RAYHTOY®O® @d).oy Intestate. S8 jgmabd Stolen property. SBoigmm aleganald Intakers; S00aVI SaY Q&b Testator. receivers of stolen property. $0008000 S0 Mmsayanalad Executor of a G300 | will. Sgg ooma oy aeesch Fabrication of false evidence. &) ama. &) QR g aio eoo})oam% To bequeath. eay o3 HMN cmoem(mfl:%@@ omglay @gfi_;mosrgo Counterfeit or false coin. Bigoo &@momgo NS |08ed: To utter a B5a008x Probate. false coin. aceompl &0d)lememo Usufructuary mortgage. B8 cm@d) o Perjury. @993 0 &0Q®onad Informer. @Sggs&é Forgery. B3wat @Wlg {lencd Ejectment; eviction. g@%o Proviso. ©80008 ( iy eWlanmes smislav Notice &06mMo, alem®o GOAlwy Encum- 063)0S) to quit. brance; mortgage. G Frei hesiledo Clients; parties. SomIwod Kazy., &&fi@efi( ®2f)s Recognizance bond. 092000 SHIOND BS)osdd Maiming. &B801®) Cutcherry. 003 @ Regalation. 8a50) (| &So Debt. &oQJnunab Agent. Gd15)) @ SSo a@vgomalad Creditor. &oeioaiwd) Term, of conrt &So 825 )0101ad Debtor, »0L1a0®emo Limitation, 86050 ¢ @So aflg) aay oflemegsesch Re- & 0QIdiweo Interest. of eosts demption. afl%o@'rm" Underlease. HSOO:H000d Carrier. @12l @000 Crime; offence. @B SHSSHQ 5| Piracy. &000 ®.01Qed Commission of an Crimin &S )ed)e o aunealo Derelict offence. Do e land. &00HO2IW $HBPO0o Criminal tres- 0t mise &S50 dov&annab Ferry contractor. pass. Alalan, &018mMoaiB0olo Grievous hurt. 0050w @sesch Wrongful res- traint. M@%Hg fi)flb@bmofi‘()_\(b Constable. [ment. 20gs)o) &g |@sail Freight. 005020 @S Wrongful confine- Almfigqflg &g jallonbo @pavenicm Demurrage. SO0HRAIW NEa0@); Culpable homi- Draiser &A)weab Commission. cide. g Afh & QYo Possession; occupancy. S00h20w emiplo Criminal force. I, 4 — 283 —— HOOS0RIW EWog |gom@d Criminal et 2190 )auned) anSasan alqy Lease- intimidation. hold property. S008H020® AN 100V e Crimi- 20IWS RS0 Abkary con- contract, nal breach of trust, tractor. allom@Eassrnad Lunatic; -nofi com- S$00&E20® afly Criminal negligence, @000 The accused; culprit. pos mentis. counterfait, &00a)@o Charge sheet; indictment,. allalojavadlomzges (aflw)) Carrying S00AVRWOY mnc})e%esflmocsfl@crm costs, } ag)am Q3080 The plea of alibi. ay%o Toll; customs. Iutakers; <00aqVotOmMo Corpus delecti, oo OHISSN® 2IOES 65@'7:9% ety &H0008moaio Impeachment. MG 1d @ Smuggling Fabricatiou H01a000 Murder. oy mogo Gambling, & Y)envem ale@erds Improvements. @.a108) oflasaag e Luterrogatories. 1 false coin, @go%@ymé\ Dacoity. To utter & aflé%w Judge. @5®0089000d Particeps criminis; onmacemasemdae Bill of mortality. accomplice. @aj ] Attachment, @%Q@:% Combination. ®Raf) Mg DO A0 ag)SEnd @gwlen Accumulative judgment. Distress. @&8a0oad Curator. O&>sIws) Whipping. gaog)uaflgo Bail bond. g Encum- @y Freight. 8020 Surety; bail. gao(oa‘Oocmggo Adultery. ©o&(@5ail®00o Bribery. @aomquocmggmroflwb © N2 VAT OMo 12, O9;H20000 Alienation; transfer. Bastard. 8o oso) Court. B&IS®) @RAIAINT 0] &000 Contempt @m’“}@u(b Jurors. of court. &FI20mOS Gach @Yesmailes To challenge the jury. CH505) Snlalay ailaimo ,é.;g’]:e; Bill of costs. @0)2000 MG Iostsds To impanel @ 1élnoad 8&9Sm ) Criminal court. a jury. emellgrids @O o 10)HS @1 WEnad @By msais] adlwae Code of Remitment. on of a0 Criminal Procedure. erelav)es To cause abortion Ueo M)ssosmd Arrest; restraint. or miscarriage. sl >(0_flSU) Prison. iminal $1€8= 2 1o)&000 Cheating. ®SQJua oM Imprisonment; duress. 21@} 1og|gom@al Assassination. @Sano Bar; estoppel. ol gfu\ Tes” [meflt. al&s |@d @owogméfl Adulteration. @ |O@90g @v | EBoa0o Mischief by fire. @b Teer. ] confioe= aeegallel odl@alasmmaiad Ap- praiser. @ &;ooad Teer holder; assignee. pable hiomi- 21951 Affinity. g pdeig|s Mowall:d Resjudi- .mam{’o)u Lease. oflg'| Finding; decision. [cata. gl force: BT 284 EEIEES g y@efles To adjudicate. (o) o;l@»gi.é Copy; counterpart. @ 89 19 @08}@d Execation of a person. o_)csag_:jo (m%egzomfl QD) BN IS DD AN Jeomn Collation. oaeElddo Vagrants. g M ooz lalleado @iwo The burden of Q1S58 QVoMIMWRIY B80S ) Court- ggsl Arr proof; onus proband:. martial. a0 oog oy Evidence. a1g )@ List; Schedule. m_flgsq Bi omglaywoyo Evidence Act. a1IeM@aVIWOMo Pawn; pledge. anflel Bil B a @b Adopted son, 1@ )W2a0dab Curator; receiver. ool B aseilwe Interest., eoomsendd Adoption. oo ¢ L@ @GR BAIMNG:ER000 Lurking 8omo Gift. Qs house-trespass. eomai@o A deed of gift. tiony Conjugal a100® )wided To confiscate. eoomgomfiowmm UM rights. a19g|d @M 0@o Pauper suit; forma- BMEES 800 o10mo Malice. pauperis a1)S)enmb Arrest. oI §en0ialesomIg @S) 010D oS 882000, afab owdldaseo® To postdate. omoemo Clandestine mortgage. a @@ mlwasnsoab Constable. @@efl%@g @dmgo_flmf\oro@mog @Sw @»@g(‘g) 9®o burgla ajmdailaeemn Review. Malicious prosecution. 8Boa0o Mischief, ajmadaflmyomo Re-examination. 0 4y 860000 Imeg @geOeg Combina- aje.als Arson. 0gS19see® (@RI ete.) To im- 2569 of tion. pound. fi%@g:' Wezomyo@o Pauper suit; Forme ag@yauayso@o Custom; usage. 2@% (o pauperis. Ms 0120050 Settlement. @@,B)m Custom ; possession ; occupancy. o oe@Ieemo Kidnapping. 6010819019 @0 Renewal of lease. 2@8) Vi msmaag m&ono Damage; loss. @) Accused; defendant. 20sm noem) o Coin., (@@ oiuSlwowl) &g {lge Procura- mort tion; abbreviated with per proe. &) Assessment; Tax, 26ms @)@ )anelo Compensation, consider- ™M )EAMma o Thesaurus inventus; Capit treasure. ation. By MNeaal)enI2Iw .alpdedd Coun- @mflo_meo Defence. o] P terband goods. (@028 Es ) @b Prima facie. [cases. ZOHU [ a3 eacLSe ™M Injunction. leywmeg|sailas) @S)g;j@ac)a Leading deng adlenjows Co-ercion; Duress. (@)o@o @)oo eE:s) Minor, Gonh ¢ Mo Agreement; stipalation. )Wo POV HSIYOS qVoes Qflbmd o) Prochein ame. 1; w3@@o (288)9t0) Appointment. o) emdaadg | True copy. (@)o®@oo Preamble; preliminary. mfflm:(T ™) 1S O |maoedle Unlaw- G(a0d)avd) ®mog Promisary note. (L6l ful assembly. oN@md File. Y, St 285 et @2 oMo a0 WRIH )W Soalsd Exhibits. eomglay Secondary evi- © Midaa dence. 00'6)00_\0'},? Custody. oudloy) Receipt. 6n1p19@d Voo Rape. Sa) Court. IR BBra00 Sedition; treason. 60108 ) Arrears; arrearage. coe Instrument; document. eIBL) @ Obligation. srae@z)al Docum entary evidencc. enflgys) Bill of lading. ledge, BOGHD a0IREIANIMBE DHelm seeiver, enilel Bill. ®6niem Bench. Duces tecum supena. seanscmgla) O log |saDalees 00 Lurking oenig @) Port Clearance. @M, omg oy Extraneous evidence. Rueg |sor) @nalad®smo Extor- B0E10Z 2120w aneld’ o) Libel. tion, te. (flmog" Record. caIM ;8000 House~trespass. it; forma- caxnseamo House-breaking. Q]o@fgo Proof. 21008 Rioft. @oai@o A deed of partition. Galalo Auction. [0 postdate, GREW®), 6Easg 5T Amendment. ca1a1Bn0 Auctioneer. 1ahle, @ed) oj&a oy House-breaking and theft; Qlenoeiqomoaoe Power of attorney. burglary. Qiasleb Counsel; pleader; vakeel. ation, §oMa0 Ty Feeticide. aiemimn Deceit; fraud. @edleys Magistrate. 2S®s ) a@g:flmrob Reddition. mccvgé’ %8:? Primogeniture. e.) To in= QI leoemo (20ed) ) Abduction. 2RL) Spy™M Interim order. @R, D rcflg:_é Award. O_JQOJ@@;OO Property; estate; assets. sage, 2Ry, auoad Arbitrator; arbiter, ansbeyamg oy Oral evidence. QIOBBHO0N0 to f leases @@ch) avno Arbitration. QEIk O} To assault; Q930 Promise. aeemegflon Dying declaration. [insult, 2ERMMNM&Rl0 .01%, 8o Donatio 1020 Plea; contention. y Procara= mortis causa. Q100678 e M A warrant. er pi’()(l. zmsmmflcfimof“csvocg Q0w SR 00R QOO @S9 ai)S)eNian @00 consider- Capita felones; capital offences. s Cognizable offences. 