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A

IVE STUDY

COMPARA’[;

F

ENGLISH AND MALAYALAM

AS A

GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION

For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges

BY

d A KANAI}AN, B. A.

EDITED BY

JOSEPH MULIYIL, B.a,

Headnmstej', Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras.

“Languages differ among themselves in every degree.

Some

are so much alike that their users can with sufficient trouble and

care come to understand one another ; of others even a superficial

examination shows abundant correspondences;

of yet others

similar points of accordance are rarer and only discoverable by

practised study and research; and a great number are to all

appearance wholly diverse.” — Whiiney.

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‘MANGALORE

BASEL MISSION BOOK AND TRACT DEPOSITORY

1898

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PR;IVEFAA_C‘E.

%T is with unfeigned diffidence that I venture to send forth

% into the world this work, the fruit of the last ten years’

4

® labours of a most accomplished man, who was cut away

in the prime of his life, without even a note of warning. Had

he been spared for a few months more, so as to be enabled to

give his work the final correction and finishing strokes, it

would have been presented to the public in a far different

form from what it has assumed in my hands.

For me it is

quite impossible, within the short period at my disposal, to do

fair justice to a work on which its talented author spent ten

long years of minute researches and assiduous application.

But, as I am quite certain that the many friends of the lamen-

ted author, who are with a melancholy interest looking

forward to its speedy publication, will, even in its present

form, welcome it as a suitable relic of his admirable intellect,

I have considered it advisable to postpone the thorough

revision of the book until a future edition of it.

Meanwhile,

in spite of all its imperfections, even the most superficial

reader, I have no doubt, must be charmed by the fascinating

manner in which the author has handled the difficult subject,

and fully appreciate the skill he has displayed in making

the work really interesting to the student.

Y

The consensus of opinion among a very large section of

the earnest and experienced labourers in the field of educa-

tion, would fully endorse the verdict, that lessonsin translation

are among the worst given by the teachers, and least received

by the pupils.

It might appear rather strange at first sight,

that in spite of such a generally received opinion, the subject

7

should have been allowed to remain a virgin field so long,

when the rest of the school curriculum have been traversed

Iv

PREFACE.

]

L

over and over again by authors, commentators and compilers

ad nauseam.

The reason . of this apparent anomaly is not far

1

to seek—it is not a subject upon which a work could be

written at a sitting; without a good deal of patience and

il

trouble, nothing can be done in this direction that can be of

c0

any value; and few have the patience, if they have the time,

[]

necessary for the undertaking.

Two or three so-called Tran-

00

st

slation Guides have of late appeared before the public, bat

unfortunately, beyond supplying a few promiscuous examples,

il

they are perfectly useless to the student.

They give nothing

gf

W

in the way of instruction or guidance, and consequently the

question remains where it was.

0

W

Having been a teacher for the past fifteen years and having

561

experienced the difficulties that stand in the way of an efficient

teaching of the subject, I have not the slightest reluctance to

alf

i

say that Mr. Kanaran’s work really supplies a long felt want

T

and that it is apt to encourage an earnest student in a branch

W

of study which has hitherto been left pretty much to take

care of itself.

An honest attempt is here made, now for the

first time, to grapple with the real difficulties of the subject

th

of

in an easy systematic manner.

Points of agreement and

St

difference are deduced and exemplified and rules and princi-

I

ples laid down wherever possible.

il

The sentence is treated in all its various forms and con-

at

ditions, and the student taken along progressive steps, from

hir

its simple constituent parts to the most complex and involved

W0

constructions.

Suggestive notes are appended to most of the

the

difficult exercises.

The set of graduated exercises have been

o

carefully selected, and as such cannot fail to prove interesting

0u

reading in themselves.

A separate chapter is devoted to

proverbs.

N

The chapter of comparative notes on all important

points of accordance and divergence between the two langu-

9

PREFACE.

v

IS

ages must be very interesting to the advanced student.

The

Bl

appendix contains a glossary of technical terms.

he

It was at first my intention to leave the work intact and

ad

publish it as left by the author, only making the necessary

of

corrections and filling up the gaps left here and there.

But

18

M

I have found it necessary to divide the book into two parts

confining to the first part, all that is required for junior

il

£s

students and removing to the second whatever is required for

advanced students only, such as, comparative notes, proverbs,

5

ete

The supplementary chapters on “The Sentence” with

I

g

which the second part opens ought to have, strictly speaking,

appeared in the First Part, but they being my addition to the

0g

work and not of very great importance to juniors, I have in-

serted them in the second part.

The glossary had to be

il

fo

altered a good deal, as the author, evidently with the inten-

0t

tion of revising it before publication, had prepared it in a

ch

very imperfect manner.

For any defect in it therefore, I am

ke

wholly responsible.

Before concluding, I must observe, that wherever I found

he

3ot

the author carried away by enthusiasm beyond the pale

nd

of propriety and literary etiquette, and indulging in an unre-

strained expression of his reflections, I had to resort to an

(1

unsparing application of editorial shears, in order to save his

memory from the resentment of theindividuals and communities

it

attacked by him. No doubt the nature of the subject compelled

m

him to pass many cutting and unpleasant remarks on the

ed

works of certain authors; a few of these I have retained, but

he

those that I considered to be wanting in taste in a posthumous

il

publication, and apt to exhibit a spirit of intoleranceand jeal-

13

ousy, I have entirely omitted.

fo

nb

§

NETTUR, TELLICHERRY, |

15th October 1897.

J

Joseph Muliyil.

In the preparation of this book, the following works have

been laid wunder contribution :—

A First Work in English by Murison and Adam; Bain’s

Grammar and Rhetoric; Metzner's Grammar; Whitney’s Works;

Mac Mordie’s Composition ; Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrases and

Fables; Hand-book of Proverbs; Trench, On Proverbs; Man-

ners and Tone of Polite Society; The Correct Guide to Letter-

writing ; Palgrave’s Golden Treasury; and a number of other

classical works too numerous to mention, chiefly for suitable

examples on the one hand;

and on the other, Monier Wil-

liam’s Sanskrit Dictionary ; Apte’s Works ; Gundert’s Dictionary

and Grammar; The Ayurveda;

Frohnmeyer’s Malayalam

Physics; Liebendorfer’s Malayalam Physiology; The Malayalam

Fourth Reader; Indian Wisdom;

the Bharata;

the Maha

Bhagavata; the RamAyana; some of the recent Malayalaﬁl

and almost all the

Novels; Collett’s Malayalam Reader;

available ‘sources of Malayalam prose.

e

A’

orks;

and

\an-

fer-

ther

table

Part I

Wil

naLy

alam

alam

Jah@

alam

| the

1

Contents of Part I.

0

CHAPTER 1.

The Qualification and the Qualificants.

Page

1

The Noun and its Adjuncts

1. Exercise— A. English .

B. Malayalam

11

The Verb and its Adjuncts

11

9

&

Exercise—A. English .

12

13

B. Malayalam

CHAPTER II.

The Typical Simple Sentence.

3. Exercise—A. English .

15

B

Malayalam

16

CHAPTER III.

Sentence.

Varieties of the Simple

1

The Negative Sentence

20

Engli'sh

21

4, Exercise—A.

B

Malayalam

21

11

The Imperative Sentence

22

5. Exercise—A.

24

E'nglish :

B

Malayalam

)

-

5

i

1

'Simple Sentences introduced by there

26

27

6. Exercise—A. English .

B. Malayalam

2

”

[

i

v

The Interrogative Sentence

28

31

7. Exercise—A. English .

B

Malayalam

32

The Passive Voice

33

8. Exercise— A.

35

E-ng*li‘sh

B

Malayalam

36

e

Vi

The Indefinite Sentence .

37

9. Exercise—A.

38

E;agli'sh

B

.

Malayalam

39

CONTENTS

Page

Vil

It Anticipating an Inflnitive Phrase

40

a.) It as Subject Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed

41

41

10. Exercise—A. English .

B. Malayalam

41

b.) It as Object Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed

42

11. Exercise—A. English

42

B. Malayalam

43

¢.) It Anticipates an Inflnitive Implied

44

General Exercises in the Anticipative Use of 4t

44

12. Exercise—A. English .

44

B. Malayalam

45

Vil

46

The Simple Sentence with oo followed by an Inﬁnlttve

18. Exercise—A. English

47

48

B. Malayalam

1X

The Absolute Construction

48

14. Exercise—A. English .

49

B. Malayalam

50

The Simple Sentence with an Inflnitive Phrase ha,vmg the force

of an Adjective

.

51

15. Exercise—A. English

51

B

Malayalam

52

."L

X1

General Exercise in Simple Sentence

53

16. Exercise—A. English

5

B. Malayalam

5

X

CHAPTER IV.

The Compound Sentence.

Common Subject

.

60

17

Exercise—A

English

61

B

62

Malayalam

11

Common Predicate

63

18. Exercise—A

English

64

B

65

Malayalam

111

Common Object

65

19. Exercise—A. Enghsh

66

66

B. Malayalam

v

The Co-ordinate Sentence

67

e 44"';

a.) The Co-ordinate Sentence under Personal Pronouns who,

and which .

67

20. Exercise—A. Enghsh

67

B. Malayalam

68

CONTENTS.

XI

ge

Pége

70

40

b.) Co-ordinate Sentences under Conjunctive Advelfbs

70

i1

21. Exercise—A. English .

i1

72

B. Malayalam

41

47

4?

CHAPTER V.

4

The Complex Sentence.

it

Complex Sentence with Adjective-clauses

°

75

44

76

44

a.) The Adjective-clause with the Relative in the Objective Case

22. Exercise— A. English

76

45

46

B. Malayalam

76

41

b.) The Adjective-clause with the Relative as Subject .

77

48

77

23. Exercise—A. English

48

7l

B. Malayalam

1)

¢.) The Adjective-clause introduced by Relative Pronouns with

Prepositions

o

79

)1

24. Exercise—A. English .

80

51

B. Malayalam

81

d.) Adjective-clause under what .

”

83

5

84

25. Exercise—A. English .

b

84

36

B. Malayalam

85

e.) Adjective-clause under why

26. Exercise—A. English .

85

B. Malayalam

86

0

61

CHAPTER VI

62

The Noun-clause.

68

1

88

64

Noun-clause as Subject

27. Exeroise—A. English .

88

(ib]

60

B. Malayalam

88

66

11

Noun-clause as Object

89

66

28, Exercise —A. English .

89

90

67

B. Malayalam

111

91

General Exercises in Adjective and Noun-clauses.

67

29. Exercise—A. English .

91

67

B

Malayalam

98

68

XII

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER VII.

The Adverbial Clause.

Page

1

The Adverbial Clause of Place.

109

30. Exercise— A. English

110

B. Malayalam

114

i1

Do

of Time

112

31. Fxercise—A. English .

118

115

B. Malayalam

111

Do

118

of Degree

382. Exercise—A. English .

119

B. Malayalam

120

i

v

Do,

of Belief .

122

33. Exercise—A. English .

124

B. Malayalam

126

Do

of Cause and Effect.

128

34. Exercise—A. English .

129

B

Malayalam

131

N

Do

of Manner

134

35. Exercise—A. English .

135

B

Malayalam

136

CHAPTER VIII.

Direct Narration.

36. Exercise—A. English .,

143

B. Malayalam .

146

CHAPTER IX.

1

General Exercises; with Notes.

155

Exercise—A. English .

B. Malayalam

172

A~

AN AN

age

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

09

10

I. Tfanslation in General.

11

12

The ability to translate a sentence from one language into

13

another accurately and properly, implies not only a thorough

15

acquaintance with the grammar and idiom of each of these

18

19

languages per se, but also a comparative and critical know-

20

ledge of them taken fogether.

An ideally perfect translation

29

should have nothing about it savouring in the least of its

U

26

derived origin; it must appear every inch of it a freeborn

native, and not a foreigner dressed up for the occasion in the

28

2

national garb of the society he happens to be moving in.

3

Ideas are the life of every sentence, words being simply the

34

servants of ideas; ideas must therefore for ever remain the

30

primary object of every translator.

Make yourself thoroughly

36

at home with the author; dive to the very bottom of his

sentences and search for his ideas; when you are sure you

have got them, then, and only then, think of the best pos-

£

sible way of putting them down in your language, consistent

of course, with the highest approximation to the verbal

46

arrangement of the original, and the least violation of the

If you can faith-

idiomatic propriety of the second language.

fully reproduce the ideas, and at the same time keep close to

the form and arrangement of the original sentence, do so by

i

all means; but whenever it should be difficult or impossible

to satisfy both these conditions, then, without the least hesita-

tion, give up the words and stand by the ideas.

The principle

of every translator must be to make his translation an exact

counterpart of the original in e?;pression, meaning and septi-

1

P

F sl

2

ment; but if too close an adherence to verbal sikmilitude en-

dangers the meaning and clashes against the idiom of his

language, the meaning and sentiment must be preserved and

the words sacrificed.

2

Sometimes it becomes impossible to make the transla-

tion intelligible without omitting some, and altering others,

of the words in the original; even the form and the whole

arrangement may have to be altered, as in letters and official

correspondence.

Two languages, one furnishing an exact

equivalent for every word and phrase in the other, would be

impossible to be met with even among the most highly culti-

2

vated and fully developed ones of the world. The work of

translation must therefore, even when the languages are

4

at

almost equally matched, be always a difficult -one demanding

taste and critical judgment; but when they happen to be so

T

unequally matched, as English and Malayalam, spoken by

o

nations so wide apart and differing so much in their surround-

ings, mode of life, taste and experience, the task becomes

1,

really trying, taxing to the utmost the resources of the trans-

fu

lator, and remaining but imperfectly accomplished withal.

to

3

Our position thus fully realised, we may proceed to

he

grapple with these difficulties to the best of our ability ; but

I

the student must be cautioned at the outset that he is sup-

S

posed to be fully at home with the ordinary rules of grammar

ey

both of English and of Malayalam, and that nothing but the

most salient points of difference will be pointed out and ex-

gus

plained to him in this book.

4

0y

The object of this small treatise is not in any way to

0 .

replace the existing works on English and Malayalam Gram-

$id

mar, but to supplement them so as to be of special assistance

yet

to the student in this particular branch of study.

l&nt

1

11§

II. The Vocabulary.

i

5

A few words may now be said about the vocabulary

of the two languages.

The English language is rich with the

o

accumulated wealth of centuries, gathered from the languages

%

of almost every known nation on the face of the earth, from

their literature, science and philosophy, and towers majestic

18

with its enormous wealth of one hundred and twenty-three

1ot

thousand words, supplying every demand of sentiment, art

b

and science; while Malayalam, like a pigmy of yesterday’s

it

growth, with its poor pittance of but a few thousands of verbal

of

store, dwindles down to insignificance by the side of this

e

giant.

The difficulty, and in some cases the futility, of any

1g

attempt to represent adequately this vast array of English

§0

words by the meagre vocabulary of Malayalam will be patent

by

to every one.

nd:

6. The advent of western thoughts and sciences is expos-

16s

ing day by day the poverty of the language more and more

s

fully; and of late years extensive application had to be made

to the creative power of the genius of the language.

By

0

heavy drafts upon its parent, the Sanskrit, and by a very

u

liberal grant of franchise to many English words, a partially

U

successful atttempt is being made to meet this ever-growing

demand.

nar

the

7

As a necessary consequence, we find now in the lan-

£x

guage, many words called into existence by the inventive

power of each speaker and writer to meet an emergency or

y’to

to supply a want; the whole of such, however, cannot be

all

said to have received the full popular sanction, nor are they

106

yet entitled to be regarded as legitimate members of the

language. The student should therefore be on his *guard

1

to discriminate the fully recognised internal acquisitions, and

the completely naturalised foreign elements, from these new-

born offsprings and immigrated foreigners struggling for firm

footing and full denizenship. But at the same time, I must

condemn the growing tendency on the part of some, who

ought to know better, to set their face completely against all

foreign elements and pose as advocates of a rigid purity of

the language. This is, no doubt, an imaginary dream. There

is no language in the. world that may rightly claim to be

strictly pure and unadulterated, and besides, the genius of

the language is a very curious and capricious power that

often puzzles the most astute philologians. It is potent enough

]

to laugh at any bolts and bars that such ultra-punctilious

champions of purity are ever likely to oppose to its ingress.

In spite of them, and in spite of any number of circulars

from those in authority, words and expressions wéll continue

E

to come in, as necessity arises or long familiarity endears

§

them to us.

The student will remember the conquest of the

Saxon over the Norman language in spite of the suzerainty

fi

18

of the Norman nation over the Saxons.

For instance, people

have so long become acquainted with the police that the word

1s readily understood by all and fully recognised by the lan-

L

guage; it is so constantly on the tongue of the thief, the cut-

to

throat and the street urchin; the lawyer, the judge and the

rich landlord, that it would be a surprise to many to be told

E

Cr

that it requires a translation.

It is therefore an illusory

th

dream to hope to oust it by any circuitous combinations of

grand Sanskrit terms such as mweaocemenonaumyo or acaws

ANAVOREM G 1D )&,

So also, judges and magistrates, schools and

It

hospitals are as fully established in the language as they are

coll

in the country. People go to the court and petition the magi-

alfg

\

i

Il

strate when they have a case; when ill, they visit fhe hospitals

and see the doctor; they send their children to school with

books and slates. But nobody thinks of going to mywiusaie)

5t

monomo to detail his oyosoieesneme or going t0 emowwoer or

ho

sending his children to awoeceser with fees for paiosyomb.

The duties of modern schoolmasters and indigenous teachers

all

of

of vernacular schools called gaseyswaesd may be theoretically

¢

the same.

A differentiation has however set in between the

he

schoolmaster and aso@yseab,

It is therefore simply confusing

and distressing to drag in the superannuated goieyowabd to

of

hat

do duty for the young and refined schoolmaster.*

8

1gh

But an excessive and unnecessary importation, into

Malayalam writing and conversation, of English words and

0us

phrases is as much to be depreciated and guarded against, as

885

lars

over-scrupulousness in the opposite direction.

The author

nue

had the honor to be present at a meeting convened on the

occasion of Her Majesty’s late Jubilee; it was resolved to

gars

send a congratulatory telegram to England; this had to be

the

inty

translated and entered in the minutes of the meeting. Here

is the translation produced: “mogmfled em eevenbwi.sicainod)

ople

oseilw MESNEMo”.

I have no doubt that the members

yord

Jan-

ignorant of English went home highly edified and amply

ot

gratified that they had sent to England some grand thing

to be sure. Persons knowing English and students attending

the

English schools, when speaking Malayalam, fall into a ludi-

, fold

crous habit of mixing a very large proportion of English with

1S0Ly

their Malayalam.

The result is a highly barbarous jargon

ns of

DL

* The author has failed to distinguish the spoken language from the written.

It is true that the English words referred to, are almost established in the

s and

colloquial language, but in a chaste literary composition they should be avoided

0y are

altogether and pure vernacular equivalents used. — Editor.

magi-

truly shocking to hear.

I may quote a few instances: ¢emoab

o afl Gmidleh SolnwSgpdh & el @iy Gangld umme

&6z,

oo BagOOAV, alemdes aflal eNlewo?”

“am auendd

adlaw @lent oa1Qemind @O0 eavadod «galles erWF&)eemsmo?”

“oenich @S)8010P” ““@paiab agaD) emombavdn%osrﬁ alogan@ I” “ad)

oad Slavss ©.019Q))a)Ew@?”

“@e0 Slews, 8 ad)e®I &and e.nlgeg?”

A host of others equally ludicrous may be mentioned. The

barbarity and the bad taste of the practice is so apparent,

yt

e

that nothing more, I am sure, is needed to put an effective

check upon them than to direct public attention to the case.

Some native officials of English attainments, I regret to say,

presumably from vanity, indulge in this mode of expression to

a very great extent; and I am afraid it is from Zhem that the

practice has filtered down to the ¢“minor fry”.

In the student

the practice is doubly objectionable from an educational point

114

of view, to say nothing of the bad taste that is likely to cling

to him for life.

By hastily thrusting in the English term itself

0!

whenever he cannot readily lay hold of its proper Malayalam

equivalent, he neglects to think it out for himself or learn it

qu

qu

from others; a valuable opportunity is thus lost of acquiring

I

a new word and of learning the translation of an old one.

think it will not be wide of the mark to say that the bad

composition and the very bad translations that our students

generally send up for their examinations are due, to a certain

extent at least, to this cause.

€Xa

lan

0r ¢

YAy

M

0

neh

Chapter I.

0!

The Qualification and the Qualificants.

o)

5

on

1

The Noun and its Adjuncts.

The

Let us now take a few examples in English and in Mala-

e,

yalam of a simple nature, to begin with, and see what we can

five

learn from them.

ase

A

1) A gold ring.

3y,

2) A night of darkness.

n 0

8) YVital sparks of heavenly flame.

the

4) Full many a gem of purest ray serene.

5) Gods, partial, changeful, passionate, unjust.

Dot

It will be seen from the above examples that the qualify‘-

o1nf

ing adjuncts'of nouns either precede or follow them in English.

ling

fse

If

"Rule 1. The rule seems to be that simple adjectiveé pre-

l

an

cede the noun, but when more than one simple adjective

qualify the same noun, or when the adjective is enlarged by

m 1

qualifying expressions, it follows the noun.

1ing

B

e, |

1)

B mey @Y.

2)

@290 aymyo,

lb&

3)

HAINIMOSIMZZ] @D BRI )Mo,

dents

4)

GaweRRIER AIS).

ALl

5)

2085 1l avellalrv e e 10aQS ).

Rule 2

In Malayalam on the other hand, as the above

examples show, the adjuncts invariably precede the noun.

We may thus state one rule for the translation of Malaya-

lam and English qualificants:—

Rules 1 and 2.

In English the adjuncts come either before

or after the nouns they qualify; but in Malayalam they in-

variably precede them.

Note.

The adjuncts compared. —

Adjectives, possessives, nouns in apposition, prepositional phrases,

participies and participial phrases and lastly odjectival seutences

may be used to qualify the noun in English, while weymyme, @adg)

and the wenym @moaiansyo serve the same purpose in Malayalam.

There is no adjective so called in Malayalam, its place being supplied

by what corresponds to English participles called wenym o, @n is

the characteristic termination of eI, Mo.

In poetry its place is

taken by ®mo; as, alQidl@ammo saismomay. Though both forms

are found in poetry, the form in @do is never idiomatic or elegant in

prose.

The @ is sometimes transformed into @ or replaced by oes,

0go=, oo, @ean, m@an, poo being its poetic equivalents; as,

BSIINHOD 0 goBes oV the angry Kamsa; Qigmo @)0eeR Qiiwg|raosdo

large plantains; G@0a00 &M @oars)afl@od damsels in a swoon ; @o8ilw

a’lS)n eogleamond distracted Kaliya ;

@Q00 miaWands affectionate friends

efice

The simple adjective may often be rendered by a cesym,@m or

other forms ending in @, @, or 2es; as, good house mgy aflg; old book

The pronouns in English

YW ajmdo; huge beast Qugn@es &Ray; ete.

never take a simple adjective before them, except rarely in poetry.

Adjectival sentences and wegm,emoaiansye used as noun-adjuncts,

are postponed to be treated of under the Complex Sentenpe.

Directions.

In the following exercises in every case the student

should be required, first to arrange the words in the order to be

translated.

The teacher should further ask him to specify the reason

why this or that word shouald be taken before the other.

1

EXERCISE A.

1)

The great difficulty.

2)

The science of Astronomy.

3)

The aerial envelope.

4)

The advantage of verbal instruction.

5)

Complaints respecting Malta.

Oun tbe minds of persons of discerment.

6)

()

Immediate hosti]itieg against the French.

s

9

SN

8)

The intelligence concerning the wicked proceedings.

S

9)

The minister of foreign affairs.

10)

Man’s last breath.

ik

11)

The innocent prate.

il

12)

Another advantage of reading.

13)

The enlargement of your knowledge.

n,

14)

Unreasoned philosophy.

led

15)

The distribution of sovereign power among a body of ignorant persous.

D18

16)

Fierce as ten furies, terrible as hell.

13

17)

The plaintive anthem.

'ms

18)

His scanty recollection of the poem.

b

19)

The poetic handling of music.

20)

Like a poet hidden in the height of thought.

)88,

21)

Like a glow-worm golden.

%,

22)

A gem of purest ray serene.

e[}

23)

A man of extraordinary penetration.

ollw

24)

Along the cool sequestered vale of life.

fonds

25)

A queen with swarthy checks and bold black eye-brows.

26)

From harmony, from heavenly harmony,

M or

This celestial frame began.

book

27)

A long, low, distinct murmur of distant sounds.

28

N

A violet by a mossy stone,

glish

Half hidden from the eye.

ofry

29)

The least remarkable delineation of this ecstatic sentiment of male

ness,

friendship.

30)

The myriad shriek pf wheeling ocean-fow!.

adent

fo be

EXERCISE B.

080N

1)

gy Qs .

oalaoalmb.

2)

3)

015Q)| @ 1@ OIW QIS 0ROy

4)

(Q 00/ (EHBMEM0.

5)

cenoodloa aelwgo dadl@ge BY® ME)E: k.

6)

(e )ossmmodlgo ma ad.

7

@88 0))gad )@ BN I EMITDo.

aNaNaiad) ) aeaeiemiandlaimd,

8)

9)

m@’\@ag @2 ©a1GBwo.

10)

agaoeisaloganaigflomeegyo aemlwasmyeal.

0321001 )02032Ba0ITVEOB D,

11)

10

12)

the

(TUJ%@@@MO@QJ%O afla edlsamemdo.

13)

&0d)as)oono.

edu

14)

2Y@9E)RIZMI0 0 y@BEEUYEGD.

(Ise

15)

£lagaa1sdo aj@).

16)

araiemadludimsalled epud)aiava)woall@e a1t lnonabd.

17)

MNUGRLIGZEE QLI MIEAM W NZRAS5G )Mo,

18)

@0 Q@1 ale:a3 1aImalR&MyBouab,

19)

MOSLIRMOIVMN G2 Jed a@allmavoav.ior).

fow

20)

@08 ELIG:QLIWATEAIN G,

21)

ogxmo_\smugowsz:@’%oomb.

22)

3101001 MVIMNEW.0IEDILIMIW Goad.

23)

B IBRIIGAHSIAIDO VAT IMNABE I I®BHS aloNIWio Guwai)

S0H01SH R0 IS N WEUWIS,

24)

&BISaVRd @MVl Ime afloggeitd).

25)

2IEMSHEEAYLNMLERINS a2 @030 2e1RAIBMM.

26)

o lereoaold ama@as.ayanIae .

Questions.

Take example 1 in 4.

Point out the noun in this.

‘Which word should be translated

the

first in Malayalam? Why? What sort of adjunct have we here ? By

A

what part of speech have you translated it into Malayalam ?

Questions.

Example 12 in A.

ofh

of

‘Which is the noun? Which are the adjuncts? Arrange the whole

in the order of translation. 'Why do you take ‘of reading’ before the

ol

o

noun ‘advantage’? By what Malayalam part of speech can you

translate it ?

36

a

Similarly with the exercise in B.

The above examples will suffice to show in what manner

the examples are to be dealt with to the highest advantage of

the student.

In working out the above exercises care will

olg

de

be taken that only adjectival terms aud phrases are made use

of, but no adjectival clause. Take example 19 in B. It should

(i

not be translated at this stage by “Sarasvati who dwells on the

sh

tongue of all persons”, such rendering would defeat the aim of

b

10;

these examples.

The correct form is “Sarasvati dwelling on

S

LY

11

the tongue of all.”

If the teacher cares to do this;, he may

educe from these various examples, valuable rules and exer-

cises in English composition as well.

i, The Verb and its Adjuncts.

As to the position of the verb-adjuncts, let us examine a

few examples in both the languages as before.

A.

1)

This is altogether feeble.

2)

He laughs best who laughs last.

o)

3)

We must take them in succession.

4)

He called so loud that all the hollow deep of hell resounded.

Bﬁ

1)

20O HO6OY.

2)

NACOMISOE .01,

3)

Q_10R0OD QIO 1B & O 1@ .

4)

BQIBLOM Galodh o).

It will be seen from the above examples that in English

lated

the adverb may also precede or follow the verb it qualifies,

QBY

and in Malayalam it invariably precedes the verb.

Rule 3.

In English the adverb precedes adjectives and

other adverbs, but follows the intransitive verb and the object

of the transitive.

In the case of the auxiliary and the parti-

rhole

ciple, and of the transitive verb and the emphatic or enlarged

o the

objects, the adjuncts come between the two.

But the most

you

general rule with regard to the adjuncts, both of the noun

and of the verb, is minimum separation between the two.

nner

Note.

The verb-adjuncts compared.

¢ of

The adverb is replaced in English by adverbial phrases and

clauses; the adverbial phrases are prepositional phrases of time,

will

use

degree, belief, manner, place, cause, effect.

Participles and parti-

ould

cipial phrases also sometimes do duty for the adverb, generally

y the

showing time or cause; as, ‘Not knowing his name I applied to a friend’=

because I did not know his name I applied to a friend.

‘Walking along the

n of

road he came to a magnificent edifice’ = while walking along the road he came

g

to a magnificent edifice. In Malayalam, the adverb as a separate part

of speech is absent. The want is supplied hy aveyd) and e oy

we forms of the noun, and eii@aro and @ wom,mo of the verb; as,

ag)@ g| ©10 @b o_mcoﬂ:%, ‘easily read’; literally ‘read in ease’ or more correctly ‘read

with ease’.

It will be seen that all the inflected cases are really pre-

positional phrases. Again in @Sl ‘came running’ the participle

is made use of. But prepositional phrases and participles are equi-

valents of adverbs, as already stated. We have therefore in Mala-

yalam two of the equivalent forms of the adverb taking its place.

Qigpo and @Q&oalgmo corrupted into @gocismo are adverbial suffixes

of frequent occurrence.

@ozo is also used generally with the idea of

limitation or comparison.

EXERCISE A.

1)

Cried aloud.

2)

Easily done.,

3)

There is no flying hence or tarrying here.

4)

Wide is the gate and broad is the way.

5)

Obey instantly.

6)

(It has) rained incessantly all the week.

)

On receiving the letter he set out immediately,

8

)

Never despair.

9)

Piercingly cold.

10)

(These accomplishments) are highly valued and agsiduously cultivated.

11)

Unquestionably we are in the right.

12)

Look not scornfully upon thy fellowmen.

13)

A president duly elected had been violently expelled from his dwelling.

14)

You are not sufficiently careful.

15)

(His eye) twinkled knowingly,

16)

A new election took place every three years.

17)

He waited with the utmost anxiety.

18)

The city at length fell after a siege of ten years.

19)

After ten months’ assiduous toil, the parliament adjourned,

20)

I stood in Venice on the bridge of sighs.

21)

Higher still and higher

From the earth thou springest.

22)

Warm let the lyric transport flow.

28)

Around thee and above deep is the air.

both

A s0rt

AL

0 pay

24)

‘When all around the wine doth flow.

Glojyy

25)

Home they brought her warrior dead

e

26)

Considering all things be cannot be said to have failed

y ‘read

27)

In spite of all the world I will be brave.

28)

Mr. P. having been comforted internally, they sat down.

¥ pre

Through the dark clouds the summit was still visible

29)

el

30)

Be anxiously solicitous to preserve your credit even from suspicion

ar ahove

equi

31)

e Ml o vy s, e e Ve e (0 165 e 100 (e 0 .

Mala.

From peak to peak the rattling crags along

Leaps the live thunder

place,

uffixes

EXERCISE B

idea of

1)

& QNI O A

2)

8Qlo QJ0

3)

a1010083, Bg ) abarslawo H®INEaIAN @MAIUS) guead

)

4)

@06 Og0NB;: Ay GHmI.

5)

@ 8@ a3d)EoOdeNg @Y alo mmhmﬂ afgan.

6) @n

@naid psem Y, ERWAVD)

)

@Y ®SISOBIHMITH Mmsailc B &mqe_ﬂo_ﬂroh @m.ﬂ@mqg@@

8@ aflgn 6aMm@o ' 675,

8)

QIR 062 6)0ng SEROM 6)EH0aM0.

9)

aoeSgoHm aqVIAIWIMo GO0 HAg{ord @S(TDGQ___POO.

10)

GRIOHSSMILNOHTDO BEIDIBD.

11)

o S\es @Be M PGS BRIS0 msas) aflemog aigoe Lo,

12)

£85)03R0MAVACW & )@baisnad

Itivatel

A7) 0EIRMORSAD) I

13)

amdleo®ho.a®y gaad

14)

Mg ©ialleel mads wd)dnto

dwellings

15)

AEyavicem gao aigleoymd

16)

aflengnmoa) udlo) 9.y 0@ e@oad

17)

@00(0"1210(3(006)50@@‘]_.% SIMNBM

B ®OONE.aIMIAUYo-10mMeT]eIeo

&g )0y Q060 enipIBBad

18)

B 993\ aIan 2500 NR)GRIG: BaloG8miode

19)

@D HM HAISE O 1@h & =

00)

@@a 108 ayao QIS0 oie &G ot lamn

Direction

Exercise 2 purposely contains sentences involving

both noun and verb adjuncts, which will be taken advantage of, as

a sort of revision-lesson on Exercise 1

14

Chapter II.

[

The typjcal Simple Sentenée.

1) God created the world.

th

2) Dinapore is a military station.

3) The birth of a child added to the felicity of the pair.

4) One evening William and his wife sat in front of their cottage,

watching their son amusing himself amid the flock.

If we examine the above sentences carefully, we may

deduce the following rules for the order of words in an

|

English sentence.

e

0T

@) The subject precedes the predicate.

]

b) The object follows the verb.

fhe

¢) The qualifying expressions come as néar as possible

to the words they qualify, but may either precede

{he

or follow them.

tiy

The usual order of an English sentence is—first the subject,

an

second the predicate, third the object, the qualifications of

the

each being at minimum separation.

Be

e

pres

The rule for translating a Malayalam simple sentence

0é

into English now becomes very simple; we have only to re-

Re

arrange the given sentence in the above order and translate

R

each portion in succession.

Rule 4. Re-arrange the Malayalam sentence in the order

of the subject, the predicate, and the object with their respec-

tive adjuncts, and translate each of these parts one after

another. For example, 1) agsog &0 8 a:oiloow ees) o). Re-arl*anged

according to the rule, this will read: «ggogeds 62S) 5y 6@ @)oo W.

The adjunctsbeing all simple adjectves, must precede their quali-

ficants. We thus come to the translation ‘Eight men bought a horse’.

2) pwoges ciQimeng)aoylar cmbmdled o oeaNesan. Re-arrange thus:

amdméled o ozallesm pwoges oigjomers)ohadloo.’

Great rivers rise

from high mountains.

3) @@uSoil man aoey eeles ofldeoy.

CHIS@)

o @)ooy aw moey @en3les. The court rose at 4 o’clock to-day.

e

15

Question. ' Why does the adjunct eae moey @endles follow aild)

sog in the translation ?

Next let us take a few Malayalam sentences and deal with

them as before.

1

008Wo LA)EER MG OB G Idsan.

ttage,

2)

a@nd gy ©lam.

3)

gaumnadd @ led) a3losoy aLAo @_)'Ssueﬂmocb.

aloato REETDICMNICSOO Gaiineal.

may

4)

| 4l

. Tt will be seen from the above examples that the usual

order in Malayalam is first the subject, next the object, and

last the predicate, the qualifications always preceding the words

they qualify, as explained in Rules 1 and 2.

sible

Rule 5. Re-arrange the English sentence in the order of

e

the subject, the object, and the predicate, with their respec-

tive adjuncts; and translate each of these parts one after

ject,

another, taking care always to translate qualifications before

1 of

the qualiﬁcants. For example: 1) ‘Her father gave her a valuable present’.

Re-arranged the sentence would read: ¢Her father her a valuable

tence

present gave’ E@RQAIBOS m_r_g(\en’o @oaichds aflela{lsSlo @ @@ avaAIMo

005D,

2) The young are apt to disregard the value of knowledge.

0 I¢-

Re—arrange thus: The young of knowledge the value to disregard are apt &.al

slate

Qgl@md mommmﬂ(‘rb’zsmo%&m ®10 (D6 208s0Q10d 8 SQYE.

Note,

In Malayalam, the verb is the very last word in a sentence.

order

3

EXERCISE A.

Sl

after

1)

This is not a time for adulation.

nged

2)

I heard the far-off curfew-bell.

3)

He must needs do it.

09 Q.

4)

Old John of Ghaunt is grievous sick, my lord.

1uali-

horse's

5)

Be not poorly in your thoughts.

6)

The choice of books is important in every point of view.

¢ thus:

)

Vice has no advantage over virtue.

s 1isP

53050

8)

The object of sewers is the removal of refuse matter from dwellings,

quickly and safely.

16

9)

Behind him rode two gallant squires

Of noble name and knightly sires.

10)

Then up the hall with staggering pace

He hastened by the blaze to place

Half 1ife1ess from the bitter air

His load, a boy of beauty rare.

11

~—

Reluctant on its rusty hinges

Revolved an iron door.

12

~"

Margaret from all did soon refreat

Despite the dame’s reproaching eye.