200 Q) @O MoERINW i do Cognati. aN.aeemn Trial; hearing. @ag:j) Pardon. oflway A widow; relict. gy [0SS agjucmozfififl Approver; queen’s evi- ofuS) Decree; verdict; sentence. b Leading dence. afludlgsecanad Judgment creditor; s go@ab aflaieo aiglé Inventory. decree holder. ) M0of grbeesiwo Pre-emption. aNWS&semoad Judgment debtor. gdadwddeosyoa To antedate. oS @so Judgment debt, Ay D emavoem e dd Blood relations. aNwSmnsomed Execution of decree. oy ]}0t9. © S@aVoenIMWo Consanguinity. afludlo) oo Judgment. [duty . Advalorum @ 6MIS: o0 Guardian; next friend. allaljg)®o0gea .ayso — TS 286 m’\mom@@‘ocg o) @OCQ)O Anni TVIHSaneR) Petition, Angle, adje nubilis. Angle, exte auvamwomo Issue. Angle, inte afla19a0o &W)ewn @fl Feme covert. avambav’ &gy Summons; process. Angle, obty aflaisene &Wlaoom @6] Feme sole. avawomeloeaimo Breach of peace. aflwe 1oavalemian Breach of trust. aQUR0QIS0ws & do Co-parceners, Angle, rect ailmy@l.ay 0Nseb Acquittal. aLe0o ) Aider; abettor, Angle, righ Angle, verf o_lo(/aaqomcmg'yo Genealogy. avzRmas@o A permit, Ate 04008 % ) My(@y206mo Proviso. aUeZAd) Summary. avzaomo Consent. Arch almi QJ)Qla00®o Suit; Case; Litigation. Q) Q1a0o@d Suitor ; Litigant. Arga Ga qO@RI@o Custom; usage. Arithmetic OC_IJQJQDD(D@)OFOGTY)O The Cause of ac- QUocalo Company; assemblage; cor=- Average U tion. poration. Axiom qV. QJ; Qa9 21810} Costs. QUosnIMWo A ffinity. Axis @oas Q) mom(omflaééo_xsu(o Pendente lite, QUBnd @Rel Pound. Base g Q) 0la0o@@DIam @ay Ante litum qQUEnId pegomaund A public Bisect @l motam. servant, Oé’b Qa0 AVoMIMWAIW o j0os.alrl0] avosmomd De facto, Circle Qe Cost de incremento. aquo@sd) Witness; deponent. Cirele, are Circle, of Uacefla Conviction; penalty; punish- LIS O®W QIR To suborn a . witness. Circumfer ment. Ceefficient )@ ey | @S @orabd A conviet. aoosilailrgomo Examination of wit- ness. Compleme 3 le0@), Infanticide. Concentric GV Search. VOB BN GO Attestation. Conelustor BLOLOM ENY SR Qi006me Search avlafled oo Civil law. warrant. Cone (o @flwmo Dowry. Constry BLIMaAa IS & Search list. manajp@maaxemo Local investigation., @20 Attempt. Coroilary qUISIYODBlEE ©S850200) @b @ oma)ay Hearsay evidence. A dormant partner, Dalg)d Cross my) MVEed)e:00 Certificate, avi@oamen Private defence; self Gube o VD@ Q163 LIGREA] Affidavit. defence, Cubearqqy a0oR s @ Appearance. avoyo Qath. Cubiga] avs)eodlab Suder Amin, a00RIQWER &heim Citation; sub- Cyphey ¢ avane Sunnud. pena. Data go. 6 Mathematics. Decagon Detima) Absolute quantity @ao. Algebra enflgwen)mo. Deimg] Addition qusmeIMo; Blayemo; QYa)) ? Apgle 8&enb; Baoemo. Deduetyy BW@ooo; @Smb. Angle, acute M;MBHo6mo. [emo. Definiy Addition, of a fraction &lanaosailmo. Angle, alternate (0)o))Z@i0B880@ &0 Dem()llstr 287 Angle, adjacent a10CB 18 teMo. Demonstration, indirect aNaad Angle, L1EMEMAIW H®E Q. [@). exterior amoag@a)osrno. 5 rocess, Angle, Denominator a0@ab; a0oad; moaw interior mag) aMRB»HH6Mo. h of peace, Angle, obtuse JaO@ ES06Mo. Determination a3)@{loo; &ajo. Jers, Angle, rectilineal 8360, 8 06mMo, Diagonal &gmo; (o). Angle, right aveessemo. Diameter QJ;oao; oj}agjqouo. Angle, vertical ogy@)ldE@&osmo. Dividend ©983,0; aOojo. Arc gyooesmwo; WY . Division ®i0o; a0d®o; BIRMo; add Arch elsmuasmuelo. @61mo, @a@@o. Area GaM(@o. Divisor @02R&0; aQoRM; adio&b, Arithmetic @pmalile); avoayoails,. Double &_{lcyemo. blage; core Average (o) @)aVo06) . Holiptic @o0flqyomo. Axiom cvamad@Limno. Ellipse @osmu@j@mo. AXxis BoeMBoal. Enunciation, general QL2 &pimo. Base gaio; aiao, Enunciation, particular aflGemnepy A public Bisect @oRU)os. mo [, Circle yomo; @smbalo; al@po. Equation audl@memo; audleoo; qv f, Circle, area of q@manaio. Equation, simple o@d» m%m@flcfi:m [0 suborn & Circle, of the horizon g alo80. 6YNo. simultaneous Circumference a1@)U); aa@)@aiwo. Equation, g0 Qlgn Ceefficient @omo. avdl&osmo. tion of wit- Complements @ @MW, Equation, sides of an aidmenadv. Attestation, Concentric av@IMBH(EQ30. Equiangular avag&osmo. Conclusion @0QITOIMo; @Flgy. Equilateral avag®o; avasgo. Cone wods. Extremity @po; adle. Construction @))w. Figure @ao. vestigations Corollary ®RMEE2AWo; @0 a320Mo; Figure rectiliueal 383 @alo. 0flennmd Finite @pa )o@ o, @ ale1dN o; 9 108 LI, Cross multiplication QJ(@0E 0o, Five per cent 0_3.6@11@)0%@0. fonce self Cube 2a1o. Focus & (@3o. Formula ailcd); ay@o; adl®@ao. Cube-root caim@elo. Cubical contents ecamanelo, Four per cent .ol@aoxyowo@o. Fraction €lano; &lavilao; SoeRo. :atiOB; aub- Cypher @gm)o; ogejo; davIAM. Fraction, improper @o@@ae&)ar)oo. Data @ 210 0o Decagon 8woqyo; Bue@o. Fraction, with cypher for denominator Decimal 8w’ iwo. 010000b. Decimal fraction B86w20®)E)ar oo. Geometry @om@wen)mo; SHM@OQ Deduction &6 @s, Q1000 ; 3;08)af); GRAWIM o, Definition o1@)@yeno, [o@&)ay. Given af)g)eno. [m)o, Demonstration, direct qvaismen@o® Gnomon &)a1E0; Ros. i 288 Heptagon avayeemo; avaeye@mosmo thousands of billions @@)o; hm.ad- Pyraid 0} Hexagon cndo@&H6mo; W @yo. red thousands of billions cIRUo. Quadeant @ Hypotenuse &emo; (). Number @Vo&) ; ag)grmo. Quadrilater Hypothesis © a-JN); 9o, Number, mixed @l¢oavosy; cag)o Quadrilaters Integer gyavosy,. (TDOG)C_}). g8 Tntersection IR E.0G:o0. Numerator @90o; @oweo; QilEIwI0; Quotient e0 Isosceles aqueB.{)geo. 81010} ag)g,m(,oomq. Radios @ Line coauo. Numerator and denominator (together) Remainder ©93), Line, straight £3e3Gmalo, Rhombus ¢ Line, curved Qi@ enal). Oblong &laaiaim @Eo. Rhomboid Locus o3lad); adlwomo. Octagon @osnomo. Sector oy Logarithm avoaigz@mno. Orb @smwalo; QIGelo; Q)Oo. Segment & Magnitude aa@)a@oemo. Orbit &emaoe; (G@EMY@O). Semicirele ( Mathematics wenfl@oaa@o. Parabola snasqyomo. Side Qtoy Maximuam o_xm@cmoe)cg). Parallax ejoenimno. Space @00 Minimum rmrag:floagauo% ; Parallels avaiano30al. Bubtractior Minus geamo. Parallelogram av200m @ a1 2o, Mo, Multilateral enio0@e30. Parallelopiped auasammelomo, fubtrahend Multiplicand emjo; wemy;ab. Pentagon a 160188 26mMo. fim G Multiplication ¢DemMo; @ME;0aM0; aOM Mo Perihelion mggjo@savo. Superfioies Perimetor o008 ay. Superfivial Maultiplication, table ¢coem3&rocgo. Perpendicular Alotlo; @10 Qlaloalo; Multiplier gem@&ab; wem@moab. Surd (irrat Qiflotlo; @ OUOVAlo6NI0; alo6onl cnal Burface ge Negative quantity @mwo. Plane qvaomelo. Square o Notation @0@9OR2PAD; units S (o@ Square of o0} tens a@® (8woo); hundreds ag Plane figure @&fs(@o. Square of Q (e@o); thousands @PWIo (aV Plus como; @gmb, Square 1y a0 @yo) ; tens of thousands a1@ lnoa) Point qrunelo, of thou- Supplemen o (@pYdo); handreds Polygon enieOERo. Positive quantity ao-o. sands eldfo; million o IQ®AIHMo Postulate @0003)@o@a@no. (@QY@0); tens of millions @30S ); hundreds of millions QIO ESIS ) Problem ©83we0; (@)L 0; a3 B8 (ms@eo); thousands of millions @Im00., tenthousands of 8010y By @06l o; Q8 o3 Problem, solation of a m,9avo. m-fl’m}%m millions eiqljo; hundred thousands Product eglomo; LM I@0; Goailmo. Proof o®g ). 0ey of millions o3laiQloe; billion @a00 {)EZI'uml Proposition (@)@@®o. algo; tens of billions voods (weo6rio) ; m@wgmo hundreds of billions &eitV); thou- Propositions, converse Qilai@lme)ca Bo®ey, sands of billious @0(7?3)0; ten @eoBdo. LGN e 289 — 2%0; hund Pyramid Ty al) ©Go&o Tangent gyceea: DTS Quadrant oyomaoeo Term (boundary) ala Quadrilateral oym@Ee0 t2glo Tetragon .ay®Sodoemo 2i© 580 Quadrilateral the opposite sides of a @ OEYo. ER()0) 1280 610 (a)@3 lenigo Theorem (@)828®0ala198)0; avlewy %; QiGN @.flo Quotient c0® ) mo. Three per cent @)oo, Radius @eg)0; eflawn; L)OQ’UO@L}O for (together) Remainder @panwo: CuUoio: Trapezium @AY Bloaidho; aflena ¢ lexo. m@ggao (B)’O@Ecg) ejundo. Rhombus mey aipeee; qvasmeelo Trapezoid qLARI0ENIG0: 21N o Rhomboid o1 E&08:000 Triangle @)8@06mo; @)2&Ro; @ a0 Sector oM @0 Triangle, acute angled Segment elsmuo c@gm&fi;osm mc;mo @ @@ oemo Semicircle QO®ORLo. Side Qiwo 2%Ro Triangle, equilateral aLag®E e 61mo. Space @IS0 SBM(©o Triangle, Isosceles aves.lzm@f)ean Subtraction OélJO@EJmo GLILOM 6IMo. al@®Mo e UIMo Subtrahend G.aGR&0 Triangle, obtuse angled enjao@be@soem ©@)8&oemo Sum S@®woaoo Mo eiMo Triangle, right angled qvaseIem @) Superficies @malo gaiiga @&061mMo. Superficial contents ajdgenelo Aloflo Triangle, scalene Qflcfi:‘x@@qGfi)DEm’)o' Surd (irrational number) &rend) QileeE)eso. ofillo; Lo Surface see Superficies Trilateral @flalockhdo. Square Qo Trigonometry @)e®oemd)oilalle Square of a square Qg0 Two per cent 8_{l®owomo., Square of a cube 2 eplelidaly Vertex UYowdo Square root o %ejo Vortex gd) Supplement a@)us)ego Zodiac em;00))@i0 U3 ).alo. )0 Malayalam b (]UJU\)Tfl @R®2&) ar)@o Improper fraction @paeQmmo Parabola, o Extremity @0 aile, Arithmetic o ®@RsMWQI@o Hllipse. @M mo Remainder . goadloos RO A} AIUNG0, @PDA) elosIGo Tra- @& MMREHeMo Interior angle pezium @0y 0aVo Multiplication @ 8UoLI0eNIo Perpendicular, ®@oR0)es Bisect odlog® § @BRaP@IMo, @WEAWe Corollary rm@___fl(flg o6, Minimum BRRMIMLEOBd Compliments A} @0 Q1o Space 19 Lo —_— 290 n_]m@(n)n% @ QJiLjofMio, $€€ BRELVIAI0MIo, 2D OEYo, aI@Eelo Quadrilateral. @neMeoal Axis. wflw) Cire 2\@8qyyo6mo Tstragon. wp)20smo ] @REn0ayo Octagon. al@oovemo Four per cent, aitloleo @00 5@ 0@p@ao Postulate. ala0nab A fraction with cypher for 1080 Dase. @owo Numerator, its denominator. QLICBIGENEY 8 @30 Problem. 2j008 o) Perimetre. acho Side 20100000 Data; hypothesis. @.0080 Subtrahend. 9 al1dMN 0, ©ala¥l@Voamo Coroliary. 080 Cyph @A(bce')o Division. njonglo 1 e, 8moemo Rectilineal angle. 23) oo Radius. aJégo Supe g @oiead Rectilineal figures. @,00100) Geometry. @@Z@@DM s 8aly Straight line. @00 @ Go Zodiac. {yeao Pre £g6mo Minus. @)l Superficies. g Apr o@%wsrzfl Numerator, M les ag@desememad Vertical angles. @flgi_é Conclusion. WQQ‘Q(@@’\ @%m@égao Rbombus. Qg}ceao_lg‘r"rr‘%m)@qcfi)rDMO Simple equ- o@@)ay Demonstration; proof. of & qua ation. @eosemdlmlailg) Trigonometry 61113&9 Lty hosn’) Surd; irrational number. o0 G @ )8&06mo Triangle. &gno Hypotenuse; diagonal, (a0 Divisi @ )@owomo Three per cent. @emago Orbit, @)oo Trilateral, &iBan Diy &)aido Gunomon, @2Bo; © TYyo, see @ )@Hr6mMo0 BI8mo Diyi &ajo Determination. Bureyem o Decimal, @3'?3,0 Divide @ (@o Centre; focus. B0 Fract 8wERo, Bwome Decagon. @oam)y@o Eeliptic. glmavse) &)@ Coustruction, gloa.a@eEgo Oblong. a_N@owomo Two per cent. Elme, swo Nagative quantity. e Ngpemo Double. £8ly0lee @em@o Area; a plane figure; space. SaMm@ e oo Geometry. a_Nave@E)ze0o Isosceles triangle. B0 g2l M Qmye 4 QLmaV Are. &) lsmuo Segment, wmo Plus. elsm @smbeo Arch. &t see g &mo (i @Hem o wed(( o Mathematics. Nlwomo, aflus) Loats, o @zo Formula, Pfl@mofig) wemaab, peme:oad Multiplier m)3)ego Given. 2W@y\m')o Ag wemo Multiplication. oo Determination. §% Bage: | wemyab, emyo Multiplicand. aAlmanelo Cabical contents. ;9T The solution of a problem M mEao6mo Acute angle. Q{,mfl, Sfiedt QM@ alo Cube root. o _lomo Subtraction. e, The epinaiggo Square of a cube. apimo Cube. aa@mede The sides of an equation. 00 1y, a@mo Product in multiplication. a16018&o6moe Pentagon. Wingtgp 4 2 lHango Circle of the horizon ‘ als&owamo Five per cent. mb’tfl @, @0 ! # e 291 —_— lrilaterg], n.\(b@dl)nfi)c.;) Maximum. @alo Absolute quantity; figure. as®)ad) Circumference. Grald Line. ent, a1@)206mo Magnitude, Grawem lmo Geometry. th oypher for o1@)us)ego Supplement. £ 1230 Numerator. 21080 Base. RlosniMo Parallax. a100e 186 Adjacent angle. aloenlo Perpendicular, a9cto Side. Al snrat Curved line. 04830 Cypher. Qi elo Square root. ajeganelo The superflcial contents, Qigaigze The square of a square. ajdgo Superficies. Qiggo Square. Q_)@ZQCQ}OCLJO.JDSJO A theorem, Q@900 Cross multiplication. [a)@@®o Proposition. Qi@elo Orb. {e)w o A problem, 61 leo0e =0 Polygon. Q.8lo6nIo, see @OQIRI0BI0. afNus) Formula,. 61000 (@) Jeniogo The opposite sides dllidloaismemai omg)oy In- * proof, of a quadrilateral. direct proof. \ gonometry. 61920 B> 0amo Exterior angle. afl@owo Numerator. 6O@EH6mo Obtuse angle. ailena@)esmoemo Scalene triangle. x“t (S9w0 Division; numerator. ollmaEf)gemo see Supra. B=m&ad Divisor, Q.flog;om_lo Diameter. Bo=Rmo Division. jlgausmo. Qowealsmwo Sector or segment of a @0%0 Dividend. circle. 2080 Fraction. 0D Qoma8o Quadrant. glanavmeoo Addition of fraction. Q@@aoealo Area of a circle, nfs &lano, &laroo, see oo, cgma@bo Semicircle. ER(@) )20, see 6121000 (@)@ 1611090 . Q@0 Circle or orb. g friangles @ or (@) The base of a triangle. Q) 9B 21Mo, see almmo. @ smwelo A cirele or orb. oc_bam)o@.)o Radius, @a0), see . oéx)ocmo Diameter. @amo Coéfficient. @figjo Cypher. b dl¢oagey Mixed number. Yoo Vertex. @lavemo Addition. BuaaOM Sabtraction. @elo Base; root. wo: Cone; gnomon. i G@@')(mm)o%l) Mixed number. @@ Diagonal. p poblen W) @), see @lgyemo. aawgyoe, kS emo Hexagon. e \8®owdo The sum. MVseimo Sum; addition. M3Jw) The numerator and the deno- oo et Vo @&o6mo, MVayceo Heptagon, minator together, V2GS sMo Equiangular, P )a\Go Zodiac. qVRBGEM.ATERo Square. oonts 19% 292 —_— Dentifrice ave@e®o Equilateral triangle. av¥)@vomoo Theorem. Sl Term. Dentist 84 avee_fleelo Isosceles triangle. Deodorizer avag®o Equilater. My@o, see aNus). Depilatory aVARIUN o, AVARIoeNIG o Trapezoid. MyYEsavo Perihelion. 0. avaom s Concentric. MoIz@omMo Logarithm Diabetes (o avasamealimo Parallelopiped. m.}c”dcsmsu Tangent. Diobetes, 1 a2 E.0I@Ee3o Parallelogram. V.o Positive quantify. Diagnosis QRO P8a1) Parallels. aQmmo Multiplication. Mo, avREYo, See AVBERo, [Equation. a0@ o Quotient. Diaphorefi i@, cudle:cemo, qEl@o a006Mo, a0oo Division. Diarrhoea mRIEMEM29®@ g o) Direct demon- 090@0 Dividend. Diorthesis stration. a0o0bd Divisor. Diphtherig Disinfectar 7. Medicine and Surgery. AR Abortion weaydaio; wEaismo. Cancer mma'i%ao; socmasrgeo. Dislocatio Abscess ailBW); @Jemo; aim. Carbuncle ©@a®m; e @)emo; Dinretie { Acidity of the Stomach @ogailowo. o, @(8@0@&3(63. Ague aflogail. Carminative aiogmoudlasl. Dropsy 6 Amputation ®@0ow13.06R0, Cataract GN@%»9.0lo. Blay, Anaphrodisiac @@cfifl)@)cfia(éo; WD Catarrh @o€)dy 090; Slaho; ReIERD Dysentry B W 0o, &lo; M. Rémon Anatomy Uatzflro% Qi8aes0ilg). Cathartic ® 20CwoOMo. Dyspepsia Anodyne aeieglo. Chalybeate @RG@IneM QIlwslen20wW. Dyspnea Antiseptic oy lmocvedo. Chickenpox ©a105); @lgod). (Mo&o, Apepsy @oedlgno. Chilblain Q1088 }0S0. EQZB!IX& Q Aphrodisiac (o e &l & o. Cholera ailagofleo; @a0s20@); NS Electuary Aphthee of the mouth @moad)e). &dé’]mo. Elephanti Apoplexy @powail@d); &ml@)av léme Cicatrice QJom®Ll; GUWHM@0; & an ), gf) Blixir o Aperient G@.alMo. Cold =3e1@204n0. Elflflgatinn Asthma &0Vo; o@do. Enemg m, Colic EyeIBQIBM; @YYEAUBM. Atrophy Gwodo. Constipation @210018W0; MURLES) Enlargmg Atrophy, of the heart agm ©lom®o. cflgo. ALY Axe @008\ QD0. Contagion G@28wgy98&Qllero. Epl]@psy [ Bezoar stone 8wo8mIaIMo. Cupping glass @& .0 AMPQY)o. Epitaxis ¢ Bronchitis @IS ; L IIAVMIB I Dandruff m@ejodo; ojemeg. Brysipelag Uo Deafness 9.010/18985Q); ansotS)go. (@0 Bubo @S)osm; &weidsm, Delirium SEmIM (@D ); of |odE20. | Batragt Febl'ifuge Caloulus @ocgd); %@@_@o; Delil‘ilf.m tre mens @80T Wo. Pe— 293 — Dentifrice 8am8uwomm.ayabo. Fever :1m0; aimi). Dentist emm’sumg) ab. Fever, intermittent @ anmosabaiars). Deodorizer ggymuoaaas). Fever, simple LI, ER-1Ro. Depilatorky @L10220M6emMo; BRIAMILL Fever, typhoid oflensl1mo; oflwe@ o. €310, Diabetes (@}@@a0o. Fistula mocxnfl@srbo. Diabetes, melitus @@@a0o0. Fistula, in anus @wasmo. Diagnosis @M lsm®@o; G20 Flatuleney ayoqy; QALY 2o, o, Forceps aomg )@@ (0o. Diaphoretic @aqvissmmao. i Forceps, artery OotRte®(@Do. Diarrhoea ®0@)aVIG0; WO, Forceps, midwifery (0@uood. Diorthesis Qi@ aflas o, Gonorrheea yaghaoalo; LaE@a0Ero. Diphtheria @0 q0aLMDIOT)S0. Gout comw)assao. Diginfectant 8oIngR100100Q); wWRLY) Hemicrania @n@0008@88&0; S®6,0) S OHEMI o, &0, \m;ieo. Dislocation avombleowro; pads. Hemiphlegy o8fteaiswo. dlaamo; Diuretic %@m@b@;o; g@aier.ai’) Hoemorrhage ©&8M06mo. Q@o, Hemorrhoids @0 3008000; wes) il Dropsy Guwatano; &®8210800; @oBdhd Blo. élel. Herbal Qyomoqeqlio. oo} £30168) Dysentry (@)anadle; auoeoensl; Hernia @@@oeU). 0 H120@) ) TVIO, Herpes Qila o@0. \ Dyspepsia @0cmdal@o; @S lano. Hiccough of)@0te 10a00; a@@s)s. Dyspnea 100000180000} 2100 .oMegmcw. Hoarsness QUIRGER0; ATVIOAVIR0, MjoEo, Hs(fl. Hooping cough & 5080880, Eezema al020; ofaiaoy)e,opd). Hydrocele G@ouooé;w; @,og;cg@fl, 0n0l; M5 Electuary @elagjo; @0QiBala00. Hydrocephalus @myl&:@wooLno. Elephantiasis ¢glaigo; «Sleflango; on _ B)emmb; @YMEsomd, Hydropathy e1(@)8®owall& e, W@m@o; & B Elixir oaqvs@mo. Hydrophobia £1E@EIW0; @ afwo. Elongation of the uvula epuSIeao1, Hypertrophy of the heart ajLg®o. Enema amyl@@oo. @@Qfim' Hypochondria ail@ommo@o8o. X iBLEa Enlargment of the spleen g flaoqy@n); gj]@aoosmo. Hysteria Q1088008080; aoos’u@_a'(ao. G2al Epilepsy @oampoo. Idiosyncracy @2a0a0.@2QI0; 0/ eor Epitaxis Mooy osmo. @‘g,mfl. s . Erysipelas 9880 3 8G; @owagg|ab Imposthume aNBus). ;sm@fi' Indigestion @0UT2005)0; BaOMEENG. w '}@o. (@o@mog g |md). i Extract adl@oave; quow . Inflammation @jemo; alggl; afl oo Febrifuge 23100800, 50, bl e 294 L Tartar of ¢ Influenza S@OREg | Pharmacy RV G, W, (>1leca{00] Temperau! Insanity @ O@08o; @0QD). o_flgJ ! Tetanus QU Jaundice ®dlao; asmmailomo. Piles, see hemorrhoids geifsm. MoBodMNY Thermomet Lancet (fa@o. Pincers %@ei@Q0o; Tie doloure %o Laryngitis avamelo. Tincture 2 Plethora @#mailomo, Laryngoscope & @emHMmem@0o. Typhoid § Pleurisy aiccdoaalo. Leprosy &:g@mw0o. @0, Leucoderma cOeil@so. Pneumonia @gxo@0.1080; 2 I0AVBHHID afleno. Leucorrh®a yodio)awo. Probe 00818:0@ @00} of A6 |RQDo; Lithiasis (Grocaafl. anoasl@ve. @0mgg Lithotomy R ©@00398 i So. Prolapsus @owoo. (ETDUIflZU(E Lithotripsy. @0cga)avoeaidho. Locomotor ataxy @QiaiLgaiomo Pthisis @&R@HH0; AMWDo. moos Lumbago &s)wgelo. Quarantine Vo VS IB I Wo. meé‘]grfl'p}o Rectal prolapsus pna@oweo. AT Malaria oyofaiowy; gaioQ. Ratort enid&®@Qujo. Malarial fever ce;o§o_m'fl. MOY Rheumatism Q100@&S.0)@b, Mammary abeess mgmailBusdl. mo@qée Rhinolithes anoLIEowa0. o Measels o0 ai@); @@aid. Ringworm @@@emo; @@G. ma.'g)eo ( Narcotic af)Gimm@o; a3leBowdrwo. Salve (@)salalo. moulel) Nasal polypus anooo(eya)we;o@o. Saw @00 @ (QDo. (E!O@baou Nausea 003"; ciamo; 20g|; B9800 Scissors ®OOE|RAVo; SHE@)D. Bamen Neuralgia aioowgelo. [ono. Scrofula &emaoal; wsmua@el. Nostrum 01820008187 aN; WNaYO (G'IMJGBM Siphon @ Gamalend); @M. Obesity anog elo. [ o, Small-pox @ay@l®o; aiaya). ram@%g)q 0, o Odortology s gal. Sompambulism 31B0.00@ l®do; AV agal Operation Loy (@) Wano. a"_;momW@Jo. rm@mg Ophthalmia GNM@52480; OaEsR. Somniloguent a3)Bogoad). M8, Osteology @audlaignm. Sore-eye &.018:6md. UGH) Otorrhma &wg'%@oo_lo. Spatula (eycelaaasl. mac@m“\ 0Ozena agy@Imav;o; MHAVIRAV . Specific a¥)®ELOEIUWo Palpitation of the heart @R®d)do; Speculum, ear @@gNRAMEM R (@Vo. m@rflc B QHR29o. Spinal meningites Qo MEdro. m@q Panacea quQij@owneal@0mto; H6) (@ Sterility QJiawj@o. Mot Styptic @B@OGoEH0. 