13)

The ready page with hurried hand

A wakened the needed fire’s slumbering brand.

14

S

Democracy gives every man a right to be his own oppressor.

15)

The small red house-ant is perhaps the only species in the ceuntry

directly antagornistic to man’s interests.

16)

After completely clearing Austria of the Turks, Sobieskie returned to

Poland to be again harassed by political and domestic annoyances.

17)

The discoveries of these early adventures embodied in Icelandic nar-

ratives, half historical, half legendary, remained unknown to the

world at large.

18)

In August 1777 ships wére sailing up the Lancaster sound, with

every prospect of an easy passage to the westward.

19)

Notwithstanding the heating apparatus distributed throughout each

ship, the sleeping berths were nearly always damp.

20)

In September of the same year the overland expedition started from

York Factory, Hudson’s Bay, under charge of Sir John Franklin,

accompanied by Dr. Richardson, two midshipmen, and Hepbern,

a seaman, with the object of exploring the north coast of America.

EXERCISE B.

)

60D MNIHE Balod:aw.

2)

Q_Ie@AVIR BUYRFABR @IS AN,

8)

emabavad oo gedleglea maado auigiIOCD oaiglogls

@O )@ B2am.

4)

@B $HI0QHGITRISAND.

5)

& oo @@&m?@ado Bdg EO@aBo

aflgom aigammi@ allny@oe HOGE BT,

‘

addlh

6)

D @oEleeoisd SMEIC)OE 6N

aaman! afsan ar)semoes emoab.

Yotk

i

e

17

7)

9508 091 @G0 $VS8 (1Yo @HDO

@598 1QREOMINS SV |SH2MOS @00 &HaMAT! I §.a1a0

8)

@IS SHMILNOHDO UBEBIIMIBD

CRIVSHDBHE LPZSOM O S leny

9

2@)2ome &)@ enoelayeasand

LMol &IWERE e

& IesSaBIS@GS) WI@WIw)

10)

Qomaad 01aleegan oo Wsnnal

Blam)ob 0 QD coaIDRE MR ]

11)

a0 G100 m’]oacdo@&@mm Q) Quodyyo

€ﬁfll(§LL)(53::)(3 dhoalo (Szj:;(l_lfi)f$)€5Ele é)):f))(ZSTZD ]

A10@0(@)B9QU0 @cmomﬂﬁé 00107,

12)

@™ MId HPUBEMMe ©@IMNBNENHIO &g {1ad OJD’OQ%RIB e

country

QeEMIW @mad i

13)

M@ )8R IGRISsER SaNIZOH@D Al®Mo, agBbo®, o)

med to

8HO® @I EOWNNOD 0FloFdh @I EE2:M SO O©

yances

14)

moaemo aNa@2w e afleweo mafl @odlalmes o)

dic nar

QOB M0

n to the

15)

D0 IR, OB @YIBE®IQo @ TVoe)0 &SN @ MmOV |od

@O .alPB0AMYOW (@joailesan

d, with

@R2IUT) o@D I OB SAVIAMILNMD aga G100 S

16)

Qy 0a39@) @ 2o @A,

yut each

17)

em aviglodo Bmog o 1@ &S g B@ VI &) alem)

o) S OB @ a0,

od from

18)

roﬂ%mﬂ@_sc@«n 26D b @esleso Qshggmaileal @oﬁmmc&v 250830

ranklin,

@YUINRIWE TOZBo @e.

fepbern

19)

a0eflos co@ad @0 Ld oo@eed 3aies o) NI oeado

Americas

(@UWIN2QPBWIG GOS MNUOOB)GH ag)&Zo cmemmﬂ%m@om’i

B8 ® 1@ Q0w .

2039nE), adl@oei o)t 8an)em 2@’ Iaw @_moﬂ% avgB

20)

ANosmoe ealae @yWwlce @as) 9 WS aoro’\e_wmmraﬂro’u

@S) aJoogis of)apmnIm e )ah ()8 ay, @@ow &0 ),

aseflaj@o, @aL,am ey aisamaedudiwid] oods

151043

SNPHNW) BYS), MIBIS gc)oasasp_ﬂmb alBl 280w ) 6.aian

aflyan.

Note. With a clear conception of the two simple rules, already

adduced (No. 4 and 5), the student should find no difficulty in

working out the above exercises

2

Sl

——

18

‘When a sentence is given for translation the first thing to be

fine

done is ‘to divide and conquer’, 7. e. search out the subject, the

pree

object and the predicate, and re-arrange them, as given in the above

rules.

The only remaining difficulty would be with regard to tke

easii

position of the adjuncts, on which point, rules 1, 2 and 3 are suffi-

Jook

|

ciently explicit.

Let us take for example this sentence:

‘Any person knowingly purchasing arms of the description mentioned in

section six, from any person not licensed under this Act, §hall be liable to a

fine not exceeding one hundred rupees.’

Re-arranged, the sentence will stand thus:

1) In section six mentioned,

2) Of the description, arms.

8) Not licensed under this act, from any person.

4) Kuvowingly purchasing any person.

This forms part I. (the subject and its adjuncts) arranged accord-

ing to the precedence of the qualifying expressions, as stated in

L

rules 1 and 2, This is the rationale of the above arrangement: The

himsg

translation is into Malayalam, and therefore we must deal with the

Toles

subject first, i. e. ‘with person’; but this word is qualified by the

montk

expressions ‘knowingly purchasing’ and ‘any’; which should therefore

in thi

the d

be disposed of before the subject ‘person’; for the same reason ‘know-

senter

ingly’ should stand before ‘purchasing’ which it qualifies; again

ticular

this ‘purchasing’ has an object ‘arms’ in (2), with qualifying expres-

sions 1 and 3; thus it is evident that parts 1, 2 and 3 should precede

of que

word

4 which contains ‘purchasing’

The student will now be able to see

Senten

for himself why parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 are arranged as they are. Hav-

split o

ing thus disposed of the subject and its adjuncts, we have next to

step, |

look out for the object, but there is no obdject, and we pass on to the

the i

predicate which is ‘shall be liable’ with the qualifying expression ‘to

Which

a fine not exceeding 100 rupees’.

The predicate and its abjuncts

Gation

arranged for translation will stand thus:

the se

1) One hundred rupees.

tompon

2) Not exceeding.

fonpef

3) To a fine,

also g

4) Shall bs liable.

e

19

Sy

to be

‘Fine’ in (8) is qualified by ‘not exceeding’ which must therefore precede

‘fine’, but again ‘exceeding’ in (2) has an object ‘one hundred rupees’, which

f, the

abore

precede ‘exceeding’; and why ‘one hundred’ should precede ‘rupees’ is obvious.

Thus the student will now be agreeably surprised to see how

| tq the

easily the translation comes out, though at first sight the sentence

6 suffl-

looks formidable enough.

The subject portion :

oned in

1)

@Yot Qidg @b (@ )myeailel.

ble to a

2)

aNwodlejee ERYYUWsBXD.

3)

00 @@gﬁ’@@omo oOHRTVDIS &SIt QL) CYSHEBIF0.

4)

@03 snmoN GG EBS )@ean QIRyQIMo.

The predicate portion :

1)

QR e,

2)

S allwoam.,

S allowses.

3)

accord-

4)

@RA0MIY )@ )d0.

tated in

Direction. Before proceeding further, thevstudent should make

ot The

himself perfectly sure that he has mastered every detail of the five

yith the

rules above given.

It would be time well spent even if four or five

If he is well grounded

| by the

months had to be devoted to this chapter.

herefore

in this, he may consider himself to have mastered three-fourths of

1 ‘know-

the difficulties of translation; for both the compound and complex

sentences are but collections of simple sentences arranged after par-

5, agﬂi[l

ticular syntactic rales.

A judicious teacher will lose no opportunity

[ expres-

of questioning the student as to the reason of his translating one

i precede

word before another.

For instance, if he is dealing with the model

bl 0 S8

sentence above given, he would not rest content after it has been

e, Hav-

split up and arranged in the proper order with reasons for every

0 1636 10

step, but would question his class further as to the arrangement of

onto the

the individual words, in each of the eight separate sections into

egsion 10

which it has been divided. = Mastery of the concord of the qualifi-

s ahjuncts

cation and the qualificant and of the verb and its object, comprises

the secret of the proper and elegant distribution of the clauses in the

1t therefore follows that ome

compound and complex sentences.

competent to deal with the simple sentence in all its bearings, has

also mastered, in effect, the othe'r_ two kinds of sentences.

In

he us

Chapter III.

o

Varieties of the Simple Sentence.

Mlan;

form

1

The negative sentence.

Ru

There are two ways of expressing negation in English; in

Malay

the one case the sign of negation is attached to the subject

the pr

or object, the predicate remaining positive, while in the other,

for tr:

the negative symbol is added to the predicate, the subject

being left intact.

Examples:

1)

No man deplores the tyrant’s death.

2)

Stick no bills.

3)

Give him nothing.

4)

He does not live in Calcutta.

5)

Your children are not happy.

Numbers 1, 2 and 3 are of the former and 4 and 5 of the

latter class.

The former may be regarded as complete or

universal negation and the latter as individual or true nega-

tion.

It may be observed that in the subject-negation, as ‘no

boy is present’ we may infer by implication the assertion of the

contrary <all boys are absent’; ‘no boy has passed’, ‘all boys have failed’ etc.

In Malayalam both the subject and object negations are

rendered by @oemm with' either the negative verb gy or the

R e LSRR

prohibitive enmp.

As to the predicate negation also two forms obtain in

.English; as, ‘He is not god’ and ¢He does not sleep’.

The rule in

16

this case is that with simple predicates, (or simple finite verbs

as predicates) the auxiliary -do’ or its past tense is inserted

before the negative adverb ‘not’; while with complex predicates

1

(or predicates with auxiliary and the participle, or the auxi-

¢

liary and the noun or adjective) the negative adverb ¢not’ is

inserted after the auxiliary.

4

9

21

In translating such sentences, the negative egy only need

be used; as, ‘He is not reading’ @oaab analesmilgy. ¢He does not walk’

oy msesarilgy. The progressive action is rendered by eeoems)

@)@s; as, He is singing a song @I o105 a1Se @0 ]d)eean; but this

form is of rare occurrence in Malayalam.

Rule 6. Render the subject and the object negations into

sh; in

Malayalam by «iemm followed by either mgy or enwmp; and

subject

the predicate negations by simple gy, and of course vice versd

other,

for translation into English.

subject

4.‘ EXERCISE A,

1)

This is not the case.

2)

There is no need of going to romance for pictures of human character,

Not all minds delight in poetry.

4)

It is not at all the less important for all that.

5)

There is no real difficulty to contend with.

6)

Bat such liberty does not bring a man far.

5 of the

)

The dancing had not begun yet.

lete or

8)

I did dot feel right comfortable for some time after,

9)

6 Dega-

There was not such an article about the whole establishment,

10)

The members of that dread tribunal did not know each other except

1, 88 ‘0

by voice.

1 of the

11

You do nothing of the kind.

failed ele,

12)

In this act he bore no part.

ong ate

13)

He does not appreciate the difficulty of the work.

gy Or the

14)

No attempt has been made to show the untrustworthiness of the

tradition.

15)

I need say no more to prove the impossibility of ascending such a

ftain 10

chanunel,

: rule n

16)

Give no ear to scandal.

ite verDs

EXERCISE B.

inserted

3

B5&g | 10® @allas &oerpoaslgy

redicates

2)

QY B 7 el 18IBn2E).

o ausk

3)

@RS OB )@ og)@)oSQje B CalINel B ¥ ©NBIGIND) .

) ot 18

4)

0 PRADShes 0168 1SS Bg (I el @)oo @ ale)®d. Mel.

5)

aUIgRETIM @0Q afle) Be1a0MEHE Sg M08l &0 allS)esarilgy.

e

e

22

6)

aation.

@IDDITED®B @OAUNAITDO BB oW @0 &A) 0j88 (0 @)

&g e a1d)dermo.

10 16

B

OO (Do MSENIQIMOL|O TR0,

is 186

8)

D eOSLHS DG 0yaHIPRINZMY SO W ey.

is yeb

9)

016Mo 8202018 2P@OLOM 2107 oflOSog].

ing to

10)

avimn2w)s @ulleo o @lesamy vedlomyes o mnangy.

11)

o) 8mos

2EEM TG 1AM Zarw) €90 QNI AN & B TDHN HHHMZ0 Q106D G S0,

12)

@@%(TDOJQ(T) OMPIM I (R D).

impere

13)

@08aMOTI 1880 BRGNS )@s0 2@AaN gy.

block

14)

Hlame 8endlgponaibt ep@dgy.

Instea

15)

WO )BEd @oalEIAIZER AId mey.

16)

59y o

@S> G000 avERG)).0l)gy.

17)

vespec

28)a_j0mo cra(z?}ocrpe;_;m’]m @80 B W@ 0| oey.

Per

11

The Imperative Sentence.

step, 1l

The imperative mood is a form of expression to show

that of

command, desire or entréaty. In English, it is the root form

e happy

of the verb without any inflexion. From the nature of the

polite 1

meaning it can be used only in the second person.

In Mala-

give this

yalam however both the radical and inflected forms are in

by con

use; as, ‘Come here’ aflos aiw (root) Or mafes wdls (inflected). The

former shows command emphatically, and the latter may imply

In

either entreaty or a mild form of command; as, adedeNde)

change

gleooz odl corresponding to the English <Please come’.

There

ing tha

1s a colloquial form of the imperative in long 29; a8, A,

as o

.21y, In poetry mose is very often used as an imperative

me,

suffix preceded by a go@)wom,mo;

as, eagflse @mscEE Mmay

correct

4

galab ‘speak and I will give you what you want’,

This oose is also

a3 the

contracted into mos, as ade has been shortened into aw;

entreat

|

as, LIRS, LlMUKBIGR O.algfls a3)wInd.

mpers

Supplication or a very strong desire amounting in some

cases to a caution or mild warning is expressed by the suffix

Rule

saismea, shortened into eaieam; as, aivo m3esmea seaf grant me

Jalam,

the boon I crave.

gy augmo a6 )BEneM SR (caution) ; e@onbd adlemos dpy

It 3t ¢

™ @mMoeh i aiegem (warning); this form has a future. signifi-

Ed

SO

S

23

cation. The root-form imperati%e does not seem to be used

e

in reported speeches in Malayalam. Though of) @ (go thou)

is used in reporting, it becomes ol Gansewm aiosmy. There

is yet a special form for reporting the imperative, (correspond-

ing to the English infinitive equivalent) in eafl@wommo; as,

)'med

This transformation of the

A S),

2g3aNoS Baoounh alosoy told me to go.

imperative in the reported speech is generally a stumbling

block to the Europeans and East Indians using Malayalam.

Instead of adopting either of the above forms they generally

say eg@ams Gaso atosop. Fast Indians are more sinning in this

respect than other foreigners.

Perhaps from the fact, that from desire to wish 1s but a

step, the imperative in Malayalam includes among its functions

0 show

that of the so-called potential mood; as, afl manwi@les may you

00t form

be happy. afa corrupted into meab is an imperative suffix of

of the

polite request; as, ax@ailab O please come! @O®@I0s @A) please

[ Mala-

give this to me; and is used in addressing one’s superiors, and

5 are 10

by courtesy, one’s equ'als.

ted), The

In Malayalam, the imperative undergoes inflectional

ay mply

e

changes and is capable of expressing greater shades of mean-

. There

ing than its English relative. For example: enooailes @, @OO®

28, U@

aes @6)e, Eaoales amaild; or erodIles ad)ab, @voHoads SO

eMEa, EVHTII 88 od)zm, (@dlb ewo!), will all be found to form

nperative

e

correct translations of the English ¢Give it to me’, according

5 19 als0

as the meaning intended is strong or mild form of command,

nfo Q;

entreaty or supplication. In Malayalam the subject of the

imperative may be expressed.

o S0P

the sufix

N Rule 7. In translating an imperative sentence From Mala-

) grant e

yalam, begin with the predicate and either omit the subject or

femds &gl

put it affer the predicate.

nae.signi .

‘

et

24

el

5. E-XERCISE A.

1)

Tell me an interesting story,

2)

Pardon our sins.

8)

Obey instantly.

4)

Never despair.

5)

Now therefore go to, speak' to the men of Judah and to the inhabi-

tants of Jerusalem.,

6)

Take of them again and cast them in the fire.

7

Give him this instead of that.

8)

Be kind, benignant, easy to be entrusted.

9)

Bring me the yellow silk and leave the other alone.

10

Sz

Villains, I say, knock me at the gate and rap me well.

11)

Well then, be it so.

12)

Beware of hasty gathering of riches.

13)

Use me but as your spaniel, spurn me, strike me, neglect me, only

give me leave to follow you.

14)

Fear not, my lord, your servant shall do so.

15)

RSOOSR BRSNS i SO

Sing me now asleep,

Then to your offices and let me sleep.

16)

Come on, Nerissa, I have work in hand.

17

2

Repair thy wit, good youth, or it will fall to careless ruin.

18)

We trifle time, I pray thee, pursue sentence.

19)

Pay the bond and let the Christian go.

20)

Therefore prepare to cut off the flesh,

Shed -thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more,

But just a pound of flesh.

21)

Have your fancy always vivid and full of body and colour.

22)

Let not ambition mock their useful toil.

23)

Read the best compositions of the most lofty minded and eloquent

men, and you will not fail to catch something of their nobility,

only let there be no slavish imitation of any man’s manner of

expressions,

24)

Let your reading be always in sympathy with your intellectual appetite.

25)

Let not the sun go down upon your wrath.

Note. In English let takes an objective case after it, but

with its equivalent in Malayalam the nominative is used; as, ‘Let

him do it’ @oaId epy e iges.

j;

ot

25

A

EXERCISE B.

1)

Moo wallne MmO Mo 283 ZMIIO® 10,

MRk Gaw) ®PREWIEL 50083 o) Jeyep &lauRoeIoeeg Qo, av

aV; 96 148 Qo, .010a1e: DB Qo mutlgflay aimailab.

3)

2@ ieenowemly, &g wmileswierp, aidla, aidlab.

4)

6 inhabi-

8afle 10 D0 8H a1 T wdlg 18anemo.

5)

aNHO I VBB BRI EVHFAD EILIAIIW] QIETOHSIND:.

6)

M) ogeabo @208 )eans daiz)e¥)

9830 QIO IBAR S SN,

)

8 5 €l HaiRoDd )b Cne®

o0 )on BmBOo 2 )8™WD 18 Jack.

8)

&LOIMAITIELRM @G0 BHLOYAVIA0

SLOWSHLOWITS] HBHH SHISBeM 32,

9)

Qd)e eemzalilaileallc, oaeag oo al)

Q% @gjogiieen alomleb ensige.

10)

gerrLsamiudlescy smallm

¢, only

QRUBLEAMEMMNS .al© IO O AVo

3L@comaaﬁm&@o Qe aie

@euLgeomai) gaonali) all.

11)

a1Qo 252000 )Y IYIVWEENINS 22

QIQIBQI AVoBBMa )0l QELY] mpgjlalaoovo.

12)

enJodel, apusleel, pilew eflaimodles

BeNAWBBBMEBeM BMIBMo 6).218Qj0210,

13)

MOIBE VIR0 6MIMIADO0NIDINAIM QD)

382 ) BoLla0ele &6Md QIB)eE:ESH

14)

DOMAUNIAITBDSES0, .24 ©SOFD

s2om )@ oo AaaMIRIBEENIde !

15)

@ &9 21002100 IO G IEMITODO

B9Qo QL IIN2ao oy OWINEEs 1@

ag)8gjop oo )sailb ooy Ao Slsomoejo.

eloquent

16)

0100 )0S) 82af) ©:0e ¢ EEs IMEa!

nobility,

17)

WO eaig a15g8smy NS

auper of

Qoo afgm &lsmils ‘goee.

18)

DY SA Mg moafleal a3l mgjeilch @ es.

appetite.

19)

b w aflseomrzo Ba0QOBs, DO DS IR0 ©veYo 8 )e 0l

GHa61Mo.

20)

MBEME )@ an.

993J,&w B alI®) $HSeJd

it, but

21)

203)8g |0 aflqg)! mad) o afluwoe @gay alowegy.

88, ‘Lot

22)

201005 )8 Ba 104 EmIod 8 {Igy)e &@00d)enmeo, oo

23)

BRYRIOO Yoe),000 HoldEB )OS,

—_—

206

St

R

Direction. Be careful to use only ~tjhe simple sentence in

working out the above two exercises.

tory

of pl

00

111

Simple Sentences introduced by ‘there.’

This is a peculiar idiom of the English syntax. <There

was a fine house’; ‘there was once a good king’; ‘there came a voice from

heaven’,

The there in these instances has passed from its usual

signification of ‘existence in place’ to ‘mere existence’ without

reference to place.

It 1s elegantly used in short simple

sentences, but in circumlocutory constructions its use 1is

to be depreciated; for example: ¢There is a sense in which that is

true’; ‘there is a plan by which you may do it’.

In such cases the

adjective ‘one’ may be used instead with advantage; as, ‘In

one sense it is true’; ‘one plan of doing it’, ete,

As this peculiar construction is altogether unknown in

their language, Malayalee students are apt to go astray in

handling it. Even students in the higher classes are some-

times deceived by it, and render it by ewailes.

Similarly in

translating Malayalam sentences containing ewoiles it is a

common mistake to place there before the subject; as, enafes

B® ayTy@o @OE there is a Look.

The student should carefully note the difference between

such forms as, ‘there is a book’, ‘a book is there’, and ¢there a book is’.

In the first instance there is an introductory adverb and

need not be translated in Malayalam; in the second, it is an

adverb of place and is correctly rendered by emafles; in the

last case it is exclamatory and is translated by eoo.

Rule 8. There precedes and the subject follows, the predi-

cate or auxiliary in this idiom; as, ‘There came a man’; ‘thore is a

ﬁn‘e tree’.

—

27

e

/

168 10

Rule 9

In translating into Malayalam omét the introduc

tory there substituting sooflas only when 1t is a true adverb

of place.

The exclamatory there may be rendered by @owmo

@0 @620, OF @O M0 BMIE OF words of similar import.

6

EXERCISE A

There

68 from

D)

There was no proof of affection on his part

usual

2)

There is no place for sinners in heaven

There he lived and there he died

ithout

3)

4)

There is nothing annoying in hig speech.

simpl

5)

There has been much anxiety as to the result of ‘the interview

use 18

6)

There he stopped and did not proceed further

hat 1§

There are more pilgrims on the road

7)

o5 the

8)

There is & great contrast between his past and present occupations.

9)

There, take it and retire

as, ‘In

10)

There is no such book in my possession

There were his tools and materials lying on the floor

11)

12)

There were no separate quarters for soldiers in the camp

own

13)

There came a messenger from the king in hot haste

stla»‘J

14)

There you are, I thought I would find you out

3 Someé

15)

There is no station in life free from all danger

16)

There was dealt the weekly dole

larly 1n

17)

There were but few ships in the harbour belonging.to that power.

it 18 8

There was a wild consultation and afterwards a hurrying to and fro,

18)

anallas

and a feverish gathering up of razors from obscure corners and a

ransacking for soaps

19)

There were thousands upon thousands of vehicles abroad and the

hetwee

scene was full of life and gaiety

2 book 18

20)

There was no help for it.

21)

There in a remote corner sat the master wrapt in his own thoughts.

arh and

22)

There, that is our secret

go to sleep.

it 18 a0

23)

There was not his like that year in twenty parishes round

g 11 the

24)

There came to the shore a poor exile from Erin.

EXERCISE B

he predi

1)

@ ueabo allgleh em moyds.

here 18 &

2)

g asseoglado A oReE@ @S| NSSag.

3)

&HEoD O0R AW ® Mo AT Igy.

—

28

—

4)

terro

angcrag 68 oo daup eod) poaipeleme mo¥le goo

o

and

5)

S@mooedo aUiEIaiap @G Qe @@ g e oc.bmcbocrb@&g

o)

2R BREIYDNS 210QReE G wmaE 1o 2 o @RUW)earsan.

)

ferm

@ afles aB00Ql0 EWHBHMRAIW @(DGDE@_O a@00Q o QRO (g:ﬁm

BRG0 HOMeQ SN,

the 1

8)

9&02IMIGY QT BaIIN) B oge )@ @G aNoamn e

§ome

omad &R)emMIIm LoD dd aloe)man.

gatly

9)

aflsmo &:80m20! adlemenallasadlan aigyoo & go.

10)

I

@0 ! e@od a3)eaMIg al0smDGey.

11)

B0QAIIOS ag) @Yo EVUWIVZIW S &Y o Mer )Mo,

are |

12)

Meoado ajmyso emoad @vaNes gl

decic

13)

200118880 aflalvom )W) o @ 8w o ®ey.

galne

14)

ag®bo 8BS m20d @Yo @Y BRI )ab: ®ey.

15)

(uest

@@, BB, @YY WIBAIA: «BONQ YD )Dg|S BBM@o.

16)

DO LY OOl QOO GHM@IB)E ago0ajo WX )GMITW @YD BRMD

sente

QI@an.

he can

17)

80a0@20 Qflwe@g o qVIG @R alley.

may

18)

@oo90al0 0f8) O ATNE)8g0 @ENSImRID)gy.

19)

©O MMM OB @ 0@ aids ayBo e

20)

ok webmo% o0 0@ w2od)gy.

21)

BQISMRID a 1B )&HO8 ai1S)g Jomo) gu@@oqﬂ:ﬁgn’n & afllwoe

QIRIQYNE,

22)

BN YOS @a_m[;o.a_mﬁ]qyms #90)20) B GUoo e .

23)

If

30108 O )6A] aVQY B 0QTBZ 0

MM MSAOM BT (@@«;ﬂ

& @ )Beam.

may

arran

1v

The Interrogative Sentence.

terroy

The interrogative sentence in English may be divided into

simpl

two classes—one formed by special words of interrogation,

chang

Mo

as, ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’ and ‘how’, and

the other by the use of auxiliary verbs ‘do’, ‘have’, ‘be’, etc

But in both cases there is a difference in the collocation of

words for assertion and for interrogation. In the latter, the

subject is shifted to a position after the verb or the auxiliary ;

as, ‘You are a king’ (assertive), ‘are you a king #’ (interrogqtive)-.

In Mala-

In

yalam on the other hand there is no such change. The in-

mplie

—_—

29

il

terrogative pronoun comes at the head of sentence in English,

and not necessarily so in Malayalam.

masg

The particle & and og are the most common interrogative

W%ﬂm

terminations in Malayalam and are added to the predicate,

0 B

the former to the positive and the latter to the negative;

sometimes, though rarely in prose, the & is added to the ne-

gative; as, oaogflaidws soh ganea a3leamossale?

It would appear that in Malayalam both nouns and verbs

are inflected to express interrogation; and there is thus a

decided facility of expression, and perspicuity of meaning

gained by inflecting only that particular word to which the

question refers, without in any way disturbing the rest of the

th @D

sentence.

Take the sentence epaum smansoar maear mailes aiaw

he came here last moruing.

No'w’ with regard to this assertion, we

may want to know —

A If it is heor

some other person that came.

. If he came yesterday or some other day.

@ lo

QS DD b=

. If in the morning or some other time of the day.

I

. Or if he came here or elsewhere.

B W 6@,\

If we dispense with the aid of emphasis, which Malayalam

may claim equally with English, we would be compelled to

arrange the sentence in four different ways to frame the in-

terrogatories; while in Malayalam the purpose is served by

simply suffixing @0 to the word concerned; the only other

Jed 1nto

change necessitated is the conversion of the finite verb into

ogation,

MNaoud @ @oaj@amzo ; thus:

W, and

@ Q1@ mandal alleel males Mo .

!, et

@i m ame e o alleal mailles Qumo .

ation of

@b maear ol @el8®: @aNeS WM .

ter, the

B O DD s

@paim mmea @aileel @ allosSe®o

QUM .

xiliaty;

In Malayalam the auxiliary egeae (verb fo be) is oftener

[y Mala-

implied than expressed, both in the assertive and interrogative

The in

SRS

30

5

forms of expression; as, esaud qvecod (he clever); ®paind avamo

@mo? (he clever?)

The errors and omissions in the use of the

erro,

auxiliaries, of which Malayalee students frequently' stand

the v

charged in common with other native students, must clearly

be laid to this score.

One very often hears from the mouth of the Malayalee

students such expressions as, ‘who your master?’ ¢which your

book?’ ‘when you came?’ ete.

Such sentences as—esoems, i)

@MIBLI31S2QIBMI, MICIEMaVIF@IEMI Eanemess, without the

auxiliary are of frequent occurrence both in prose and verse;

in fact the Malayalam idiom sanctions the suppression of the

auxiliary and views its frequent recurrence as inelegant and

pedantic. Such expressions as, afl agafles epam anamp? @o

Qind ogSg |8 iman @d)om?

will never escape from a refined

Malayalee; he will simply say of) agafles sasam? or evoid o)

e 1o @)l o? Even where it is expressed, its colloquial varia-

tion egem or simply e is used instead of the full form; as,

o3) agaflos@oem Ganaéan® ? O a3) ag)Q)9S®o Galn@Gan ?

There 1s a shade of difference in meaning between o) agaf)

oS canvam? and o) ogalesws Geas@anm » corresponding to the

El)glish ‘where do you go ¥’ and ‘where is it you go ¥

The @0 used as a suffix with the interrogative pronouns

corresponds to English ‘some’; as, agaflosews (somewhere), ogeod)

!

HMB® (somehow), ®QYB©o (someone).

These derivatives are adverbs

of doubt and uncertainty.

The English equivalents -above

given do not, however, bring out the idea fully.

@i ogall

9Sewo Gas o) 18 Not merely ‘he went somewhere’, but ‘he went somewhere

I do not know’—utter ignorance of the speaker as to the fact in

question. 1s the prominent feature.

If we ask a Malayalee

@oad agailos sane)? and are answered by @oad ogailes

swo sana), the answer implies that the speaker is utterly

in the dark, as to the place, its situation or direction—in fact

he knows absolutely nothing about it. This form is often re-

sorted to_as a mode of evasive answer.

31

Moy

I am disposed to look upon this & in such cases as an in-

e of the

terrogative termination,

thopgh authorities may be against

7' stand

the view.

clearly

7

EXERCISE A.

1)

Who is to blame?

alayalee

2)

What is your name?

ich your

3)

What are carnivorous animals?

s, o)

4)

Why should a student indulge‘so much in the lazy and unhealthy

out the

habit of sitting?

5)

What is this but a lie?

1 verse;

6)

Why shouldst thou die before thy time?

i of the

)

What had we better (}all him ?

ant and

8)

Is there any external evidence to support this accusation?

9)

Now who shall stand on either hand

my? @

And keep the bridge with me?

refined

10)

What noble Lucamo comes next

@ o

To taste our Roman cheer?

al varia-

11)

How dost thou, Charlie?

0L’ 83,

12)

What should I gain by the exact}on of the forfeiture?

13)

What, are you answered yet?

14)

| of) ogol)

What judgment shall I dread doing no wrong ?

15)

What mercy can you render him Antonio?

7 10 the

16)

Did yourletter pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief?

17)

Heard ye naught of lowland war

ronouns

A gainst Clan Alpine raised by Mar?

re), %)

18)

Ought the obscurity of my birth authorise me in doing a wrong action?

adverhs

19)

‘What is the best, chbeapest, and most effective disinfectant?

5 -above

20)

Why have we now so many poor in the country, destitute of bread

and unable to earn it by honest labour?

b gl

21)

What on earth does he mean by insisting upon impossibilities?

someshere

29)

Can any reader supply me with a method of computing the distance

o fact 10

f

of the sun from the earth, involving only an elementary knowledge

of trigonometry suitable for amateurs?

alayalee

23)

Is there any effectual means of screening a watch, while being carried

| gllds

in the pocket, from the magnetic influence of a dynamo?

| utterly

24)

Can any reader tell me the best way to grind lenses for a telescope

_jn fact

for astronomical purposes?

often 1é-

25)

What in the name of common sense do you mean by that s'tupid

explanation of yours?

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‘g ASTOMAX ]

S 33‘_,

Ni

The Passive Voice.

In English the passive voice is of frequent occurrence and

forms a very convenient mode of expression when the subject

is either unknown or suppressed; but in Malayalam this con-

struction, complete in all its parts, is very rare and it is not

likely that it will ever become popular in the language.

Malayalam is not exacting in its demand for an expressed

grammatical subject, and therefore the necessity for this mode

of expression may be said to be practically absent.

&)

‘ag®an @ns)oy’; ‘@M Elmensaman alosy’; ‘Slmenipam @g@@'\

Wb o@oegsana’; and a number of similar sentences contracted

in the subject are met with in the writings and conversations

of Malayalees of all grades; in fact one can never hear a pure

Malayalee—one who has never come under the influence of

English schools—make use of the passive construction. It is

complicated and lengthy, and as such involves greater exer-

tion; and the operation of a natural law would discard it in

N

favour of equivalent forms already existing in the language.

o (r16amIg

‘emonh @oolom @Sy’ 1s easier, shorter and simpler than ‘o

sgmoch @sS)emagys.’ One of these equivalent forms is moflw or

018040

its equivalent—the nominative compounded with the verb suffix

Odooe; a8, ‘He was beaten with a stick’ moaiom e QS ID@TES] ).

Qg b

This is the proper mode of rendering those passive sentences

plaflab

in which the #rue subject (not the grammatical subject) shows

cause or instrument. ‘He was prevented by illness from appearing for the

Vool

examination’ Go2LOMIM or GIWe Ao ERAIM ald)OHBMBe Ba 19019

@saianlgy.

‘The suit is barred by limitation’ @&5e19000emMO®ID Q) Qa0

10 Q@Eﬂ@n

@5 M @smano asarldlesan. To use the passive (ed2mflayewoco)

m(ﬂ@@ﬁﬁ?

in such cases would be considered pedantic.

AmBwY’

'The necessity for this cumbrous form of construction arose

when passages from Sanskrit—in which language it is as

common as in English—had to be translated into Malayalam,

3

—

34

—

Th

and to this task it is properly reserved and confined to this

day by the invariable practice of all pure Malayalees.

The

Malay:

attempt of European scholars of Malayalam to ingraft this

arned

0 be t

foreign element upon its syntax has so far been unsuccessful ;

and it is a matter of surprise why foreign sympathy should

s dis

hayve been so strongly excited in favour of its introduction in

£XeICS

the face of the almost unanimous native verdict to the contrary.

It may be perhaps that to a foreigner its equivalent forms

already existing in the language are too idiomatic to be readily

grasped and easily used.

Anyhow there is a number of

passive sentences in English, a close translation of which in

the same voice would be simply ludicrous.

Take for example:

‘You are ashamed to say so’; ‘@osElom aioanmd ol aigessgigm’;

He is informed of the news’; ‘@i @9 ais@IMo mo’]mﬂ:ﬁaﬁ)e:]%’.

P R L O R i ey

Rule 10.

Indefinite or impersonal passive sentences, and

those with intransitive predicates, should not be translated by

omemlgye@wo into Malayalam, so also with ‘let’ as, “et it be

10

granted’; ‘let it be known’; ‘let him bo imprisoned’.

In these instances

1

the active voice is the true idiom in Malayalam, and ‘@og

a1d)eees’,

‘epaiem @sailenssss’, etc. represent the correct

form.

12

The safer and more elegant form would be to translate

all passive sentences by the active construction into Mala-

13

yalam.

It must, however, be observed that in Malayalam

poetry the passive construction is more frequent, but the

predicate in such cases is not the usual inelegant form with

14

oaug, but the true Sanskrit gammo or the past participle; as,

1§

‘BoHmMa Wloo aVImY; ‘agaNITd PBmEIW Leo’; ¢og AN a2 ) M20e WD

SMRP@0’; ‘oo (BoeRg It oFzh)m@w G2ado’.

1

1

Rule 11.

Render the grammatical subject of the passive

sentence: by efNcw into Malayalam, but Malayalam active

1)

sentences with an indefinite or implied subject by the passive

1y

voice into English.

AL

~————

35

| to this

The passive voice may, however, though rarely, be used in

68, The

Malayalam for the sake of variety. But the student is strongly

aft this

warned against the idea that all English passive sentences are

Lccessful

to be translated by the same construction.

He may exercise

should

his discretion in this respect in working out the following

etion i

OXGI‘CISGS.

contrary

8

EXERCISE A

0t forms

1)

Every tree is known by its fruit

e readi]

Pompey was defeated by Ceesar

umber o

3)

In a few days those fair prospects were over

which in

4)

Hastings was absolved by a hundred and nineteen votes against

exampl

sixty-seven.

Biglgm

5)

Here Ulysses and his men were courteously received by the monarch.

6)

)

A president duly elected has been uvnjustly expelled from his dwelling.