8108y allamoaem ). B0ty Paralysis a_iomalomo. Subacid moR3IBRQo. Monq Percussion avaseaidmo. Sudorifiic GALIBRMB0; BAVISHID Mg Pericarditis @@mmm’\@s. Syphilis ® a18oweo. Oy Pharmacopeeia 65‘0(93(13@@.\(]50@0 5 Syringe (Qoddo; QMl@Yo; ail Qo). L) R BB AV X000, 295 — Tartar of thé teeth EADLL&H®. Typhus aoa). N Temperature ® o l@)aemo. Ulcer @Jyemo. a0 Tetanus GOABQY80. Unguent @0E;6RMo; aO@alo. Nodotamey Thermometer © o @00 1MW QD)o Valetadinarian avgo@mowd). Tic doloureux @3 ®mA@O. Tincture 28, oa::)sao. Vapour-bath 9 cn@av_igo. Typhoid fever Qllee1mo; LA )eR.1 Vesicle egyoSo. o, R 1 Whitlow melainlo; cmes@)emo. Malayalam. dulols M&oggflflb Erysipelas, 0 mejoyo Dandruff. @PUD]2008)0 Indigestion. ‘6_1_)_(!)@38@0 Subacid., @)@ eo Cordial, eBo, see @REIBg jad. (00 @oedlgno Apepsy. 9 BBwrIM&0 Cathartic. @ laqwoo Diarrhea. o (2020 Insanity. ©a188w.afl@ o Nostrum. M@(% omo Flatulency. @ (0Q)eU) Hernia. o al8owoo Syphilis. @03 )malomo Tic doloureux. o @ @omalem) Siphon. man;geo Cancer. o enai@)296mo Temperature. ® o P00 XNW@o Thermometer. re’roc@%’ho.m Elongation of the uvala ®RRLIUEERHo Hemicrania. ®an@aV180 Vapour-bath. n-’@)’]@l, @RAN UMW), see @) aLIRO. @@@; Dislocation. 2R @ impoo Epilepsy Q_t_pgzr Nausea. jgmgh mé]aeg o Catarrh. Q@@m Asthma. Brfl. @8) SERMO Tnguent. a@E6m @Yo Probe. oo, (U @pgallomo Acidity of the stomach, 63s)as@ Bubo. aps@owemailulegaow Chalybeate. SO 21T B2, S€¢ @DRLINCES @EMIaldo Dyspepsia. &o @PWCaIa00 Electuary. @U@ @ Pharmacy. (eTocgrcfl Caleulus; lithiasis, B0 DD 1000 Pharmacopeeia. BVAIUOQ) iy @A Iavoealaisho Lithotripsy. 2 o Pharmacy. g @AV Piles; Heemarrhoids. hew@e Tongs; pincers. B0 @o(ygRm Osteology. &seoem Lumbago. @oNC. 000 Amputation. @) Scissors. @00 g b, see @RBMOBg|0d. Semaoe) Scrofula. @0l Apoplexy. SBENAMMWDo Laryngoscope mfim@. @) avcaiam Colic pain. Senavoalo Otorrhea. @O ™A )0 Palpitation. SEgnamem@ (o Ear speculum V] o; o ®QQIPEM &0 Pericarditis. o S)Raoe Scissors. — 296 E— % &anatlo Pectoral, 8@ Ringworm. | @Gel SHON(ORo A saw. B(TG)G)S)QJ@(T{) Dentist. ol @Ge_k &maflnb Itch. b @(mc ecw)croés)m Tartar of the teeth. &maind Measels. s8an el Odontology. o of t &,ogum’) Malarial fever, em»@uaowm%g;'go Dentifrice. o.alo Cataract. Ml ggzwoalas) Deodorizer. @92)a10 Jaundice. 3Q40y Malaria. BRUE [erasy ©0a0e)o Pectoral. @8a0() B D), B2aOAVIBAI0 Idiosyn- 000} 0o Asthma, Lo Tetanaus. Bum S00RX(@Vo Axe, \ 6eas Woga jed lémo Aphrodisiac. Q@m0 Leprosy. {@otao | Maeasvasaty, mei@yemo Whitlow, o808 )a10 Dropsy. O dads Hooping cough. Mol @do Probe. Q)es@y flguémc e@dovoqy@l) Hydrocele. maawligyemo Fistula, mo%’%m% see BRI QYHavo. 2¢y8a0 G0201080 Pneumonia. 2e100 Hmo Consumption; phthisis. mO(rDa@__)rofl(@ 9o Nasal polxk\pus. angm’) #ad)ayaoars) Apoplexy. MOy RSB Epitaxis, MoV E@owao Rhinolithes. @(18')@‘ @easmo Abortion; miscarriage. 2000201 NEWS: Midwifery forceps. MNOAVIRAY Ozena. 2¢a008 WEEIQL, See EAIIDo. 031805 )10 Somnambulism, ™M )BsRM @0, aF)®Buewo Narcotic. 2000 waadlal, see @RV . ™ )Bo2oxt) Somniloquent. @0 wB@Eowo Rectal prolapsus. Wea Yoo Nostrum. algpavoe Extract. Gy BNIBMI.alMo Bezoar stone. a @ Abcess. %’L@@@ Waoen$l8motoo Diarrhea. goae a1d@MQ@o Paralysis. _")_anZ»@ao Delirium. algmoelomo Hemiplegy. tie, a)e1am3)e 0103) Eczema. o_xgo&:r Inflammation. sy Déna O.a1mend Sore-eye. 06MY8moo Jaundice Leucoderma. 20Z) Nausea. a108839So Chilblain. mm% E2a1@80amo Catarrh; cold. o102 Eczema. Qo] =Raio)8wowalle oo Hydropathy a10cR(EaRlo Pleurisy. Raony LT S|e1ava@oavoe Hydrophobia, ail8omo@020 Hypochondria, £8@r198®o Dropsy. o_@mflm(’rg)o Ozena. mc&m’cfiz K.1rlo Febrifuge. og®@lnowedho Antiseptic. G 2o Fever, @m.qjmfi 0g®)alo Malaria., BIMN @I, see .af lomEao. 8atoqr) ajiyo Hypertrophy of the heart. Q)yo@emo Ringworm, Qa_xro'\lces)?rob Elephantiasis. @fba(/_)m’\ oomong Catarrh. @aimo@{ldo Hydrphobia. Lo O@oag |3 Influenza. ®a105) Chicken-pox. W%no“;m O0(@Be108) ol limoasn) Panacea, (e)@@a00 Diabetes. @lelc 29 @Qmmmfl Spatula. Gr102a0m6mo Depilatory. (@)8elato Salve. QIS wafleer Diorthesis, h (e)Q0aG @0 Dysentery. gSlaoqyen); @Gaooefiso Enlargment QM @do Sterility. adla@)emo Carbuncle. of the spleen. aimy) Syringe. GD_IO)CQJQ@O Retort. Mm@ @o Enema. [crasy. w@b@&o:flgo Constipation, QIS 2@ Rheumatism. en1005)jo Deafuess. o diosya- Q& edo Spinal meningitis. (Swaawo Fistula in anus. Qoyelo Neuralgia. BB TVoMRe MO Pharmacopwia. QlBmoacao Hysteria. @owao Prolapsus. oMot a3l Carminative. hitlow, mao@) @o Delirium Tremens. QO8I0 Flatulency. 28, o@so Tinctur, aNaro{l@o Herpes. 2gy8aano Diabetes meletus. o 118w Imposthume. 2210Q18RIWo, see RIRVES IR0, ilenel 1o Typhoid fever. )IE:P“S' 2my@)oo Small-pox. o_flcfi%aflcs)o Cholera. 2my)&8wooLno Hydrocephalus. ailogyad) Ague or Intermittent fever. 2200203, see Qilmy ailoo. QEMIYEQ 8o Herbal. 2@a002®o Enlargment of the spleen. S, GaiaLgaldmo Locomotor ataxy. Narcotic. @90 OV MW J®> Diphtheria, Oaas@) Measles. @ooauosn8o Cancer. @Jemo Inflammation; abscess. Qo) Hydrocele. NS0y 18.002malg) Anatomy. %@@@o Ischury; calculus. (RRIGIWQVo Catheters. %@m@b@o, %@mfl@fammfi@o Diur- Ua@o Lancet. etic. wlaflaszo Elephantiasis (¢glaigo). RLiss@ Piles. UBlao see m@flcecq) o0, eoderma Dsaamoemo Hemorrhage. O OM@S o Anaphrodisiee. OB o] AEMWQo Cuapping glass Uoh@a04xi0 Gonorrhaea (@@@omo). &l oo Plethora. wWdhla)ao Leucorrheea. n&RTRoB&o Styptic. wneietlo Anodyne. oavIwmo Elixir. wyaseaem Colie. N IV Phthicis; Consumption. Yoo Syringe. @owamao Cicatrice, BwedL0o, @uadano Dropsy. Gn.aiM&o Aperient. Guoadmio Atrophy. 8EIM)gnwo Diagnosis. Ly Glanders. hewtts 8@owFlaomwad(Tye Pathology. PR 0aVEH: el @n0 Pneumonia; In- Grozmiwedo Depilatory. flammation of the langs. @moacfleny] Aphthea of the mouth Lo AVIAIBIUD, LB ITVMYoEo Dys- @E.dag)o Electuary. pnoea. e AT 298 A c}o_mcmmogeroomo Bronchitis. Drig BgSo Vesicle. (Ve8] Valetudinarian. Bk Vo1 a10@ ) to Somnambulism. aomeavmilasomoe Dengue. Far avdeglo Laryngitis. , avmw)@owo Dislocation, AU 1PEERBo, MU 1aVIRe Hoarseness. Bart aomuilalomo Gout. | oMy @ @mo Forceps. Tiphe aVQY BNV Wo Panacea. { @avas:mmdo Diaphoretic; Sudorific. V20N R 1o Simple fever. Ente @av1e&®), see Supra. a9)ORLIEWo Specific. Fall aVoaoems) Dysentery. aQefla®o Leucoderma., Flea TOmu@o Tongs; Pincers. 2080020 Dysteria. Flyi LoV B mWo Quarantine. a8 )@m90e_10avo Hiccough. Flyir MmN 21BuS) Mammary abscess. 00 3Bownoe Heart disease. Flyir mogelo Obesity. Pox, a9, @lem@o Atrophy of the heart. o 8. Natural History. (tad Alcido Hispida ®al00; &ses onlay Cat; felix domestica ag2l. Goze M), (ene Catfish ogsdlab. Alligator @aos, Giraf Chamelion @gam; a13.01000. . Axis masculata; the axis ayeg)aoch. Cheetah ®.aimyai); aflgasneiad. Gled Glow Baboon aneDgjomnes . Civet cat ®a®; AWAIRHIED. Grold Bald Eagle ®alan@mam ; ;omanab. Cockroach @o. Balena mysticetus; the whale @dlowo Conger eel @Sgflcafi’. Golde alo Coryphodon; ratsnake G.ai@, (Hrass Bandycoot ®a1@)19¢8), Cotopus vulgaris; cuttle fish @amab. Girizl Bat @sainaileb; araidh; ;md)oflg Crab 61’.53&730. (uing Beetle avefl@ ©aigs’, aiene’, Crane a16ME200EH9S ), Gain Biology edlaiusoimyo. Crevus elaphans &ei@oab, Bison &o<). Halmv Crocodile @gmab; aflmed). @ Black bird &90050b alomoab, Crow-pheasant ©.018miOD ; 2IEHHO o Hawk Blata orientalis; cockroach @o, Herop Blind worm &@sab aomy. Cuckoo &)\ab, Hipop Blue jay .o, Curlew oflegns); @eflead: @eanch. o) Boa constrictor @oemel); @wewmo Cuttle fish @b, Hog f Bulbul mos@eof); o@ig{leslg). Dolphin cugaidlmoe; @seais). Hone; Butcher-bird 6.a1Q @@ &f)ab; 432 9So0 Dove @oo_‘s’ 4 Hone; Buzzard @oglé]wnb.‘ Draco volcus, the flying fish @oaiflab. Canary esam, Dragon fly ©&0dsad as@sd); @emi) Horp. Carp &1@)A)ab. @R o 1oMm)., Horg Drone fly aend)ancmzad) o, Cartecal S0Z0g.al. Hougg e 299 et Dziggnetai BISHLO House-sparrow @00os)g); @oanlg) i Elk goa) S0 )ds b Earwig a:S)comdo Hunting spider .05 aflaiaoy) 'BeN0gS Earth worm on)eiorf)e Hydra ge1a) 080 Ephemerals og®oacd)demdo; amemeo Hysena moegroooab; éywog el idorifie D EEBD Hystrix eristata; the porcupine @ggab aam) Entellus monkey aOam@ab Fallow deer @s@oab Ibex angps ; @aiwos Flea 6.0ig8 Ichneumon &)@) Flying dragon o 50800am) Iguana 9o Flying fish @caiflab Itching polyp ®.and)Flab; @evo)egjo Flying fox &sano)ob 10 ) heart Fox, vulpus vulgaris &qQaead: &q Jacana S0, @8 BnIS) o) Jackal, canis aurcus &9 )8aQ@&nnb Gad fly Gooam; @og) o). Kahauh w®geileseos ; geacd o Gozelle a@emo 6013 King fisher ®a1002: &)ses o) Genet @;Qflmfi]a@&; Giraffe _oflcs@o@o Kite ai@mam Glede or gled D) . Koodoo @ap@ab Glow worm, see blind worm, i Lampern oo@ oy@b Aab ER)o @b Golden eagle ®alsnbane, Lapwing &g G890%) Golden oriole 2smma 1P ) Larve of may bug olie=ad oy Grasshopper o@@es)g); o@egab Leopard ojeg nad) ajeg lnoegy o Grizley bear @@ 0 0S) ooab; afl@gef) ) Guinea fowl 3)adleand) Lion aloaOo Lobster .af 10006 &noemiad Guinea worm MRIQYo. Hammer-headed shark N omiad Looust mm%zfisfl@'\ @om . Lupus; wolf @.a1anow) 216a Hawk @o&:flé\@n{: Lynx Qimn2%Rpooad; &igogol Mangoust, mungoose &) Heron s@oo&;ceficfl Hipopotamus el wo d: Manis @ @@ 1d @egabd (aaar)) g il Mans .ailosmd oy, Hog fish @aa3)eud lab Maybug @migeeomab; a;cm@,@o. ] Honey buzzard oj¥@o®0d) Mole g&ab ogeail. Honey suckle comb&sSlwad aissd) Mole cricket 2emg Mon oceros See Swordfish it ay aflges). Horn-bill caivomial; .alo@do. Moth @ 0g|¥; 21000, | oM Mullet g.avdd)ab Hornet C&HoEY0. Murex Tribulus @egab House-cricket @es abd ogms s Musk rat, Musk shrew me pei). Wate: Shark QU oa) ; @oal. Mussel @gflecach @o@); @afloof. Shrike 6.01Q &:@)e @b, Weas Mustilus edulis b8 mios. Weav Sheat fish agsdlad. Myxine a07)so )b, Weav Shrew mouse .oj6oM2af), Nightingale g ; mo@oos). Skate @))oed)S)ab. Whal Nilghaw ofleigwoo. Snail @ _o{)ab. Whit Whit Ornithology aseswomyo. Snakebird 6.a18mioo0) ;5 al@&hoMo. Ornithorynchus &<)ayoows . Sparrow 0bddsd)e b, Osprey Sladbomod); smioasesd); & Sponge atlg'jenm). 8lo Squirrel @OERITD; ERIMINEISD; 1@ Ostrich ®s®aaoai). @ayalo. @0 Otter & Ymoa); =®ein@alo. MSE Springbock wom@oab. Ourangoutang @MY @3S . Stein bock, see Ibex. 0 Oviparous msmuo. Stork &:emomaiem ). R Oyster @@, Lol Swan 20980; 98200 MVo ; B OWMo. Panther ojea)wabd MBS 20aad. Swordfish mg @ab. 00 Partridge & ailermalo. @006 Pee-wet, see Lapwing. Tadpole cooenigho; asoaich; @aissab. @0 Tarantula @ Q@omyei). Pheasant a;cgscfim@. : (0] Philomela, see Nightingale. Teal snooe, Termites .aflmab, B0 Picta of)eigwon. Thorn-back skate @ga b oo, oo Pigeon @os(ayoali. Polecat 20gls); opiaT 02w, Thorny word-cock @dowooey; & ED, @m Boe Porcapine @gs abayari), w06} Porpoise @0y )ad. Tigris regalis, see royal tiger, Do Prawn e.aedlod; e@oemiad. Toad 60100 g, Ham 250! Proboscis monkey, see Kahauh. Tarbot (@)o.2{1Aad, 250 Quail &0Sg jand), Turkey @ds); QL) &0} 0. Rana @ais. Ursine howler monkey ®n<)osoes . 20 2020 Ratsnake @al@aiomy . Ursus arctos, arctic bear ©Qgg @90S); 20y Rattle snake gggSo_wauu. WSS, Raven Goumaods; eniell®ods. Ursus horibilis @gddss). o@@) gsd Rhinoceros 06120 (o, Viviparous s30oqeso. Rim Royal tiger @ogal; aigg nd) Vulture @&gpa&ab; wal o) & &ab Ba¢ Salamander (Brahminlizard) @oem. Salmon ®.amigi). Wagtail @@@oooaseni), s ), Samber ®ea1200b; O@oaunb. Walrus &Seiom. Boag Sardine awowilacmno. Wapiti asg{lS)@onb. Seal &Smnow). Wasp &:Sanb. ha oy 301 L 12 Water rat; water shrew of)®ooei. Whitting Ganossa©b aanyo. Weasel 88010005 . Wolf &.aiamox)). Weaverbird o@g o512, Wood-pecker ane@niomnb. Wren @oSdniaiaml, Weevil omegy somad. i% Whale @f)dlowoalo. Yak aad)aond; e.ad)aah. White ant o ood, Zebra aidescho; ainwieo. 100 White-headed eagle to@manab. Zoology @omflmo@o; sflandlalls,. Malayalam. §05_;.M @N= o, @remei) Boa constrictor. &S Sea gull, BRSEntalaMm) Wren. @S&ij‘ Conger eel, ®@Rsmbeo Oviparous. SHSMNH) Seal. @oemond; g @nigabd Squirrel. &saned Wasp. avanad Curlew. &;Hsaoad Fallow deer. WMo, @aoam Salamander. &Selom Walrus. I, @OEEM) (010 Wolf. &s6eis) Dolphin. @POXWMo Swan, &S @b Bat; flying fox. @YP)a» Chameleon. &smods Cuttle-fish bone. eedlad Eel. [bilis. &gl Royal tiger, Jaguar. S6m @88, see O9009bal1ang). ne) @R ©S) Grizley bear; Ursus hori- @(og@e_l:gfl Bul-bul. Somoaienl), sce Oodn Stork. HEd ooz Teal. &Hoeswoey Thorny wood-cock. @a tlemRalo Partridge. Wossg), @ooas)s) House-sparrow. 8 ovldhgesad Manis. & )2ab Yak. 9 5o Salomy Rattle-snake. &rS)esosn Ursine howler monkey. &d)dlab Carp. o gmy Iguana. ba ©0g. 1% Moth. & Hippopotamus. &o1200d Crevus Elaphans. 08 o Q@omyel) Tarantula. 9088@)& )@ Sparrow. SeNaa, see afleam ). ] mms?; S00) &esdo Ephimerals. S0, see @), o@s@lab Sheath-fish; Catfish. &g)0S Tbex; Steinbock. seflemad ¢9f); @eiloofl Mussel. a@6mo Gazzelle. M o o@8 &9 )g | Weaver-bird. @’s‘ggpflaaa Genet, s@arant) Ostrich. &Yond Vulture. SYog |eil Hyzna. @001 &ad Jackal. @ceidlad Flying-fish. SYmow) Otter, D dco; So58H0¢) Pheasant. &0Sa oM ) Quail. @600 )8g |o@® Itching polyp. @)05'1 Bison. (e 302 — 0501, see oD oo 105 af1e10f) Hunting spider. &SSP Dziggetai 2o Hornbill (a0 bl :flyo%@@:sgfl Pheasant -2)0o Blue jay 99 50401 Lynx; Cartecal w 0. 2188 ;s Semnopithicus silenus, 99209 o Rhinoceros (49D) oflosad o)y Mans; the larve of the $00050d aloomadb Black bird Maybug Mg meflm &)@) Ichnenmon ; mangoust mungoose )o@ Termites; white antg @ay@cad Koodoo i} afl@g_flefl see aygs lne). &5 )@o0wd Ornithorhynchus, [l SMIB OB cdd May bug. _g_flcs@o@o Giraffe. 21100908 6mIad Lobster mlse &)@ Cuckoo. allser) Crocodile oy H0BI0, See Vi0aIBA]) 21®82a) Shrew mouse. ofley S@BST a0mi Blindworm glow ®.210mo) Wolf; Lupus. Mo worm 806 amcmrcan’c) see w@mara. &010W)o Aviary, ol o.almig)) Salmon. &Yoo Earw1g e nimyel) Cheetah 18, &Qdnad Fox (0 90218m@mm Crow-pheasant Snake- @8 8999¥) Lapwing; jacana bird 0J60 Seama) Jackal 9.018MIAo ajgg Skylark 088 @b Cuttle fish; colopus vulgaris 02122 )b, see e @remind o @100 Wagtail 088 ©.01Q& @& I@d Butcher-bird; Shrike, @O0 Cockroach; blata orientalis 0.01QO.0\88 Flea. s @ 0| @b a2oyo Lampern. Bal® I Rat-snake; Coryphodon. o 920800 alead] Dragon fiy. bl D0 Stork. 8a1d2)ab Mullet 0100 1mose Toad oy O&oemIad Prawn, ©.23038)81ab Itching polyp o] o@ominbavoay Hammer-headed shark {00 000 Viviparous ®30pdladb Porpoise. (X BaIMBGLlo, see SHYPMOI) G@,o@o Hornet K gamoévj 980 Hydra Nemgeilesoes The proboseis mon- key; kahauh eflaceo@yo Biology o0 ao)o e Crab Wsmb&o Rhinoeceros Qow wg@ad Springbock. smcoote) Heron; osprey 25m LW, see vHam Sls)eo, see w@eo R w@apad Bald or bald-headed eagle Més) Turkey 2am white-headed eagle @@QO&s )z ) Grass-hopper a) ow Nightingale @1&lowogo Whale; Balena mysticetus B3 8E90%) Guinea fowl ®lo6nE) Skate. 2 182000, see .a1smITD @88 Grass-hopper a12@)2otd. see &a@)aab cmb@sS wmd aiesd) Honey suckle., 303 PR 1 | omog{les)a), see mOs®ealell. aleckssh B8 Ourangoutang GBO_]OOU.';J Weasel, 2o odad Wood-pecker. U3@)ow0, see Q& A )& @b, 2mg|s) Pole-cat., ilenus, @1®s) Ursus arctos; Arctic bear. 2moB o, S€€ @ROWANO. Mo .oiei) Musk shrew; Musk rat. 2eIoS’, see SRS . 2 of the oo Howlet. goal Elk. mE® o Wo; o3ldas@)o Hypopota- Blabsgg o), see Ha10a. mus, glabe®ad) Osprey. mMoeR,I00ad, see a;,g,p@g__éafl. gmelr Alligator, Aedn) Curlew. g Oyster. md]gl__lsm@'\ Sponge (@Qa)). QRDw0B)], See &hTR& Laoh). aflexewao Nilghaw; Picta. e o lom:) Thornback skate. oMy o Weevil. e b aary) Porcupine. 8mnysosd Whitting, gEab dms , see negelos s . a1@f lwao(Tyo Ornithology. g &b agef) Mole. m@gon‘&’ Chamelion. 0 oo Civet cat, o )@ The Glede or Gled; Kite. Snake- enoam Canary bird. a80ID) Flying dragon. MI@)©3), see DID- a)eg ‘@) Leopard. QImwEEo, Wd)eedslo Zebra. ajes Jwab, moag,o00ad Panther. ajeg l@200db The axis; axis masculata QN 20mmdd Lynx. hrike, 0.)8:95'180(!{) Wapiti. a @O ®0a) Honey buzzard, L aell@ ©age Bestle. ®a1@) 0108 Bandycoot. Ba s &8s Raven., Q0EHeS), See s ). aoeind Gaidead, see witido. a0t Kingfisher; Aleido Hispida. aieflgjoesams Baboon. Ga10qm Gad fly. (@0.201Flab Tarbot. QI0QI@d, QIm@D See &SQIm b, (eoer3loo(mgo Zoology. s)m%@sfl@'\ Lozust. aQER B9S), see WAIGES). (@Jog{1s)wab Buzzard. gaiwomim Horn=bill. B Mail@o0m, see oM@ ods e, See OO > o1mh. oei&o Tadpole. @ svpare) Golden oriole. (\B.mfl@filfl Honey suckle. @63 )@someay).oy Drone fly. augeidlmo, see HSCAIS ], oY Ho Guinea worm. agg))g Mole-cricket. 