5

7

Many persons were hanged for denying the kmg 8 supremacy.

nees, and

8)

The most splendid victories recorded in the history of the middle

ages, were gained against great odds by the English,

slated by

9

He shall not be recommended by me.

let it be

10)

A new picture is here given, made up of epithets and circumstances

1nstances

intended to enhance the glory of the object

11

and ‘mg

The intelligence of these events was soon carried to Chanda Saheb,

then with the French allies besieging Trichinopoly

ycorrect

12

~

The body must be altogether enveloped and well rubbed with a sheet

translate

dipped in water and well wrung

to Mala-

13)

Agues, I will overbear your will

glavalam

For in the temple by and by, with us,

These couples shall eternally be knit

bt the

14)

And for the morning now, is something worn

form with

Our purposed hunting shall be set aside.

ciple; a9

15)

In the night imagining some fear

l02inwi®

How easy is a bush supposed a bear!

16)

A number of the village peasants were tempted to vanity.

17)

Then an attempt was made on the fidelity of tbe guards at the

Calcutta mint,

6 Ass

18)

The proverb or aphorism is described as a condensed expresgion of

m ack

a trath

16 paSSWe

19)

No less than three hundred of the best warriors of the enemy’s army

were' captured by the conquerors

5 ¥

(o4

36

——

0)

We were promised a high 1"eward and great homors in return for

1)

the service.

21)

His vast experience and high intelligence have been utilized in a

way usefal alike to himself and his country.

1)

EXERCISE B

19)

1)

&lommomh gmo Bgyeg|s.

2)

70)

@0 D N$HIBWIUD0 BRIIESIISHIRIMOZ0W)

a108UaIMI (@)@ 008 I BRIBHe|SDTITS -

3)

a0 B Ba0IIRIAINOM SOz |g@i aFlanoa Y5

MO HH P

4)

D9 algemo mElTleodled ©g)(a)38wadlch munsa esng|s)

@)oo,

I

i

§

5)

AL RAIND B WMNS @@Jm:ﬁﬁamma@&mom@:ﬂ@ao .

Gertain |

6)

BRINEOBBd @R R8s ©E3 ok @0 Nenalsmw o e @RYsEm

meaning

am o eww )@ e,

‘on¢’ and

7

0 ABMIDETBBIW alZ) TBNE weElnm Qoo Bow3 Yo paa

nonesty wer

@0.01S 1 )an@an 0 Ce Y.

8)

Thera

Bmo &gl mloamssemallan gomi d@g|) Mgy aigmo

SLJCHN6MO.

Jalam, &

9

@06D) CANMS>MBINOWRYo SMIW] BB B HRRO I @ & )6 Enoam0.

Ina foy

10)

S0eNZHG0 B INBUWRe EOSTEIR @@ aleilw §aTVMj0 EM0

m as,

956 8 0100 B.2181AN® SIEMOW ).

(8now snows

11)

DO aJTReo Bowdelaj@o EAVE BB D @1 0y@S T ldbaslan

@0.015 )0y ()T IRLEISS @IS M.

altogethe

12)

emoth g0 Gl EPMEQIIGaN ®O MyeIajo B90D) Odo Hed AVIAO AV

literally (

B @GSIO® aIE)oe@&mmeQIan ajlaad af).ad)dsm.

EXampleg

13)

&glailocho @meemal @seilabo @saial afldlome adlwo@

&b @28 Hg B0 GS) @Yo BROS.

“Go it by

14)

00580031000 @0y mmecd aIREERd BREINS aidloy

that g J;

afleme, ©0glea BAIMDBG OS ezrato,;(oa:c)wo_wg;o (e obI=1[c1dp)

We haye

Somdso a0 18g o).

Stead of

15)

@y mdlome o™ Bt Go)We Mas.a) ays), gan

ther ty,

moe) Elaiaveomeg o &0.0) 010IO0ISBRRNOT AOQ WIN®ID

DU

BAHEMQJo OISO Y.

'

JUst ag ¢y

16)

@noflosaslm @z m 20000 @$EmIdy @RI AIW agR2eIBITn

Shoul{ b,

PBgo ST 8m aellw oo ey eflailoa @Ejwimgog

Wt 4

Q100 18LIAS @O WHRIQ S,

Yilam fy

e

37

—

1

I returp f

17) aflaw.od)aiave cm@moﬂwgamemac)mse a8 QYo @y aZemés ali®

Od qVQEM QYo BWLD d)"mce@, B06Mg IS Q1Yo ed)8ss &)amo

itilized iy o

BIMQJo © B0,

18) @) ALEAY ERGEIAB BV BPR BT HEOAUMND

MO OMOTg S0 ORI msrrﬂmﬂ% aQVE; RIMOS G

O OB, MIVS:AINHM @RISR’ SO )@ )@ oo )

19) ofls EodfasaEEle aVQIVLIRIMEBEatS GOS BRIV )00 ©Qg|)

OOdR @Y QRLER)I2MODO a_ﬂ@%v)mo afoq

20) @® aNWIR BB ISEBINMO @Sl orlege &gl ceae

QYOS @K leneBge aISIDMSHSOS FIMEH IR SD)Emed G

ﬁ\.’ﬂ@’\g:lg

MERZo @8g 9o @VAIINS BRI

Y1.

The Indefinite Sentence

nodlenaplgl

It is an idiomatic privilege of English to make use of

ﬂmo

certain pronouns of the demonstrative signification without

M\ egoem

meaning to point to any particular subject

Such are ‘t.’

‘one’ and ‘they, as, ‘It rains’: ‘it snows

‘how is it with yon?

if one’s

SoUﬂ@go 088

nonesty were impeached, what would one do?’ ‘they say the king is insane’ ete

There is no exact equivalent for the indefinite ¢it’ in Mala-

fl mgjoigmo

yalam, and its force cannot be brought out by any substitution

@&QMM

In a few examples however the appropriate noun can be put

HIMY0 640

an .

as

‘It rains’ 2weaiQmo (the rain rains);

‘it snows’ @eomSa QA

(snow snows); while in most other cases the ‘i’

SO0 |l

ay be left out

altogether

as, ‘How is it with you? oflemdoss eavuveycac? Or More

But in either

m@m)aomw

literally aflemg o5 vedlomyai ago cud)ch @ai@)esamn ?

glesm

examples just given as well as in a few others, as, ‘Give it Jones?’

oo S\

‘Go it bricks’ ete.,, the construction is so thoroughly idiomatic

]

95 a0l

that a literal or even a close translation is out of the question.

8jo MIee [0}

We have to be content with an expression of the meaning in-

stead of the translation.

We are more fortunate with the

other two pronouns ‘one’ and ‘they

‘One’ is rendered by

i1 045 4™

00 @Im®

@oamond Or @eaimaind; and a further point of similarity is that

Just as ‘one’ has to be followed by ‘one’, s0 @meamocd or @eaimaimd

J 0@%30_183@13

should be followed by mommond or @oaimaind in Malayalam. We

me@OQ

cannot $4y, ‘one cannot know what his fate is

so also i1t is unmala-

yalam to say emmainmo oo emosesemo

——

P

38

Note

It will be noted that ooamoad is a ecloser and more

18) ‘

1)

appropriate translation of the indefinite ‘one’ than emaimaiad, as the

() |

former is @oeflowoo (indefinite gender), while the latter is plainly

masculine (agflowo)

N

F

they, curiously enough, the most commonly received

a8 the tra

equivalent is esdvaesan, Or alosoges:desan; as, ‘They say there will

he exam

be fumine in the district this year’ @9 O&ogjo @0 &g ch BMIBPTRIGOHAAD

sentence,

@ dodea, OF @0 &®gj @9 Klpywlch BMIPe @ MRIG:ORAD 01060y eog

advantag

or 9eMEIGAHAMIE Sdhdalil..

But in translating such sentences

into English, it will be better to use the passive equivalent

forms as already observed.

Instead of translating the sentence

@moailan oflomEao og)

)

ao sag by the indefinite construction They say the king is insane

2

it is shortly and aptly rendered by ¢The king is said to be insane’.

9

9

The indefinite use of ‘they’ is mostly conversational

9

EXERCISE A

1

1)

How is it with you?

It is all over with us.

|

2)

3)

They lord it over the poor tenants.

4)

‘We rough it in the woods

|

5)

He stars it in the provinces

6)

Come and trip it as you go

1)

On the light phantastic too

13

7

One should be careful of one’s health

8)

One should always conciliate

I

9)

One must control one’s feelings

10)

One wholly forgets the danger one is in, and thinks only of the

1

effects of one’s own bullets

11)

They say blood will have blood

1

12)

They say he liked to be first in the company

1T

13)

They say that war has been declared

14)

They say the emperor is ill

18

15)

At lovers’ perjuries, they say, Jove langhs

19

2

16)

One can never do anything at variance with one’s own nature

17)

They say no spirit dares stir abroad after dawn.

Gl

— 39

and mopg

18) Soldiers, we must never be beat — what will they say in England ?

)llﬂﬁ) 45 the

19) They say the king has arrived.

i Py

20) Strange sounds frighten one.

Note.

The indefinite use of they appears in complex sentences,

V received

as the transitive predicate of they necessarily takes a clause-object;

587 there will

the examples above given therefore belong properly to the complex

22MeE08m

sentence, but it is hoped that the present arrangement has the

i) @dh%

advantage of logical connection.

sentences

equivalent

ExERCISE B.

allogao o

1

@motd &)o@l lad aoamoad.

g s fnsane’,

2)

oaa agalwm @ad)es 0.

be fnsane’,

3)

a0 @M eendo aunImMad18wemo.

onal,

4)

@b e ©aIPM SR @Md E®@EAlaeEam

Q@ gnuo.

)

DS QBB EYSso B2 GIEIds0.

6)

@Mt @RAUIMAINIDO @Igo BMISEnEMo.

@0MIW) @O a10S50 ),

)

8)

QBN EM@oe 9818 D BMIAOS1HIDO AlAMEMO2A0D A 10YAD.

9)

meoadhds GalN0 @ 8820 &g )W BHSQIBRY0.

10)

o_x(org@"‘l\ S0 BTS00 @7 db QRLZTEIGHRMEL CHSD® ?

11)

R0E00Y0 TR D& srdlg {logyamosm d@dvall.

12)

©n AVoAIEVPe VMAHLYPD SeM@oT b ©aLAIGMEIY IOgya™

Q1060 @&7%.

13)

@0 @OMNDO BaRad M@ Gadly {le®D .

14)

0 By YO T ce)p_ncg,cb'cmogﬂ" mallosailan @sem 203)18g |s@ea

anoem & doal).

15)

IR IRHOD SHM(@)O @@,eﬂ% ISMOR I oo 9QgileOWYNS

only of the

Zoch $Qig) H2lE a@HANID 6Ia QB MSSAN.

16)

S®Z2 &) a0 oS5 GaINGOIMHIMI® & loQad)QYeE .

17)

@ISO SGARYPENIOTD 1T AVIUYSHZIVWAINE @ITNIMNEL] TVo®

SMEM 601G TR .

18)

@QEINDO zaidlct HEVMME OO @I & )EeramME20?

19)

@IIDMHO SHFAEEILIOE T BYRIDM al0sws S anaidlgy.

20)

BRI @@ Q1)QI10a0S WMo M QIleS 9QISOHM 2 TBIZ:

pataré

A WMEOBR a-IOQYA,

v

PUASIER

40

i

Vil

)\7

dt’ Anticipating the Infinitive Phrase

e idiom

It is an extremely common and useful arrangement im

in, Th

English to use the pronoun ¢ as a substitute for the coming

Tt is vain |

1nﬁr11t1ve as, ‘It is pleasant to contemplate the beautiful’;

tit is idle to

be explar

deplore the irremediable’;

‘it is useless crying over spilt milk’

In Malayalam, however, we have only one form, . e Slwo

@M (Majoavdo) to represent both the noun clause and

the infinitive phrase; hence the anticipative ‘it’ and a noun-

clause have both the same form in the translatlon

Rule 12, When the subject of a @woaymamoze is not ex-

pressed, its correct translation is by an ‘infinitive’. For example:

LD GQ.JOcﬂam"@ ma_laszosm

‘it is dangerous o go out in the rain’

For

there is no expressed subject to savamp. An equivalent form

T

)i

of this construction is to substitute the infinitive itself for the «it’:

8

as, ‘To go out in the rain’is dangerous’, OT going out in the rain is dangerous

so that we see that Malayalam sentences with a &woay@amozo

for the subject may be translated by three different construc-

tions into English; and if the subject is expressed, the number

of equivalent forms is increased to five, as a noun-clause may

also be used in such a case.

astlend).ol A& 2LV Ca iGN

|

maisserdlges@en . This may be rendeled into English by

all the following forms:—

1j)

1) It is dangerous for a delicate person to go out in the rain

2) For a delicate person to go out in the rain is dangerous.

8) Going out in the rain is dangerous to a delicate person.

])

Other cases will be fully dealt with under the complex

))(

sentence; so also the idiomatic use of the subjunctive mood

in this sense.

[

Rule 13. Translate the sentence introduced by the antici-

pative ‘it’ by substituting for the pronoun the phrase or clause

§

[

which it anticipates

41

Note.

There is no personal pronoun in Malayalam upon which

the idiom of the language confers this peculiar privilege of anticipa-

ement in

tion.

The avogsiBmoeaiandyo may be substituted in some cases; as,

& Coming

‘It is vain to make excuses’ @8El@¥lay alosmodd queaoleewlgy. This will

‘it s idle o

be explained under the complex sentence.

a.)

I’ as Subject Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed.

0.6, s

ause and

10.

EXERCISE A.

1 a noun-

1)

It is noble to seek truth.

It is useless to dispute with an obstinate man.

1§ 10t ex-

3)

It is necessary to make a choice.

4)

It required the utmost exertions of the officers to quell the excitement.

rexample;

5)

It was painful to him to refuse a request.

min', For

6)

It is the business of art to imitate nature.

ylent form

Under Charles II. it was made a serious crime tq attend a vdissenting

or the at’

place of worship.

It would have been wise in the king to avoid any conflict with the

§ dangerous';

8)

people.

. Betmizo

9)

1t would be a wild notion to expect perfection in any work of man.

- construc-

10)

It is never good to bring bad news.

¢ number

It is uncharitable to speak ill of the absent.

11)

12)

It is pleasant and healthy to take a walk in the cool of the evening.

lause may

13)

It is creditable to a man born poor to rise to eminence.

) @mo@fmm;)

14

It is a pitiful sight to see young men of promise carried away by

Inglish by

the untimely hand of death.

15

It is enough to send a thrill of horror into the hearts of all good

men to see the rising generation as full of conceit.

i

EXERCISE B.

1)

V@0 AIOYMND QOB oo @A 1SHS A )0 CD®IH M.

e complex

2)

M@OS BaRasI®20d cmSlnon e @y eseean® Q) avm

dire mood

@m@omﬂ%@g@a@m’o.

3)

oaiafudlded aflveamdlesang ailggl@@osan,

4)

EYSAT AN HNPIMISLANG MANEY.

fle antici

5)

@nud)do HQIgB0 &S ).010@h EREEILIG0 O MBIG0.

o oF Clause

6)

@wo_m(};]@@@g QO] 0)8& hAIMND ag3)Be QB OO @0p1QY

20K aM.

—_—

—

42

()

M loa0WmEMo EH St BRAIGH0.

8)

@Yo ailed &:MBIch Ao AVEIMILT) Bso.

9)

200BIVAMEMMBE 3@ Al loVI@oIMIR OHE AU T SIMOMY @0

VIRV 0.

10)

aJe1deoeiqy Mmoo @0 MVEMA)MND 9 BB MO TR WLEI®

MYEIHTOQYo © RoHaM.

11)

@0 AVIRL) zmy@g(oﬂemumo{:gomt gsallosssan Q).

12)

aslesoab @O H) AIQYER HIPYVBOE 6 a10g]) ogcmm'\mm‘:ro? %Mo.

13)

1

BN 16O BYE ORI @HaAN o9ag am aflglonnm dgemo

B1a B a5 @10) @'BSJ:) OJOGB(TT)\’O;’ {BTOCEO@)O.

14)

Oalmda:seenz oﬂg)ag)omo 00101 8n0O® ERBERIMN O T I3

@b allesesanm @o mogcg)m")rob BT ALIUIPEMM S |0 M.

13)

1

BQIMEEMSQYo BQIMRICEOSAo HHUIYo @06 |8 DAY,

o eabo %@b®°'

I

b.) ‘It as Object Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed.

Model. <The general judged it expedient to cross the

river’ md) @senany Qemoean 9o am)ouSlatad afl@ie) o,

Note. It will be observed that ogam supplies the place of the

English ‘that’ introducing an object noun-clause; and so the dis-

tinction botween the above sentence and its equivalent form ‘The

general judged that it was expedient to cross the river’ cannot be

brought out in Malayalam.

As there is no such distinetion between the direet and indirect

forms of speech in Malayalam, as obtaining in English by the sup-

pression of ‘that’, agam may also represent the sign of quotation.

Take the example: He said, ‘The king will not survive the defeat’ oo

Q) @O @vaIRWe AVab)aj eFlaflofldleedlyy ‘ag a0’ @RAID aloswy.

11

EXERCISE A.

1) He found it difficult to maintain his position.

8) I thought it the most prudent method to be still.

3) A Chinese once took it into his head to travel into Europe.

4) The Emperor Honorius found it advisgble to contract the limits of

the empire.

R,

43

5)

The jotting of the rough roads of that time made it necessary to

reduce the fracture again.

mm@ m

6)

Horace Walpole thoaght it a good practical joke to set public men to-

gether by the ears.

0 (el

7

I feel it my duty to speak on this point.

8)

I may yet have it in my power to prove my gratitude to you.

9)

We should certainly think it the height of injustice in him to accuse

us of feeling actuated of malice.

mo Oj(ﬂ'lﬂo

190 gm0

10

~—

A gainst the Saxon pirates the Roman Governor found it necessary to

establish an elaboratc system of defence.

)@ﬂ(& g

11)

He found it not at all prudent to maintain such a costly establish-

KY)S&:P@(TTU.

ment under his altered circumstances.

my 6)%.\169)

12)

Patriots consider it an honour to die in the cause of their country.

13)

The ignorant consider it not worth their while to examine a fly or

watch the movements of the ant.

14)

The speaker thought it superfluous to enter into details about the

probable issue of a hasty war between two nations so equally

cross the

matched.

ace of the

EXERCISE B.

) the dis-

1)

form ‘The

()Y OB o NYT@ @0aIZMO2a Fawr2od aflalm)dean.

2

-

cannot he

WMo &SN aJ@Emnmeg e gay) 92 eyopjaeod adem

Bz a0,

3)

aNeabo &)¥lejes 0IBRIS e @) AVAVIBIEsNE® M eado a0

2oNET A SHOOHQAD Q)o@ )EnBD) .

1d indirect

4)

Momdo wraeese alainedlssmo (Jwiaueamm @oaimb

r the sup-

omg 1) ol 1@ )esan.

quotation.

5

~—"

«uémogcscedomm'\fo’o odesanmoem’ aflg; 08 saven laco 21088

lofeat’ IR0

a@) afalo@d e .

6)

@oglos qvge W@@ME oagalleew Es:oqmalm 2d)

04,

WIR @ o_nro’k/oamﬂ@a@azm ad)am@nde aflwesad)lesan.

7

MRS SSOHS TyeITVo(ajoa)@mW) @L0IWSE) (@ JVET I8

RD o@g)0 @MDY MOSWY 0FlaFeh @I FORIEMMNA 6wy @)

BBe RO .

8)

e9agadleomeesgla amgglom a1 g {lenoo@ BRBMANS

pe

e @YOITDSICWER® BB RMOD 19O Rldaaey,

o lmits Of

20&amn.

9)

(@ro"]rocrp@_so QIAJMIW B AVI@IOEMIN S IBWEMo.

e

44

—

10) av.esaflesiw gamwassg

Q1

)

=)

12)

0018w e BTN m@oo’]&«ﬁm@@_

MO @Yo RIATIRAIR &M @206 .

1)

11) DIMMITBS HS ao@oo_ﬂ@ommoégo DEREEMEOBHDER0 B ATV

e Iesnem aflg 1o8)eg 6S &anIes o go@oem .

14)

Note.

‘It’ in such constructions takes a n

oun or an adjective

immediately after it, and comes after verbs of

‘thinking’,' ‘speaking’,

15)

‘sounding’, ‘making known’, ete.

16

c.) ‘I Anticipates an Infinitive Implied.

1

The usual function of a pronoun is to stand for

a noun

|

or its equivalents, actually expressed; but in some cases it

also represents a fact or idea implied in a phrase or clause.

Take the example: ‘Though it was hardly

worthwhile, still they contra-

1)

dicted the report.” Here the pronoun ‘it’ stands for the infinitive

2

implied in the sentence ‘they contradicted the report’;

so the sentence

would read

!

‘Though to contradict the report was hardly worth while, (still)

they contradicted the report.” The student will note that this use

74)

of ‘it’ comes properly under the complex sentence, and its

9 0)

consideration will thevefore be put off for the present.

General exercises in the anticipative use of “it’.

12.

ExErcisE A.

]

1)

It is pleasant to walk in the morning.

U

2)

It is possible to predict the movements of the stranger.

j

3)

To be or not to be, that is the question,

4)

It were an unseemly sight, a novice out of convent shade,

4

5)

It is a maxim in raillery, never to venture on it but with the polite

and witty.

6)

It is a piece of politeness never to interrapt a person in his story.

7)

Make it & rale never to neglect any duty.

1)

8)

To derive any advantage from travelling it is not sufficient to pass

through different countries.

9)

This is life eternal, to know Thee, the only true God.

10)

It wiil not do to talk of incnle

ating virtue from the stage.

11)

It is necessary only to allude to the practice to fill the soul of my

1

youthful readers with honor.

j)

45

———

%Oxﬂﬁ)ﬁm%

12)

It has generally been found a hopeless effort to attempt to bring

back the drunkard to a life of respectability.

mfmmmo

18)

It did not occur to him to observe the ways of animals.

m,

14)

It is hardly possible for a thinking man to gain experience or obser-

vation without waking some secret and short reflection upon the

adjoctive

exceeding swiftness of the operations of the mind.

Speaking

15)

It is distressing to know that human passion interferes often to

destroy the happiness of a nation.

16)

It is a vast function to teach the art of living well.

17)

IIe considered it a duty owed to society to expose such villainy.

[ & nonn

18)

Some nations deem it no crime to cheat foreigners,

19)

The captain saw it mecessary to cut off the mast to save the ship.

03568 1t

20)

He thought it unnecessary to add a word of explanation to this

I clauge

laconic despatch.

hey contra.

21)

He considered it incumbent on him to spread the new faith to the

ifinitive

utmost of his power.

senfence

22)

It betrays a weak mind to be upset at the very first difficulty.

23)

The governor thought it wise not to interfere with such popular

il (il

demonstrations.

this nse

24

~

It is useless to deplore the irremediable.

cand 1is

25)

The new priest firmly believed it a part of his duty to reclaim the

b

erring members of his congregation even at person‘al risk,

EXERCISE B.

1)

a_ngsvo_»@@,cm;ﬂmb &g lesang Mo,

2)

0J088H@OG] MSMN® BXMNEM W0,

3)

@PRV107).9) 016189 ® @A laND 2S)WRICIW &5 1HEOS Qe

B1OMEM 20010,

)

4)

AovadsS®d 2I0HQYe LR B QYo

9AYYIN® QIMBIW

v

SIYREH:D.

h the polite

5)

LoD T 0318 US)gjoad @H)edNE 0y C2OE.

6)

i story,

&gm.allzd) @msissod aflandlesmg avIEY,E20?

7

OIS ) B9 B @219 Lo ABSAN® BRIEI Lo,

8)

290000I% AIOYMNGIBBEY SHSAL A IOYMEG BYYBESHSIEM .

b fo pass

9)

@O IvAKREs o avaydlogamo @R UD) YRS B3B8 BANIC0.

10)

8013088 © M OB |erO WA 8.a10&)8m0e0® afloagy aflgnwo.

11)

ERE BULIEYBEWIEHRMMER® OV, 2Ry Baefld.

soul of my

12)

MM enta0y allogygerYRSIBWI) 20y BSH.

13)

esasseaSl inmisma@ elo0allg @8N AIRINLINMMIG AMD -

46

14)

® ERIMG @) MVoa0I D62 o dg S0M@IW 103 ley® a1 ERjaZo MmO,

FOLLE

15)

BOQIMNIQ VOB lejo 88803 wsmalaj aflaimoelaflan @.alyf)

ffp is t00 8

g1® alnEjao.

yill be o

16)

aflegomEng H®@e|0 MBerAcEa Galea) el oflsmy meab.

17)

or ‘trans

mﬂ%o@@zbm@mowmam N3l {lg |8DOAD @00 & aVIRY) 20

&@gdoo.ld;%o.

is too old

18)

BT Q0.0 OO A) GO ASMHBOVS DELMY BE)wWey.

o B

19)

apeaim eflaflessaegs M@0 WaSlglesmE g e BIvIW

mmport 1

B ()OS lWamkan,

20)

Note.

88000 SETOAND «g)Bgjo BO)OM &Wlosamy @cwocrﬁo;

21)

@sailed Slayano LOLICRIGICRIEEN

Rule

29)

23)

o2& p oo @Ay o Mgg jord @osﬂqycm@gg.

patison

MoEMo a@g’?g’\mma@mgg@ EYOMICWIBHDT 6).210QASTREMI P

24)

Blaimn

@ﬂy@@owmmoemog QYo MSIEINY o joaf)YeS e1eMem

o2an afle) @oeyys@Id MS)esan.

pression

25)

2o lasan mmeno emoelleeled emoeeman L0y 608

Wode

g)md Gaaloed d@sam.,

HO M

vill. Simple Sentence with too’ followed by an Znﬁnitz’veh.

Rule

‘Too’ is a terse adverb of comparison showing both manner

sabstitat

and degyee; a8, ‘He is too old to learn’ = ‘he is so old that he cannot learn’,

8gppa) b

When the phrase expressing the comparison is suppressed, the

word must be taken in the sense of ‘more «than enough’, ‘than

what is just, right, convenient, fitting or desirable’:—«ont

that this too, too solid Aesh would melt’.

This is an idiom peculiar to

Y

English and cannot be rendered with equal terseness into

Malayalam.

In the majority of cases only the equivalent

form can be translated; as, He is too old to learn’ @pau a18)g{eab

@0 ()00 4 N Q@b @EnQIgDo (2)0@r0S )85 Ges QMG a OF @A

o@ufleyo afldlomo aidlgyond &@lalgy.

It is to be regretted that

we have to resort to these circuitous or lengthy forms of ex-

)

pressing the meaning conveyed by this terse, graceful English

)

1)

idiom. Bnt however in a few cases a shorter and less harsh

translation is possible; when the comparison is suppressed @oof)

1)

may be used; as, ‘This too, too solid flesh’ e cmmﬂno@e_leeono or o

oo,

@0 @)augeidsaso; ‘this frujt is too sweet’ @o a0 @D AR )6g 0);

flm g )

the is too strong for you’ @paid aflomencdd @RCNWEMIR 8 o).

It

will be observed that by adding enpuiegpe), the idea of ‘excess’

MY e,

or ‘transgressing the proper limit’, is well brought out.

‘He

) e

is too old to learn’ may thus be rendered by ewaim aidlgjomd @0

gy,

@o @RUS)E:200 18g o).

‘ana), ‘ago’ and other words of similar

360 Ry

import may be put in likewise.

1000,

Note. Instead of infinitive, a phrase under ‘for’ comes after ‘too’.

Rule 14. The sentences in ‘too’ with an expressed com-

Qas GNP

parison should be translated by its equivalent form under

95 QlAmem

Glomae and @ad@lwom emeaionsyead with a negative ex-

pression added to the end.

m LQS@GNB

Model.

‘The news is too good to be true’ mo acwzim. we

O MMIIB g | 9@ @) M 3 @b (&@MNe@) EM o) @l gyoad (Bail)

cwoa%mo) asoslgy. (o¥leewo.)

y?;zitive‘.

Rule 15. When <oo’ stands alone without comparison,

th manner

substitute ees) or words of like import for <00’ and add epw)

annot learn’,

eg @) to the end; as, ‘This is too long’ @ Qge® oz 2w ey o).

ressed, the

13.

EXERCISE A.

gy, han

ble':—«0h!

1) The news is too good to be true,

eculiar to

2)

This was too little return for the labour expended.

ness 10t0

3)

The sum was too difficult for the boys’ power of calculation.

4)

The work was too warm to last long.

equi.va]ent

5)

He was too much excited to hear reason.

b g prd

6)

The state was too much weakened by its internal divisions.

7

The civil commotions of France were of too general importance to be

0 @ooJm

overlooked by the princes of Europe.

offed that

8)

The lords were too prudent to assume unconstitutional powers.

ms of ex-

9

The window was too high to reach from the ground.

1 Boglish

10)

Scipio was too lordly to be the useful citizen of a republic, too

Jesg harsh

generous to become her master.

11)

Cousin, I am too young to be your father

ossed 0o

Though you are old enough to be my heir.

gado 0F B9

P

48

i

12)

The artifices of the king were too refined to be successful and too

Rule

frequent to be concealed

URGION

13)

He bad been just out of his office being too shrewd to be deceived

and too honest to join in deceiving the people

{hg truth’

14)

The travellers were too much exhausted by the Journey to take notice

of the passers-by

Note

15)

He was too conscientious an officer to set personal considerations

b pres

before the public duty.

MR

EXERCISE B.

1)

AR o OOV 0aRIaD Qg 6H® 2 gxo.

2)

@adlgyem) @rolgjomd aw man aymseno.

3)

DO &5 gano mE O IseIes M ® alQg |20 18g 9@

4)

@O o o0 aaumm@rmﬂm QB OO0 (URODYBB D NI

208 @00 amlgy

5)

QlRldg0

>

QEBIOS MIRICEEHD ICWHND ol APV G )

muﬂ@@amﬂ@gﬂomﬁm’)@gm

<o

v

6)

(@Mow0 21ge® dlrazdlmang oo 8odg b @S)axm

=

O.Jcﬁs_z o_ﬂroauaamﬂ@&:;omﬂ

7

=)

Sz

B QlallW &Yoo 1aw adg joad o aflsanan 01Q @I 18gJow ).

8)

oNelom ) esods a0 n_mgzlmb (000080 U OO @ gy Bow)

Bgjo 1@l esmo.

9)

cmoemrzss@@ 900 @107 )b (8w g joab af) man ®.01Qg Jo.

10)

f)

RNEEd @R er) oo os e avemia g joad 0 8gJod nan

oal)OeIqoem .

11)

9

wIG)mmImges Bridk myudledlmmimas D £0L1E ) 1D BQIME)

@00 mevdoa mulglesme cidaosrvessan.

12)

@S0 aleme.pieln) G laidan o@yfrs@g e (@)8QIus g joad

) f

(m’a@ao.&momo&ﬂmﬂrommm%o eoaﬂ@ Q88 QI0IGBaD @R QID,

3)

o@@oogjmmmﬂam DI EoRvailodoge gy @ﬂfmsmﬂcsgo

DS @UIN® @Alg o oo emiele @EAE)BNBnIBeENS.

14)

BNIEMO &G BWER|BSHSANIMRITMAIME] &5 1))

1)

1X

The Absolute Construction.

1

The absolute participial phrases show either time or cause,

1

and may always be converted into correspondlng adverbial

clauses;

1j)

as, ‘My story being done, she gave me for my pains a world of

sighs’ .__when wy story was done she gave me for my pains a world of sighs

(time) ; ‘the wind being favourable, we set sail’ = as the wind was favourable,

1) 1

11) |

we set sail (cause)

—

49

—

688l ang gy,

Rule 16. The absolute infinitive is translated by the avoes

0 be deceiveq

Qim ‘eg@iah’ Or ‘eyaemaslal’ preceded by @lwamoao; as, “To tell you

the truth’ asl8anog aV@je aloQa@OWID.,

0 take notieg

Note 1. Sometimes ‘agam © 000’ with &)@smze in & or aseso

considerations

with present wayoymo may be used with advantage; avmyo asoeow

M Q1.019@h OF AVYy0 10N aidmo,

2. The absolute participial phrase has a separate subject.

I

14. EXERCISE A,

YR 00aiIg

1)

Richard having been deposed, Henry became king,

2)

It drawing towards night, they got him to bed.

JIpRITVA0)

3)

Their plans concerted, they sought and found the king in the Loire.

o @Slam

4)

We sitting, the cock crowed.

5)

The ghost appeared, the bell then beating one.

6)

The gloss of novelty once dulled, the ways of the ship oncevmasthered,

rmsmﬂ@&oaﬂ.

and the character of those around him once comprehended, life

0 9o

on board must have appeared tohis eager, restless nature but

wearisome and monotonous.

}

7

The last of the voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew wearj

Q'SHO()D onam

of the sea.

8)

The habitation being quite solitary, we arrived at the door without

o\ Su0e)

)

being observed.

9)

The wind having fallen, the sea became gradually calm.

éemw’lﬁon{\

10)

The Duke was arrested, a charge of treason being laid against him.

am @b,

11)

His peaceful proposals being rejected, he determined to make his way

| el

by valour.

»34')85“S~

12)

Your life being now attended with so many evils, why are you not

willing to die?

13)

To cut the matter short, the army sustained a disastrous defeat, and

the king fled the country in dismay.

o 01 CAUSE

14)

To speak plainly, you are a fool.

adverhial

15)

Sooth to say, there was not a single friend willing to help him in

3 & Wol'ld Of

this dilemma.

corld of sighs

16)

To be plain with you, I have not a single sovereign to lend 3'<;u.

s favourable,

17)

To speak mathematically, the prosperity of a country is directly

proportional to merchants, farmers and artizans.

4

L

fo Re F%me QeroBs @

H_.

R

oBeoswe owefLO wometroalFun(y oA s Swwee(of) (g1

& @0 cororo Scwa@)(PErefD (EwWST YioFPOYY

PIDPOrD ABEIeStee W Yov °fog odusrog an(ewme® (LT

w

|

Wncm@ﬂdnyg (T ese (M aD

focesce opelBpaus Bee|Sc@asg|Sroe owea(se® seecBeas aneo

(91

T (;

opcapoaw Sefd 8o o® QUL MY (UL @ "[BEIrvY

I

(er

W ospEUWEidan cc@rcc_drm@ @(mIw @o ‘oo ol

oe@@ogﬁu

@9 roee Qe oformengi(maw crep(@cewibire T TRt WS T

(62

I

f& (5@ c@mo PS5 avroszEie| @

27

AMOELEIE@E YIRV@O @ (B EP AT ores Py Beawsban Foan

(er

I3l 31 81

oo Besus o oo Ty ofv

aud aany

Ooﬁg@grgn@ F@rén\voogog@gﬁg oMot RIVS) oQCC@W@U&u

908 why

{QADIO (@WCRRD(UQID QUIT(JWITD I UDQLIBIIM( FOQEE (@Y

(z1

[Py

BP(@r0Ep WY B (wiawblfvawm wetee foan

OEIOUDCEE BOEIS(® VR® WE(EBULWALI® US|

(e Fﬁq

(ar

@ﬁe@

B 5e00® (moe

(o1

198 004 ‘o

ol PRUL®@ VOM(S® SOIP® EFrPeaLmEEory ol@aw

ULOW m@a@g QOB oub| @Y BBro® unse

U} sty 8,

(5 ote(® (e @ WiroBove @By porD wErBeayBE

(e

% 301§ 9

-fF e rvpsewBe Qo

AN

o o eto oo Guse|w W EBse@E© Fmmw (@)

(8

10 e

UDEPCORIY S © moﬂm@r\c

WY °Uts QB (WEBMLYY([D @A YL WY@ MNUBONOUE

(e ojur

womeC®

oo BBHw(meravwes dBwewoesf® yoseos e

(0

e aop[d

feloturo vocfwpie (mommeian wstes

womeomeo ol @ Bevs seBe(mecan @)

(9

| 91y

A0SV ©

FBp(emwse wetewsw wRe Ete

RETELIEACT L RCE oo

0@ 0rte awew ofgew(@austseo® e (@) §fv oo e

(¢

*UocOCsR SO0 0BBro© aw(Ww

woafo ewey ‘iR PEBrve TRETIW ULEErv e

(6

(BB® pog( e emuse@)me w W&GC@ oD LSO

yowe weroey piBgwfo offran swtewgoves Focw(rv oEEe

(g

*f3| o BBUw©

(07

Hile @ eoromusgesan focme PiEtErEe W awd@fome

(3

“ER80ofo @ quroe oetmioBoo we waswws (I

g FSIOUAXT

(]

e ]

06

51

19) @ovesas lab aflay allesad i wmo PN A6Mo © M2 ag)am B US)

S0 oﬂ@gjog 9210 @0k QAVADLITBZ OS Uy.afle.eem o)

Sa1Hd 0flogieh@ow @pym oW o{)d)esmmo.

o)) oy

20) QLEND a10SwsLIEE)th S|k (E@e ©.0)QPAUEAD oo

Iendh maf)

BMIaIBBWEBdD &5 lddhdegs 2maiw 10aV6 G mmﬂgzﬂcsacm

aflw o) ayes moe@och Doy a1d)gy Al mOSQo algo

b oewlal

3o 10 @ 1 1))@ 21890 @rs ) o )& ) e ao.

0o E0éIAL

X

Stmple Sentence with an Infinitive Phrase hawing

zsmﬁ@gjs

the force of an Adjective.