2smab Crocodile. @) Shark. eo)enn @b Hogfish; Myxine., £ aQaeaoad Entellus monkey. ioetas, ]klen —_— 304 9 Philosophy, Religion etec. Abbot @ Ey2a.ic). Absolute aqLoITWEAS @0, Chiromancy eoMyeoaialls) ; auogE) fi)omo@o. Absolution a190105)820.a1mo. Church ave; eeaaisaiwo. Accoustics w_lm”)uae@o. Aeon &g o, Church, militant 5w ave. Agnosticism @ 8mun a0, Church, triumphant @G Ly VE, Coinherence aveniywo. Coma Beremeces @w oo, Alchymy @aVWIMRo; PAVAIIR0; AV av)euy), Comet BReSD. Ethnol Altar eniaia oo, Commandment &g ym, Rthies Apocalypse ©aiglg oS, Communion Mo@V0; @ @@ Wo. Evang Apostle @osg joagaind; ¢Flaoo. Comparison 2 aI2om (@ J@26mo. Congregation ave; avaoezo. Bverla Archbishop (WInavEoRY) GMab. Evolut] Ark of covenant (TDDcBfi;flé‘)&jgtfi)o. Confirmation oud)@)®memo. Excom Ascension ®93wmoa06mo. Conscience avaave.N.awowend); am Exper Ascending node a0, %woce.afl. EBxpiat Asgronomy BE3,00) lgpo(Myo; @IBLLES (oD Consecration aflee auSle:0emo; aomye - o > glomo; @ndlemso; (asleg. Bxtenis Bxteen Atheist momyflaad. Contemplation Q) 0mo. Contraction @p&:emmo. Atom mweno. Taith Convent 200; @QEyeo. Atonement (ojo@f@mo. Fallacy Attribote si@Mmemo. Cosmogony m’)csw_log:‘@’oflcm@o. v Aurora @n@emabd. Cosmology ailweawomyoe ms)flex@ Fanati Baptism qgomo; @ezeelav. ofiasmuuas@o. Fate @ Cross w . Pam q Bear, the great a0 je3adlssdo. Cupid ®2caainb. B Ol‘e.pi Beatitude Gaoamo; gam); @ymaso. Deacon ©.01225010b. [ avo. Frgg-t} Bishop QUEIRY) BMd; Ba@oab. Deism @@my{l8yo; asmanesaiailee.ts Galaxy Bishop, suffragan £a1aVERY) BmMad. Demigod oneeaiab. Castor Gemin and Pollax ®0w.13)&:200 Descending @, Rod Genlogj Diad bodies @_1@osnodo. Gogpe| Cataclysm oo flg joato. Disciple ¢3)ag)ab. G)’mnas Catechist ®0188w3). Dilation @V 6mMo. Gy Catechumen ng;amsmirfl. Divinity BWOC_}J @ Jo. Hadps ‘ Catholic qLLIREMWIW ; Hals® QlOW. Dogma omo; @p6aw0; 88MIa_i18Bwo. Dualism Halo [ Cemetery guesmo. 8403166 8 Q) Qi) tp19aVo; Il Chancel WERLUMNAl; o..flOo 28z MNB_1do, g D) manAlo, Eclipse, lunar aym@aoemo. 2y Hamag Charity W ; @Yalo. Eclipse, solar m@@@ogffino. h eavey | - 4 y S g e 305 Hell oo QI0@®IB o Jo (oM [(o]7hi]e plo=[qQ0Ia k) Sl ? Hermaphrodite (lajmeneismemnen 888 ; Mojorudabd ab: @ac@mad Herculanean labour @uSloLo@)@@No., Hercules @uSloLnab Heretics al0@msmui)édo saseilad) Hieroglyphies aouoammo. NadSlnaow Homeletics (@)avownalle 1eA)B &k Hope @Qgueosnimio; (o i@ o0, Ethnology qywu.weila Hydraulics .ale1mye10])esmomo (@040, REthics mfl(oflmo@o. Hypothetical proposition (oo})esmo Evangelist myaNewead) Tdealism @po 62100 Everlasting mqg Zaple) Imp ailwoay; Eoo Evolution 9 gy@d .01 @26mo. Imponderable apH@:. amn Excommunication QLEIEED Inaccessible remo:@ab Experientialism @nasEaialco, Incantation @@0o @QYE ).21000 2@ » 00735 Expiation (@ )@wilomo @@&OU)O. Extenison a.@d)@o6mo Incarnation @@aimomo., % Extreme unction &(@jwa. Incubus g3 av.alo Faith csm): afwe_toavo. Induction G0 1@ Fallacy GaQmo0@0aoo ®ReNIRLIE ) Indulgence a10018@0aIMai@o TWo @OWJO Inference @PARAIM(Q-}A26Mo., Fanatic aom@iamnad allaigy Infinite (a‘rom((fl@_nfdg(lb Fate @ogasgo. Introspection @R MI @RANZ LMo Faun cxnesaim. GRr10&MNo, Fore- part of Leo e @layo. [Quod). Inquisition coo@emil&g oS 8880 Free-thinker momofl@nb @)@l Janus mEeMwd oo Jfla Galaxy @Q&0wwownd Judgment m) aailwd) Gemini @ ol o, Juno a0Qi@); gggo Geology @w@c/ao@o Jupiter @ @ab QJj oo, Gospel myall@uwemsao. Justification a3)@5)&m6mo. Gymnasiam cdocwo@@efl Law woe2o; wmmfi Gymnastic exercise agy @ka Libra @p_lo(oouafl Hades avango. Litany eflomsay) G’OO(DOFOGYTM&;\O 183000 Halo (0 )@0.a01@0; a1@d)8aimo. @00, p.yMo Hallucination amiaileao; Q) o@-mo) Lithography ®gj01S); dlaig@. @ (@3E308l0 Logic @anwos@myo. Hamadryad axmecaim, Lord’ Supper @@ QIOMILo 08B0 Heaven cm.lg;o. £3MNo. 20 P 306 g Macrocosm g eiswab; allve o, Pan aomm@onb. Mars @00 lea@ab; qpaaad; ©.a100,. Pantheism enooc_1o0. Martyr ©@&@a0IHA). Pandemonium a_i)woat quE., Mass Zlav; Slavooowom. [mqeo. Parson QMQBC%DO_? ‘ Materialism .aicQ&amo; Pastor av@oavaisad; aigessnat Mermaid zmg 20¢OM. %m@ QOB Patriarch Gwo@ailmoay; I Mercury mooeab; enjuoab, @0QY; o..x@’kmocsdémrrp. dalva Metampsychosis o jme&paRe; @RI Pentateuch aiemigHmoo. Sancf o Perception (@)D SM(e)@361m0. Satan Metaphysics (BT@(U‘Z@@J(@O@O; @1 Satm Personality @i )am_to. @,BJO(GEOJOBO. Phalanx ai,e00. Satyr Metropolitan ®@@o6,a10af) @m0, Philosophy @@ 1ssmomo. Serip Microcosm apsmeam@ ; avQyEog Minerva QO@@O_1G5), Pietism @810 Q10 0, Serme [oref). Pleiades &)000)@0; @oad)s. Servi Minos @aab. Pluto @aab, Sinp Modalists afl@omaiod)e,d, Plutus &:@eniab. Sham Molecule al2o6no. Polemics 019890503930. Siren Monad body @D 3EE,) QY. Priest aj8@oad) @ ab; @R a0 @ad. Sociali Monk qoap;oad); egyaaiay), Highpriest ao_oama@nb; 22000 JBM) Solar Month, lunar a10@y@0avo. a0 )anab. Month, natural avociN@0avo. Solsti Soul ¢ Moanth, solar ®avOEAITV0. Premises M 02QIWAlo. Premises, major a’lacemoci@alo. Soul, Myography qpogaignm. Premises, minor @ 1on@oQi@adlo. Soul, Naiad m%bafi’ : Neptune ai@emabd. Premises, predicate o)w@ai@ado, s()ll]3 [} Prolepsis agQj@ademo. Soul, i Nicromancy G jmailg,. Nihilism on)@Sweioalgo. Prophet (a)oio.aieab. Soul, ( Soul, » Novice aymudlayab or volay. Psychology mo2yjoaailg; ea“\]o.wm Numismatics gBoafls,; moem ajlg;. o.fl@ : Soul, 1 Spirit Nun e@eyaanailad); avansadlad). Purgat?ry a.1001820.210NANNIMN0; 6D &6 Styx g Omnipotent avajcoamab. Ransom afleeegg {iab afer; agalles. Omunipresent (mcg@oéboafi_fl. Omnicient qvQssmab. Rationalists enj@Ulavamabd; Ga0mald Ontology avaail,. Reason @a0®. [ Mwe Reasoning power enj@U5)was; ). Ophiology aug'jafls, . WDQ@ Optics gw.{lg,. [@amd Redemption aflosresg] . Reformation onafléemo. LT o ( Ordination aongog'zlm')?; also O&0g Orion gunuslaho; adslgjo. Regeneration o jM&gM@0; aj@dno. (Gm;gm e A Pagan o joeoa)); @nesmons). Resurrection ojmn@moimno; ajneyg) {&Mfilh Palladrum mwnocaio; oemiteio. QiMo O St 307 HUSL , @) Mm@ 3a10.a3mMo ; Mo Summum bonum 038 @EYWAVo; @I 8810d&hMo. 0 )@ ENI@00. Supernatural @RRo00ES B0, ion 5)'0_@\3:;05. 1SmM HZAG A0 .01S60139.a1000, Syllogism n)oco. ot Tabernacle LS GSIMo. iment VoMY 0@0; & .anE&A). & rifice enei). Tail of Leo 9 @o. Jalvation ©&M; GAISMo. Taurus QJanERIw ). Sanctification aflwEU)e Mo, Teleology ©@3(8)0; @@3we(a)@d6mMo. Temptation aadlem; GuetlOmM. Satan auoomondb; ailwoay. Saturn cear). Theism @ ORIOQIB0; @Yy )8 0; Satyr auongaQio. [®a1y@Oe: . aos) o621l )ue 10aVo. Theocracy 001D Io0. Seriptures anaf@ellelomasd; ol Theogony G28Q10ey®0) ). Sermon (@)oo, Service @QYOIWM; UoER M. Theology ®ecaiaflg). Sibyl aflews; adlevmy). Theosophy @00 IR@®1LI(TY0; ER)ad sy 00No. Shamanism gE®EavA. Siren 8@ad)ar). Transmigration E30200MMo. Type @0 ). oge. Socialism oud)@ V@@ 1QIR0. Trinity @)®-Jo. Ono 80 Solar system mgjavocud)ai). Solstice, summer aileg. Universal distribution Oé))oo,&fl. Soul ®ERO2Q]. [e)aund. Universe @pailelgjo@osmuo; aflveto. Ursa major 0o} edle . Yl Soul, animated &lasomR9; @osmng; Soul, departed ®a)®o. [@ao ., Ventriloquism womanaiogo; wenjal /0o, — Soul, embodied GBadi; (@J06MO@R0; G.a) ®emoaalle,. [ Soul, individual (@) @) (oE20; eflaro@0 Venus aiggl); @@l @M. [ Vicar aflcnod), Soul, oneness of .afloO @0, Soul, rational aflaommo. Virgo &miloows), Vulean aNwa&m300). eflmm Soul, thread oy@o©R0. Xanthippe 69&6&d); w@uslal. Spirit @gowal . oo} Ao Styx eemET); S mmE). Ziephyr 2020108y, A ;@Qoflfi- Malayalam. QY enomo Coma beremeces. i mwgflb The inaccessible one @@ Imponderable. @omoool@d) Induction. . ®030y) VB Church triumphant. @ngsago Fate. ap®ea \mo Idealism; nondualism. @08 WQ 1080 A gnosticism. @6 Atom. ®EL, 10 SmoMo Theosophy. goss 3 @EL) omo_flg Psychology. qmg@fl i mraflmafl@(é,umne_\o Sanctum sancft- orum. @10 QR @IMN{e)AIEMO Inference. 20* ‘: —— 308 @oma9uUd) Non-perception; Nega- 900 Lol @a6m tive proof, 0 a188w) Catechis B8 Moty Internal consciousness., @_Q_IZD(T)@QDGTDO mo_nro'\'s_rzcag) ab Infinite. 2AITVEIRY) b m%mafi’ Naiad. 0a1900f) The ill @6g jomyainb Apostle. Brahma. 10 @08=8; b The impenetrable. @ atoo Expediency Wl en@smad Eos or aurora. 