W26

Rule 17. The infinitive used as an adverbial phrase to re-

place an adjective clause in English, ought to be translated

eewIh

into Malayalam just like an adjective clause by weny

) Bitho B

C‘%@mom

Qg0 OT @W@aqmmmo@@ommo@ o.

1T M

Note. Such expressions as, ‘Sunderland was the first minister fo fally

“He is not a man to say such things’ ete. have no parallel in Malayalam.

om0 6]

‘He was the first man to shed blood in the cause of Islam’=¢He was the first

man, who shed blood in the cause of Islam’ DY) 002 ) @3 JaR GQI6NE) BSMMI2®

el Mgt

20)01® ERALMIY .

HIMAIAN0

Model. <He is not the man to say such things’ e aflwoe aio

)

) Qi)

QY @gd eogy @oaid. Here the student will note that the infi-

rﬂm@mzco

nitive phrase is taken first, as it qualifies the noun “man’ which

1s the real subject; and the shifting of the grammatical subject

)G

‘he’ to the end brings out the force of the idiom.,

@@MO)G@.\

15

EXERCISE A,

Bchdgo OO

1) You are not the man to desert your old friend.

10000+

2) Bacon was the first to impress upon mankind the importance of phy-

sical research.

15(,\) 0IBR00]

3) I was the last person to enterithe room,

L0600

4) They are not the men to be trifled with.

|

'

5) He was the first to teach the tenets of the prophet.

. 61200

6) There were no fruits for them to gather.

7) Is this the way for you to find the officers and men together?

4

*

52

8

)

They wanted acommon arbitrator to be resorted to, in their difference.

9)

We were the first to come into the house and the last to go out of it.

10)

He was the only man to take an intelligent view of the case.

11)

He was not a man to stand on ceremony.

12)

One of the first to avow himself a believer was his servant Teid.

13)

Those that ought to be the first to suspect a thing, are often the

last to do so.

14)

Come, Gelert, why art thou the last Llewelyn’s horn to hear?

15)

These great truths needed a voice to utter them with distinctness.

Who is there now to tame thee?

16)

17)

William III. was not the man to discard an old friend for a new one.

18)

A man of very real integrity, honour and ability will be found to

take his place and to carry his ideas into full execution.

19)

The people are the masters, we are the skilful workmen to shape

their desire into perfect form and to fit the utensils to the use.

EXERCISE B.

1)

WSIP0 B @SB WP IBsMMaIMEy @D,

2)

@0E120Mo EPMRIS W allfeids QIPIQYAN AVILOMARY.

3)

ot dods 031088 O1S AVIRINTRND 6 QIGHIMVER @ TUNIARY WD o).

4)

EUIEMOG T BWEZ |85050 YAMRITMAMEY &GS,

3)

@ @ah 2198SEMHRa™ 6 aldp] @ lab allomm @eaa &-alogyanal

opilaid.

6)

P2a00IRIBAIIG @ONRYATY &mo%}cmo.x(b BIY@o QY.

7)

@odo saa1ufemdIYes () ovlawg |0a) oﬂ @0g) EYEHMail

CmIED.

8)

©1 EREEMITBNDO VMBS BB B mﬂ&':j oo

=g esleayse.

9)

emad enlgo@oaile@msreQIMgy a1,

10)

aleM OB e BQIME) B@AINM AIG)GeaNAIMEY M@EOS SRS Ioab.

11)

@omho LIRIRROOD R ) aomlo{lmam @dcn SAQRD

&8 QYmMaimofiaan gy csooamgu

av .

12)

AMEM OB BSHoato QUIBANQIABE B AISIOHTD oS |CD I AOAD

S8 QPanaiaso BRI @mmTlgy eanb.

13)

S|H0d OO EOAISSHODENNG 0B g |OG)eh BWe|GBalo&HaN

B&s0ad.

14)

SH@MB Do HOM BB AIS@AD USHBHOL MBI,

15)

EIO60B3 DS QUontd 968 aﬂ@owrcmsgoo‘; eao@o_mrob mocgma@ms

&Sloriles @owdo QUIMBADAN QIR 6‘@66:3()0.

il 53'__

106

16) claslaied OOIQO® QNG ©.21RIANEH S YMaIogy.

it

17)

DIBONYER B HO0OB DO EPEM1EemIUS)®iro agefles

TG BWILD) DYSB AIOGY @o_meﬂgg@sorb.

18) ®P@ HaGYeEM WY moel.

19)

32a10518:0@)120®OS @ eno aqomiod g joaeeR @o&’go @@ )d9ej0 W 608 )

the

Om @Ry,

20)

Mo @EM)IMj0 aIRERIE al0smy Haladlg jooees quNIAg)

ag®abo afls,

658

e

xi. General Exercz’se in Simple Sentence.

i to

16.

EXERCISE A,

128

1)

The last of these voyages not proving very successful, I grew weary

1se

of the sea.

The apartments, considering the size of the vessel, were spacious

and high,

8)

It has rained unceasingly all the week.

4)

In most instances the participial adjuncts may be considered ag a

separate clause contracted into a phrase.

20

5)

There are two essential requisites in a treatise intended to introduce

a difficult subject to general readers.

ma

6)

It seems unnecessary to consider Mauray’s theory further,

0

Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person in attempting

wrongfully to confine that person, shall be punished with impri-

o)

sonment for a term extending to two years.

8)

In the event of any person, required to give security under the

provisions of the foregoing section, failing to furnish the security

820

so required, he shall be committed to prison.

9)

In cases tried by the court of session, the court shall forward a copy

of ifts sentence together with a warrant for the execution of the

o

ae0

same, directed to the magistrate of the district.

10)

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to alter or affect the provisions

2000

of any other law or regulation relating to licenses.

11)

Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to

@m

thy word.

12)

Now behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee and thou shalt be

blind, not seeing the sun for a season.

And immediately there fell upon him a mist and a darkness.

@05

He weni secking some to lead him by the hand.

—

54

—

13)

A stag drinking at a clear pool, admired the handsome look of its

spreading horns, ‘“‘How gracefully they hang over my forehead,

what an agreeable air they give my face!”

14)

The ox warned the stag not to be too sure of his escape.

bt

15)

A villager one frosty night in the depth of winter found a snake

under a hedge almost dead with cold.

Having pity upon the

poor creature, he laid it upon the hearth near the fire.

Revived

by the heat it flew at the wife and children of its benefactor

with dreadful hissing.

5

16)

Vile wretch! This is the reward you make to me your benefactor?

Die then! but a single death is too good for you.

17)

The frogs, living an easy free sort of life among the lakes and

3l

ponds, once prayed Jupiter to send them a king.

18)

Full particulars concerning the nowinal strength and organization

of the Russian army have been collected by the Intelligence branch

of our War Office.

19)

To form any satisfactory opinion as to the probabilities of Russian

3

schemes of organization being satisfactorily carried out under the

pressure of a declaration of war, it is necessary to know the

country and the people.

%

20)

Full many a gem of purest ray serene

The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear.

21)

Let observation with extended view

Survey mankind from China to ljeru.

Most wretched men

3

22)

e o s e 4 s s e e

Are cradled into poetry by wrong.

23)

The clergy having now gained one victory over the crown, proceeded

in the next place to attack the authority of the Archbishop.

3)

24)

Between all the senses there i3 a kind of comparative activity in one

and quietude in the other.

3

25)

The sun, as the centre of our solar system and the spring of all

vital phenomena in the vegetable world, and thence by induction

)

to the animal world, requires the first consideration in examining

the relation of the external world to vital phenomena.

26)

For the last hundred years and more, Chili has been a repository

of earthquakes.

27)

%)

Strong winds may be viewed as revivifying agents in the wheel of

nature, during certain periods of endemic and epidemic invasions.

28)

Accurate and perfectly authenticated copies of the 'yard and the

pound, executed in platina and hermetically sealed in glass, should

—

)

55

6 ook of it

be deposited deep in the interior of the massive stone-work of

Iy forehead,

some great public building, to be taken out upon some very high

By

and urgent occasion.

/

ound & sngke

29)

To speak of the coast of Greenland now encompassed ten, twenty and

ity upon he

thirty miles from shore with a belt of ice, being in 982 A. D. per-

16, Revived

“fectly free from ice, and in 1121 A. D. a bishopric rf),ppointed by

Sigar, king of Norway, and in a short time having sixteen churches,

its benefastor

appears scarcely credible.

1 benefactor?

30)

From these and other considerations too numerous to mention, the

climate of England for the first four centuries of the Christian

the lakes and

era, may be affirmed to have been scarcely inferior to that of Italy.

31)

In contrast with the opinion, now very geuerally adopted, of the

| organization

earth baving once been a fluid or molten mass moving in its orbit

as a fiery meteor, the two following facts relative to the earth’s

igence branch

surface appear worthy of attention.

65 of Russian

32)

I have already entered somewhat fully into the merits of this parti-

out under the

cular method of determining the sun’s distance, in chapter II, of

4

- to know the

my work on the sun.

33)

Apart from any question of delicacy, Government observers have

lately had good reason for avoiding any suggestions in favour of

expenditure on scientific expeditions, very plain hints having been

given them not to do so.

34)

The study of the geographical distribution of living and extinct or-

ganisms has recently become one of the most important branches

of philosophical Natural History.

iy proeeeded

35)

To return from this digression to Europe, we need not wonder at its

hbishop.

ofivity in one

fauna being so much poorer than in post-glacial ti‘mes..

36)

It would be entering too much into detail to give the method of

enquiry adopted in arriving at these important conclusions.

spring of all

37)

Mr, Polier supplied me with a copy of the letter addressed by him

6 by induotion

jn esamiaing

to Sir Joseph Banks, on the occasion of transmitting to that

2

gentleman a copy of the Vedas to be deposited in the British

Museum.

P repository

38)

On the whole, in selecting this spot for tbe abode of Napoleon, étten-

tion would seem to have been directed to the security of his per-

1 tho wheel of

nic inyasions:

son, as the paramount consideration, rather than softening his

ard and the

captivity by fixing his residence in a comfortable and pleasant

J

situation.

i} glaSS,

ghould

-

e

[t

56

89) Certainly, gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a

representative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspond-

ence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents

40) The. Mysore Rajah’s elephant carriage is a most magnificent convey-

ance

the genius of Allawdin could scarcely have done more

Its interior ig a double sofa for six persons, covered with dark

green yelvets and goid, surmounted by an awning of cloth of gold

in the shape of two small scalloped domes meeting over the centre

and surrounded by a richly ornamented verandah, supported by

light, elegant, fluted

gilt pillars

the whole about twentv-two

feet in height and capable of accomodating about sixty persons.

EXERCISE B

1)

RUWERWO I LImMISES )T @030 SHIdhGBo @OEMN, 2 D)Mo IR

ao'h%\ a@Y QIaD.

2)

B® & 01ASHHEd Ao aflriailS)o) 8@ PN Mo BIYQYSS

EOSERIGe alem3|@9neao agllth H&I5omwW.o).

3)

B 2a0)UTASHD @ODO A&z S @oamsmmnbo EDIS a1d)

8:‘0(7')62/_

4)

IR O 1@ 01QIS OB )@d @S®00® MoeyBald o_lmm’]sum%csado

og)ef) @(ﬂ@ﬂoo")(ﬂ:ﬁsmmb BQITE] & 0y0|OW Qg o).

5)

221298 BBLLMY EANOMNAJM0 ad)aD aISEMES @b & @ dean my@enad

allewmed agan oo enital @ntd AINCB LMY G0

@OOAINE Q@O ENOHRAT O3 UDI Q) .0y,

6)

oMz @o;gao)mnaocb WH@©BAIISHBMICH camkm'\gé QURIYSH M)A ) oo

DB 2180 108D B® EoaRemeabo o_ﬂgo_mroﬂ%mb )

M OSHIE D,

0

M MO BINF S ngaomma@mﬂmﬁam Zonala)B0 Golomb

og\m-o(%mraﬂ@@?i% BBV WE0 A JMNOR@ QYo ABMITHWO.

8)

adsmm@@ A2MYE@E VMWES RDEEE & @GS )

ogamomazo aflg sl eaimaiSeive 1) 98 U020E) 0B

2o0BeY MMREQET® Bodl@Yemd e mendleooad)ensle) %

aVoE D BaWDjo W) oIMYOBIg EIDQaIBHaz0 Gdapad

9)

B8 30000300 DoV eV

IR0 @ﬂ&@’\wgg@msng

@anmaed gdlose maila

BEUM TVYE @ VIYHSHINS

10)

8oV )3 lveaM Ggavselsaneag g o) woall

o s EFlonseed s Nagm immaeavailmad seaiesaimb

.Q\,a

o 0BeeTBfv orvgap ofvTE EEIW WY W(W®(HO P

@ ‘operwwro Swcewawzft |Seeeoo (mirvaE Ste (59

(23

&cogoauEcrue BBfe(we 8 ovteDwEe oquewsgrte caurop e

‘| WA T Duirs eewssSHgie Bibiom

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(13

o Woe qiFBrosees Wanrowes

(03

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(61

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30

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24)

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Q100 0BOZ L102&H M0 @83 U]

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aL@@SSLB@Quom oLomboLavo@o

Qv toaVB OIS QeE)e dnIeeLn

B@QBROD AR 0IRQJ0 QI0EE)

MO 1B )o32)80emo allewab,

26)

IMMIVYO B 0 29N QINd alemod

QudlEmd Oenallwi 8eaith mean

@QGEJ&SJQE m@gm& @203 o

wg

GHQILI0 DIBIR0IBS 1) G902 oah.

27)

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3® 1B em0EMY EAa B

@ongleei0ar) o aflg) 9996 8n0 S W

0Ie300 I @IRYRY alea G,

28)

ag)B1OM m)ean soad D SIMEBINMANY

Dl )anasd d3losmn aimesg )b

34

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mises gedlg il lamisangoe @@

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g assloseg g emoayo

3@@@036.@%08%:_88&98

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29)

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E@@@ﬁ@%%@%q&&a@@éoﬁao

3

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2007 190080 @E 200N D)0 M)t WROW B QLoD o,

Mode

40) avoad)ayegjemarleh auseisarg e afle.a@)mo agan MOBaVB Y

T Y

Comend @mooﬂmagﬂ@%@g(mom 20005 lv.ai@)mo agyam

2@ @O lejeg MISSo, 2attaSlemiw ¢BlEIaemo 1B @a 2

4 Mo

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Note.

that of th

BaQlEd 83 ag)®ejo EVEYPIW GEBUIG )&y GSIvOWE.

In th

Junction

Chapter 1V.

substitu

The Compound Sentence.

e vepes

his yoice'

The compound sentence is made up of two or more simple

Dl

or independent sentences, having some part or parts in common.

or BaId

The common parts are in ordinary circumstances not repeated.

In Malayalam, these common parts are connected by the

conjunction go in ‘all cases, the subject, the object, and the

predicate; as, ewaid maea asomy afog man aflel 82s oo D1y

3

(common subject).

mﬁgnb SWQo 2&HM S QYo ag)$@® (common predicate).

3\

M0oY) Ho® 8@18Md aflgy Qo wWadlem:id Gas) oo ®2)Qao (common

object).

1

Common Subject.

‘He came, yesterday and went away to-day’ 1S equal t0 ¢he came yester-

day and he went away to-day’.

It will be seen that the conjunction

‘and’ connects the two sentences and forms no part of either

1

of the connected sentences.

Rule 18. There are two modes of translating compound

sentences contracted in the subject—either by changing all

the predicates into @lwomieo and connecting them by the con-

S35

61

ey

e

junction eo and closing the whole with the verb emg or by

3, &.0%’&0@

iMﬂﬂE} &

changing all the verbs into the past tense, except the last.

But in the latter case it is necessary that the predicates should

be connected in logical sequence; and in the former simul-

0090 B

taneous rather than successive actions are implied.

MY 19y

)i,

Model. <They read the story and translate it’ b o

N (T)GZHD&H

Q10 8o QYo B0 FIOHM BTN M0 B2l Yo &.alYa (1) ,OF EPAId SLo Qo)

0100 of)m

4] GO@IOM BIEINANR0 O alEyaD (2).

ailgo ooz

Note.

In both cases the tense of the final verb e.agy follows

SE20 0om

ﬂ@@)g&.

that of the predicate in the original.

In the case of predicates connected by the alternative con-

junction & or ep@es and sometimes in poetry @ond must be

substituted for po; but whatever conjunction is used, it must

be repeated after each verb: as, ‘They neither saw his face nor heard

his voice’ @b @PAUNTO Falo SIS EPAHO e CHRBIdEWI

ore simple

©.a19f)gy; or ERAId EPWHHBO Falo GeE @oth WY B&hE @I §.2% gy

| COmmon,

or @PQAId EPAINO Falo P WISES o BRI WISES & a1 Q) lgy.

repeated.

i by the

1.

EXERCISE A.

- and the

1)

He chid their wanderings, but relieved their pain.

Yo MJ%

2)

Cesar came, saw, anl conquered.

n predisate).

3)

The boy was forbidden to go, but disobeyed and went.

The wounded soldier tried to rise but was unable.

|

m

(common

4)

5)

They neither saw his face nor heard his voice.

6)

We condemn the sin, but pity the sinner.

The watchman both knew of their intentions and helped them to

)

escapes

ame yester-

8)

France was taken by surprise and could give litt'e help.

‘njunction

9)

The governor either never heard of your case or has been misinformed.

of either

10)

The king is sick and knows not what he does.

11)

Logic neither observes, nor invents, nor discovers, but proves.

12)

We steamed down to the foot of the harbour and casting anchor

,ompOUﬂd

went ashore.

18) A little after noon, on that distinguished Saturday, I reached the

ngi[]g 311

ship and went aboard.

the cot-

14) Several times the photographer of the expedition brought out his

1)

transparent slides and gave a handsome magic lantern exhibition,

15) Th

e donkeys, men, women, and children of the family, all eat and

15)

sleep in the same room, and are unclean, are ravaged by the

vermins

It

16)

and are truly h‘appy.

16) The people lie, and cheat the stranger, are

17) «

desperately ignorant,

and have bardly any reverence for the dead.

17) We visited the jail and fou

ud Moorish prisoners making mats and

19)

baskets. @

18) Spain chastised the Moors five or six years ago, about a disputed

19) 1

piece of property opposite Gibralter, and captured the city of

)0}

Tetonan.

1)

19) Towards nightfall the next evening all soldiers steamed into the

W) {

great harbour of the noblé city of Marseilles and saw the dying

sunlight gild its clustering spires and ramparts, and flood its

%)

leagues of environing verdure with a mellow radiance.

?4) (

ExERCISE

B.

’)a)

1

893D Zooa &k)ens)esan.

%)

2)

BT M mMsAal agean Qi SO,

3)

@b @ G0 oeow o)

afleaiss oo,

/|)

4)

@00 B LML) E@E )0y 0fl@an@m@)esnone nd).0)0300@ of).

~—

@200é Lapegsmallieym geme wesormae o ajdmond.

6)

Qe o QI(Morh oLy @o a_\'ls’]_gm@% eanilolle almysaainh,

7)

EOCMILPIENMING BNBMINS allomaewie MYaIB2 AImS) oi0ab.

8)

AGQ a10mYSMD SHIEBNISHD Md Erale®EsoyHBsISaD amy

B81®o,

Mod]

)

RINS] @ean Sooanilo) ojemdlagoe emaafleoemisamd

0r o) Bay

.29 13 noad.

10)

o@31® E@018aeS a oo 28000 Cad)eaid) QUM (M) 8o

Note 1

wo @sesImond auab.

a]tering 0

11)

@B GBI QM W

(DOZCTB:éS)%(BmDSUTﬂGDOcG&q.:ﬁ?OOQJm)o

take this A

aayoj Oagsmd esiafly eelow mSlaimosgy ieg

10 §1c] g

®983) Qo Mabe&slmaad,

12)

i m'@

600D @ aneeal ageabo emyadlomem @z aflaiesagio o106y,

MoH8 281015 )E: Balaoad afleie) o,

9

4

eamaudles)a aaggo O®<ad)am m@%moo'\ @n@)ea aflad

thangy

QY MINSTFo aIRARAR.

therefyrg t

U

63

—

lght out hig

14)

Sea® olemo ogs@® ailgled adleamos) o

f’oﬂrobo%rorg; s}

0 EXhihiﬁ()n'

DN GS) @S)3gj0 ).

"; a‘l gat and

15)

BmIS@NRMD @eHdo Smogmrlebadlan awemd o__lCﬂ&%, B® O

aged by the

s@eilg aflgyond @RS @)Ge1ds O:MONEEaIW ).

16)

00 &od mmgﬂ%cﬁa HOOWIH OB ) QIS EL1B O EER10HA0.

ly ignorant,

17)

adad malleal ageadloq gelo &Y a1n00aidla (S%@'\@e_uﬂ@

B )08 EMO0,

ing mats ang

18)

@ afled @alow) Qroenb@gﬂ% QMg 2000) 9SOHMm 2S6E )

o) O ).

6 & disputed

19)

@0 2\ D 2&HODO HT@Y &a_\ogt']% Quof).ofs

dlamelad afiglddadlan o Jomy Ga 0@

801900 VIO 608 do

| the. ity of

20)

&gl afS)ensw M.

med, into the

21)

emond MaNeL) BT a)TRSo QEE) ogB)ejo @) o1gy.

22)

30009 HhEe NG S0ai18MRd MSg|s8MI TVoaVIM g {280 Qlal o,

W the dying

nd flood ity

23)

2Nadged ooegeHs 01000 aldleRIses @3@'\(& 220w

s

QW) &WISHCS mmggé‘mﬂ%.

24)

A 16m)En0d WERIMOM BRI EnRWISHES He8 RIMOS a_ﬂcma@p_»‘

BISHRINHES §.01Q))6).

25)

ad)ed @uslao gailsy aid)lanswr @ouldo iﬁ@'\;@ga@@@wo

EO®BD.

26)

@oaith @ HOHCOP@) ays] @Eeaia) g joailcaios o108y 990

@abaiweo @RW_ay.

27)

2200 @BRIGHMTND gb (V) 0IEY) OO gaceﬂ% 05 e 1t A IS8 e ©

61héh 1)

199 )0y U@L, O 1G1dy BSEE ).,

mﬁ

myeeaud

11

Common Predicate.

md)gond.

)05@ OJ@

Model.

«BEither you or I must go’ aflewo sme8mo Balo@&emo

Or o) Ga108&emo EP&EH; 1o b Ba10@HeMo.

Joemismah

Note 1.v In English the conjunction may be omitted without

m@@@@?

altering or disturbing the construction; as, ‘I take this, you that'="I

take this and you that’. But in Malayalam the verb has to be repeated

Joen Qg

OQT

in such cases; as, aflaid mo@m’\ego aNaid avoS o lajo EMY e =

afleid woy@w e pad)lasm aflaid avocSloom e emdlesan.

jto @067

2. In English the verb is inflected for number and person, a

change unknown in the Malayalam accidence; the student must

Mol er\ldaﬂ

therefore be on his guard in translating into English, to see that

e

64

EEREG

predicates of different number or

person are fully expressed after

each subject.

Take the sentence, anead BB QYo

@o“g% @Y qQunelo

810 AflWar oh ®aad

]

Qvouﬂ:% ‘the trees were all cut down and the ground

}

was used for other purposes’. It is wrong to translate it by ‘the trees were

all cut down and the ground used for other purposes’;

for, the only auxiliary

that can be supplied is ‘were’ which cannot ag

ree with the singular

nominative ‘ground’.

6)

18

EXERCISE A.

1)

1

Some praise the work, some the architect.

2)

Harling stood by Harling and Billing by Billing.

)

3)

The cutting of the merve or the destruction of the nerve centre

renders the muscle flaceid.

)

4)

The sea is their school of war and the storm their friend.

)

5)

The dignity of Chariemagne’s person, the length of his reign, the

prosperity of his arms, the vigour of his government, and the

1)

reverence of distant nations, distinguished him from other royal

personages.

12)

6)

He died at the ripe age of 64 and she at 63.

)

The former government was called an oligarchy and the latter

1)

democracy.

8)

Woe' came with war, want with woe.

1)

9)

Not a drum was heard, not a faneral note.

10)

His kinduoess of heart was great, his simplicity of character extreme,‘

and his scientific knowledge considerable.

11)

The civil government was submissive and the heretic almost unknown.

T

12

~

The natural and supernatural are alike God’s acts, only, the one is

|

common, the other uncommon.

13)

Why does the cab-driver wear a rose and the steam-boat captain

1)

indulge in cigars?

14)

The possible extent of the disabilities was freely discussed and general

0)

Sympathy expressed for the unfortunate shareholders.

15)

The country was divided into counties, and each county placed under

a magistrate.

16

~

His beard was white and his face pale and melancholy.

Node

17)

Reading makes a full man and conversation a ready man,

Bb m

18)

The southern, western, and north-western portions of Europe are

(@Jam 8

mountainous, the central portion hilly and undulating, the eastern

and south-eastern parts level.

and shy)

19)

She returned to her temporary home and he to his dingy office room.

%@’5 ]

08500 aftpp

EXERCISE

Bl

)y 0 (gl

1)

ag))Be ®ERIBQIBMNYYo @RAIAD Al Qo @YH:AD

1d the eroungd

2

2e1wg )& d ERE)QYo aINCRUL I CHIMAUQ EHA S0

he tres yep

3)

ERAIMISOS B LN CIYWISHS EAIlOS o M Imar gy,

y auxilary

4)

caig {lan OOdg lo G al®WYo ava2a{l@wemERa IGan.

16 sinular

5)

GO0 @Pa00EIQITIA |aTB0 eom’lgjo 00U IOE B B0 HIVEMAIW |

O @A,

6)

@Vo 8820 1HDORYo o_ﬂc% @200 YOSWYo BGRILIBHZ &8

QA0Bxqm.

7)

BIROSITE BB1BMWO HeyH S0 watlemoe aflosgsesan,

8)

gé\%m)@cm q}g@@@ S QURHMOBZ0 BOIRA IG8aN oggam

16Lve cenfre

9563 GRHMNOBZ0 @@oa’\@@mo

9)

aaallm avieaiylap awleian @o_\sucmraaagyot;o (@)@06mo

1

10)

&g )Emd DEBEOS MmMeTd @milaN&ETOd0 S06M &R MM

his reign, the

gos afls@g)easse WIQWRIR)

ient, and the

11)

®QigRo LAEOR)EE @YY .0l IOHWRQYo

LAWY (BZOQOOEJCYBJ 8) 1)

Qo &leean.

m other roya

12)

@Y. TVAV) FBHS OENITGo £Ha1aNIW) 220AVE B EHINGo @_n_xgﬂ

aflesamn.

18)

he lat

6D (1) 0008, o )eabo 9 eEEIU0 gqvmao eceacﬂano @96Nd0 0@ )

S0,

14)

moafl@waemoe a1p@Flad Gimae mozorlm aflme @oy])

adlah gmilejo cxman

ter extreme,

15)

apeiles aflg @lgy; @odles moemdley.

16)

21y 98 o ®Qigs o1 lejo Guward & e efluflesm

17)

©2S b8 PIZeO BeE G>mig Qo I EB OS&67g @M 1Yo HMPYAD

05t unknow,

18)

mmﬂ@@ﬁnm@o@:&g BRL|EHMEONRAINOS (BTO'G(O.;UCD,J QIRLHM O A3

y, the one 18

GRIZIGMNOIERY

19)

COEB)RIS O DISMAVMIRAB0, BIRT &S EMILOATIDaGo

hoat captain

32000180209 6.019 &loEyao.

20)

Q08 IERGRIN M dHI eI Al Q.\Od?):lDGTT)gBOGE_Im QJO(Y)(OO.ﬂ(D@O

1 and general

@o).a) @oa)o) O™ afle °1simod

111

Common Object

) aoed under

Model

The needy sell liberty and the rich man buys’ s@)

i

Bd aVIHOAY) OO gl o WaF&2od QUEFSHPYo ©.alYaw Or AL

‘I have declared

Tarope ar¢

@, 000 8@)Bd allgymm Wl lemid cas)eam

. the easterl

and shall declare his glory’ eecinmo @0i0g) oD b @ymilevas

&g ) (@ )MS1RLABeH:WYo B.alPj

y office roome

—

66

AL,

Note 1. The object precedes'the verb in Malayalam.

1

2. The placing of the common object with the first verb

is a poetical arrangement in English.

lf

i

EXERCISE A.

1)

All desire, but not many attain a happy old age.

2

~—

The mother nurse, and the sires defend their children,

8)

Son

Does he not intend, does he not at all wish, to go abroad ?

4)

Either nobody was asked or everybody was supposed to know the

the apy

cause of the change.

Case W

5)

I foresaw, yet I could not prevent these sad consequences,

intrody

6)

Yes, let the rich deride, the proud disdain,

f1ve an

These simple blessings of the lowly train,

7

sentenc

Write in full and give the meaning of the following abbreviations.

8

~—

They could neither understand nor appreciate him,

a8 4 00

9)

He threw down, and they picked up, the gauntlet.

ot

10)

Government withholds, and the people clamour for, representative

1oun an

government.,

Junction

11)

I shall read, and you will translate, this» passage for the amusement

man who

of ‘these little children.

(001 e14s

12)

All see, but few contemplate, the beauties of nature.

horseman

13)

Many know, but few observe, the rules of right conduct.

1085000

EXERCISE B.

1)

COOoR olaid @osldsam, aindm ®oglo .aflaisds mey):

tﬁ@(ﬂ@@@.

2)

6o0b alemo aqoauelg joao o) ®.al1018)g JoaB@08emMo?

3)

2018800 aleiMo @0 (aroaecmaﬂcegcm@ alleid 2a@o.

4)

ONBUHOD 2B d AR® IR0 o e l@s Qo .21Qan.

5)

yEUI200M oAb BWeg |58 Qo U3l R0 d o g ed o ®.a1Qamn..

6)

cra%cb @G OS B0 HHILINDY a@cgcgnggecﬂ@moa(o @oés)cwo@»ag,.

10T e ideg 6 mgariley.

7)

Ty OO 203 )8 QYo alvallen@o Galemo.

3

8)

allal 007 )8nod guwomldlome afl@zes altmi®ea ©a18af)es®@s:

D05 DOURYS VISR NS .2IQIAIRY.

9)

1

oo Wy @ Sodnd aige @0012007 10 dH QYo HBHOSIQY

§

DD @S |Bad QYo QEIH

10)

JBRSHZOS BEMAOOD ORI o) Bg{oipo exopceﬂﬂ@g@myo IR 18

PMBId crﬂ%;rmﬂg:]mb @QIE) o Eroadlen®o Eaismo.

9

___67,._.

11) anomsez aflgadled aflglebaflm aidlese o p@mos@b

$f ver)

'@ocnﬂfatacu;% QJj0); 903 Bed Qo Balemo.

12) eQe@IS»O8 @ellenod s agladmlm @¥losssd®e MV

d@@@@ (YO B0d OSIOEIRQBeSWYo O.01JaM,

V. " The Co—ordiﬁate Sentence.

Sometimes a co-ordinate sentence would seem to simulate

T

the appearance of a complex sentence.

This is especially the

case with adjective clauses.

The relative pronouns which

introduce such clauses have a twofold use in English, restric-

tive and co-ordinative; it is only in the former case that the

sentence becomes complex, in the latter it is to be translated

viations,

as a co-ordinate sentence.

Note.

When the relative can be changed into a personal pro-

entative

noun and a conjunetion, it is co-ordinatively used; sometimes a con-

junetion and noun will be found to replace the relative; as, ‘I meta

nsement

man who pointed out the way to the town’ e@ab S0IOE Seong, @YWt aisem

o0 18e18ses QW) eyosm')%rmm’\@csyo Qe

‘The prince, who is an excellent

horseman, kept his seat’ @@&2000D &0flog o0 MuilOAW oD @ M.

@EZa00 MVAMOMIY & @AV BHORMISTS «

a.)

The Co-ordinate Sem;ence under Personal Pronouns

who, which and that.

el

20. EXERCISE A.

1)

The rebels were defeated by the archbishop who was acting as regent,

2)

My people, who have long been fiiscontented, now became openly

mutinous.

His mother, from whom he‘ derived all his rights, was still alive,

g™

3)

&Sy

4)

Cardoc was the king of Siberians, who lived in South Wales.

5)

He was taken before the emperor, who received him kindly.

6)

The very next village is famous for the contentions between the

T

parson and the squire, who live in a state of perpetual war.

)

He had three children, all of whom died young.

0051

8)

Our loss amounted to five thousand men, among whom were many

officers of distinction.

oy

9)

This movement on our part was a great console{tion to the enemy,

who thence took occasion to claim the victory.

5*

e

68

—

10)

The artist had a gothic chest, in which he put the wardrobe.

11)

These animals are killed for their fat, which is made into oil.

12)

The alligator’s tail, which I now tasted for the first time, was by no

means to be despised.

13)

We walked over an extensive plain, which was in some places

'completely bare,

14)

In this lake are also great quantities of very small fish, which I

suppose serve as food for the large ones, which in their turn

are probably sometimes eaten by the alligators.

15)

We were good sailors, which our enemies were not.

16)

He is an artist of much merit, which his brother does not promise to

become.

17)

Round the house are a good many orange and mango trees, behind

which is a row of cottages in which reside the herdsmen, who are

mostly Negroes and slaves.

18)

You, who know him well, trust him,

19)

I apply to yon, who are responsible for his health.

20)

I learnt geometry at school, which I found useful to me in after-life.

Model.

ERMNYNS H&Imilaw 8000 ag@d Gaid, BINOH@IE alalaial

aflal@azomerd aienfloagm ‘The tusk of the elephant is

called ivory, of which many elegant articles are made’.

EXERCISE B.

1

@08300) VEIZSTWAIEI )G (@Jsws).a) DalnEN213005 @ B )nod

Q10607 EDOITC0 @ @AD.

2)

WERZIMd Ao EEBMIS OB HHITEAIMAD ai0my; @O

Qb EE BHg EVFOD SISO )G BS).

3)

em gom mm:ailom < aiSlesdd eimoad)m; @0 3g |ocd

o890 algs 18aQ O $eg SHWIW a0,

4)

@000 )&k m@'\@mmomoa;m'o: 0 m@aes)’ad'as &HQ O mg’go@

2J@BE JSIYs, a1 oD @ dso @S).a) 2aiam @OUWEEBZ0 96,

5)

QUIBBZHS oRLIVHOD QIO a0 zo@&aommg}mzm Gald; @b

agol, Mloato, ajel) gmelnwal ersas)w)d)esan.

6)

@R &g iefla agg g {md o MBI lman; @b Gowlejes IO

N

8moss) afleailg ey @Rz 6S ma@m@ssmm’) @0 Ba1ead) o).

)

BIhEy EPAVLILIEM Wellw maIYse B® MW oMW @an;

wizere:

MY S® M)N00E 21MhG MIgLe BHOCITBAING B0 D TEIW

w}zem

M BRI | WIN )Ramn.

Which

—

—

69

&

il

8)

sanllemIVEBOXH)BERL) eRIBRMD agdD BaICGRIG @S W em

aflald @so poe

oolc aeilg|ges® msaileje 8800

28 by no

ODEY0 2j0Q0 UBO® EVHCLIYo BIRYSHAD.

9

&SeL,0We eaim 8@ ofls pfMeIwlmm; @At @odo ave

18 places

- @o Bles@o Mowes o &lnd allSlajo @oAflOS @$).a).

10)

sastlemaSlacm ol G ) onleh B IRy e I;an;

Which

aNud) aNaadloo Gao@ad) EP@Idk QALOE TLBHSOBKH @V

el furn

2afeenoE) aiamn.

11)

8dlendd o )o8RMIWle)es o_xroms:ﬂ y@od OeEHgd)e) OPa0e

oeflQYes ERSEHEads B[ GIPAVNNM EOW.a|; @) 939w

romise fo

muoad &cfloglosend), @ig, 28], HO2MIMe FOLNWDH KD

HSANCaIEH M | @ a0.

s, behind

12)

@G0 @ES2d)en FUVelW gy, oag loel (Yoges audlal )

, Who are

EyBe.alla) BModn; @9 83 g lab . ECR0B80 @ﬂ@domo

aid)g 1, @nFlay, @Yo DO@EI0 SWEINL] 2 5.

13)

@0 016D DO, BRIS(E)MS)EVWIW EABIVIWYSS .aIBIEo

S0emo0o; @Y (MFINYOS QEPDOOD MVoBEMal)p) @IOL al

ftor-life,

oo,

14)

@aiecba ms

MNMICEHMO2aD @RAUSM0 @mamab @Al

aglodal

BMIS QB O ga_x@sua'h%; @@ @RI EPMIVE).0ilg).

ant 18

15

)

Cougmd)ad &WemOGg WEOH® B0 dd SHaloflman; ®eal

D0 OSHIQEOD EPMIQRSOBGNE BO@ O EMDS18g {0 ).

16)

Blomdd>o0ad apevIe@ejes SEOW HASINAL; BRY BOO

g®o aioam @0 alleno.