63@ w2 Extreme u @M ®R QG H8Ma_16Mo Digressiqn. Da2aNao@o The o ) @pailg; Ignorance. &pin Commandmen g 0y @oailgoail@emaiemo Projection of &elo Aeon. 8%3 ignorance. &0 18&@ad Mars. @0 Q) &m0 Undescerned; undevelopéd. &o28201adb Cupid. %@53 8. @pw i)’ ;eonn2cd Castor and pollax. oemMw@loo Causal body. B0 00 Egoism ; self-consciousness, &eevad Platus. By 698 @YY 0w wowd Galaxy; milkyway. NHSY) Absolution. @Q@&:emiano Contraction. 8.0e 8&@® Descending node. 8. @goaoa) Soul; allomooeoal Rational o0&eon®) Xanthippe. soul; eflasowoal animating soul; Wz 12002003 The O&I® &0 Museum, | woR supreme goul; o Cross. @7y woowsal Individual soul ; @Moa0) Patience; forbearance. 826 @osmcmoo_‘f Embodied soul; af) JQC A IS Btherial bodies. SIMOBRI0T , Se¢ (T VORI ; Ma My@sowoas’ Thread soul. UHeemwand Janus. mwrmo Motion. M ®PMm20 68 oweo The five peri-souls, M @980 Ventriloguism, @e)Mailadimnaow Eternal. mim ®gmnaze Joy. aoemo Eelypse; Myej@aosmo Solar Lunar @9ajleyo Fore-part of Leo. eclypse; ol @3 @ a0 6mM o Ofl’im eclypse. m'\:n‘)) BYIUOM Service; worship, mlg) @Y BI06Mo Ascension, aoemsd (may) Planets; aygad, My @QaInemuedd) Envelopment of the @b, ®.aloo) Mars; enyooad Mer- mld) soul. cury; QJjoo Jupiter; WG (e DA @Rwaoeniomvo Hope. gg)) Venus; wea3) Saturn; @90 flng i o ®QEy2ai@) Abbot. Ascending node; @&® Descending node. M ®Qwyaoc Convent. 6).2 170 01ad Deacon. om @Y aVmo Posture. g M Yo Wakefalness, @Y )8y0 Theism; deism. :j L1 8D @ab Jupiter. R0 Baptism. =emono Knowledge of universal trath. Vl o camaiemo Elevation. Q‘( Q(@o Tail of Leo. (G)oémmo@o Logic. Vs S My 309 o _id)eaiaxo Halo. no Philosophy; kthe true adge. aaNeallosed Scriptures. ) Subtle elementary particles. asefd)weo@go Ornithology. no Oblation of water. alomogo Hades. A 1P@IBRI0T Supreme soul. Self mortification; penance. a1®)asemo Extension. Jg};’ Darkness. o @maiomowo Lord’s Supper, a120.101)829.01No Absolution. @averenoao Triad bodies. aoaaavSl@omo Confession. a19QY@ ) Juno. BJmo Charity; benevolence, ansmul )& do Heretics. Efl«:)c;) @10 Divinity. ajn®mpa2o Regeneration. 830 Juno, 8QY)asodo Bad consequences. agmoflgjoalo Cataclysm. gw-ilg) Optics. ®a1op alo® Catholic. (@)oo Knowledge. gy VG Church militant, tayem)ad) Circumspection. aO8aigemo Blasphemy. eamae6cara))w0avoe Daalism. (a)@ eemo Hypothetical proposition. 8_1woermoo Diad bodies. (@)@S)eg Consecration; dedication. @) @) Sfa(ej@vemo Perception. W20 Law. @gmamooj’ Individual soul. oMo Subjngation of the mind. (@) @000 Transmigration. %z@@w@ Comet. (@)@yow Hope. w)yamo Contemplation; meditation. (@)@ 92000 Restraint of the Senses. N e (©@200Vo0 Stellar month. (@) WIMAVEIRL) ®mab Archbishop. mam@o (27) The 27 lunar asterisms. (@)avownailg, Homeletics. mooaad Mercury. (@)26rMOWI20 Control over respiration. moog’\&nb Athiest. o Solar (@owilomo Atonement, expiation. m'\@b‘mnb Unbounded by qualities. eniella oo Altar. [unar ’ oy @@ Everlasting. enlplo Power. ) om&ooamo Instrumental cause. o enjooad Mereary. B aS@@o Religious observances. Mer en)@U) Intelligence; reasom. a3 weoasao Nihilism. @aoggfcfl Jupiter. ) (00 ol )eeyo Without option. 66N émm Purgatory. 000 onding mflrofl(foo@o Ethiecs. Yoo ie@idho, SEE (Q]0) LM OIES I8 @Qloweaslgy Ethnology. (B&m) Faith in God; devotion. mam@cug)o Oblation. e oLoab Hercules. M) 0®@o Syllogism. eUSow)wone Herculanean labour. ) o®oai@alo Premises; oademoy @&)osy Religious mendicant. @alo Major premise; 9 IN@oQ froths M w2moal EWEwwIMRo Geology. @Qio Minor premise; @aio Conclusion. @& gjo Orion. ity 310 Sl 200 Convent. oaiglg oS’ Revslati. &a 1 mgBU Volition. ooasmemo Elysium. 2gy&)aw Gymnastic or Athletic exer- oaaimoem| Styx, = cise. ANQIPIW 0 Complete s @ac09E@o Material element. passions. Ao Month; Lunar m!)@@a(n)o Q) %ay) Invariable concomita month ; M eM@@cavo Stellar month; C@&m@@ Lithography. Ae aVIQIM@50Vo Natural month; eawvw ulaag;ab Diseiple. Air 25000 Solar month. RQwimo. Cemetery . Ali aom@xmab Fanatic. g@flaoq Apostle. An a@mad Eolus. Am NVoileomazo Existence, knowledge eflmg oMo False knowledge. and joy. 1 An alav Mass. avom Existence. Aor @®m) Beatitude; liberation, aQv@Jo Goodness or purity. Art @B8oalley Numismatics. Al v O_flg Ontology. ®2@oab Bishop. Ba o2@ieaeiloma Metrapolitan. mag':luw@o Ophiology. a@0& Church; Congregation. Bile Qaab Pluto; Minos. avERLY) St Bishop. Bill @ao Forbearance; Restraint. CTU@D@Q%U Excommunication. Bla 8wowd) Yogi. avaawo Coinherence. Bloc (Oe‘agé’ Passion; Activity. av@2903) Propound meditaion. Blog o®)82ail Venus. aLEOV1GS) Minerva. Bloc avIIcemom Catholic. Breg md\)oflg Alchymy. £ Ismemerde Attributes. a0ogBloweo@yo Chiromancy. Capi eiggl), see ooileeall. QLI \@Soro Tabernacle. Cart qLIBM 19g |s@o The ark of cove~ eotwedl@o Subtle body. nant. Baiaino Epistle. Cavi myail8weed) Evangelist. Cere Qlmemab Neptune, aqyail@uweao Gospel. Q8208 QIR0 Polemics. Corg ayegay) Profound sleep, angewaioad Eolus. Cory Oy e@ioo Interior or subtle body. Clay, all@ooasa e de Modalists. QUeeIMWEad o Absolute. Cho ailaoa0m3)3mtdo Celebacy. cmocm&};o Communion. Chly ail@®mato Projection of the Soul. b, ses S0 es@ad. Chy] ailweU e rmemo Consecration; Sancti- | aansQio Stationary bodies. Chyn fication. onud S & memo Confirmation. Gil‘cu aNwasea) Valean. avgeiwdloo External or gross body. Coag\ ajl8wo_topy@m) Cosmogony. nzgomom'ufl Catechumen. Coch aflgjo Fortitude. ay3omno Baptism; christening. Coly b 311 R &aya0o Charity; Love. aQasacad Pan. QU.glo Slumber; dream. a0mMyg {emo Consecration; Ordination. aviwoe Self-existant. Gan @ 13B20o Fallacy. \: 10. Physiology and Anatomy. Acromion ®p0avIwo. Colon crugeloQoo; ascending c. 90RV Aircells aloaiogsdo. vodlaugein@o; descending c. @@ [, Alimentary canal asmiad); ay BL0IZRINVG LIDQD)o. Ankle joint ¢p g1 avms). Ceecum @ROWIQD0, wledge Anus =o. Cornea &d.0lalSelo; Ly@@smuealo, Anvil @OSEOREY-. Corona 80®IQ0o. Aorta geimoars); &reemoas). Cutis ml@mmz'ao; o hoodeil. Dentatus Epistrophens eamomud). Artery @amMIAL). Atlas @@uoordd); B)IVIM.. Diaphragm aflemanaflmomo. Baywindow aig dmoaiso. Digestion @a0mo; &lasmo. Bile a_liomo. Dorsal vertebre Q@Q@P. Duodenum a_é& . 130o®@io. Billiary duct adlomaised)as), Bladder g@my); @@3vewo. Eiasticity afgilg . Blood discs @a6mandb. Elbow-joint &g j@avmu). Blood vessel coaad). Emanation m'\g';o. Blood circulation @&@9EavoeMO. Epidermis a,@).aleo. Breast-bone ag@)dzeg’ ; o cmoaug). Epiglottis @aiedla010; @a1sSo0; wot0 aomog gs). Capillaries 8® w0120 )03 e db. Esophagus @@anmoaus), Cartillage @.010; ©al000d); G&280 0ve- aud); mmemomog). Ethmoid bone @p@lgjowgy . Femurus gogijaua). Cavitas cranii poees, Fibula aunsosmooon). Cerebellum amylogo. Fibrin anooad alice. Cerebrum @s2myloo. Cervical vertebrae &%o@@@gu. Frontal bone &modlowegy . Gall-bladder o fNomovawo. body. Clavicle 8(@); aSowey . Gastric Juice @OTYROTo; ROMIUT). Chorion (DEE&IB0; DEBAIEIMo. Chloroides m@ensl; BN (@2RY)aiSalo, Glands @womailsmuendo, Chyle @Vo; WID. Glandulae parotis @smoalndeINe 26m)& . Chyme a19.ay&o. Circulation @@ElavReMoO; QIBSIS0. Gullet v @@O@g,é’ it ot Coagulated blood ar)emo. Heart o9 @, 3aodgo. i Cochlea wo6); &o6my. Heart chamber o@%'@o. ;: Collarbone, see Clavicle. Hip-bone @ggfi)eflgj’. el 312 Sca Humurus (o)smuocnad); @eomad). N. Hypoglossus esauv@l®e.; N. ; &mh) oema.; N Tleum @weo)0; 62 B2QD0; oculomotorius BN eflan). Sele . Sympathicus &agay anos). Iilium @yremyquil; 3egremlenais > Occipital bone aNoSlowegy . Sen Sen DSOgI8 - Organ &©6mo. Instep asvegeinoud); &c@o. Os coccigis aoand); Os femuris grfi Shi Intestines @R VB, Intestinum Qyoaud); Os humeri (@)oasmusonar), augustom HwoQ0o; Int. crassum Sine geomud); Os ischii mg%)a:wg;; rogeln@o; Int. rectum @ei0Q0o. Os pubis Qawoaud); Os maxillary Skel Jejunam (ym) oo, inferius @oSlowgy ; Os sacrum fph Kidney qy@90; g@alilsmwo. @ )@omud ), %%O.@ngao; Ossa Spir Knee-joint €300@avaui). lachrymalia @mflfi)(b&‘rf Ossa ling=~ Spir Knuckles &xs. uata MIOSmg] ; Ossa maxillaria Spit superiora moms)qugdu; Ossa nasalia Labyrinth of the ear @oams @ano; af) Sple Beha3®@o. Ster %6)6@@30; Ossa palatina BOGHI6 I Lacteals @@uai0e0)ad )& do., % . Ossa turbinata _n_\gdamgg’; Stir Lachrymal glands @03 p100)a0sm Ossa zygomatica @MO®eY . Ston B0, Pancreas egomo0; &smowo. Sy Larynx (o 10aq0omigo; Do, Q.K)Cg Parietal bone &lomslo®gy . @@o Patella momaaud); 25 of)os. Pelvis podachoos . Lens g}is’\@@mmo. Ligaments enxmwmessdo, Pericardium aQ=200o®o. &30) Liver &©dv; @)@@30. Pericranium &a_198190106mM3. (10 Lobes grisoBdo. Periosteum @04 t.alo. Gl Lungs ¢210q08&0we0. Peritonium a.s(o’\_ggéoeo; Qemydo; EO g QO QiaMo. Mullens g<lowey . 