17)

&Sled 20d)Qes QLIWMEEd BREEAIRl HAIBAIOCD

) Flond

YIS TLIMEBD AEMICBAOTBS OS LB 1O g {lesan.,

18)

m@m@momg\dm@ @B 0LEB G BVEME0 MAM@OBZ0 O G;

509; @0

LI NBEME@TBD AYYOM BN @BV AldMo MY ERD

LIIEM .

8

19)

8&OB)0h @OAVeR)j0 OASI:d 267; B AIGd BSVEEBEIYo

BAMEM20Yo BOQo B ®BOS eI M) 9aleRIIZEes.

umap

QIO @Y AR,

o 2%,

20)

BRSO ©080e MES)e); @m@lom eoait RIg & SR

; pod

(Dcﬁﬂﬂ%@(l_m@m.

mmm

Note. Besides ‘who, whick’ and ‘that’ other pronouns, as‘ when,

8919}

where, why’ and their compounds ‘whenever, wherever, whereby, wherin,

e

whereof, whereupon, wherefore’ ete., introduce co-ordinate sentences

) 26"@9@'

which may be similarly treated.

s

70

———

b.) Co-ordinate Sentences under Conjunctive Adverbs.

Models. 1. ‘Some, as often happens, give up a pursuit half |

way’ alad em o) cisellaides aflg®e Qan, O IIUIEEM WO

(8]

am

2. ‘Brutus, as you know, was Casar’s angel’ eysas’ ad)

a0os BO H9sagMITIRM, Do dlesdhasdlwesege. 3. ‘The family

never kept a footman till last year, when they came into our

street’ D0 G oemi)é o &:@m@&@vogd@mogo (>Y(>] ‘mbeébmomamsyo 65(0'1

dmejo dalo{lmanlyy, &¥lemo O@gi@e ELAId sooRg 6S eomailc aigy

olwg. 4. ‘Alligators abound in a lake in the centre of the

island, where they are killed in great numbers’ s flaombo 2ey)

OB ©e8 MSIB: O )Dd Qoaeidd WIIgo P62, @Aalles Do) EVAIOW of)

©@CW OB &YYo .21y,

5. ‘Charles and Francis still carried

on their intrigues, whereby much loss was occasioned to all

Eur0pe’ aloplo og ombaSlaye @eBRges @(T%)Tﬁﬂzﬂ)cb 0 By {oPo MSIBg {0

a, @l lmoeh gsng{lan gYaitee Qe Miwe alad).

6. man eeue

@amEo @b aflean @oemoo, @08 3dd MAWOS @S@dtRd FPLaimIdee ‘1

shall see you this evening, when, or in_ the course of which,

we can complete our arrangements’.

Note.

Instead of translating into Malayalam as two separate

sentences, the co-ordinate sentence under conjunctive adverbs may

be translated by majoove@winjmmmsasainie,o by converting the

finite verb into @)woa mammozo of the afeswe) (or case) indicated by

the conjunction. For example, in the model sentence No. 5 we may

8ay Gaicanailmoab instead of Goava—a@nalmoch as above.

So also in

No. 1 instead of orsaigomman, mo dfoskhendwasg, we may

say eosagomidimm aqang aflssdasdlwiasgy.

21 . EXERCISE A,

1) They were drawn into dispute against their wiil, as t0oo often hap-

pens on these occasions.

2) A temperate zone, as has been pointed out by Mr. Darwin, seems

better adapted to the support of large land animals than the

tropies.

.

3) The repeal of the Septennial Act, as was to be expected, was

strongly pressed.

71

4)

The horse is now the badge of Kent, as you may see to this day

1t half

on any sack of Kentish hops

DI0emW)

5)

Poetry is mot a mere frivolous accomplishment, as some persons

have been led to imagine

S )

6)

This is a day when the sky is singularly clear.

family

)

It was the month of Radjab, when the desert mlght be travelled in

securxty

fo our

8)

The reign of Philip and Mary, when many men were burned for

Y 6

their religion, had thoroughly set Englishmen against Spain and

) iy

the Pope

f the

The regnant years of Edward I. are reckoned from the day of his

Mo 230

father’s funeral, when Edward was acknowledged king and when

the prelates and nobles swore allegiance to him

QU o

10)

I went to His Lordship to remind him of my affair, when I learned

cartied

to my great concern of his intended journey abroad

[ 0 all

11)

I will stand by your friend in the prison, where I have some influence

'mLHo

12)

The rest of the conspirators fled into the country, where many of

0 HDQEG

them were cut to pieces

Half a mile further on is a house where you can get refreshments

|

13)

16)

Wyecliff retired from Oxford to Letterworth, where he remained

which

during the rest of his days

15)

They came through the outer-room to the tapestry parlour, where

was nobody but the young page

Separd

16)

There is a deep pathos in the sense of liveliness, whereby we were

ths may

enabled to perceive the alliance of tender emotion with weakness.

ing the

17

~—

Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him, whereby Jonathan knew

ated by

that it was determined of his father to slay David

e may

) als0 In

18)

A river winds through the plain, wherein the wild beasts cool

themselves

e may

19)

He delivered a long speech wherein he suggested many changes in

our present customs.

20)

We engaged in frequent sklrmlshes, wherein I received many wounds.

21)

Their laws are expressed in the most plain and simple words,

¢n hap

wherein those people are not mercurial enough to discover above

one interpretation

29)

There have been six rebellions raised on that account, where one

n, seems

than the

emperor lost his head, and another his crown

23)

The boy constructed for himself a stringed 1nstrument whereon he

plays most skilfully.

0t9d| was

24) The arbour had in it also a soft couch, whereon the weary might lean.

ety

72

—_—

25) I wés born in England, whence I came five years ago.

26) The prisoner got out at the window upon the roof, whence he con-

tinued his route upon the tops of the adjoining houses.

27) Before night we reached a market town twenty miles from the

place, whence we set out in the morning.

28) The crown of her head was covered with a small French cap, whence

her beautiful hair descended in ringlets.

29) These invaders were the people of the North of Europe, whence they

were called Northmen.

30) Our whole life is but a day repeated, whence it is that old Jacob

numbers his life by days.

81) In order to make us feel there must be a change of impression,

whence all feeling is twofold.

I TR AR r——

N ——

32) He is in the garden of Naboth, whither ke is gone down to possess it.

33) A gentleman desired to see me at a certain house, whither I at

once repaired.

34) All his life, he had loved his native village, whither he returned to

end his days.

EXERCISE B.

Note,

The student should use the pronoun with and without the

preposition in working out this exercise.

1) @eaid g ocbad Ao Ganww) evalesaflmm - auicos SO ds

2S603 ),

=)

2)

aileoo dlaiave quamomIg s mae. EPMm EPAISs QRLo 6).ay

Qpad aogeeilmargy.

3)

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lat

il

§e

Chapter V.

bl

- The Complex Sentence.

§6

In a complex sentence, the subject, object or the predicaté

(r

of the principal sentence—one or more of them —is qualified

i\

by clauses. The subject and the object are nouns or noun-

)

equivalents, and the clauses qualifying them are called adjec-

I

tive clauses, while those of the

f

clauses.

predicate are cglled adverbial

o

—

75

g

DM,

As already explained in Rule No. 2, the qualifying adjuncts

in Malayalam invariably precede the words they qualify; and

03(‘{13, @@

hence in translating an English complex sentence we may lay

down the following rule:—

gy m%“

NDemm

Rule 19. Take the words of the principal sentence in the

order laid down for the simple sentence, with the proviso that

B0 o

the clauses qualifying any part of it should be dealt with be-

Mo

fore the part itself

2 800]

LRo0)

Note

The student will note that a complex sentence is merely

a snmple sentence with clause-adjuncts taking the place of qualifying

expressions.

118020)

Jo 600

The adjective-clause may be employed in all places Where

an adjective may stand, but it cannot take the place of a pre-

uaﬂ%

dicate adjective as complement to an incomplete verb.

LRI

LS

Complex Sentence with Adjective-Clauses

Bogm

In English, who, which, and that are the relatives that

generally introduce an adjective-clause

who for rational

nouns, which for neuter

and that for both

As already ex-

plained under adjectives, a weym,mo should be put for the re-

lative and its predicate together

and must terminate the

Malayalam translation of an adjective-clause

The student will remember that the predicate closes a

sentence in Malayalam, and hence wsym,mo, which is a parti-

cipial form of the verb, naturally comes at the end of the

sentence

Euglish qualifying expressions consisting of clauses

04

fe

or long phrases follow the words they qualify, and the adjec-

fied

tive-clause therefore comes after the noun it qualifies, subject

Il

of course, to the general principle of minimum separation. The

relative and its predicate may also be regarded as equivalent

et

hial

to the past participle of the verb, and it is only the peculiarity

of the English idiom that requires that the relative should be

e

76

—

expressed when in the nominative case; it is

generally omitted

when in the objective case. In Malayalam a g

@0 replaces

the two together in both cases.

|

Model. ‘The man who bought a hors; yesterday died

?

suddenly this morning’ e @«mmgw Lmmear 82%)g @y man oo

alleal easnsam 2@®).0)8a100),

According to the rule already adduced, we must begin

|

with the subject, which is the word man in this case, but it has

a qualifying adjunct, which ought therefore to be taken before

1t

This is the reason why we have translated the adjective-

clause before the principal sentence.

a.) The Adjective-Clause with the Relative in the Objective Case.

Note. In the following exercise, the introducing relative pronoun

is omitted, but the omission makes no difference in Malayalam.

22.

EXERCISE A,

1)

Yonder is the place they were to meet in.

2)

Show me the passage you spoke of.

3)

The anxiety I underwent was extreme.

4)

Which is the one you think best?

5)

I like this retreat better, because of an ill-report it lies under, of

being haunted.

6)

Is this the kind of thing you want?

7

The time we agreed upon was six o’clock.

8)

He led in triumph the kings he conquered.

9)

The things you long for, you must work for.

10)

No man, I know, would suit you better.

EXERCISE B,

1)

6@00b al06md @YD o @oem .

2)

aflerds anea) aymyee aflamd BSed)eEnsaDSaI0?

3)

4)

®08300) @mamfésm &lés maNesailm s e gROmIET

MEMR20D SIZA HAIBH MW BT Lo 6B Q10®0o.

5)

B5dg oM )Qes .aflos)snach Mamson olaes @ QBSOS

aenoe)ear pei@aod @oEg eSS Omg {leglcnach @eimon

209 © a0 i8WoLd)esan.

—

77

—

mitted

6)

© 21Qg |@oe1meg a8 01w wdlealo

places

20E8CRI PIMPMMBE 0810,

)

ord Hadn CMISs|W Z3)OGemm aqLIRNMMBdh EIYQLIBM0

pqgll® allorisss.

" died

8)

Q™Y @S 26M GMIEDE D M EEEZ)HLINOEN Moo,

DM Q)

@M% B OSHILJOJHIMG @ IHANIGEIMM @deﬁaemquowmmc)o g

9)

R @ NZNMEA HIEMoo.

10)

pavamaS @sgaiis)ofldleean o orlan @Egld alpGend

begin

®H2an Gadb.

1t hag

11)

aNeloor | &nad go.x@cmow'h%o_mcm EAMEM AVIOMTRRES QIS OO

lefore

DOBOIQNG .

emocd ano afls @eS@salles 8o Bk aeslwidesm.

active-

12)

13)

o3) IOYM@ o@D ?

14)

o) agP@ QalGERk Qg a1ge P 9 M.

Qe OB WH2) QID GHoEMRINBTEIS:W gy,

15)

16)

oSoslw aflg mﬂ@&%mﬂqas BRAVILVIEM SRILIH T FRITD

onoun

Pglg@RD.

v

17)

QigndlgyemB) Bl EAVoHSIEG

m@;gjgamzcmhr'n@a@ma o em@o.

b.)

The Adjective-Clause with the Relative as Subject.

23

EXERCISE A.

1)

Happily I see a friend who will help me.

2)

There are verses that will make a wild hawk pause on the wing.

nder, of

3)

The boat was manned by boatmen that handled an oar with ease

and dexterity and were perfectly at home wit‘h every dangerous

part, near and far.

4) Have I no friends that will rid me of this fear?

5) I know a charm that will make thee meek and tame.

6) The party of Red Rose survived the last king who claimed the crown

in right of Henry IV.

7) He jests at scars who never felt a wound.

8) He seems to have waited for the death of those who could confute him,

9) The elephavts are the only animals which have a proboscis.

10) Those who ventured to interrogate him learned nothing.

EXERCISE B.

0608

1) agspoges 6o aissl) alaIs oW e@Od) aYaIRcmIL e

R0

2) &)d)So WE)BeaN @ORIGY HHAVIA)gY.

¢

s

78

—

9, The d

3)

&S )anejo 10TV |HnIBIR @ 0w B Q8o @AM @S e d)esmo.

4)

Géneeam

@0ds0 2ORSEI0E BT [ ITVowo @O0 &%),

5)

aSlmaailae $@od) eI wdsd UBHB FACVOBSGAD,

duty o8

tifficultie

6)

@HAN OBHM)o] OHSAUHOD 20daam 20v#y)ab @awa2odlaje G

MIZan.,

G0

7

® (1000083 B3 )OO QWSO @V 1RIGAN A IQBEF )M ad@ce1Wo

The diff

/oM ete.

o) a0 BaiIdamn.

8)

the plea

BMEM O 1ad G210 QIMAN BEIC WIHDIT BRI} |ejo .aload

G MNgY.

common

9)

absequio

@o2ad 2o eflafesamaid Qg)gt;oo_vcégo B BRI o a0,

10)

@M, (RIGBOS wemadilan @aienE) OIYEMHOD O Ba B |Be

Not

aj@anad, aj@ead,

1§ frans

co-ondi

Note 1. In English poetry the antecedent is sometimes omitted;

asin tl

as, ‘Who steals my purse steals trash;

' but a Malgya]am poet is not

Déage

accorded the same privilege.

2. The relative pronouns have a two-fold use in English, the

restrictive and the co-ordinative.

0)

It is only the restrictive that in-

troduces the true adjective-clause; in the other case, the sentence is

M

merely co-ordinative, as has been already explained.

The student

005

should therefore before translating such sentences, carefully examine

QISAMe

the construction to discover the true nature of the sentence, other-

QuSEmy

wise the meaning will be materially altered.

o)) &

As already pointed out (Chapter I.), an adjective may be

I

replaced by (1) prepositional phrase, (2) possessive case,

(3) noun in apposition, (4) participles, (5) participial phrases,

Ry

and (6) adjective-clauses, according to circumstances; so also

&CCOIﬁ

the adjective-clauses may be replaced by each of the rest.

In

poun(

translating a complex sentence with adjective-clauses, there-

Toflegy

fore, elegance and variety of diction may be secured by replac-

appro

ing the adjective-clauses by one or the other of above equi-

Q.JQJO@

valents.

For instance: 1. ‘The bird that is cautious escapes the mnet’

)

MYSo 28R can) amedem] OmOd) @YInTmIE)dsamn.

¢The cautious

are 1

bird escapes the net’ aydgro pes aiesd) QRO S®OF) ERIGOmIS)se

colen

an

‘With caution the bird may escape the net’ myagomoch anesiles alel

the g

O 8n6em) O®0OAF) @YaINOEB)ENIAJIN WIS M.

2. ‘The wits of the time when

that yi

Charles was king' .avpeny ooRiae)@man @éeion)eal ead)easd.

‘The

Worki

1

wits of King Charles’ time’ .avan eoeallomo emowleer omdenzod,

istio

—

79

S

Aj

By

3. The duty that the messenger had to perform was difficult’ gmab a3 yoo}

‘The messenger’s

CHNRAND®OW @(grmﬂ QB O @wom@@@_mo&ﬂ@m

i

. *The

duty was difficult @manbo ()y@d) Q2O @guom@@g@omﬂ@m

Bo 2ap

difficulties whereby the enquiry was surrounded were not really overcome’ gn% @1

CNAEEMOTD oy BN (@ )RIAVETBHS. Q@LAC ‘Goorled @) o@arilg.

Tlevere

¢The difficulties surrounding the enquiry were not overcome’

M0 @RI 1M

oo ete

5. “The judges of the common law, who held their situation during

Galn

)

the pleasure of the king, were scandalously obsequious = ‘the judges of the

common law, holding their situation at the pleasure of the king, were most

3,

obsequious (participial phrase co-ordinative)

ilasm

Note 3. The participle or the participial phrase, when restrictive,

is translated into Malayalam just as an adjective clause, but when

mitted

co-ordinative we may substitute an adverb equivalent of time or reason,

15 1ok

as in the last example

£a100 0 QA CRISS IV a%'mocb ocallaabo

DENPEBSCONIB0 © BE)0U0 2@)EaN RIS @I ete

sh, the

hat 1

c.)

The Adjective-clause introduced by Relative Pronouns with Prepositions

enee 18

Models 1. ‘The man to whom I gave the book’ smocb aymyeo

iden

OISO BYD

9. ‘The river upon which the town is situated’

amine

alsemo el aN ayte,

‘The town whence you came’ of) @awam

her

alsemo

‘The book wherein the story is found’ @» &w (g

@)) &MEIR)EaD a TR0

4y be

From these examples we are able to deduce this rule

case

Rule 20. A relative introducing an adjective-clause, when

13865,

accompanied by a preposition either prefixed to or com-

0 also

In

pounded with it, is translated into Malayalam without any case

inflection ; on the other hand care must be taken to supply the

here

appropriate preposition in translating a Malayalam oy @M

plac

asongyo into English

equi-

Note.

The two important pronouns that take such a construction

0 net!

that never takes an ante-

utions

are who and which with théir compounds

gl

cedent preposition; with it the preposition is delegated to the end of

the sentence

For example, ‘The town from which you came’= ‘the town

g Qe

) when

that you came from

Both these forms of construction may be used in

iThe

orking out Exercise B, noting, however, that (Aat 1s the character

istic restrictive pronoun.

y20d

SRR

80

PEEPR

24.

EXERCISE A.

1)

The ship that we sailed in is new.

2)

Humility is the soil that virtue delights to grow in.

3)

Such was the opinion in which justice was done to all parties.

4)

Look ye for the coming of the day of God, in which the heavens

9

shall be dissolved.

5)

There was no other house that they might take refuge in.

6)

Sir Edward Coke reckons thirty-two instances in which the great

charter has been solemnly ratified.

Pe

7)

Zoroaster introduced among the Magians the use of temples, in

which the sacred fire was kept perpetua}ly alive.

8)

I have considered this passage in a light in which none of the critics

have considered it.

9)

There is none other name given under heaven among men, Whereby

we must be saved.

10)

There are three methods whereby a man may rise to be a prime

minister.

11)

Everybody has some points whereby they are specially liable to err.

12)

The flood shall destroy all flesh wherein is breath.

13)

He showed them the way wherein they should walk.

14)

The passage, wherein the reconciliation is described, is very pathetic.

15)

You have reaped that on which you bestowed no labour.

16)

There is but -one point that they seemed agreed on.

17)

The evidence on which the statement rests is not beyond doubt,

18)

The place whereon thou standest is holy ground.

19)

He is the rock whereon I place my trust.

20)

The sick man took that whereon he lay and departed.

21)

No source from which valuable information was likely to be derived

has been neglected.

22)

They eagerly turned to the quarter whence the sound came.

23)

Every place whereon the soles of our fect shall tread shall be yours.

24)

For the land whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land

of Egypt whence ye came out, where thou sowedest tfly seed and

wateredst with thy foot as a gaf'den with herbs, but the land

whither ye go to possess is a land of hills and villages.

25)

In the use of instruments (men) the closeness or looseness of the

discipline to be exercised, must of course vary, not only with the

nature of the mar, but also and more distinctly with the nature

of the work; and where the work is such that its effectiveness

e

81

ey

depends much upon its conscientious performance, authority should

be so used as in no degree to supplant the conscience, but on the

contrary to support it;

and the support should be given by an

65

influential co-operation in which authority is rather felt than

recognized.

6 heavens

26

It

is of far greater importance to a statesman to make one friend,

who will hold out with him for twenty years, than to find twenty

followers in each year, losing as many, or even a tenth part as

the great

.many.

27)

Favours - which seem to be dispensed upon an impulse, with an

mples, in

unthinking facility, are received like the liberalities of a spend-

thrift, and men thank God for them.

he oritios

28)

There is one sort of adherents, not much to be prized, but still

perhaps needful to be considered, whose services should be secured

Whereby

by a succession of small acknowledgments at reasonable intervals

rather than by much at a time.

The leech that is gorged hangs

4 prime

but loosely.

29)

Those who will study the career of the most successful Irish

le to err,

demagogue of this or ‘any other century will learn that his success

was promoted by a steady adherence to two rules.

30

-

Hardly anything will bring a man’s mind into full activity, if ambition

patheti.

be wanting; where it is least forthcoming as a substantive and

waking passion, there are various indirect adjuncts of waking

passions whereby it may be quickened.

ubts

EXERCISE B.

1)

60ab og)®0 Hais oL lBan G2 RMEIAHOD A |EHd BRI,

o derived

2)

20 RIMNE) 28 aflesan aigiao aflow, ab eogy.

3)

o) a0 @YK B oey.

4)

@00 &wdlw sooE e aneimad gmowﬂmmﬂ%.

he Jours:

5)

MNZPOS SHLOW ORI MIWSHOM ROHIY, Elds @ MEY.

fhe land

6)

@onied @ %) 000e3 Hon BW).g) @OT DO 0y @ & 6M @03 o1 I ah

sead and

@MW) 2000868 QYo @AM WO 1.

o Jand

)

M @O @3NSO YeR 2RO IR B aloX )@y S0

6rPIQR6NZ,

§ of fhe

8)

enioay droelo GPAIaBo QB O© ©0U3) @15 ab o_lcm"\%o_nm@ocw @030

yith e

QllgM@OSITG PILBSHB0RAD QGO Q) aVMo cooam .

o patre

9)

9OIM; R, WIO®Mo @102 lpjoom @) mag e @S] esmo

otiveness

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‘AL BBYAWc™0) ofln@E0

(prod

queFBmcan offcw (peyaequoe) wvse(([F(roefd) wifBpm (o

(et

rpalpe

U WOQ EBP v ©

of000 8 (UL eSS B ﬁréemoéa Qe cve wsfo

ADOT O (seero

(621

D10 91

ojola)

‘A0 PEcrvy

oWy W P erog Mwe QcfS(Procscwse W etecotLY

(g1

10es 104

FSese o8

%nwma

(W QEEWM 6EB UWro RO o@gemmﬂmrm 0P WY WOEM

(31

111801 8

#

fFmuow W@ (65D

il

(Wbr quroee Te Wy IEIRE foavtEB(PEEY WEIm

(11

8w e Frowe o scasee QLCEIS CQDMO(P WV SOWET WETIWY

ST OPO(eVEY LY UWETR B Sw pewweatan( o 8 ewem(ro

(o1

8

—

83

A

Ionbogs

d.) Adjective-clause under ‘what’.

497,

«What is a restrictive relative equivalent to a noun and

’ 09)@@@

a restrictive relative either ‘that’ or ‘as’; the noun is not ex-

m M)

pressed but has to be gathered from the context.

‘Show me what

you want’ = ¢show me the fhing you want’. The Malayalam translation,

| BQUMo

therefore, of the adjective-clause under ¢what’, follows, as to

2§00k

the order of words, the same arrangement as that of the

adjective-clauses under who, which and that, which have been

)(DWHMb

already explained.

SR

Note 1. A.uam%m mo with the prbnoﬁn @o® or an appropriate

noun gathered from the context should be used instead of ‘what’.

psulyy

2. The antecedent of ‘what’ is not expressed and therefore

oflmav

in translating Malayalam sentences into English ‘what’ should be

used without an expressed antecedent.

maao

Model,

DEg |0d BMIDERNINGH Ao TVEANIBH ' a@TVO AIOEUYQIAD

r_f);éu ms}go

@083 orflad Henio@ ey os soaend ek man: ‘Boadicea’s people

lived in what is now called Norfolk and Suffolk’.

Here the

el

student will note that the word 983, @19 ) cb 1s omitted in the

suule

English translation.

Rule 21. Adjectivefclauses introduced by relative pro-

uj dlen

nouns, such as ‘“who, which, what, when, where’ etc. may be

33(55)(51’01

translated by myal@ouflmaiogyo with a eanws)eycavessm and

a oyorpeasd, the eangoa)wo ‘@ being affixed to the former; as,

n"y%(m.

OMIBBaNINEN M0 VEANINSAV0 D Bg|add oB@ Iam @@ Baa 3l @Y

@03) A @ayq@’hu’)oegccgas £290))B90d 01001 J®am,

6m) M5

Note 3. This form of expression confers prominence upon the

By

noun qualified by the adjective-clause, and should not therefore be

resorted to, except when such emphasis is sought.

In ordinary

Eoou

Malayalam such construction is rare, occarring only in impassioned

VLI

writings, and in the exposition or description of facts and qualities

2 o0

;’(TEOU)O

either involved or difficult to understand. For example take ‘the

following : —

Han

6

*

RIS

—

84

)

@oamom Q_108006nBRRPIYMT D BaiLo

4

WID@®IT MIS AT )@ o cn2ral) all@lemiasoe

@RI Migo Raflesam)® eoocaaiad

9

8amAVI @EVIZ1OW eod aflgye AlemsszEaad.

‘I adore from the bottom of my heart the Lord, whose lotus-feet form the

object of Vedic enquiry, and from whose navel sprung Virinja, whose name is

ever on the tongue of Mahéadéva’.

or

«What lotas-feet the Vedas search after, what navel gave birth to Virinja,

and what name MahAdéva ever repeats, those do I adore every day from the

1

bottom of my heart’.

25

EXERCISE A.

1) Regard the quality rather than the quantity of what you read.

2) This name had a different meaning in Engl‘and from‘ what it had

elsewhere.

8) What the seamen call a heavy air was coming off the sea.

4) We must look to other standards than what men may say.

5) Delay mnot till to-morrow what ought to be done to-day.

6) The Roman empire, at the time of its greatest extent, tool't in the

whole of what was then the civilized world.

7) Nobody could be treated as a criminal for obeying what the judges

have solemnly pronounced to be the lawful government.

|

8) I am not what I seem.

9) The stranger was not what he seemed to be.

ordin;

10) Take what you want.

aécount

11) The money he has, together with what he will obtain from his uncle,

is sufficient for the purpose.

12) These cattle are finer animals than what the next country could

produce.

18) What cannot be cured must be endured.

14) I clothed my thoughts in what appeared to me the most appropriate

language.

15) Men readily believe what they wish to ?)e true.

EXERCISE B

1) smoab al@aMIG e IOYAD® & @oem

2) @omo |meaan mﬁg)omxmomnb andlegan quoelo @S8g jode

(@0 YDS. OO QIce0 @RYEHMD.

—

85

——

3)

L&) |WoTh EOLES) WD) OV RIOMTD MU IEEneMo

4)

@ 8g |0 BITEMD gD IOQYAD alSEMTB MG IOS:@ogf e 60

2890b BRI ) WMo OB aBOD

A IBME® 12J0 0@ | (DSERIQYS

MME)aO LY BHMWOVQAY0 (o IBD.

form th

6 10m 5

6)

50300 Q@Yo O3] ©.a1Y, HodIwo.

7

@RAREEIWS @IS Qo Qg lg{ord 206« momcma@icg)

8)

epd ©HO SMIWINSIEEL W AXRTBZo @emom_\wzﬂmb

afan aedlwomo @S) 8@ eaag) dlow g Mo @an.

0 Virinja

9)

@RQIaN PMEY)aam &Llw e @oHn QYo @ ueabo ra*m_(}%nb @10

y from the

aim oiloid).ay 05D

10)

o JsmR 0o 35 0 G eR OIS M AR Q0190 of)FE9 20

il)

WIH@ITD WINH@IAD e e lotQld.aldho

BQIBIIDEQIE) DAY QB o)

read

8.8 e@e0m @Gleﬂomo_mm@oo

nat it had

WIH@IMNO®IBHH QI BIMSs 18201 1Yo

12)

Qo ©.01PANAIVINMI @10 AN aflamemsd OG0

13)

o) QVIYANW ORBIM@IEIM gD .Y ERHMEJ0 WY Bad

RMNOBR ZMIOE 6.0100.

14)

Mmoo &g {lowanoe epomilead ‘enyad’ egano aso®an aqLILOMO

00k in th

&0 20030000 &IWIGBAD

the judges

e.) Adjective-clause under ‘why

‘Why’ is restricted to reason or cause and is never co-

ordinative.

‘This is why you should not stay’ = ‘this is the reason on

account of which you are not to stay’ a3 afley@O@aREE TV W Imoem

i uncle,

(9]

dd

6

EXERCISE A

ey conld

1)

The reason why he retired from public service is not known,

2)

There is good reason why the utmost care should be taken.,

3)

Hence also we may see the reason why languages constantly change

pptopr ate

4)

These are not sufficient reasons why so great changes should take

place

5)

There was no cause why I should study to set forth the matter with

elogquence

6)

This is also the cause why victuals are so dear

7

This is not the only cause why men steal.

o

8) His vices are the cause why his people held him in contempt

Ly

86

—

9) That is why he is arrogant.

10) I do not see the reason why so much fuss should be made about such

a trifie.

11) Young men, of course, ‘may and ought to have opinions on-many

subjects, but there is no reason why they should print them.

The

EXERCISE B.

of 410

Rult

1)

®LY OSBRI Alaho D@ SOYANWER SIMeMo og)i 188 2mgylalnay

should

arlgy.

2)

fall to

so@afld)De mE wIFER OO SHoRemo INd a0y ® DI,

3)

@non0 2NHIL010O® a1l )esm TVIEIRI28N D@ EPUS)E0 G5

should

&k aidlamalob B@ogy analleabo @oemo.

and an

4)

sownto dmoe MEMe: BE WRS) LD GIDOSITMEINMAD AM

&y tetonyarilgy.

the ol

5)

(o(sra;o_sg'gmﬁe‘;@@ ajgmmd algawardlonloimes VoG

No

0gOIMAN @G 6oD 1gy.

mo that

6)

@0 )E9R0d H@AOE 0NREIANO® MTANY @R QIAD msgjoad

15 (1)

SERIODY OITEIGT .

)

24SH:g |90 ag)Bg oo WA IBSHEAMORAD A IOQYIN @ OO oMo

each

D@6

M, o

8)

@D )2E ML G5 )Sdh WM W) BaldGaND M 8 O WIET .

2

9)

yYey) oAy Eledes @PGI0IW A a1 VI

t0 be

) @6 .

the ty

Note 1. The suffix ooz is very commonly used to designate

transls

causation in Malayalam, and hence for ‘the reason why’, or ‘the

first is

cause why’ we may simply use eomg in Malayalam.

I0QME), al

I\

osmog and eloanmes are also idiomatic equivalents of the same.

“that?

Elegance and variety may be secured by such substitutions.

hefor

2. The past tense may be changed into the future in Malayalam,

Iikew

and the adjective termination pes added to it; as, ‘The reason why

g {

he was hanged’ @RQIOM @ &51OGNRIQMER H:IDEMo.

‘This is the reason

' fungt

why there are no poisonous snakes in England’ @o%mﬂrzﬂ) alleges alomyd o

sente

00490 1@ g |0mRes Vo) & DmEED .

0y

3. The student should take care to distinguish the adjective-

clause from the noun-clause introduced by ‘why’.

]

2

3bout gyoh

Chapter VI

§0n many

The Noun—clause.

rin thEIll.

The noun-clause, as its name implies, serves the functions

of a noun. It is either the svubject or object of a sentence.

Rule 22.

In translating noun-clauses, the same place

amg@mm;

should be assigned to them in the order of words as would

Omf@mmm.

fall to the noun they replace, ¢. e. a noun-clause as subject

Wlao ag)

should be taken in the order that the subject would be taken,

e 2m

and an object noun-clause should occupy the usual. place of

the object.

Mol

Note 1. In Malayalam ogam is the sign of a noun-clause. ‘He told

me that R4man would come’.

The order in which this is to be translated

(splind

is (1) subject, (2) object, (3) predicate, and the adjuncts coming before

-each.

) &I06Mo

(1) He (2) that Riman W.*ould come (3) me told @waiad, oand cimea

a0, o@BMNIG A IO60Y.

nmmsmu .

2. For the sake of clearness, sometimes, the subject will have

m)owmﬂ

to be removed nearer the predicate when there is a long gap between

the two, as in the above instance; the more elegant form of the

lesignate

translation would be ci2ad cimeram @eaidd ogemmig aioewy, but the

, or ‘4he

first is by no means objectionable.

yang, &

The most common introductory word of a noun-clause is

RIS

sthat’ which, contrary to the Malayalam usage, may be omitted

before the object noun-clause.

All relative pronouns may

layalam,

likewise introduce noun-clauses, and the test for distinguish-

ason Why

ing them from similar adjective-clauses lies in their respective

T reasol

functions—a noun clause stands as the subject or object of a

;_m);ﬁl()o

sentence, while an adjective-clause qualifies a noun or its

equivalent.

djective-

Model. <That thou wast weak is thy exéuse’ aemas @adlem

20 @0 aganoem 3o qL@sdIMo.

A

88

oy

1

6

Noun-clause as Subject.

27

EXERCISE A,

1)

1)

That materials for such‘a collection existed, cannot be doubted.

2)

That some flowers are more beauatiful than the rest, cannot be dis-

puted.

3)

That the sacerdotal government should encroach on the functions of

the civil magistrate, would in our times be a great evil.

That he is careful is well known.

4)

1

5)

That the king should be deposed was considered necessary by the

unanimous verdict of the people.

6)

Where Attila was buried, cannot be determined with any degree of

certainty at present.

)

What he spoke was not like madness.

8)

How extensive the Danish occupation was, is best seen in the local

names and divisions.

9

When he will arrive is not yet known.

10)

‘Where that good shoemaker got his notion of reading from, remained

a mystery even to his most intimate friends.

I1)

What a young man should aim at, is to acquire a habit of binding

things together according to their bonds of natural affinity.

12)

That wonder should be abundant in the opening scenes of life, is in

the healthy course of nature.

13)

What we said of the word self-interest applies to all synonyms and

circumlocutions which are employed to convey the same idea.

14)

When and how the death of Herodotus took place, is uncertain.

Note

oI, ogan@ ete. may sometimes be used as symbolical

of the noun-clause used as the subject of a sentence.

ExErCISE B.

1)

of) 9.21EQMED B0, EDTINWMO RIS EGADD QILJEIW HIPo.

W GSt0® E10IMIe0 .2IYOHIT TV )N ooamayd)weny

s20d oo @ 8|9 @)@,

3)

@Ik ogi)DS eam"\g% ag)aR MO0 WOR) I@d e @ B8 .

4)

mom’?svo'w @OLZAD EVAVQ 0 aI0QNMD gOIN 20 ICEUE )M

A

B9 (21 QJo.

5)

@Y Halsdo Mailes BYd &¥lalls wgmo og@ $0eI20W] agao

@0 8g 0 ©).21@oesQINM (@ )@IAVo,

—

89

(o

6)

o M emMaSIaT )of 1@ )g-jond e planbIY @ 1005206 dn &.aoamoaf)

S oeca0?

7)

VLRI 1HEJIMD IOQYAD &S 1R H9Id 2RI @1 @b g0 ey

:

@8N 1O lo.

6 doupteg

8)

@S @s@)e Dol a1d)a) el aid) e d B oldeeam

100t be di

gai@o aflaid mdlwIoemedlcd 8.8 MO OB 6D

unctions of

R @10 @) 100 OQ(‘(U(‘rﬂzﬁ@,(TTO.

9)

OHE IO a1 Qo;\@oefceobm@'\&gdma» @OAN S qUAWo TVZRG))

|

©500

10)

@o%")d@mommt aoroﬂ(o'\as)o(am(o’\:%} RIS O @ BANIB®OW )

ary by the

O MBIV of)TRED @E)20Mo GBAIMBHINEM D AV )E].

11)

qgcﬁaaﬁm’\mb QIg) EP@MHQ0 B BRSO [0S 29 ag)(MM VoL@ AN

j degres of

&987120000D BIPORIEMLER M og Q)OS BT )0l oMo, agSG|IDL

o

awo, ageMEY00 HBHd ©afla) agawo waNes ailmydlgload

@I gy

n the local

13)

BOM ISR 0106 )880(@) 00 02 oM S oemaIad

O ®0AS)E BaF).0| «gdO @HM pog))ols)ay.

14)

@ QN2 1mIGmMD «GAVHBIHTEA00 BV AT Q100200 @b law

, temained

Q.

=)

1) @) 0aVORSAVMN@ ofID DH0HTEM0 0 @ @A & o6moQy

aNOIG 0.

of hinding

15)

0 () &007es moﬂmmrcﬂog;omms)g @30’1% 2@ )O8d B S0

nity.

SHEW BQMEH@MA 60D Ig).

f life, is in

onyms and

11

Noun-clause as Object.

ide,

28

EXERCISE A.

rfain,

ymbolical

1)

They demanded that the obnoxious chief should be dismissed.

2

-

08,

Faction itself could not deny that Addison had been stricf]y faithfgl

to his early opinions.

3)

He executed what you ordered him to do.

4)

What he wants in knowledge he supplies by self-confidence.

5)

We can prove that the earth is round.

) a,;g!‘o.