0 Marrow @9y. Phalanges a19220¢ne)audlédv. e Medulla oblongata &mBamy ogyo; ©a Pores Gooa@o 0B, o 2y loyo; @e&so. Pyloric crifice &:@8)a100o. iy Pubis 3ruoocnagd). Membrane ®QQiem.0i@o. [ Pulmonary artery o100V 33 ). Metacarpus &0Bo0; IO ). [0 Metatarsus (@80, Radius @@&0@30(\10'\. (Lle; Milk teeth enioeiBaDETBCH. Rectum gmadlgoo; wao. ¢l Mucus membrane ® @%afl. Respiration (249BaV0 ) 10dVo. R Muscles @200 Ga 138, 0. Retina Gon@oammaiSale. B Ribs aso¢m1o000a). Nerve adloo; 2RO Olfactory Ly nerve (QoG6emM@3WRRI®a®; Op- Saliva anain; mysmiss. @0o(y tic N. eam@a.; Nervus acusticus Salivary glands 2103010192 & 2613 ) () osgnalwa.; N. faciei gasa.; &SHw. 0 \ SR e 313 N Scapula, shoulder blade ®oQVanE); Talus astragalus .2)095g) . i N Tarsus mae%mocmrfl. e dhg Jel. Selerotica BN (@6N10a0)aISAI. Temporal bone @.m«n'\@m)@_;’. Tendon © . Sensibility ®6emaqy . Serum o3 )smad)d. Thigh bone @ogjoaud). Shinbone a’losg) ; aeimomd); &) Thoracic duct TVoQYBRUIE Qloadlas ), is 90 o) @G, Tibia & )logeoaad). Trachea &8 ; F)SOQQIS. o) Sinews MRIQYd9d, Tympanum &.o10ildsar). illary Skeleton @®980; ®OMUAIGSo. 0Tum Spheroid bone &S OWE) . Ulna e000r); @gjeoonud), Ossa Spine QIoms . Ureters g@mogo. Uterus O@o@o, ling= Spinal column Qioweoadl; (’rfl%@@@(]. illaria Uvula @o8woedlao e ; @ngledleo Spinal cord ORI, asalia Spleen 966)0.0. Vein waa’d). %06]65) Sternum g Goa0d). Vermiform appendix o )Pe)@d06m2ab. Villiary glands Gwooaa)smuesdo. o Stirrup 0@y . Stomach ®Q@rwWo. Yitreous humor &9021@2Q2@@0Vo, Sympathetic nerve ©ag@ymoasl; av Vomer ©@0$OQIR] . o8 )3, Wrist 26m)ensmwo. Malayalam. @TOS&&QJ Anvil. @2 Wo Stomach. @0 GO Vo Gastric juice. 60 59 jg) Illiam; hip-bone. @ews o Ne (9.aqmoss) Uvula, 6 smp&»o Peritonium. ho; @0 2 aed)an 1o Epiglottis. @0 G oG alaug Al QYo Descending colon. © apmyloXo Medulla oblongata. @pananeald) Esophagus. o asponud) Cartillage. o6ema Sensibility. @003 &smo Labyrinth of the ear. @ qwIo Ceecum. o cooaud) (c@@ld @ep) Sternum; @oE)auvemo Circulation. breast bone. [colon. il @@ )g |Oowe) Ethmoid bone. o doo@oel) Cutis. Lachrymal ©0ELIIAlaugen@e Ascending @10 gy 1) 1AM OB glands. oogjad) Femur. @pas)@So, See & Ehdgo. o_@g\s Bone, see under os coccygis ool @i .0lo Periosteum. (English). @®PoaLanAl Scapula; shoulder blade B@o)goyoe Rectum. @PoVIWo Acromion. @\@ficz)m()(\l)q The sympathetic nerves. ha0So Epiglottis. an! @D ULIEOIANAS) (5 )@IUNIM0) Atlas. H®:ogo Skeleton. | @RQumsd Intestines. 314 — SemPMS) Aorta. SM@oTmPaiSAlo Retina, i al® 5o Duodenum, &)%0@0 Pancreas. e & a0210QI6mo Pericranium. ali©) 980 Peritoniun. &,emo Organ, al0@:moaw] Alimentary canal. &©Bo Metacarpus. 0 10010 Chyme. Sgne16aIp 98263 )& d Glandule asegenaud) Instep. hi parotis. a10¢R100r00) Ribs. | &g eaoms) Elbow joint. 04y allomalnad)ad) Billiary duct. oL@ogea Cervical vertebrae. aflomowe@o Gall bladder. (40 &oen) Cochlea. a oo Bile. T &0.nla1Selo Cornea. @Gcfi:o(flgccmm Radius. M &emueilad) Ieum. @wsmwocrod) Humerus. a&oegalomad) Tibia. géf]a() Spleen. @&odag Trachea (dlsoqaig). (S=mocrod) Humerus. < @.2l0 Cartilage, Qo Marrow. @gyoomud) Uloa. 2oy Nerve. o Larynx. @em)enimwo Wrist joint. 8&oegomagd) Cartilage. 26 QRS cavitas cranii. G020 Pancreas. amylogjo Cerebellom. P ervewo Uterus. @0amylado Cerebrum. w@@@o@gg Gullet. P200qVBaIs & do Muscles. 8o The rectum; anus. ?oaese Dorsal vertebre. w8y avmw) Ankle goint. g@mogo Ureters. @auvocrad) Puabis. R@aimy); @g@owewo Bladder 3 ooum) Gastric juice. %mmos') Aorta. 8@ Clavicle; collar bone. &)@afi) Liver. soaeaumy) Knee-joint., D sYS ] Arteries. gomaad) Patella; Knee pan (35.af) oamemanc Blood discs. RS). e lavnemo Circulation of blood. @ oem) Chloroides. mg% Tendon. @@emomug) Cartillage. @@Vo (Wo®) Chyle. Ramoo Corona. £ ]Je10 Saliva. samoud) Dentatas ; epistropheus. £108R10p92 & @813 &b Salivary glands. Laa’) Blood-vessels. QIdYyaiosmd Air cells. M Iomiwe Fibrin. aNemmallm®omo The diaphragm. m’\g}o Emanation. afeamamo, see EOIME Semo. emodlowg) Frontal bone. o.flgd"\&:i’ Elasticity. EMN@6NI0a0) aISelo Sclerotica, @90 Kidney. Qloweocrun) Spinal column. Qm@z@g aaSajo Chloroides. —— 315 Q1902 QYo Larynx. ayes)@o Saliva. (Jflmo Nerves. RO Spinal cord. B 900 Jejunum. crunoa oy Fibala, 8woma ilsmbeade Villiary glands. cru@elmo Cutis. BERIe lenaid, EEyoemyaud] Illium; mogelnao Colon. hip-bone. oggéo The chambers of the heart. R1MVBMowo The lungs. ae) ®, oo The heart. o (210@AVO 2} 10aVo Respiration. oggwam,o Pericardium., MDaocud )ad) Sympathetic nerves. omBamylogio Medulla oblongata. MYEg@o The alimentary canal. A Boo Ileum. o Suggestions for the improvement of this glossary will be thankfully received by the Editor, who begs to express his hearty thanks to Rev. W. Dilger for the invaluable help he has already received from him, in preparing this work for the press. D — e e lood. Jands. Opinions on the Book / Sl 1 From His Highness Kerala Varma, c.s.r1., M. 0., MR ACHS F.R.H.8., Valia Koil Thampuran of Travancore. * £ ES The Book is undoubtedly a very useful guide to the translation of English into Malayalam. I can well understand how much patient labour it must have cost you to bring out thir publication I shall recommend its adop- tion as a text book in Colleges and High Schools % E3 e * * * 2. From M. R. Ry. T. Kunji Raman Avl., B.a L.T Head- master, Parsee High School, Tellicherry. % * * I have peraused the Book with great pleasare. As I had the privilege of seeing the work in its Manuscript form just as it was left by its ill- fated autbor, I am in a position to say that but for the care and lahou ey & bestowed upon it, it could never have been presented to the public in the attraC¥e form in which it has appeared I note with great satisfaction that at your hands the numerous errors that I had noticed in the Manuscript, particulariy in the extracts, mostly of a clerical nature and requiring reference to the originals (which must needs have been a difficult task as the sources were not mentioned) have all been carefully corrected and the exercises completed wherever they had not been Your omission in fofo of the numerous and often cutting remarks of the author c1 a certain class of Malayalam literature may net meet with the approval of o'he: who like myself had seen the work However pleasurable reading they might be in themselves, I think you have done wisely in omitting the por- tion in a book that is mainly intended for students, to whom I have no doubt it cannot fail to be a very valuable campanion”. ™ i * & * 3' Extract from the Fort St. George Gazette, Supplement [ dated 30th August 1898 page 59 The chief feature of this new guide to translation is the step-by-step system adapted for teaching the young Malayali the rudimentary construction of a sentence and the difference in the English order of words as contrasted with the same sentence rendered into hiz own vernacular The difficulties of reciprocal translation are graduated and the peculiar idioms and turns of expression in the two languages are noted The helps given in Malayalam are judicious while the selection of English phrases and passages seems to be of greater variety and value than that in other exercise books N TN N N AN AN SN A N Uiy MRL 8, 0e, trans]ation of tieat labour if nond 15 adop- ] ¥ n.1, Head: A5 T had the 5 Left by its s and laboue in the attrat®e ! o that af your o particulatly feronce o 1he urcgs Were 10 npleted Whererer emarks of £he yith theapprorel asurable readng omit ting the o= [ have 10 08 ) Suw\emeflt’ . the py g-bj“m Emct'wfl “‘ml.y (008 ords # wonit g cultis of fyens O s ad in Malflf il i mi 0 0 3 seels ; L = 2 ?.1: s PP — 1AL Wi N LEHMANN | % Buchbinderel = ¢ ] e wu,mnnd.n /Wirtt ) WURTTEMBERGISCHE LANDESBIBLIOTHEK STUTTGART / NT3<>: 4 § [ 3 { t é . 2 0B VR TR IR wLB Stuttgart ot S e T e S ————— I 20 B 2 A © VierFarbSelector Standard * - Euroskala Offset ..? 17 COMPARATIVE STUDY % E - ENGLISH AND MALAYALAM ma AS A‘ | E L‘?.. 15 GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION E For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges 13 BY 12 T, KANARAN, s.a. I 10 EDITED BY 1 JOSEPH MULIYIL, s. a., Headmaster, Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras. 10 Part 11. WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS )% 4l ) N % 7 - = ’é‘ rUC MANGALORE BASEL MISSION BOOK AND TRACT DEPOSITORY 1899 ! Copyright 4/1999 YxyMaster GmbH www.yxymaster.com All rights reserved -