6

au’]mem”

N’

I expect that he will arrive to-morrow.

)

State when and where you were born.

8)

I have shown in what state our constitution stood at the time of

oMY

the Norman conquest.

9)

What the corrupt man sees he admires, what he admires he imitates.

10)

You would think that those men had an astonishing talent for seeing

@) gm0

things that had already passed away.

90

13)

11) I am told that the old masters of art had to do these shameful thmgs

for bread.

12)

At this point, I can imagine that some young man may be inclined

1

to ask me, whether I should advise him to enter upon a formal

study of logic or metaphysics

13)

You must know that from my earliest infancy I found always a strong

No

inclination for books and letters

gentence

14)

Chamier declared that it was a hard exercise of faith to believe that

the nou

so foolish a chatterer had written ““The Traveller

translat

15)

We are next to inquire what religion shall be taught

il

EXERCISE B

1)

EPAIOHM AUPLH WD ag)ADIOEMNAT ag)rrﬂcsg emgylanayailgy.

2)

cmmocb@ga@_ﬂmﬂmnbmo%mrb@;c}a@g 0 @p_\amﬂ ®-%00- O

@ 20aVEELE: M3 lefllw EPMH:Eo G H.a0)W EYMSSo

@Y QI ZNTM2AD YR MZHEHP W@ )dsan.

3)

@0 209 {18 2d WM al0YaNO®Ia00 o_ﬂw.mxﬂ@s)@@@cm @’S:D

o0ab @9g0 1B 1O® gsmmm']_%

4)

(@@ )a10d), agemQ QIO EnsSarlw &@ avsmilwiem @8I

aflem @e@e@®AD a0

5)

@Y @3 (T)ﬂ QM0 WEM Geald@A% QIMOITNBR

o)) Mnsesan 9.a10gy ol MyBe aIEmM!

6)

@@ Y] BEMA0EE GOAVEIOERS A

HOMMHAIY MIHSAI AYMOS MOZER 1)

QIO @03 mo%(mﬂanbn QLIEA@0 EREIBOICO AVIBMO Al0S O

)

nJBU)20oMI® @ OB AU load o IHm

aleU oy &) ojom@mo ERWRM sag)S)egy

8

~

@@ Gaudlo) QIaVlg{omMUGwS 20 8a18 )y 8il8RE@ 2209

o).

9)

M anes BoMIQ, 20829 &M

WBEM) aIPAAMONRBANIG O.altp] O3]

10)

@ @mnd Elmonflad @lsesan oga@o MSg et alS)egyaooe

@pa1nHdo et smionilg{loflclesan

1

[y

)

Wb agailes 8307} g0, B03)g400d SEEMOAOTM DO,

0gBlam @enne 8@ ag@o oblgYENO2 10e @G I,

12)

QRLOB AR B;0REME AT TG . @@(b gamﬂ% ag)ao wg) lendlaloab

S

91

Bl ?hings

13) @Seigy «goEIOm @ MESA ogdRo @D HMOSNZER © aIBWI

(P> agPAIVo )Rk BQIMZoQlgmo VG 160D 1T 1B og) D

b inelineg

smoah 0@ )dsan.

0 & formg]

14) omemBddy AI@OBKD ag)T2 217y T IANIDEM A e@od Zemt

Q106 WORYO.

JEE] St!‘Ollg‘

Note.

A noun-clause chiefly stands as the sabject or object of a

sentence; but it may sometimes be found in some other position of

eligve that

the noun as well; as, ‘He was conscious that he had many difficulties’> The

translation of such forms demands no special consideration.

111

General exercises in Adjective and Noun-clauses.

29 | EXERCISE A.

ey

1)

The most valuable notes are those in which he (Dr. Johnson) had an

) %Mﬁ

opportunity of showing how attentively he had during many years

observed human life and human nature.

B0

2)

The influence exercised by his conversation directly upon those with

. &H'}

whom he lived, and indirectly on the whple literary world, was

altogether without a parallel.

' oemig

3)

I believe with Plato that a lie is a thing hateful both to gods and

men

4)

An idle man is like a house-kgeper \:vho keeps the door open for any

burglar.

9)

Men are often clever enough, but they do not know what to do with

their cleverness.

What a pious tradition has taught us to do daily before our principal

5 o

6)

meals as a comely ceremony, let us learn to do before every serious

act of our life, not.as a cold form, but as a fervent reality.

)

Kant has said that the business of philosophy is to answer three

b 2e0?

questions : — what can I koow, what ought I to do, and for what

may I hope?

8)

Upon what sort of evidence can we be justified in concluding that a

Slag)mo

given event is the effect of a particular volition of the deity or of

the interposition of some invisible agent?

9)

This Venice, which was a haughty, invineible, magnificent republic for

A0

nearly fourteen hundred years, whose armies compelled the world’s

Pl

plom

applause whenever and wherever they battled, whose navies well

nigh held domain of the seas, and whose merchant fleets whitened

—

92

e

the remotest oceans with their sails and loaded their piers with

17

the products of every clime, is fallen a prey to poverty, neglect

and melancholy decay

Note

Split the adjective-clauses into co-ordinate clauses

10) There are a good many things about this Italy, which I do not under-

18

stand; and more especially I cannot understand how a bankrupt

covernment can have such

palatial railroad depots and such

marvels of turnpikes

11) What is it that confers the noblest delight? What is it that which

swells a man’s heart with pride above that which any other

ll

experience can bring him? Discovery

Note

Use wwmmoan ete

12) Men did not entertain certain desires and aversion

because they

believed in a moral sense, but they gave the name of moral sense

to a feeling which they found in their minds however it came there.

13) A

man who having a bad temper, keeps it in subjection, and

constrains himself to behave habitually with justice and humanity

towards those who are in his power, seems to us worthy of the

highest admiration; on the other hand, a man, who, having been

blessed by nature with a bland disposition, gradually brings him~

self to inflict misery on his fellow-creatures,

with indifference,

with satisfaction, and at length with a hideous ra.pture deserves to

be regarded as a portent of wickedness.

14) They had not been long in this situation when news came that the

Jacobins of Paris had made a last attempt to regain ascendency

in the state, that the hall of the Convention had been forced hy

a furious crowd, that one of the deputies had been murdered and

his head fixed on a pike, that the life of the President had been

for a time in imminent danger, and that some members of the

legislatare had not been ashamed to join the rioters

15) We might almost reconstruct our history so far as it turns upon the

Norman conquest by an analysis of our present language, a

mustering of its words in groups, and a close observation of the

nature and character of those which the two races have severally

contributed to it,.

16) The ancient guttural is heard now only in those portions of the old

Anglican provinces which ar

in the southern counties of Scotland

and the northern counties of England

—

93

PR,

piers with

17) I propose here, after enquiring briefly into the general question of

by, meglect

the determination of the sun’s distance, to describe the opportu-

nities which will be afforded during the transit of 1874, and to

lauses

disouss the preparations which are being made by this country to

take her part in the work of observation

under

\ bankrupt

18) That the study of mathematics and their application to astronomy,

and such

are full of interest, will be allowed by all who have devoted their

time and attention to those pursuits; and they only can estimate

the delights of arriving at truth, whether it be the discovery of

hat which

a world or of a new property of numbers.

any othee

The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power

19)

And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,

Await alike the inevitable hour

ause they

The path of glory leads but to the grave.

0ral sense

ame there,

20) These poor animals jast look and tremble and give forth the very

indications of suffering that we do.

There is the distinet cry of

tion, and

pain

There is the unequivocal physiognomy of distress

They

humanity

put on the same aspect of terror on the demonstration of a menaced

by of fhe

blow.

They exhibit the same distortions of agony after the

ving been

infliction of

it

The bruise or the burn

or the fracture or

Their

ings hin-

superior strength just affects them similarly to ourselves

difference,

blood circulates as ours

They have pulsations in different parts

leserves

They sicken, and they grow feeble with

of the body like ours

age, and finally they die just as we do.

They possess the same

The lioness

> that

feelings and the same instincts with our own species.

soendenc

robbed of her whelps causes the wilderness to cry aloud with the

forced hy

proclamation of her WI‘Onga or the bird whose little household had

Jored aud

been stolen, fills and saddens all the grove with melodies of

had been

deepest pathos.

s of he

21) The English is in truth, of all the languages of its kindred, the one

which most remarkably illustrates the mode of lingaistic change

consisting in the loss of formal grammatical distinction by synthetic

gpon the

means

There is no other known tongue which, from having been

70388 &

n of fhe

so rich in them, has been so poor

none which has so nearly

soverall

stripped its root-syllables of the apparatus of suffixes with which

they were formerly clothed and left them monosyllables

£ the old

22) This change is to be attributed partly no doubt to the discovery of

§eot and

printing, a discovery which has not only diffused knowledge widely,

but as we have already observed, has also introduced into reasoning,

e

94

o

a precision unknown in those ancie.nt commﬁnities, in which

information was for the most part conveyed omlly.

23) We find that a polished society, a society in which & most intricate

and elaborate system of jurisprudence was established, in which

18

the arts of luxury were - well understood, in which the works of

great ancient writers were preserved and studied, existed .for

nearly a thousand years, without making one great discovery in

science or producing one book \vhich is read by any but curious

29

enquirers.

24) We mnever met with a book which so strongly indicated that the

writer was in good humour with everybody else, which contained

so much of that kind of reproach which is vulgarly said to be no

slander, and of that kind of praise which is v.ulgarly said to be

no commendation.

25) The regent was in many respects the facsimile of our Charles the

Second.

Like Charles he was a good-natured mau utterly destitute

3

of sensibility.

Like Charles he had good natural talents which. a

Like Charles

deplorable indolence rendered useless to the state.

he thought all men corrupted and interested and yet did not dis-

like them for being so.

26) No man who wishes to keep well within the limits of that which he

has a right to assert, will affirm that it is im‘possible that the

sun and moon should ever have been made to appear to stand still

in the valley of Ajalon, or that the walls of "a city should have

fallen down at a trumpet blast or that water was turned into wine,

because such events are contrary to uniform experience and violate

laws of nature.

Note.

For the sake of perspicuity bring the subject ‘man’

and its adjuncts near the predicate ‘affirm’ and begin

the translation with the noun-clause ‘that the sun and

moon ete.’

27) A strange effect of narrow principles and short views! that a prince

possessed of every quality which procures veneration, love, and

esteem, of

great parts and profound learning, endowed with

admirable talents for government and almost adored by his

subjects, should form a nice unnecessary scruple, whereof in

Europe we can have no conception, let slip an opportunity put

into his hands that would have made him absolute master of the

lives and liberties and the fortunes of his people.

oo

95

—_—

10 which

Note.

“Whereof

conception’ is a parenthetical clause

and may therefore be translated as an independent

For ‘whereof’ substitute ‘of such

U Infricat

sentence at the close.

1 whigh

nice and unnecessary scruples’.

> works of

28) In prescribing men’s duties, the moralists of all ages bhave set up

xisted for

the supposition being

an ideal far beyond what can be attained

‘CO\'OI‘y n

that this is necessary in order to secure the utmost amount of

ut curions

actual performance

29) The arts of advertising which are carried to such perfection in the

hat th

present day, exemplify the round of devices for catching the

contained

public attention; but they do nothing to teach the modes: of

1 10 be no

graduating the impressiveness of a composition according to the

said fo be

relative importance of several topics

Note.

Arts ooowaismsd; round of devices my@eEg oS 10

1atles the

oy@; exemplify gemommaoldloean

destitate

30) Pursuing the career of Muhamed or of any man who has memorably

3 which.a

impressed his own mind or agency upon the revolution of mankind

e Charles

we feel, solicitude about the circumstances which might surround

d not dis

his cradle to be altogether unreasonable and impertinent.

Note.

Change the participial phrase into a clause.

which he

31) To love him, to seek union with him in the closest manner possible,

that the

tand still

is to return to our proper original—to seek him from whom all

uld have

our powers are derived, and by whom alone they can be sustained

in time, and must be consummated and completed in eternity

nto wine,

Note.

d violate

To seek union ©eg8)0o®@ @o0dsildn; to return to our

proper original meges mvoemod @Y@e’)@amm@mﬂmb o )dn;

and for the dask we may understand ogoe ©aiolpc or

b ‘man

ag)am mosrm@omﬁ and add at the end of the sentence ogam

] begin

QVIko Or ag)('mm)_oo

in and

32) To be the source of happiness is the highest prerogatlve the greatest

pre-eminence, that one being can possess over another; it is in

3 prmce

faet to be his god

yve, and

Note

‘It is in fact’ understand ogom @omwgy before this

od WI

sentence.

by his

33) Esmond came to the spot on one

unny evening of spring, and

reof 10

saw amidst a thousand black crosses, casting their shadows

nity put

across the grassy mounds that particular one that marked his

i ()f he

mother’s resting place.

——e

96

———

34)

All thoughts, 2ll passions, all delights,

Whatever stirs this mortal frame,

All are but ministers of love

And feed his sacred flame.

Note.

For <all’ in line 3, say mawwgyo.

35) The fair undérstanding'between Sir Roger and his chaplain, and

41

their mutual concurrence in doing good, is the more remarkable,

because the very next village is famous for the difference and

contentions that rise between the parson and the squire, who live

in a perpetual state of war.

Note. Take ‘because ete. first and then ‘the fair undér-

standing’.

The more remarkable ep@e @S0 aflew

cﬁao_ﬂuﬂcwocvﬂ%@g@.

36) The squire bas made all his tenants atheists and tithe-stealers;

while the parson instructs them every Sunday, in the dignity of

his order and insinuates to them, in almost every sermon, that he

is a better man than his patron.

Note.

This is a compound sentence.

“While’ engoeies.

‘In the dignity of his order’ @sabo caeodlabd quimsad)

GL20Q OUINPAUBOMIOS.

37) There are two sorts of good company ; the one consists of persons

of birth, rank, and fashion; the other, of those who are distin-

guished by some peculiar merit in any liberal art or science ; and

a mixture of these is what we would have understood by good

company.

'38) I once heard a political discourse by a mnoted personage, which

consisted of the assertion, in various forms and with various

illustrations, of the proposition that all the miseries of this

country arise from its monarchico-aristocratic government, and

that they could all be cured, as by the stroke of a magician’s

wand, by the introduction of a perfectly democratic government.

WNote.

Change ‘which consisted’ into ‘and this consisted’.

89) The experiments selected to -illustrate the subject fixed upon are

striking and convincing and such as can be performed with

facility and economy.

40) The author has the pleasing task of expressing his gratitude for

the favourable reception accorded to nine preceding editions

which he has endeavoured to render worthy of continued patro-

nage; he indulges in the hope, that it will still be found entitled

to rank with books of practical utility.

—

97

Note.

‘Has the pleasing task of expressing’ = Expresses bis grati-

tude with pleasure.

‘Indulges in the hope’ @QUile) OHogE AR,

‘Practical utility’ &@20®) paidwowges or simply IcwoR

maes

plain, and

emarkable,

41) They. immortalize the memory of the man, who was during foréy

erence and

years, the constant protector of all oppressed races and persecuted

&, Who live

sects, of the man whom neither the prejudices nor the interests

belonging to his station could reduce from the path of right, of

the noble who in every great crisis cast in his lot with the

it under-

lao alleoo

commons,

of the planter who made manful war on the slave

trade, of the land-owner whose whole heart was in the struggle

against the corn-law.

he-stealers;

-42) One Inspector states that, in his district, paraphrasing is partly a

dignity of

o1, that he

verbatim copy of the originals and partly a mass of absurdities;

another, that the attempts at paraphrasing are almost impossible

to pass; a third, that very few of the candidates have a clear

09I,

qUIms vl

idea of what is meant by paraphrase.

43)

Heaven’s ebon vault

of persons

Studded with stars unutterably bright,

are distin-

Thro’ which the moon’s unclouded grandeur rolls,

jence; and

Seems like a canopy which love has spread

d by good

To curtain her sleeping world.

-44) I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem

ge, which

to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore and divert-

th various

ing myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier

ios of this

shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all

menty and

undiscovered before me.

magiciau‘s

45)

I have often wished that I had clear,

rernmett,

For life six-hundred pounds a year,

susisted

’b

A handsome house to lodge a friend,

“upon Bxe

A river at my garden’s end.

med: Wit

46)

«+.s.Thyself last; cherish thou hearts that hold thee,

Corruption wins not more than honesty.

titude for

Still in thy right band carry gentle peace

g eliios

To silence envious tongues; be just and fear not

ged patro-

Let all the lands thou aim’st at be thy country,

d entitled

They God’s and truth’s.

=1

gl

98

47)

For nought so wide that on the earth doth live,

But to the earth some special good doth give;

Nor aught so good, but strained from that fair use

Revolts from true birth stumbling on abuse;

Virtue itself turns vice being misapplied,

And vice sometimes by action dignified.

48) Little did I dream that I should have lived to see such disasters

fallen upon the queen in a nation of gallant men, in a nation of

men of honour and of cavaliers; I thought ten thousand swords

must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that

threatened her with insult.

49) Ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy and pursue

with eagerness the phantoms of hope, who expect that age will

perform the promises of youth, and that the deficiencies of the

present day will be supplied by the morrow, attend to the history

of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia.

50) Being beaten in a conflict, being chocked in anything we have

undertaken, committing some error in a public display, blunders,

inaccuracies, and awkwardness of speech, being put about by

trifles, making great exertions for small results, being chaffed

and jeered at, being slightly intoxicated, being defied by our

inferiors—these and such like expose us to the laughter of

bystanders, the infliction not being severe enough to rouse either

their sympathy or some of the strong emotions, as anger and

fea.r.

EXERCISE B.

1) e@ach @W@o) GWEBHZ ageito I TVoaddlal, EREO2E BF

afleb @P®.oy cmilowo ).

Note.

@ @20@2g) and even.

2) algd)el eI®GARBd 2J0QZeE @Y OSISOHIMAINS: RIS

OS U@IN @IAVOM OB IWE@MDHMG 0D ©.21PERA oG

w®) ) 92O IBROQ.

Harischandra was

and hastened to

Note.

alarmed. . .

e s e e 0

welcome.

3) @b @MMeAI HEIROW BT TV _Inlo 6N, BRG IOM Sdg @ eado

@ojhggm%aoexsvmmm ool Qo AVIQIWIM AW EYESAI

_aﬂ__% amsg%o.ﬂnb.

—_—

i

g9

4) 0@\ @G0B ([E)BWILS).0) RIEMER0Q PSB0 BYS) pSad

N5e8)eEnem aam) aflwe 108 @520 @Bastaimn OBl aflem

3¢

@b DaYe @pEA oo aggjto ANIO® @SR gl

Note.

0@ @a0oE00y (@)8@oudlal. Use the possessive

aSleno

instead of the adjective-clause.

o s 8 0 o o

mo’}mﬂ:%

fell down and related what he ete. etc.

h disastors

a nation of

5) n@g{y@ammommwb DSIGH T AURLPN® HSISe|od a0 lgjomal

and swords

OSISEW Q.

- look that

Note.

.and not what etc.

and pursue

6) o3 QlBLacaTad BB emods 1@neg, augRrYlwiw) nasm’lw

20Qes 503 lassemE )b 8100 )E8LeMD IRV O.alMR I,

af age will

cies of the

@oailes @meo%wmmoe}@)c)o @OEM S0, LEI(MYA-II0WIRIG: D

the history

@D IVo60, LOMUIM)IE]MVZGRLAIW HOME K BOBM So,

Note.

¢« ® 8.8 o @

©®t6e admiring the various scenes.

o=

@083, af)

» W have

emoolob, . . . Ha)aRa’)an stood at the gates of the city. @wall

in which were etc. ete.

, blunders,

0SS

b about by

7) almed)) @o.cﬂ% @cmosn”\:% aNs@emn Aos&d s @) wal

1g chaffed

oD ogs® allog)em@ed O ©)9QIBRBMID (0 )DTLOOIT

pd by our

0@ @b &g @eo S2000M@EM 8ad g {l@smemand)

aughter of

@o® @9 @D waBkoe SaPYME EYSEANGIamb

ouse either

GQIME) QIO &0S)alamn,

anger and

Note.

aNo@&d «gs@y @Gs) collected into a heap upon which,

o) HBLEMIID

v s 0 o e

lighted it when by the glare ete.

8) @med) allgmaimnoe &Sa m a3 o@D o @ BEAeeEa

008 B3

ag) M0 EWOG|SOSIMNG B0S) E2)0a26me0O 9@ )ah 6.a100 Bal@o

ZeOml, $00)iRaNOO aJ@OM PI@IWEh E.n10RId ugSaD

gon em aflide e®Imzea ) MAOM @el 9.01Y @YED

EMOBX 0@yt aPSAVO 06N a5 MBI @ an.

n0A6om)

Note.

etz

P R )

®95) Chandramati crossed the cemetery

|

620 0§

aud hastened on, filled with a vague apprehengion as to what

further calamities were in store for her.

istened 10

9) (BIMOB)D FOMmI EIRS)HEMRIG HERRIND EPEM & )0 @Y

alidl@)ed aailosd), adla) &S0 aJ@PMQYo S0 @)

mﬁﬂ&(\b\’)

WIN® Lo@d) .0y 03)E)0 @AW OV PG,

j) epees

Note.

@ &M 1) o)

o) came to the street in search

of ete. and saw ete.

=%

—

100

—_—

1

10) EIEAIAIM P SoLl0 aBHE OHSVD ORI GAINE zéﬂgacmo@ @OW

EONEAA) (@)IEMaVZS lmINI® BISREMBMIS 8al RIEM®m

em3l@anI0eMITVMayem @B d 0o SIMMEaE msarlslmod

Moo )amo®l). SIEMIW GEIGUAVIDIWo HAIH.aIROTD a0@ 1em

20 @)& @& )NE1S B0 B eoga1d)e2 dloaim guwo aius).ef

OSONFAIAD BMSD &Ly @ alg aNud).oyQ15mo mnn&g(zﬂ%

Qlemess Janoad

1

Note

@P®®oalo in one of these days

O &V 2aOLIITH

agons, may be translated as past participles and put

at the beginning of the sentence, the subject moaaciad

oMM BB U2

will thus be brought near the predicate

nsa’)SInoab roamed through the forest

Qi) OS0FQIA

and placed the

bagged many

@08),® ©alg) efe

trophies at the feet of etc.

11) ogodmelo &¥IYo@nmt Mloato WA H@TEISS I GS) VM)

SBmIkh BaISd Ol el &gezanad Mm@ wow)

@oalcbadlan aflgealomalnad &$lwog 93070 «BOOQJ BRE

PMIBETNINS B 0| @O0 @S @IS )IONGIME IBaD

v e @) BaEmIocd

Note

RO EN0LI0

geai before long;

roaming; @@ cba’lan whence; alilg8ato@alond ca,gﬂcmo%s)@o

ong finding it impossible to escape.

12) awdlesan alomiled Gaw) a.e-0008- 6od S.alaR EMISa QYo @D

e leed @Yo, M @@ 00 AUHE MBSO, LY Es I a0IER

9N Bl Bed>Yo ©.01QY BSaE)8g 0@ )& Qo @Y TLIBAT)

&8 62 0.5 W afIRMIGS) ERAINO o.:’\rrgro’\@gceaqgo

(emq_g)ocz,cemoronb Tl EYUIRTBIOS a_x&gzj auoems] ailoyo

OB C.aldsd QYo DY,

Note.

awdlesan use the prepositional phrase ‘in dispute

for the wenym mo; from m goa to @eiloseoe 6.a1Q should

be translated as a nominative absolute after ases)eg joan

as, ‘I returned, the witnesses 3 to 10 having been ordered’ ®g avo

& ddo, where these witnesses were ete. .

@oaIsHE ol

MR B o

Passive voice, ‘were examined’

@uomﬂ%

produced; afloryoporlch Cam filed

—

—

101

%m0

13) @OM)IWENIRMES eoaicooaiomiled (@)ollesd esan nIp120Q))

0 mlaﬁmg

O™ HQIgjod Boailas&QYo @1 V0@ )Be @.0108).018g 1000 2904

i lnh

L£@=0008- IS (@)0) IBeod QIBENON0 aIOB>WYo Seiwcd 8oaf)

M 0l

Qo @m% a@) M (EYC(TC'DOCQ)O.

D0 Q)

Note.

The complainant states etc.

m@ﬂ%}}m’} :%

14) moe) o(dl@eEd @YORIAIORIMD el &) oo Buard).oy

P ey

em @ @dwoo i qieal2i@o (@@ .o GYORQISTER ail

waadlesang enjeUlewo?

and put

Note.

Whereas four senses deny ete. is it wise etc.?

e

xnmsam

15) EoSlew@ad agemMI@ avglo @1 EFIOW ®omEISle), M agame

BOMLM

em Ep2 oI eRBd DABOM sy mlgpap g

placed the

aflaid cwogamn.

IO OO OS

16) i@

BoRLOMIBEWIRK) 90 )anab

maemab, AIGFEMMISIWERBMIFo- aRelegllaoawow aSloy

) quamd)

swoseaInd ciadm@’ISIimnoad BsMLG@ MM mcgocrommomﬂ

nowIg],

gy e01gfiganad.,

00J0 EWH

Note-

.. .has a son called Rdma, who with his brother ete.

17) geaMIYSHSB 0@

©oQIEM RISM AV @)%6)@306”30“30_](\{) DMOS

330

IENOW, AIGHEMBMISANS @M@l @@ AMEMYR)

JREY

g@0a1eel T, E@ICRROMYe O &S lmoad.

Note.

0Oz EPeM.I%f)p) in search of whom; ©© &g

aoad where he fell in with.

o A0

el i

18) m@ﬂmmo@@WmO eog meeaianad myflaiem ails)eeilowms

6)al

0 oo

m@mom%%‘go@@m@aomm@mog@mng'grm@@dos}_ru

Qo ; TV BEDANOYIS LA EHaj0 05 lgRWo o ddnomilealo

WL

e Oﬂﬁ},}n

) ﬁ:@"ﬁ)%o a@e1 of), Romnellaogemomoe o3 18@uI]@s o)

anmealoenn mimid)w) Tuea)!

Note.

2OdS0QYE VA0

s 0 0 s o »

1 dispute’

m’\g'gm)o the success of the under-

taking is entir‘ely in your hands.

@should

5180

19) @8M® .2 W o aflgmge ZElmRe0Rd )WY LBRAIJEM (@)

e ) Geaid o mycaimn Gaisond.

ol O (V0

paie ol

Note. @B(Ta o\ in the meanwhile.,

20) @EMINEZE GUILHERELE AIBH2INER D DAVIR) AR ceeilc ey

a3}

eaRe &g @doeod ma) allaf).e @SeE) a8 walmd .

—

102

—_—

21)

@am® aflallmasamlegumisue aflaiqusomb

’)6)

2ewd)&ed) e@)iwaiallcal o)

2é)ma0} gaasad mosgy8am avIso

aQLEMRM WA 010MRODR0 ®E@ BRBR

Note

@200

© e 4+ e 0 e e -

allmoewe all anxiety on the score of the

wild fire being atan end

22) @my b alnsty uoAIOR o @S) aje@)eaiss @aorgMallesSas

B HEELo0 P HQIS G 0SSR ag)( 16 O AD

23) ©B®Eoweals B&:QTlAIMo QIS SIRMMI® ag) a0

Hald)W 6&m

8]l aq@o OMale9gaINWID B IS IW Fad T3 )eIHE

9

4

glab moglg jem3lemo @) &oeflogs@mind a0

Y2 MSAI

@000 @-00MB-d LQAUAM- EY2D ORWIRIAVo om-2003- oI @h

@@)dd Qi ogantel]l o0 @Qesd Yo

o_ﬂsf]g% ==

®0S)8esYo alen) aileIuSIsseqe 9419 agaw EZd m-0o 0B~

'

fBTOCpJ o

Note.

moglgjem) transplanting

o@dm0al)l &) @PQOD cutb

off the team

(BYOS’\_% assaulted.

24)

OHWVAIMIROEO @SS | SR O

amemm@@mocmo_mb @oo_u’):p__ﬂro’ﬁmm

o_ﬂgago LYo GOYS NIIUODBG 0

OHWPQJ MBLID® (BaIOAVIABYQ0

2007) a)dhahajo avaudbavgeylYo

SO 1 AVOROZAY0 &1 )Mo rEI Qo

819 DEMEB3AER A1 o @ es

218mMI) @aflednemdlan8an?

Note

HNBQI

coadlofl@)esan what may be the will of

Providence

25) @R US)HHo® @ o uosm%@mog@@g aURWIMeEBd aflw 1w

BWIL3) @RI, @0Qids @O 20w aflw Spilol 28aiemed

Moo ©..6RTEY @A) HAAVo WY HB2)F1OTBIW @0E]

@)oo @Y SSelo

SHd C2rIUS )@ 000 @ HoemEmId @ .ol

QIO A & )@ ) Bs 0o

Note

Begin ‘The court is of opinion that’, or ‘It appears to the

court that’ ete

2 Gaisma d Mtk H.CRED to put a stop

to such negligence,

e

103

PRI

26) mgo@@mmmn’oo 8020 BRLINNQ MWD «gSWISD LMY Halow]

plad ©9S) g |0mABMIAD 00)@@-92@ SBW)ATVo a-0008~

enjuomoy aileel 82g]S) asomileige B@&sIb@Gs oD 0

lan @ Qg e allaissgs & & D& oad @mﬂ@mmqb

ore of the

1120w gdlg{ese o ailBIUS)018g j0d QBN A0S RYo

91900 B8R MMy 1B)g |05 B, IWo coniocdlg ]

21)@)ssam,

M0 16Sdy

Note.

cmds ob@so teak grove;

@ b & 0@d

2o freehold;

a sapling;

Q18HN000 al0& insult;

@00 9o eanocSlg (ol

0lw

am

@)oésan has lodged a complaint,

- Mlaiss

20 ©SA

27) mgowmomanﬁo 260]AIDYNSRYo AVIYDITH OO0 SN0

% oldm

FNYDS (IO YNSYo ED D IMJeR g avuSm o)

OMHOWo @ WHAVABE EOM)IWBNBEOTDO B0 BT (@S0

3% 08

*5(;1]0“3-

poglo@argg ot &$loom ailalndloeh eoaitbasac @O

&Yoo lejer VG0 ERAINM POl a0 SplessTEDo (@)

o) ezpy@o0e DO IASISTOD &I Y2QJI DD 20BN,

DO cut

Note.

Begin 1. ‘Taking into consideration the fact that in spite of

the insignificance and indigence of the complainant ete. 2. @P@IMo

plg8 RMaL_1USImo the consequent influence.

3. @painbaisa@d

on his side.

4, &p1l6EBYO it has to be recorded that.

5. @@@))@a% not surprising.

28) b B@mmMIde MM BeIgeglad &@J3)8g @) all¢ya

OIS BMWEG OO ERQYIYIOM &3).ay Qflandley 2y d

afead Ganseigo &laid dVlgloBa9aIYo @YHID ogaD

01060y ogYSl00sgjod ag®bo Fmileh MmSW@aIoGlch o3

he will of

QM SN,

Note.

Qflgy2eomins calmly.

0P I008gjod ete. left my

seat

where etc.

oo Lo

OB

29) b EPOEMGIWIOD ERWHGG oe) e aflemBgloce EPh

Slmezsal, ) oM ow

1w 806

QN® @O agerho eReTD aflas.

oM@ e Bdg «gedO aflanial 010 ogamw aflg) oy

o) \Oﬂ,ﬁl

BRIYSS ogEP0dlmmo CaThmS)Th OB0TEEAINW ] & )wBHNS

@moasﬂ%.

s o the

Note,

1. T was frightened at the stranger and

when ete.

ut 4 S0P

2. @MO® a0y soliloquy 3. adlanonel aiw aga ailg.ay

beckoned me to follow.

—

104

—

30) 6m38n VBRI weaie@m 2 fajedh agaw aflel e flajdd gens.

30

aBOBMEl ZOMI B® IR oM IwaRegns @vales

anem @eo ()R&dds ®TGoQlgMo HAVIEY 0 AUBANOTRI00

Q/_\oé;m'):%.

Note 1. Slallmjowenego9s with law and justice.

2. @Y&:Q

R0 Qj\(g«mﬂﬂ% did all in his power.

31) e®m QS IAYAIcho POMI BN ZQRAIVIOMD &So

QR R S@MEDODO ERSOHG . alemo @ )A)H& G.aldd ).l

Ggjodd @IS e Sa1krh MBI ST 1w CrIesBa W ).

Note.

©.0108).0)8g J0cd demanded etc. .

. when ete,

32)

HOMHWD @O0 &0l lSLeaBena

@I N ENITE CGHDAN LRMETBRES

Elememenw &ellwocd &elloaio

@80 B0aM0o QAIM M A ISaTi g Galowh,

Note.

emn@lga lgyBatond it is said; they say.

83) agoooye eolemn myedlyes ameyd GSESS MR e

SO D OB By 998 GRIGH D) @@’Wgzﬂé% AMEN O T SN

2060y SISO, 18jo a i@ lg{lesan @0 015 &6 @YD en2L)

202@eS emgyledadlan pElel @08 20w aFlMNASO8 Moo

a_ﬂs’h%, ERE@3omgo Qilald@)8s0mm DO PaICELMBNE 20Q

g2 Quds 00 )W)0i00:00% @AUGOS mCLIOW o emad) Gale

O a0 1810 )800Ze8 9a &IV O MBS WYo 9alQan,

Note.

1. ogooay ooglmy myeslwyes @« d men of genius

or brilliant intellects.

3. GesOOD @F)

2. Yeea® meteor.

g)ay etc. take the world by surprise.

4 o_Jroﬂgzﬂeegcm @00}

printing press.

5. mmayede ideas or thoughts,

6. enyS)

O @emo) stimulate their intellect.

34) @0 g (printing) ailewednc alzyessal Eo®E)

9.2 ()®IAW SQIBAJ ogQIISAT0 IR MEOS alale)

S00ZeE 2BMIQIIMBEHE emdEs] mmg)om alles) 2ma)

OO @O PaO®ATV) ITH SHSBOOQA.

Note 1. @9 MY@o9@-0678 by means of this invention,

2, aflew

;

@o@d in particular.

3 28MIQIM BN 6Mds | soothing

unction to our wounded hearts. 4. @a0® 1O )@d GBOOQMD elevate

it

ete,

A o o il

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gyusopdl

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Crue ULEPtsue © ﬁoéesoe@oéfemcG QuULsProE(O(@ WO(E T

o ®° K@ EBftO® VOB LA EEMIrVAUY oUD(QOMYIVE

BP@OEW(0E@ Qe Berwstiberr o B8fs|w(pfe wovimean

ofg| @S w(eoBroPve e WeEw S PIm(eY

fore ewoess @rens odfimorme Scewswew omgucewlive (g

.o@@ﬁ\eﬁ\go®®@ﬁ\mﬂﬂq@

oerocfiGe aw®o m%cdm@@. (DeERtUWY W(EBT sewle °v

CO(0 6@ MEFPwe® ap®e UWEW Suste ©OTE (O oUO®A®

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st

56 Qo

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90 AT

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BPPEW (D PHUOVID ALY Gfw

1(CURB|UDC@PVDODT ADPUE ©220B

coUcEaD ep( LR wBiatwa

ofSooyy

o@fSpwrocm(pue Eoewtesfecw Qe

S| o0

o(@occotBeulerosnzie (@)

(cg

53 gl

i,

S

G0l

106

———

QP20 20QEE AUM0 oFBHITMAIW] VRO AV2US )@ ah o @

9088 Q101D OBHTIW MSAINAUMRIYo WAV og)aMo 20Qo &9

Q) ajooemdlagled anw)oidlems)d)esasg)o.

Note.

You have, no doubt, read in poems and old stories that in

* ancient times all countries, whether civilized or uncivilized, con-

tained vast forests filled with etc

90,70 ' 10l vel Wiin e e

which formed the

habitation of

VTR e e e e e T A e s e ey T e

8)

and afforded quiet retreats

suitable for ete.

40) ©IRIBHROTI0 @)Ee9go csvg_,_%cwo MO QI zmomo%mg@@m:ﬂs

©.21aNGg odd @R AIISOD S0P & B:678 @AW am

P_I’:Qﬂ%

CHM2001002: W TV ERSICWIS0 (GOS Qe mnoars)

4

BlBE HIIMIWAIW zmﬂaoég)sma@"]mt QLA @ DN BNIG 0

(@)D B ILITRE IR &ITHOBEE )@ mw’?o_lmﬂ:% enafles

Wea olloflwerw anaigendleng cam)olo @) addleg o

™Mlaw quaes 28 oflesan USlomeeagqo, afledleges e

G=ooEHg QYo BHg SINMAVRUPY S am R af] oI o)

Dlemmeo g gjad)oldlesmp @emm 00 CLROAIR Q066 ).of)

S5 @a0@b.

Note.

4!

It is even said that kings and nobles, finding themselves by

accident in the midst of such vast forests, have been so captivated

by etc.

41) GandEurdlRLeaNwIw soe1dlay meado §.21Q () oh B

MICD D 0gy M0 ORI QRGNS D EH [ 1O 22190/198nmE lmaneg_jods

@ oot a® aflglteiss asm e (Mlyes ewle

B0 HAOPISHIHQYo @OAID @G IHM IRLSG IS Q0603 ) 6D (T3

a400je Meyaigne 8MIs] &laie10a0Age®0 Mg aflnge @g o

$009aM0 aglloh OS5 © YT Om @,

Vote.

The world-renowned poet Coleridge was sauntering ete,

when he saw ete.

42) @ @) QI C—kcﬁﬁﬂGT‘nQ%O_lo @M o)A@ do AI06MYAUTAN HDEL0

QISAEPBR ZNAH RGN G OG> QYes C2LREMRZAS @RQITVNNW @A)

@I lmId) @ BEMABE)an BMOR (@ )WIEMo Oy @Y

Q$lds aIS)MDIBOIG SHINARBANSBOMNBa EZEINHOD VRS

2J0O:RHME o GM@IVITH NAWHS ea ok e & lawraian al)

;

—

107

R

4 pom

100ERKD M)A AIHWIR QUMD 1B b ©a108& 0013 0RLMN0

) ZOQO &)

(@) MS)BLo & PSS @)@ geain medleh oilaimes oa

@onleh ()0 am@0w) allg ey @I B8Ry,

Note.

Some of us have been vividly impressed by the accounts which

& that iy

travellers have published for the edification of the world describing

ized, oon-

the feeling etc. ete,

ormed the

ob retreats

43) @00 oSlob @O0 EYWYaLYLIH TOWo, YBUIeB) 951508 Yo

@EPMAEIA ERD,TMARIW ol mwosalch @ )8woudlay Galal

amgm&ﬂomﬁ ANEn@oReHE V188w o )b MG Malled)

216100 Bueamo Bsallth GossIRITS eI allydlesmemaamo

EACHE

S®B 00ym@-%0 Qlgho ARl MIOAT &EBIG GS] £.82)00 )|

B mﬂ%

@bodlan all@lQeQoe .01,

Jnomag)

44) ©OMBIOS ONSHQINYBB BIBOI QLI METBNS IS 6B S )

Eamémgo

mallos

EOZOW QITYEIPB QIIEMRTEM AT B @ HAVIB P BB M

g, 0u)@mnodla S¥lejer ()RS RERMEIB ] HDIGHIND ED

Wlag)o

@D 0

£3, BREM H TG RIBOS @:;womwz'zm@%ﬂ) SIS an.

=)

a5 2o

Note.

It is one of the important duties of Government etc. &g

Q|

QD) QIS

in exchange for.

OAVISPo © TEISH 1HENIS D

19508 o)

to afford every convenience,

&k, UWLIGHPD ZOAINW EPAEII

45) a1BMEHOD Sralme lad o

selves by

cunaieagleh (@)8aiudleema)an @RI o ald 203020

aptivated

@EWH @BO0Y IUWAIW) HSHIANTIWITH @V AUHD a S cen e

Aan «geossam ed Gansaiger aellw e@eed Oy

QIR I aD.

N BB

<

Note.

SHSBM @D @O aflSleasedslm as an adjec-

mHm

tive sentence.

s aglob

46) €3009), @02200, A1IB IR0, 020, &HOQIH0 FOANW (Rl PleplophE I

o8l 0

sz b3 lan o mgan HAVIEE, Ml WEEH S 2108010 @997

) @5:{?@5

@)L )BIBAUM YRR QNN B NMEBZ OS @mommomb A OY5)

g0 My l0smy QI ey,

ing 610,

Note.

The cool zephyr sported about, loaded with the fragrance

of ete.

47) e&@emI@WSIw OB OO @133 MBIW HHalHSO

A0

) @Qﬂ

S Emdh EfEOM; Ba00RIskD 1o G0 08 o3 1aho 2@l

@0 lof Qo @YW IR IHsan aN86mod) @I M0 @8 9dh Brbad)

mg@@

NOOB @ GWI @&S) 8a)MAIMNAINIR MNAPOS IEI0N

ocacd)

ym of

@@@cwmmmod) Ao I® 0IRIGMId, I)SEMMod, TUQR

O

108

Al ly

AN WAIW (@ )BDHD ag)aT) 2a0IBMEMBB W MIOBOE MARHS

(o3l )Po $HIYAVOMRIW P 0 1OIRIQY ZRIANMe LBEAV) 0

Mo Q_QJQJCTTD

Note.

We, Victoria, by the Grace of God, the Queen of Great

The

Britain and the Empress of India do offer our hearty welcome

adverh

ete.

48) oy miwemeeg eloeallopad mogallesmao avesallensaymmo

is 1egu

gOvernl

@YW ©URE ML MNO @RAIRIMN OV | BaO@® QIIHRIBH VeI 25O

a@)MOB: MO ag)M@ M0 o@QIo @VgYo WadlollB IS My @Yl

clause

J@D@Cﬂb

advert

Note

1

0oLy, a2 eesd laws of the land

2., @RAI2IMOD A

it is

meet i

GaOP QIS @odd being disgraceful

3. EYQILR RN

necessary

PRIspIC

of an ¢

49) @flamo &:S).oj0 QLOo (Bm(Oo@o_Jocﬁsﬂ WIH®ID (0B WIRM QYA 1)o@ 1)

gongy, @adlseso 20QEB A0 AT &YlYSMSB@MR0 M2

qualifi

OW QIM@YATD CVEEWIATlme Balodeal ()T Ided:Qo, BIBRD

he hes

QLoD &OE ROQEE AIM l@baT lan @To(ﬂmg)s)aa,og@_@qyo QIO

adverh

@3 sse Qo 601 eflaimo SYIEBHeMo ag)MIGM (a)oBWEm

effect v

@Gacﬁcﬂdcﬁs@@_ B Wado

the mo

Note

1

Men generally are not content to waste their life etc., but

the lea

are desirous of ete

2. VBl @a6Rl as opportunities

present themselves

3. ®I80) MoND OB

to @

the w

OB & QYo 0.21Q) to give and receive instruction.

4, ©®@Momd

Into tl

SHYIQYBmMSBomIB o to the best of one’s ability

lause

50) MRRIZERITBEHS M IA)ODB:IPMTBD af)(@EWI RIeDLIBEZ0 VLD

Camse ¢

V@IYOEGo

B EM) 0M) Q) 08y mEBgo @YNHEMAD RIDOBEY

Mo 1®n ) BoEBS dab @0 VoY) BEE DT & do @S] @ N200ID

019588 QAIQYo MYSMY STV 18 orh @OM)LOI® Jo caflgjod

208 g120QYeR QYo e desword myaslcfimemgo aflilaie

I

DG EYW HIYSHIVENTEOS @Y B8elal) o) ©3).2160gS 00 @ D

adver]

aeafl ayeeomeem aismbloe2igs) avlledigjom @TWadlos

over

anaiab m@m_xceal%mcﬁaoeng @ON $81ND) 1OW Uoo_ﬂﬂ% ®a)

Jalan

SINOLPed @Y aldailow @emeallgjoad cmouﬂ% o) QI

O"D(U)gt}

obliqe

Note.

The causes of good and evil being as numerous as uncertain,

Press

so entangled with each other ete.

he who would fix

DR I S )

6\().&1K

his choice of life upon

s s o o s s e »

must die without being able to

of th

enjoy it

adjee

—

109

P

%2 mgas

' Q&

Chapter VIIL

The Adverbial Clause.

D of Gireat

1y weloome

The adverbial clause serves the same purpose as the

adverb, and strictly speaking its place in the complex sentence

is regulated by the same rules and circumstances as those

B algamBhy

"2 ey

governing the use of adverbs and adverbial phrases. But the

clause being often longer than the simple adverb or the

2uman m

adverbial phrase, these rules have to be slightly modified to

meet the requirements of elegance, euphony, and above all the

am it i

Bain’s rule as to the position

perspicuity of the sentence.

of an adverb in the sentence is given under the verb and its

Blapald)

Mmigo MR

qualificants (Chapter L). It is sufficient to mention here that

the best and most comprehensive rule as to the position of the

@, G180

jo BQH0

adverb and the adverb-equivalent, is to place them so as to

) me

effect what they are intended to affect, or to bring them under

the most catholic law of minimum separation.

Let there be

o et but

)portunities

the least possible separation between the adverbial clauses and

the words they qualify. The adverbial clauses are divided

oo

4, o

into the same classes as the adverb, viz., (1) the adverbial

clause of place, (2) of time, (3) of degree, (4) of belief, (5) of

B30 (Mot

cause and effect, and (6) of manner.

0 29%)

@mgamc«b

1

The Adwerbial Clause of Place.

| @aﬂ&;mﬁ

oglse

The adverbial clause of place is introduced by relative

§@0ﬂ om

‘adverbs of place, such as, ‘where’, ‘whither’, «whence’, ‘where-

100018

ever’, ‘wheresoever’ etc.

It will be remembered that in Mala-

(Lﬂ fé Badd

yalam the place of the adverb is generally supplied by the

M fori(c}

oblique cases with the case-suffixes either expressed or sup-

ancertains

pressed, as @owmeywa. Example: ‘It stands where I placed it’ eoab

ooy SlaNas ey o@lesme. Therefore the Malayalam translation

) would fis

ing" able to

of these sentences is the same as that of the correspoﬁing

adjectival clause, ‘It stands in the place where I placed it.

P

110

——

14

Rule 23. The adverbial clause of place is to be translated

as the adjective-clause with the appropriate case-suffix added

to the noun which the uésqér%mo qualifies.

13

Models 1. ‘Whither thou goest I will go, and where thou

lodgest I will lodge’ o) caraan &lasleaios smoaeo Balo@o f] @ozaV)

Saan &)d9)oh eIeo @i )dso.

2. ‘Such is the patriots’ boast

wherever we go’ eooad oagian Sleslch eoosQe mIGawE2urileds

10607 Gealdwd lBeaN® 31D WIET &

Note.

If the sentence is too long or involved, it is necessary for

the sake of perspicuity in Malayalam, to split it up into co-ordinate

sentences.

30. EXERCISE A.

1) Press where you see my white plume shine amidst the ranks of war.

2)

Even now where Alpine solitudes ascend

I sit me down a pensive hour to spend.

3)

Coblentz stands where the Moselle joins the Rhine.

4)

The accident happened where the line joins the river.

5)

Oh, lead me wherever I go.

6)

Yonder where the vines are flowing,

Yonder roars the Rhine.

7) Where there is mystery it is generally supposed that there must be

wit.

8)

How often have I led thy sportive choir

With tuneless pipe beside the murmuring Loire,

Where shading elms along the margin greet

And freshened by the wave where the zephyr fleet.

9) Where a good deal of carpenter’s work is done, there are many nails

used for one purpose or another which are thrown on one side

as crooked and not fit for use.

10) Where God hath his church, the devil will have his chapel.

11) It does not follow that volcanic discharges must always take place

where the greatest external contraction or internal pressure is

exerted.

0)

12) Where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord.

13) The prince having considered his sister’s observation, told her she

had surveyed life with prejudice and supposed misery where she

did not find it..

111

|

ranslated

14) Thus it is that respect is commonly least due, as well as least will-

ingly accorded, where it is arrogated most, and that independence-

1% added

is least possessed where it is most insisted on.

15) Among the wonders of this city are the catacombs or the ancient

ore thoy

repositories in which the bodies of the earliest generations were

) mezad)

lodged, and whereby the virtue of the gums which embalmed

s’ hoast

them they yet remained Withéut corruption.

Aamady

ExXERCISE B.

1)

@E MYBayd B rseaaind alows

ossary for

@ V@19 Wadd VIR B.a1gjlmend,

0-0rdinate

2)

e@0ab ®alol Eldsled @ean adluS) M@a® TVoQIBIVMO & &eoo

Bjo @MBIGOZM oyem il 1IAVEEMINS IV 1@ )220 020

eI @S) esaaeglcmed ogd) amEs Do @S] WMIWD

BOLINS @OSMEMIW] U3l W@ I,

nks of var,

8)

918 Qo Mgy ajglo @ENog|Ze8 05 @b

0N B®OYER Itd Hes 12218010361,

4)

wmeeeSe Myaidlel; MRAIZEER Se @@ IOM EPMEallg o ses

Ter,

203BB0 0jMESZo. OB IOM O BY @ IO EPMEAN B9 ®RQYo M

glpom oM @@ WeaSl.ajo B NS EYYooalo FPaIeo af)

BRI AN @)O_@Z'QQQ\(GTG)D('O{) o_xm'\,oo_)@@od\mﬂm‘ama.

5)

gwaleer, mad) eiaiad), oaregig It Wi aIoXYaTIEy:

v must be

Mo @AlWleh MWleosd 9o la @rAOS «geHan @oemoo.

3)

qV@;o @AV HAMD @@om’\@aﬂo&momqsqg@@@%, @OTV@o AV

©) 92 B0 ailWo AIOQYINOIEM MEODID SH®HG) 2)IQ3

20 @ (@ )20 ai06y.

oo EOma) ag)NOS GaHGAPEAN @OQIIESOs IO Ao

)

h

95150, 2@ilesS wElesmMasa LRSS MIaee AVIDE o o3

‘many nails

uacszﬂ__%s)@o@@o, Q)1 2elasMmeQi, ®RO! I B5e0®@) ag)(rldso

on one ide

&5 )Road @al@oe),

8)

agafos MR @QIINS @Pa0BIAI 6.0l G, BRa00

pel.

souolab oflodd @O EPWEImMAj @.AllEICh ERE

fake place

aNesam.

pressuré is

9)

SOQAT DO AVIEIAI BMMI0QIEM WA AN (@) @oaVRIPIE

M Mo &g lod @ les aId).AWAEE W @Y &YX OadO

ord

QIR BIDOODRYo oIS ).} EOE QB LISDHERWINS (@ )TV BB

| OId her §ho

- here 809

9QYNH0TE 8BS MB3ANAIOE @MWIg g {leemm® afla) cieslel

MRI@OS AVMLBIWAIR T,

—_—

112

G

10) aflar qoaEledd ia @AM BAUMEIW pgno WEPH® AUMAN

Elosog b SanIS] PaOmEd 1620 BT AN QY NIMIBIIE3

igof freqe

glajo H@BMIBCLIHHZ NSO BPAUWI GS] @192 .01 HAlgso

om &%

GUBO'Q%P@Q_EE)QQ)OQ"@ @Y AW 2 gUHOD gam’“»&:ﬂ% @R AUOHW

QI3 O AP,

foigo 602

11

The Adverbial Clause of Téme.

)

The adverbial clauses of fime are introduced by the re-

lative adverbs of time, such as <when’, ‘while’ and ‘whenever’,

and also by the prepositions and conjunctions of time, as,

J

<before, after, since, ere, until, as soon as, no sooner tham, just

when’ etc.

4\

As already pointed out, the oblique cases of Malayalam

nouns do duty for adverbs; but when it is remembered that

prepositions have adverbial functions in English where they

take the place of case-inflection, this peculiar usage of Mala-

yalam cases should not appear a serious anomaly.

saind expresses point of time; eedsg duration of time;

oong, @920, cuao extension or limit; and eoew time generally.

@oeo and pesa joined to meg) are equivalent to within,; as,

MoeyNOE lanes Jah; S@AIBIOE O IaN &0,

@ooan, goegy, joined to weny

amoe express point of time; as, @oiodled oeglaflseamyez oo

®o; RAF)o1BaN; Q) 01BN, HMBZWMBLY, EVAMINZTEID),

mee), may

also be joined with @ywe; as, smmoe gosgy, emso.

ailab, @m

™o, @O0, joined with weymmo are equaivalent to ‘affer’; as,

09010) 2@) o1 aNangpem; emmalmmmno; (also with dative; as,

§.21IN@ MM ANE0; HSIMM@ IANMAN®0) ; AIOEIVIO.

@nsay 1s used in

poetry and is equivalent to cafter’.

osae and its Sanskrit

equivalent eesey correspond to the English whilst’; smiqo ex-

¢As soon as’

presses continuity or repetition; as, ®agemoqo.

and ‘no sooner than’ are rendered by gseom, @camemo ete.

Note 1. The ablative or auemd) from its general signification of

separation or removal, is made use of to express distance and the

locative or avayd) to show time generally.

—

113

—

0 QUmay

2. Either the epwoeywa form, or the epeave@ato in OB

MRIRR

2 DU

is of frequent occurrence instead of aiemud); as, e@ond c@Emd @O

O HN3;

S-081EN D00 ERABE QI E

S5O HOHQlL)j0 QDo

010D

)l B0

§)aIQo BUIdHKN

31

EXERCISE A

1) No sooner was the first pressure of military tyranny felt than the

he ¢

nation began.to struggle fiercely.

heneser

2) He was told that St. Anne had been a saint before he was born, and

time, ag

would be one after he was hanged.

3) After he had enjoyed many triumphs and suffered many reverses

M, st

Dryden at last reached eminence

4) When this thought had taken possession of my mind I considered

layalam

every moment as wasted which did not bring me nearer home

red that

5) While courts are disturbed with intestine competitions and ambas-

re they

sadors are negotiating in foreign countries, the smith still plies

of Mala-

his anvil and the husbandman still plies his plough forward, the

necessaries of life are required and obtained, and the successive

business of the season continues to make its wonted revolution

of time

6) When I see and reckon the various forms of connubial infelicity,

netally

the unexpected causes of lasting discord, the diversities of temper,

fhin; a8

the oppositions of opinion, the rude collisions of contrary desire,

where both (the husband and wife) are urged by violent im-

1 0 ey

pulses, the obstinate contest of disagreeing virtues, where both

p8 99U

are supported by consciousness of good intention, I am sometimes

g, A

disposed to think, with the severe casuists of most nations that

b, o

marriage is rather permitted than approved.

ﬁ@l a5,

4) When the poet Goethe, in his prologue to the Faust, sighs after his

lost youth, his friend reproves him, and whilst admitting that

f1ve; 88,

youth is propitious to diverse other ends and exercises, declares

psed 10

that, for the purpose of poetry, the elder is the better man

Sanskit

8) The prince whose thoughts were always on the wing, as he passed

aigo €%

“Why art thou

by the gate said, with a countenance of sorrow

5001 4§

so strong and why is man so weak ?”

elo

) As they were walking by the side of the mountain, they observed

that the cromeys which the rain had driven from their burrows,

aation of

and the

had 'taken shelter among the bushes and formed holes behind

them tending upwards in an oblique direction

8

—

AEEA

114

10)

18

The main street, which is called after the lucky finder of the first

gold in the neighbourhood—Bayley—is an immensely wide

thoroughfare, and when the shops and stores on either side,

19

which are at present constructed of corrugated iron, are rebuilt

in brick and stone, as they undoubtedly will be some day, it

will present a very imposing appearance.

11)

walked into the building by chance after dinner one evening

without knowing what was going on, and was much surprised

when I learned that the rough, unkept crowd of men I saw

‘)C

around me, most of whom did not look worth a shilling, were

engaged in buying or selling shares in the various mines of the

district, and that in this manner the market price of the stocks

was to a great extent made.

Not

12)

It

is twenty-three years now since the military expedition command-

ed by Sir Garnet Wolsely made its way from Cape Coast Castle

to the interior, crossing the river Prah and plunging into the

tropical forest beyond, to attack king Koffi Kalkalli, the monarch

of what was then a considerable Ashantee Empire.

18)

No sooner had we passed within the grotesquely carved vestibule

than the portcullis dropped quickly behind us as we went on

our way.

14)

As long as the whole Chinese Empire obeys orders from Pekin,

Russia can dominate four hundred millions yellow men by put-

ting their emperor diplomatically into her pocket.

15)

While Germany is commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the

outbreak of the war with France, the German magazines are

reviving the patriotic songs which are said to have roused to

enthusiasm the sons the Fatherland, in the struggle with their

French neighbour.

16)

According to Herr Theo. Seelman, who writes in Heft 27 of the

Universum, patriotic songs are the noblest of national hymns.

Sung by millions of men, no one asks at the time of their

appearance how they have originated or whence they have come,

but when the occasion which called them forth is past, attention

is gladly turned to their origin and history.

17)

We had gone some distance when I suddenly saw on the horizon

what looked like long, low, white walls, in short, what seemed

to be the inclosure of an Eastern city.

11

J

of the fig

- 18) As we came nearer the spot, little tongues of fire shot out of the

nsely wide

ground; at short intervals, they rose from a foot to two feet high,

either side,

- spouting up suddenly and then dying away.

19 rebuilt

19) We should mention that the Admiralty adopted the diving dress

ome day, it

fully thirty years ago; and as time went on, the apparatus

became more generally used throughout the service, until at the

e evening

present day every flag-ship carries eight fully qualified divers

h suzprised

and every cruiser four.

men [ saw

20) No sooner, however, did the British ultimatum arrive than the

illing, were

Chinese Government, apparently believing that England means

ines of the

business when she puts her fleet in motion, suddenly complied

* the stocks

with everything that was asked of her.

Note.

Ultimatum 820, @oan)e)olsmo.

| command-

Uoast Castle

ExERCISE B.

ng into the

16 monareh

1) EPELEIDED LERBIAJ A19a 1A a0y W) gowo aflaiwemo

geediadlallen ImMIMMEE 20MEaV B2BaOM ™lgl,MEME

d vestibule

P2 Z] 218a0M Zmoail@IBedd 3 I1BWIDTMD AVIONV

76 Went on

BEMISIMSAD A Y0NS S0BQODITG Bld emomaioad asamn

ainb

rom Pekin,

2) @YOITVUEINI0DSHITG ISMAVMIBWO 6B @OBAIN MSATSIgo

16n by pué-

$0812608®E Mo Lemam, 21em Q196TDSBOOMN® B L@

BH0S I @RIVWQTD Loa: @i,

sary of the

3) o @@oaﬁmm’)&m@m)a@@)s)m;mmmmcsy&mom ayd) Emsal;,

razines are

@OO@Q QIS BLELOMI VAT o J@MZMR0® 260D @ MIay

, ronsed f0

Baid

MIRI@EMaVam 88 egmdsgled gleiamIsan

with their

@ODISHRI QN ANAVIMOAIRAIMD @00

ARG |60IL0.

QNEMIS0 BN GHHTRER W AV m@Io aIER1B@IS0 aflailmanaodal

97 of the

BR0EBM QYN SILIH@I®E JMo,

BROMINYER Boaocrg)crﬂmo

14] hymns.

20 S50y BalnWISIMIad alcrlow.

g of -their

4)

NOSOIBDS Qo W) .oflagayanabd

Y@ Come;

HHABOEM BN ISEOMBETRIDI BN

, atfention

WM 0IodOGES) 9j0ad &5 1BIS)

afleowwsmya 2atiees woBED,

e borizon

5)

S10EMVoEAIMD @0 HOHLIAVo AT @D §.alam

pat seemed

@00 2)ZA0ENEMIET@ BEQITMEID

8*

e

116

—_—

11

aQVo@aavam {lmo TY@il.a) Ga @S0

§ELMaImsD amaeIw sags

9 Moy Q3 lod @&Jmﬁb& somwp% MBS )

9210681 L2MEOMD HEVEMMI Baoaialabd,

12

6) &@ aflemeN® (E)BIMEHIM S RV MO A& &S|

g enafloaneEldlegemiod, @ADL MSAPEAIIGAN PO I

I

OO S CAIAIENIROM b@%%&aoﬂdgu&e@oam 280 @0 o)

BMIg @Y 2a0EYad ag)TMI6TO .21 BoS&ANO®AD @Ecm:&.

7) @@bdemiles Gapy@lame 23RY ®ERIWMIS) a0 ogaD AIOW

og{san @™ eaiavmulo aidlwiw) o Bmmod (e )Wosmo

aigemnd Eoallos e aquoeiorlch algyds D OS5 190y

aNemozaoa) BN EEJ&%@SW @PallSOmD ACMIODRAIW

S0P OW ag)OMO 2 (@a Ty o1 l@h QDO o) HSME @AW,

8) @ ajail «geabo gedlwle eals pSOM @Y @ogﬁﬁé@@aﬁéo

i

ooacdbadleilomeo e @ Qo) BV 0IOAM DT IYo EOFAAD

aldMo 9 SOHM HAS)IHAIB OGS IWo HOSBOMISs 1 &aTI1eHm

02000 aid).a) aflows).

9)

M & BNORIOD B IRINBHRIBR0

MILOMI®) anamo) a3 )an anazab

aUa @ 1@ gyoemy VM@ HAITD HAl

mmmMIR{loan Yo alem Boalo

BOEE O S0T ) SRIGATIOM ERIWds

nEgTRIWlg aian @S).

10)

S0V 1]t RSl oyeBes

QOAVAUINNARB ISR a10d ORI

'Bom._&mﬂwogw&@go@ao 6NICAIN (RIS D QYo

ORI N@& ] NSAn & Ielo

0gOMOWEMIT® EAYEMIA D)

E@®elo AN @ NSOHMEICA

myeedleewim mdlwieiiwls

MNABWO O NG QD) aJdssdo.

MIRISHRAE 00 MANHS 2D

EoEamH_chamBavo GNoBExCaN o

©.2199p10QM laneg U3 lglo Saian’ af)

M2 YBER O e @) 1SRG

alopias ISanegosd) afladlsan

MRS @RMRo S oEM IR0,

ofocestorosy Suwlv Boewrmisd

EFBms 0cfREwimy Sut@©orve Mm@

ot o8P apro UEfofuserov occuweenlw

(5@ e maed eeefdro cwwee

(@eueFB(gE c@ro@iirv otp@ioe

(L1

mﬂqﬁo orvW WEOYEY) OlJCW QICELRLOT D ﬁCSﬂ%@Q@

B rorewmtwiewss @ sw

cocp et fooiBofo wes

(EQUWSO @e @ ©uwiTwd

peFBpwwsrocy @ @iwoun®

OCEQ (BBWEHERC@IYLTY

WO(ESEO BTV DT

WPEYE BT 08| V(WSO

Ceﬂnce—‘@roge aufm@onegeﬁoqv

P CUCLLEOCIO Y (W CUBYVCN( O

(@£ VIOUE @ LD BT

(oW SO (Wwtesvtw

(91

MW (LALBY(LLBYVERN

‘upe (v oScme|porofSprove ve®ree

(@I @dmﬂr\o_.d OfREE 0T VWP

PSTEcEE answtse e ewieo Esetee Qi ey

oVeELRIW(P TR B fFroe ovcwapammero

WD §

SoceoTe @ fF (B lewces mewiuwe

unegSow o

sl S(m(ws(Srv & @8k e werv

(et

ohewesh

*queFB o @coro oscrorvtweEd

BT e PenuemED olrounede

"o

Q05 CRPO(EWST LB Qe

Mg

QEWOYYY iz e

1

oo

‘(W wow (weofte®Bw

awsmfo)

stpuwero fFBro@mee @i awbe imwoms i

morv ol

fOleore ‘080 06g0@ cero®e VeEBPO(TD (5@8© P E(FOB(Y(N

WEST QB OSUE WOBM 2065088 @EWrOF(CPM CUETAL @

.w_cm%@ p

seBane pewws wowiwewiudwikfo swiede weEw® (g1

LA

(PP @D (WM BOLI@DD° e (WY @Yrvew oo Boap

o

(S8 oo

@08 pcFBrmewwre(Ho (werv Suco®o

‘U MO SP

([PaWenus ‘©EiS®) orrERB (WEe oWWeRe mim it w o® (31

om0 g

o0 oSEBEWERW WL(WIBUE® AVPEEIVYAUS(O 09

80w OQEBM g0 oEee WEe (D) cwrosmedlfv quuwste (Ir

i iiny

AR

L11

—

118

—_—

So—

18)

@1 @)l alIMaYDMLA Q5 le0o@ Vo

)

d

BB 6N JomMINE®I Gaiddo BLITNEMO

without sto

@0 20 TVAE QAN A1 @ON QNI 21 E QI IR

80GL10Sy ©.20aM0d 1) SMEMIMN0 0.

@cggmm@’

Q10BLNIR V0B AIM M D &soeniaioab

19)

inelegan

@O AT I BRa00 ol

gan, e

ﬁ:%z’\@'ﬁgﬂam@@amfirﬂ@@@mom

clearer

a1 afldlaemad @nd) o)l mosomd; —

0 Q0 |

s eflaiweeme &aflajocnald

MDD b )OROMEA len 1G@0 P

@e) s

ongm

111

Adverbial Clause of degree.

pressed

you want’

In adverbial clauses of degree there is always some ex-

ang ol

pression denoting comparison.

They are introduced by ‘than’,

asl ‘the’ efc.; as, ‘The result was greater than I anticipated’; ‘the sea is

as deep as the mountains are high’; ¢the more you have the more you want’.

i}

In Sanskrit, comparison is expressed by the ablative and

Py

in Malayalam chiefly by avayd); as, seemicbaice @ooeE RaV;

Q0@ lod @ @& )dnw ab @aﬂ;sam%; Hguileb gaw @ave Gom enie1eBab.

@oc and its various transformations eovemdleb, @moailab, @oglab,

@oglejo ete. joined to efNow are of very frequent occurrence

as particles of comparison; as, gedlowsengo geyeiwe €8 picty

is more important than salvation.

S0031aMEn0do Bauwdo &ogo will run faster

E

than the wind, enlalo 8a1EMQo @lajaflemenis)ah you have greater strength

than the enemy.

‘As—as’ shows equality and is expressed by cansa or eo

8o, a8, ‘Heaped as high as a mountain’ 2e1Ga 1M1 HAIG OB GS ).

(e 9]

g lancw@og o wapovlab & le o @g) made into pills as big as a gooseberry.

N. B.

Strictly speaking &o0g0 shows limit or extent and is therefore better

employed as an equivalent of ¢so — as’ than ‘as—as’ in Malayalam.,

In involved constructions containing ‘as—as’ the more lucid form

of expression is by of@——@ER@©; as, ‘The sea is as deep as

the mountains are high cuQjmeBdds «g)@©@ DHo1089ZEM20 ERE) EY

@Yo aLPBBRGR0 O,

—

Sl

149

«So—that’ is literally translated by @esaigpe or eneflcbaigmo

—@n@E: a8, ‘The burden was so heavy that he coald not carry it ten yards

without stopping’ 1@ QIO @S) a7)gL 0@ HBHITEEAI0ANMAIIM @R AVIRL)

0)0S ERE @XZEE VIV WA,

But this is often

aogaromfsmo_)gmo

inelegant, and we have to resort to an equivalent form in a

860, ulae 0 eoE—eowng, which makes the construction

clearer and shorter;

as,

205 QIO AMZEE YOGITE @VOIMD ol

MO Q1 @S] 03180 O 0688a0almd aVItdleflgy OF @M @D QE

@) 2185 ale) om H&eNzeatalond avatsleiley, EB® @US &0 camZes

0 a0,

The peculiar construction under ‘the-—the’ is ex-

‘The more you get the more

pressed by coqo 0T «g@—&r—EnE.

0me 3.

you want’ aflemss &5EMMIQe EOUIIG0 @YLe; or aSlemés og)(@ &5)5aRSAL0

e aflomyo @Ywo; or ailemds @ SEaNSEOMIBo @RS &0 BYwo.

y ‘than’,

32.

EXERCISE A.

‘the sea i

1 want',

1)

The orator speaks so fluently that nobody can be compared with

bim.

ive and

2

She stalked through the splendid rooms and giddy crowd so abstract-

ZMO@O{W;

edly that she did not appear to notice anybody or anything.

121280,

3)

I bore thee like the quiver on my back,

Fleet as the whirlwind hurries on the rack.

), ngly

4)

The higher the stake the more nervous he became.

TLTence

The longer the race is, the better is the chance of winning.

40| plety

6)

Such errors occur oftener than can be excused.

run faster

7

In the present state of Europe it would be about as safe to insert

a red-hot poker in a barrel of gun-powder, as it would be for

7 gfrength

Great Britain to occupy and administer the city of Constantine.

8)

The French may have created a great army, but if their ministers

) OF &

cannot pull together, the vaster the machine the more easily

will it be wrecked.

Bé\, om

9)

It

is fashionable to be little and deride the Irish convention in

seberty

Chicago, but it is significant as a formal notification of the fact

ire better

that the last general election in Great Britain has been accepted

alayslan:

by the Irish patriots outside Ireland where they are much more

numerous and more influential than those that are left in their

eid form

native land, that for the present the policy of constitutional

s deep [

agitation is played out, and the day of the dagger and of dyna-

a0 80

mite has returned.

Sah

120

—

10) Sweet are the uses of adversity, and a couple of years of Tory

3y

government will probably do more to unite the Irish rarks than

the eloquence of all the liberals.

11) As compared with the women of other European countries, Russian

women work more and Weep less, they love and they hate in

perhaps greater intensity, they marry with more deliberation,

they abide by their choice more firmly, they exalt their mission

of motherhood more highly, and on the bearing and rearing of

their children they lavish all their energies of mind and body.

12) It

is interesting to know that in the opinion of a thoughtful writer

in the Annals of the American Academy, no more interesting or

significant event has taken place for some time, in the sphere of

economic and political education, than the recent establishment

of the London School of Fconomics and Political Science, which

will begin work in October 1895.

13) Less than three years ago, there was founded, in the back room of

a small store on a side-street at Toulon,.a charitable project

which bids fair to do more towards bringing about the solution

of the social problem in France than all the congresses and

conferences that have been held, and all the books and articles

that have been written, with that end in view.

14) The immense advantages that would accrue to the nation from the

state acquiring the railways and working them, are so many,

that I can only briefly mention a few, which will prove that in

its far-reaching benefits, railway nationalisation will excel the

penny post and ought therefore to be put in the foreground of

all social legislation.

E)iERCISE B.

1) Y I®OWISEMYASO QA I@eya (bcsmo@o}o&auroweeo"l @

S noabd.,

2) mMeigsd) EPead o )dd @lasaioqoe MyRIBEINYO @o%(‘mﬂfaﬁ @g&@

2o QIMEAIIKD Qj(dm&%omorommﬂ(ob D oAV BB U SNIS BB

aieflgjo Basworleh Ga1ERIQId TV NI @S) EPER

GSlge DoMIn o) @G ©0 1 Glg {0 HSAUGBE2Y EO@@OHAN

*

Dogame @REAR SO 9 AICWIDZER TWIW] @ ITBINOSD).

090!

rée@.d%d@coc@ 0Buo® TRILALWWEE 05@g oD Beaw©| B8

o

vde SeBeEtelT ‘odBoERQ( UWER(JOSVT CBAD AW

a5 50 ¢

W Be Ber (@ cmﬂcum@@ Bow(giedroe @iemoo WD

%%nﬁgmm

sepooe fFaoromee @(Baswteute @oBes o)

@g @a@@

0Bose WG @UL A0 ,,*er@m%@u.ucc.rg@ mepmowresce Bafg(8

8ONWEP(NJU SEB 05 (TBBAL @ADL WO IHSD

fr e Bwe pwoee Sse pefice cwes(oee pilBouw

29 @VND gl

O @@a@réeﬂm\eeoon ©ro 0B (T B 0B cmtasecte (6

*QUCrOGEE YUV B(QLPEEEIW

cw( S| @08 ety UDE© QIO

otBroowerovg i ore wcféBeameims

CL{UNC@ILD TASO(LD 0P ELITRCVR @YD

0 punOLERI0)

oD @ (PoaDE QSO WL ([T

(s

o [o0xd IK

Eermefmméeqqau@obe@e @w

w380} as0ad

QUOrDS(LUSED (VWD °VBY fooane

Sugm 08 9

(2

plEuUEE|Erro cwss oo |E|see

4y moij 10y

Blawse [Feors obewetsrom owwiaw

BT (0b ofvroa awcee ofpme(TIoan

SHOIG IS

AP O BOEMN V@ SO YNTOY 0BCrOPCL)

P SO88916T

stosBe fF(0h ofmeroet(foe

Wo10[08 91} 1

ooty w TE@ WiS(P werwsed

soalod 4101

ocPSm© Beewm oy ©hwiap @esldoce|gn

10 mO0d Jou

o ©@foee G fF(HPro Qe Wsrue e

wecrwafBrue om|wirvwee (wrebwee

QelBre orafid S5ULLO(FOBPEOYY UL WO

ot ‘a0us10

QO EW DWW WO TT

(9

JusmSI|qeise

B eerug| woroeuifFie meafuefosetioan

10 2z ds oy

QfT(Eres (WieYcTed oBeeeunEw (UNcfoe®

10 Sungasaguy

aoa [y

cFBpeS® ocauEB@? FEruaURO® v

weuwewro Gusoiw ofowceai o8

"kpog pue pu

FBem(s® ScuwgiiBomws oo

Jo Suteat pu

@osuE AW @ BEww(ec@rosnfoan

(¢

WO gy

OB U BP0 BUL@CBE WS

LOHTIEN

(62

U1 oje dory

| LR WO @ULER| (SO SRR MWW

‘UDPCQUD

ueissny oy

©osed ofoHroCe BBan(@EWrtEes ofOowts (DT U

APOOP O OOULER(NCAD QUErOBPITO @@cee 8T 00 EProULER

U8} $yaey

(Y@ c@®(fO ofF( row cpaw CV(PY WL LT (BICPED WIDW(O@

(¢

410, 1o sams

R

St

Icl

DL

122

e,

wloameoe 9eymd)elolesang @acm B, CH2OAT QIo6mE )

The

oflg6m5@a100b.

addition

10)

eelnOQEs QIITVMNAITRHE O DTAMEM oﬂ% 01089 230 0.

adlaee

203)8g|98 QI0mNIW) amm@;@emgﬁ@mﬂ@momo

Qile oy

But 1t m

2 DDBNIMG Q|5 DSUBE M NOMENIB0 @Y QIS

MYRUBEHSHOB AVaC 0|9 ST Balo®HaNY @OAN @ OB o,

becomes

11)

@IBRIAVoN B )@NE Wall8EeME T 9 OGIM®IW ag)Ry0ei By,

is o be

MRNB SN0Zo ITMINADO 1B IWEBNIWO @HAN oGO0

made U

0B PZIWD ogaM agQIdse TVZA®ZIEMSE]0.

will not e

12)

e@maiab QO QMEY ag) AVoe®@ g joad D SUBIN G 1OM B |05Al

& e

@O AEMIQYOLOBY HIEMAIW TV IMING 2HO0IIRA ).

13)

o weisamd ellojemglch 8™ 9@AN BEIGHRMD AWBHE N6

aleirlg,

amdla) @0 Gaiorlan oy soamsg it Beomioran

Note

Ba0D (E®20W @RAD WEBNMMENZ FOAL &8 YAIQ Bay avgry)

)

Worh AW 1Bg o).

14)

“@cﬁﬁ\o@moeq QIgHaY) @moeg_qc}amo Q10" agam (@)@06rm (@) &000

Qoo e

S oB IanwWmeiwa e aflem ofleNandley BEReE|SOm

are frans

OHAMM SO AN IOMBHID BOIWENINWOHX G QlAlo asﬂ&jocra@g

£lo, oMM

Popeens &oEdly e@palew afledly mssmaoan

O oo,

Wokjo, @n

15)

aeﬂ:%cw@om S$a1B)01SBOS Mo NGBOIB0 @OAD EYLIes @)es

werd eospflalimyroor i a1GaiSaje @ermaeg.

Moy

1y,

Adverbial Clause of ‘belief’.

9200

Such constructions as ‘as certain as I live’, ‘as sure as I

2, How

speak’, ‘as sure as there is God above’ etc. are merely the

@n%e0 1oy

0

pbraseology of degree applied to assurance, doubt or denial

Wikl &

and may be translated as adverbial clauses of condition; as,

oy e)%(

‘As sure as I am the magistrate I shall send you to jail’ emoad E&'\@@ga@a‘n

Not

e odleoan cmeiled @p@dse o li@iwo,

The adverbial clauses of

condition are introduced by «if, unless, except, though, and

Odlgfl%o

however’.

‘If? is expressed by simple qvosoain; as, ‘If he is there’ @oAIM

aflos pesesle. Sometimes the present weymmo with aiesmo,

the plac

eoom@ich and ogan axdlslaeh may be used to express condition

%@W;

in all tenses as; epamaNosyes aiemo,

s & s e 0 o o s

9 0SB N oS0,

Ry

J

0 &g

v e e QBIGAN OO,

... OOMANAIM Ao,

mﬂﬁm

—

123

—

m Qeng)

The force of ¢unless’ and ‘except’ is expressed by the

addition of the conjunctive particle og t0 aosiaim; as, semm2d

MR,

®@)&)Ga1 @80 1B PAVRYZE a repast is not relished unless given by the devoted.

oﬂﬁsmng

But it must be noted that in this construction the sentence

20 @0 Q6

0o

becomes positive in Malayalam and that if the negative form

ety

is to be preserved, @ogpom Or oflemwaveesain form must be

‘You

N aQ000j

made use of;

as, EemZod @aMIRRPeE® 2o’ Ids EaVdlay.

will not remain strong except you take exercise’ QJ;0®0Zo ®.a1QoaIgOO® o lem

f&m@&{m&i

83 @RYBIL)0 afletod gy, @lgy; or Q)owdo 6.01QoErDIERd aMlemee @YBSIW) o

waley,

8O0 W

mjmm?@;mmﬂgé.

0mJomim

Note 1. odleenwoenmymo with aiamoor &wommo with @egymm

B%mg@ﬂ

aid)eled may also be used to vary the construction ; as, ajjo®@i2o ®.a

>sm'@axcmo

OO aaHRt0, QY IWIBs ©.21Y M IgIM IS . ‘Though’ and ‘however’

385000

are translated by @oavaiaso, the first by @R 8J0, ag)®s o, EYOEME)

g poogs

B0, ag)MAIG)H5)ejo, agal 1@ )@ lejo ete., and the second by o«g@ @omm @

MO

WoRJo, @ODOWILJo OF ag)dT D |Es lajo.

0788 ()8

Models. 1. ‘Though deep yet‘clear’ e g TESeje omEa)ens;

ERYFS =T IE )8 18jo

oo )yes;

@Y PR M2 QIR )& o

aog ooz,

ute as 1

2. ‘However you may try, you will not succeed’ 0@ @om 2

rely the

@oad 01080 aFlEMeEs @og’ymo@gj@@r@o@mﬂg&; 0@ @HOHAN © BNV 1EeAN DO

r denial

@selo @s@ms@g@mo@mﬂ%; ag)@ ©@HAD gm\)onzﬂ% a1\ )aj0 &Y

fion; 8,

aVIRL) GBS W gy

@@gmam

Note 2. In the past, msgo should be used; as, «9©@ @om g

auses of

af)o{lso @ogduo@g)@momﬂgd.

yoh, and

3. @gee and egadldleslele are more frequent in Poetry.

o' GOUD

4, The phrase ‘in case’ occurs now and then in English in

h austo

the place of the conditional ‘if’ and may be translated by aasmo or

30ﬂditi011

®owort; as, ‘In case you succeed, let me hear at once o emas @:og'ycmo

an olai

@U)o aE)gean a1sfo PSOM ogHM @3 e, or alemaes @og'ycmo@@o

218) BN @IWIT ©SOHM oGHAN @O W ds.

124

Eobil

33

EXERCISE A

1)

Unless thou tell’st me where thou hadst this ring,

Thou diest within this house

2

S’

Though she was a woman of great strength of mind, and bad little

14

cause to love him, her misery was such that none of the bystand-

ers could refrain from weeping

3)

Though the particular persons and events chronicled in the legend-

1%

ary poems of Greece are not to be regarded as belonging to the

province of real history, those poems are nevertheless fall of

instruction as pictures of life and manners

4)

Poor man! I know he would not be a wolf

But that he sees the Romans are but sheep;

He were no lion, were not Romans hinds.

5)

The spiritual attendant of the dying slaveholder regularly adJured

him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren for whom

Christ died

The judge himself would be punished in case he transgressed the

law

16

7)

The duke thought himself best entitled, in case the king should

die without issue, to possess the royal dignity.

8)

Had the Plantagenets succeeded in uniting all France under their

government, it is probable that England would never have had

an independent existence.

9

~

Though the seas threaten, they are merciful

I have cursed them,

albeit had no cause

[

10)

We may safely affirm, whatever the rigid bigotted maxims of the

age may declare to the contrary, that persecution is not the best

method of converting people

11

L

Everybody can be at home in London and, whatever his tastes or

his pursuits, everybody can find there the things that interest

him most— collections, artistic and scientific, societies, galleries,

amusements (though the theatres and operas are as good else-

where and in some places superior), fads, eccentricities, specimens

of all races, all customs, all superstitions

12)

Whether content with one’s condition be a good state or not, and

however strong an ally it may be to conservatism that resists

it

progress, it undoubtedly works for social stability

13

(s

In conclusion, I should like again to aver that the lot of a Russian

woman is a happy one, whatever may be her class

Comparisons

—

125

SR

are odious, but if we compare the actual position, I should

say that, on the whole, the position of the Russian women was

3}

better than that of Enghsh women, and their influence politi-

nd bad

cally and socially was greater

14) The gist of what Mr. Bonnar has to tell us we have heard more

the bystand

or less definitely from many other witnesses, although few have

spoken so clearly and with such emphasis

1 the legend

onging-to the

15) But ask the agitators whether they desire that the plateau of Asia

Minor should fall under Russian rule, and what will they tell

heless fall of

you? That they prefer Turkey to Russia.

Astonishing as this

reply is, it is heard throughout all the East wherever Armenians

are found ;

and why is this? Because if Russia held Armenia,

there would only be opportunities for the agitators and their

friends to gain an earnest livelihood by their labours or their

atly adjured

27

o, is to form

efficiency, whereas, what they are desirous of doin

ren for whom

a free and autonomous Armenia

in which their own personal

enrichment and aggrandisement would take the place of patriot-

nsgressed £h

ism and the welfare of the country

16) The force of circumstances has imposed upon the United States the

king should

necessity, recognized with practical unanimity by her people, of

insuring to the weaker States of America,

lthough of racial

o under thei

and political antecedents different from her own, freedom to

ver have had

develop politically along their own lines and according to their

own capacities, without interference in that respect from govern~

cursed them,

ments foreign to these continents

17) Leaving the political side of the question altogether outside, one

axims of the

must allow that, however detrimental the action of France and

s not the best

Russia may be to our interests, it is as natural for these powers

to do all in their power to exploit, and, if possible, to monopolise

the trade of China and other countries neighbouring their

hig fastes O

that interest

dominions by means of railways leading to their own sea-ports,

s, gallories;

as it is monstrous on the part of our government to do nothing

s good else

to foster, and much to impede, the extension of trans-frontier

68, apecxmens

trade with the magnificent markets awaiting our enterprise, which

neighbours our Burmese possessions

ot nof, and

18) A

widowed countess, a chief ornament of society in her day, being

1 that resi8

left with means which were small relatively to her rank, said

with a wisdom which was as much her own as the wit for which

she was celebrated, that had it not been for having to make both

f o Russial

(gmparisons

ends meet, she would not have known what to do with herself

s

126

PR

19) The accuracy of a bill of old date is not in general very ascertain-

able, and it would seem to be but an ungracious return for the

accommodation which the creditor has afforded, if the debtor

were to institute a very strict inquisition into the minutie of

his claims.

The considerations concur with the habitual care-

lessness and indolence of people of fashion, as inducements to

them to lead their tradesmen into temptation ; and the result is

such a demoralisation of the whole class, that it is rare indeed

to meet with a tradesman accustomed to be employed by people

of fashion, whose accounts, if closely scrutinized, would not

betray a want of probity and fair dealing.

EXERCISE B.

1)

DB @M OWOH RO @a0taita ) @ozﬂ% P0G 88 QBB e

™ )68 M.

WBABIOMEeMIaIBRSILY &) 0BT BLoIMIAMEIMVMIDNOE, ®

af) aVINEo, o fldeImIGaIm &SI KD WEHMEGHHMO BN

OBIMEB IR0 A3FINANNSIBINAB) PaOAV B0 Ba 1@

0@ @b yemmoLn&san )9 @a 000 gauo.

3)

Q1B W) Halaw oo o.écﬁSﬂé:’d)(ﬁ')O&ﬂ@&lO 218800 A@ ). 210N

e ®@o.

4)

& SHEIBANZe Hg POMMZo @A RYEIY ®BAIUOMEIQ, @

So0hEa190)) AOBETDI®AVAE @AY, QM O I NOR@oBMIBE0.

5)

Z¥0,00N0 AN G lailogyme aianocd

VIHMAN B0Ql0 BY O ISE8R0O00

2)Mo PBREB 1A DI OB B 2190

0gMo O IBAR0 220IBBQIoEEI.

IOM ANV 1HRJID QIaMomd

@YMNMBRLPIN® ZOHONIARS gy,

an0oMo aﬂ@o_ﬂ;gé weljo @sq‘mrd)

20Mo Baildgo 2anIBBQAILLOBED,

6)

s lnyozods B0 SISO

==

92100} leg @800 QIEIBEE AP

aomu)es 1921003 g 1080 A )@uwe s

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an@o owER(Y(DITE OWEP(QWID (O®Y(S® PO ot

%mgas

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s @ws oqwroe(@f0)

00 p[noA

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0} §)09Ta0

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10 @nnum

oo

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813 107 uar

~UIB)30088

SUDTO gr@%ﬁé OQELT 0CRVCAL ch@mcﬂ (edb opbawowe (L

PRy

e S

Lg1

AR

128

s

4

]

14)

BEMLEIREM, OB 1AM (3] Baltoss)eh e@and

In

E6mbULRILIW @D 1A oo s aiab.

minativ

MISANBYEMO BRDHAN NI IR a3

import

S$950108WeMeHRMMeMes aflw)amo.

he note

15)

@I Qoo 61BIABZIBR0 Q@@Jo&cﬁ)oﬁ“@

oo §

@8eo MIMEs ©a103)HRIaR a3 )gnd@o.

BoBHMO2M b eI )es @b saab

Rule

Bo I @OOAD .alQBAAND DB BRY0.

il clav

agaPOS QoS HOO E_Ioﬂéﬂ:% Bo®)

mith «o

MANHS Q)0 VA BN IS |BAID

and oo

MIMHAD (a_joemEReE. .@)gﬂgﬂ%o_mb ‘

@amalaiowale allean @S smysaito.

adverhi

16)

EYY2CEIAl0 QDO IW 6n19al1Ga1d

its equ

an c@%aommmﬂmmb QI@aMOS) Jad

great man

en10ef QYOS @el m@og’]@mcﬂﬁsnb .

0)anh

Soela @) Galdd 28198 6 LI 210D,

NG

17)

(@) WOY BB I nallHw aVo LA

Pur

cxg@ummﬂcmog@@’\goe;o 23 WD

that we m

Q@ailmovemaj@mIRwRad

2@, WL W@OMAROY g o)

avay A)BBa00 ®IAHNMNIS 1GAI0

dlowg wogyan @S @a @osdlao.

Note. ma@@ﬁe@aoo UMM 1B ‘as sure as I am Rama’.

1)

18) ©WINEAIRIW B GO00 MSAHWYo @R OO 0IRZIDDNTD OB

3

e amallae aviwIrem Baseflgudids &$lage® d)e

Qo ©.21QaN aidio @Y SO0 MSAD aflairo @leds) @odlsoy

oz 1208 Hs o2 0f a0 BWI L) (BRI QJeilw 288,20 aD20D

3

@10 W E»0Q 613,

g

v

The Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect.

9

The adverbial clauses under this head are of three classes

)

)

viz. of cause, consequence and purpose.

The first is introdnced

by the conjunctions ‘because’, ‘as’, ¢since’ etc., the second

)

by ¢so that’, and the last by ‘that’, ‘in order that’ etc.

—

129

——

In Malayalam the true case of cause is oolw, but the no-

minative forms of af&omo, @owemo, gew, and others of like

It will

import are also in use to express the same meaning.

be noted that the auxiliary verb oeve frequently replaces the

odw suffix eod; as, @mogeses, maim wigy s ete.

)

Rule 24. When the sentence is long, translate the adverb-

ial clause of cawse after the principal sentence and begin

with cgmwescemoct, or @ocemo; to express consequence, eq

and @eaigmo may be used; but in the majority of cases the

adverbial clause of comsequence has to be translated through

its equivalent form, the illative co-ordinate sentence; as, ‘A

great many visitors came at one time, so that we were put to great inconvenience’

@Bt e Almmerd wdleweEIw), @R IMIG MmEBdhEs Q8O

mmcmroaa;g'ym’\anﬂs @0 owflam.

Purpose is expressed by soied) and emogomg; as, ‘We sow

that we may reap’ ©@oQoMo6g 15 Moo all@@sa.

34. EXERCISE A.

Rina'

)]

He went away in great anger, for he had taken offence at some

remarks.

A0 60

2)

At this his relations were sore amazed, not because they believed

1) wdle

that what he said was true, but because they thought that some

distemper had got into his head,

;) godlsm

3)

As there was no hope of escape they resigned themselves to their

gl

fate.

4)

Now that there is no more use for these things you may remove

them.

5)

Since these men could not be convinced, it was determined that they

should be persecuted.

6)

He swore so loud that all amazed the priest let fall the book.

o classes

7)

I was not so young when my father died, but that I perfectly

1trodn0€d

remember him.

p 56000

8)

What circumstances have occurred that our proposals should be

0

withdrawn ?

—

sy

130

—

9) Constantinus had separated his forces that he might divide the atten-

tion and resistance of the enemy.

10) They let alone the Princess Mary lest they might provoke a war

with the Emperor Charles.

11) Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and be

silent, that you may hear; believe me for mine honor, and have

respect to mine honor, that you may believe ; censure me in your

wisdom, and awake your semses that you may the better judge.

12) Their tradesmen, and the workmen whom their tradesmen employ,

are compelled, these by the necessities of their situation in life,

those by the competition they euncounter in their business, to

submit to all the hardships and disquietudes which it is possible

for fashionable caprice to impose, without showing any sign of

disturbance or discontent, and because there is no outery made,

nor any pantomime exhibited,

the fashionable customer may

possibly conceive that he disposes nothing but satisfaction among

all with whom he deals.

18) When the student shall have attained to four and twenty years of

age, more or less, the sooner he is in office the better; for it is

there only that some essential process of his education can be set

on foot, and it is in youth only that they can be favourably effect-

ed.

14) In every walk of life it were well that such men should associate

themselves together in order that combination may give increased

effect to their lives.

15) He quickened his pace that he may be at the gate in time, and be-

fore it closed for the day; he called to mind the miseries he had

passed through the previous night and shuddered to contemplate

the prospect of another such night,

16) As we cannot make a personal study of every man in a large deliber-

ative assembly, we learn the temper of the whole, by our know-

ledge of individuals here and there — especially such as take a

leading among others— and by the collective determination of

the body.

17) There is a gentle but irresistible coercion in the habit of reading,

well directed, over the whole tenor of a man’s character and

conduct, which is not the less effectual because it works insensi-

It

)

bly, and because it is really the last thing he dreams of,

civilizes the conduct of men, and suffers them not to remain

barbarous.

131

the atten-

18)

And since the quarrel

Will bear no colour for the thing he is,

oke & war

Fashion it thus, that what he is, augmented,

Would run to these and these extremities

S¢, and be

And therefore think him as a serpent’s egg,

, and have

Which hatched, would, as his kind, grow mischievous

me i yoor

And kill him in the shell.

fter judge.

ol employ,

19) In the effusion of intense feeling the regularity of metre may act as

a controlling or moderating power.

The ebullition of incitement

ion in life,

is made calmer and more continuous by the adoption of a measured

usiness, to

step; so that when the subject of poetry is of an impassioned

is possible

ny sign of

nature, the proper accompanimeunt is verse,

itory made,

20) We cannot have a single image in the fancy or imagination that did

fomer may

not make its first entrance through the sight; what we have is

the power of retaining, altering and compounding the images once

tion among

received, into all the varieties of picture and vision that are most

agreeable to the imagination ; so that by this faculty a man in a

ty years of

o foritis

dungeon is capable of entertaining himself with scenes and land-

scapes more beautiful than any that can be found in the whole

can be sef

compass of nature.

ably effect-

] associate

EXERCISE B,

o ioreased

1

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GEUDEI@OGGL’D@ Gm6Y08alUa0

ne, and be-

BRUIREES UYM AIILEEIREE LI

ries he had

ontemplate

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2)

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o delbr

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ot Ko

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] 88 fake &

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pinafion of

aQUamoalo oo @8 an H2G@

{ reading

GUMANO®, P AIEIEmIBMINSEI0 @oad

BRIBMEWIM IMId HIDHOWINY).

pacter 814

3)

kg fndenst-

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©0 MNZBy BT 184 |0 QM ISWYeE @ O alailw 28800

OO0 0lad)ol)d)esmald @OBBOS CAVAUGNINR DNV BRI

w) ooy lajo mq@)_ﬂmﬂ:% B NBMD BYDIYAR].

17) @rsm_xm@zfgﬂa@'ﬁm’mm:% m@mﬁ@&g@@%%@g@o avgyeslaino

B&>gos @o_lcmocmo(oammroﬂmo@e@o@ Qo @ OO ol leiw

oo gammbm@ﬁ;ggo S0V B8T 1Yo @YW @B m@@%mn{)

WO 0IDODIMIGI0 APONTEIHMO @D esMEXIcs M@)ol

@losan avQiailemim(e @ mmoch Gatoajo @ wemy MW@

SN EPAINRNES BGRIE: OB 1HMDO UL QIEGIAIMIB @D MO EIP®)

UsMLOB G @ TBIW AN VM @BANHM AIPERYATV \(@Bal

20@] Lj9c3)aj0 ayedl.ale ImMBIIEd Moo EBE U g joardley.

18) @C3LBIVWEIW WMDBH @AM oOSlaDeeg®s aflaleoavImBIw

BN @@@@mo_ﬂ;% ()Mo B §.019BMII BN (R0ROW

afle) @wowy@d BT IHM ailas)a) afles QMBI L@ DD )b

QP D WA NOMOBNE @0

‘mrmsnss@(zﬂ; Moo @RE 9 aflalo

B)BBTRDEY.

19) “mocSSogcscmoc)o MSOQ) o a1PHEmITd Galosel 0 0% 0008

@Blan HHAafl, 0l FULNW SH®HBALIBGEOS myma)d]

oo 6ol sqyes GeoweRd VAR )ANAS )& dhEso B3

Bal00al OFANCISHWITH EPUHW a1@)an@ g joaoes @o@mdo

@Yo @O @YSL)oalldniem QB0 (20d ©.2PYOS ag)aw

MOS0, @VRY MISGD O.aYNS o@D BN (R0 a0

ooy BBleny &3 QYan.

9

V1

Adverbial Clause of Manner.

The adverbial clause of mamnmer calls for no special re-

marks.

It is generally introduced by ‘as’ and may be trans-

)

lated by easel, @@ime, aflwo, @sgp, @aw and words of like

import.

‘As if’ is adequately represented by the Malayalam

QD Go1098l, QMO EMIMANQ, ag E@OMoaigmo etc., but for the

sake of clearness and emphasis, it may sometimes be neces-

sary to break it up into two sentences with «gmdlomexs. . ...

1

@oedlom; a8, ‘He wept as if he had been a child 8@ Wiy «gedlom &OWY

G20 ERER)OHM @ Qlad SO0y,

135

o &omy

35

EXERCISE A

Qmo )

L

As thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee,

1)

DI Gy

2)

The shepherd’s boy was piping, as though he should never be old.

3)

And the great Lord of Luna fell at that deadly stroke

vgieflosn

As falls on mount Alverness a thunder smitten oak,

o My

4)

They are acting as if they did not care in the least what happened

R

5)

In the recurrence of beats at regular intervals there is a positive

wlafly)

pleasure

It is the pleasure of time in music, and of equal

ngjmsmﬂm']

intervals in the array of objects to the eye, as when we place

) 00 o0

trees or pilasters in a row

SN

6)

When we enter into the pain of another person, we are prompted to

ey

work for the alleviation of that pain, as if we ourselves were the

sufferers

UMY

7

‘By the prophet! these arc strange and fearful words’, exclaimed

i J (2000w

Daltaban now opening his eyes as widely as if it were impossible

gloag)d

aflan

for them to close in slumber af all

‘They are sure, Pasha!’ rejoined Khalil, whose countenance was very

pale, as if a crisis were at hand, but whose looks were never-

)

theless firm

severe, and collected, ag if he were finally resolved

%mm«ﬂ@ﬂ

W0 BB

to perform his task according to the imperious demands of duty

8)

Daltaban Pasha looked bewidered and stupified

he pressed his

W)

hand to his brow, as if to clear his ideas and to assure himself

Qg ogm

that he was awake

that hand there instinctively sought the

(0o 10

handle of his sword

and he muttered between his set teeth, ‘Vile

perfidious Ismilda !’

9)

Among the writers on government whose works my limited opportu-

nities of study have enabled me to examine, I have not met with

any who have treated systematically administrative government

as it ought to be exercised in a free state

pecle

10)

I

=]

arrying out the original design of this work, as stated in the

he frans

foregoing preface, many additional examples have been introduced

g of like

to illustrate the numerous phases of our grammatical forms and

9 3yalam

idioms.

for the

The green linnet

o 0t

11)

My dazzled sight he oft deceives —

8@

1o

A brother of the dancing leaves

flam 609

Then flits, and from the cottage-eaves

Pours forth his songs in gushes,

—

136

—

As if but that exulting strain

He mock’d and treated with disdain

The voiceless form he chose to feign

While fluttering in the bushes.

Ode to a nightingale.

12)

My heart aches and a drowsy numbness: pains

My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,

Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains

One minute past, and Lethewards had sunk:

"Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,

But being too happy in thy happiness, —

That thou light-winged Dryad of the trees

In some melodious plot

Of beechen green, and shadows nqmberless,

Singest of summer in full throated ease.

13)

When Ruth was left half desolate

Her father took another mate ;

And Ruth not seven years old,

A slighted child, at her own will

Went wandering over dale and hill,

In thoughtless freedom bold.

And she had made a pipe of straw,

And music from that pipe could draw

Like sounds of winds and floods

Had built a bower upon the green,

Ag if she from her birth had been

An infant of the woods.

14) Mr. Herbert Gladstone is meditating a yachting cruise to the coast

of Dalmatia.

‘This looks as if he might visit the Prince of

Montenegro, who would probably turn out with all his mountain-

eers to give a prodigious welcome to the son of Gladstone.

EXERCISE

Bl

1)

QYERL B[B)B.21T QM AIHDIGHYo

MIBLG:D ®HHAYPTI0Q aarg

MR @OM@AD Cal0NLIWTBAIDS: G0

Mo YLaslmod &lesdegitnsal.

96 WDese P 0wl @B awarocsfeed

@EWAD (MO e e siwmimetwifedg (8

* oL (O WC QLS

oM(0 WY PIRTVEPIVINLE MZW(P® 6B ULBP(Y(ULIO

Sows oo (wewgofoofo facw @EfS®UI® owtelD)

Bow cEawWe(Ewbe (WS(VOTIH(W W PUrWREcsus e ()

(Bas® anSerow (ewEE(W (P we BBiservay (wa@bo ?ﬂre

10!

@O QD @E@m( U ﬁerée%c_npc (wrEce w@@ oftoeec@EaEsOrv 6@ (L

~rejuon §

‘ooc@g ewdo croganse

10 004 ¢

w(Froe Firete eBe(S woee rodd cmeGe oo

000 913 4

@S OrOIMDEEIOIT UDEP(BPIS©® MO(QEe SEPs® qwee (9

*9ECroY UL®EP| L (0Oe@ws

cevcfdseewg@tapwun(w F(suoe

AD(ALT O EWQYEM (S

) @c%ﬂo p(elzie Thows Wiauwee

QOLBUIVECN D @@Q.br@@ oPGF(nF@

(SEL]

sewfo stane emiw Yo

DCGC:O

orgce unsw Suwfo pem(E

WO(ENTER([T6@ (DI E@ITOTY

e wuwsewo o Cswee

WIUDIT@( QLI QIVEW W(P®

(¢

*QLCrDLPC@OTRCE QLULYS|EWUITD V@ ©O©

QUEEIS U@ CWIDBOE ULS|UL(W(IODY

fFCrud orgenN®E QIMPLYSCIT(LL

UDS[UD(W(ED (D BBIOE©($icracro

PRt Yro @(Beece| o

QO (Y(f@sfv Seewwiw(En®

(62

camS

P owcmvmﬂo perweSes e 0w (oo Eestro®

&cFou

S0P PLIMIE WY QU0 dWT @ BRI @Y (OB

WL 0(P(W Tar abDOE owBe OO(ORNLD PirwYe

056 @ CAOE( [0 BBWOEWT® a8 err@e cwcuroreow

Gos o0 Bo@e irweSesfe cwepcpantBorue cuvg oo (g

OfE (S0 quoEs 000080 (L ESEPR(S(IO

BOOD PERE OO (WEUD@EERO(W Steensloas ofog

Qe E(Besetv WU Swtwo quiey fue Cfeoe® avo(®

comWeosy PEirve BT (srBRL (ste cewrndb ovd Qe

@R N D) SO E

EFBoWsse 0BaUDVMDW UDER([FT s

secmg(foplwes W BEWTE (WYY

Q)| @05 S

(fTroo (wsue caom@GW@G omm%ogocoﬂce ©RO® SEHOLE B (3

PRI

LG1

—

eadtids

138

@J&m@om_gewgd AL @EMEBHE AN SEM G 1OHM

WoX29d ) HB:OAI RIAIAIGAI aODWB,

9)

12)9280 Mgy g l2a0r0imo

G280 (T )adsn2uy@ ]S Imond

13

©2220a00b @000aflead ®a Huwesoabd

@Waaossaainmbo mflesm ssmmoo

Waomages anemmgsan

@J@pooﬁe@ (@)88w0 ABM2a0M0,

alolewag)oseindhas sy )as

1

9201018 1@ MY PoD alweRgo

20)o0 )0 @oElom @sich alaflwayo

A1210ONGHR|HEIMI) o) B.aITDER

2018 PO &g Aflmoas).o| &)lndnam

15

20BLNSHEIGIQYo LB )BBIQES

efleaiansavm adlgy,am Q@& d

mMoLIBINTRE lod ofled)afss ) oao

o alad asam @5an MR

@Hoa10a08l0 (NEDRIGe BLIGES0

®QEISMo D.algy aflay @) ofISImoad.

10)

) B2MBRINE2IZE@IE] 9P EBa eI

alcemGeaflmazmeiw.alenaio) Galaigo

maEmaemewIglne aflgreao acloea@xyo

38Q$@®§oam afl.oyaflenem wme aladlao.

11)

@@oSmdﬁ@.@%&uo &@g@@obum@._m_o

Qi8N 3oﬁ®o®o@£@o&9 adl

Qa3 aVama | BR10e0MAN0eM N3N0

In]

avar)@o sa@ Q020 AMEMEBoDD0

Dresence

IBEP QN B TUDA0 BF00

BAMOM OB I GaiBM | Bsan® Gatoeal

charact

$0L19a5 1Mo @)WY BR1G:Q)

yalam,

208a10a1 B.al®AVI GBIEBR GDmSIM

the dir

L)@ @IM0HE @98) o2

and the

(1t

OROYRey @IS ®E208 F)

aloMOd el lmisio aar)eal

said

i

@TMEIW) GS) aNewIvio AImEmInNE)

are tray

ME;tORYHAN DoEGOBd Galoelay

00

O2@ QYo .2leMLIAILIR AV OG0,

12) meagpaflear® @) oyeg @00} 108) 20@}@dnm @0 28)om

Eo%@_

odlad oMl ® SaISIed BAOMEM)asEng Qad) o

Porteq |

eaflomlg afla,an@o WSERles aig anese algpan aneiqy

0 the |

Y

139

—

omesg)R@aTln e 5aN aIBs S80S alemAEIRVINTIYo

630828m100 Sloawad & desoeng BLooE)al (@)D 0U0 BT B®

(PIVSHAVEBEYO ag)a0 @@W%@ma&ho.

13) @eao ailmaw @RI B (@)SIV0 H.aIERMOAAD WSANIS?

om00.1) o BADEAN @O ()P0 OIRGHAIRM RWACK20MIW )

@emo g @osmilwenwod) aflay an esc@ods o afllmaves

MIBHG M dYo, MIVWRIBEIG SRR DR 6.2l QYo

a_rug;.

14) 2eemo @90 aflmioad «gBg|oPo SHMAVEE LOIVEM O Ids

OB 96173 1890(0)B000 @O 31D) &) TBHE HWD BAICED

Q& FATEHS QYo VD QEI] BaI@ANAIMIET WLOIBNDD) -

25000 ).

15) @oaebo wdloo VMmoo FmEL), NAIgRe &MESINga GMoamo.

@@ @PYSs0 Beilmo@®Qo @I &Slo@cEldlosm. agari)

So @eaNIgo Qo lWes AIBlagym @oQUR06M .

Galodo @Yal

BN B EoWRNEMAD &M Woydla®ailewyEpad a10smD(a )80

®o ‘B8R0 Galo IO HOSAM” A0 @B IHM AV

WO 103 )E0d MSGIMAId Celd:ov b «H@!

Chapter VIIIL.

The Direct Narration.

In English a direct speech is at once recognized by the

presence of the quotation marks and the absence of <that’, the

characteristic symbol of the object noun-clause; in Mala-

yalam, on the other hand, both these marks are absent, and

the direct speech is only distinguished by the use of person

and the vocative case. Hence the two constructions «The boy

said, I refuse to obey’,”” and “The boy said he refused toobey”

are translated with very little difference into Malayalara; as,

e@00b EPMAVA )@ egyan @g) alosmgy and @d ERMRIVGE]Iss O @i1g)

Q10600

The first form is liable to ambiguity when it is re-

Em @%Um

ported by a third person, as in that case smb may refer either

g 0y

to the reporter himself or to the boy.

m o0l

[

140

—e.

If the direct form is to be preserved, we must add e

Mo

@, @MY, ageammah etc. to the reporting verb: as, @) aiosmmo

istic of

@il or @5 aI0mYO®OMANI@h.

ate bi

fion, 4

Note 1. In Malayalam ogmo, corresponding.to the English ‘that’,

is used both in the direct and in the indirect speech.

knowle

2. As already observed, there is very little difference in

amel1o

JSorm between the direct and the indirect speech in Malayalam, and

scale’

the two would be wholly undistinguished except for the presence of

(mmo@

vocatives,

The Malayalam idiom which permits an expressed sub-

ject to the imperative mood also adds to the confusion.

95 6

Q0T

3. When the reporting verb has a plurality of objects agamn

e

must be repeated after each; as, @b evallos omm wgmo, @yofen

POM Soermod aLIUS)ofley agyamo, Geymn @)Om)f\lzgé @g e aig {lgjoad @oai)

6)0.296n

Momd S )smz gy ogymo 3laI®) Boud)aabmowd 1060y,

4. In such sentences as, ‘He said that he could not do it and that

a Mag

his friends would find fault with him if he did i’ is an idiomatic peculiarity

mlamss

of Malayalam that only the first ‘he’, the subject of the reporting

verb, may be rendered by @ociab and all the rest by moch; as, eaflas

Ramls]

© 9210000 a10S)og)amo ORI @O0 BMadl@m020d @O &S00 alOWY

2o ®aiad 1060y,

In the plural @smd should be used (vide

will he

Chapter III. Indefinite Sentence).

@ g

5. In English the principal sentence sometimes comes in

0S8

the middle of the direct speech ; as, ‘I come, father,’ said he, ‘to ask your

forgiveness.’

Sower

As to the change of person and fense in the two speeches,

Present

the rules are the same in both la,nguz}ges as far as they go.

the cag

it, v

Rule 25.

In Malayalam the principal sentence follows the

gilgy

ordinary rule and comes last.

The student will very often

Qgoo ¢

find it convenient to translate the direct sentences through

andm G

their indirect equivalents into Malayalam, and vice versa, the

o g

Malayalam indirect speech may with advantage be often ren-

dered in the direct form in English.

Moy

Rule 26. Translate into English in due order the clauses

which are the objects of the reporting verb.

s

141

e

0 e

Model A. 1. <It is’, he said, ‘the most peculiar character-

) l0sm

istic of the present era in the British Islands that those who

are high placed before the world in rank, wealth and educa-

st

tion, are willing to come forward and give their time and

knowledge without fee or reward for the advantage and

arence in

amelioration of those who do not stand so high in the social

lam, and

scale’ aunimoee®cze WmMee&IeZ0 aflgj ot mIqRO@osgo @108 O |@b &30

resence of

an@yo (a)oailefldlesam @Yy &Hdd @MEBB 080 V2V U3 & 2al AW 1210 O QIR

ossed sub-

OS emoElane EY@ESlmo GaIE] £1HEEI ()T 00LIBR) GSIN® MOBIOS

avewaj @odlajp allalaidlesain aUEYELEIW) aJodg ST YME Ef)s)

jects qgm

@ e flajoa)od DB I888 MMNDBAOS oGO0 aNewaau)wiw & qui

) !@mﬂém

¥ )

@00)I206M gl @I al0emy.

2

I say, James!" says Charles, thave you been made

) it and that

a Magistrate by any chance?’ ogsso emosav, aigy aomnailaiweoe

eculiarity

alemes aeflemyges o aid)ofl5Eemes agaw a0daIaY’ B.at0d) o).

reporting

3

«I'll tell you what you ought to do, Haridas’, said

s, onllén

000 010y

Ramlal, ‘put in an offer for the whole temple property, they

will be very glad to sell it’ mooeieh aiomo@ailD, a@@so codlamy,

ised (vide

@b ©.218QYTEHTHAMINENAD o A 106y B0, BBAIAVIo aagailan @y

comes 10

g-100s & allal a 108Dz, @@ lgyomd @IS QIB OB @IBha IR dso.

4'

‘Not that I mind telling you everything’ said

o agk your

Sowerby, ‘I am very hard up for a little money just at the

speeohes,

present moment.

It may be, and indeed I think it will be,

the case that I shall be ruined in this matter for the want of

hey go.

it’ eavnagen) cosmemammarh, «ggy allaieaje aflemss alogyaM@lan

llows the

ages 2S) «g@dlgy.

@dEnoLlo @DE0 HOIBNO AlEMAB IRV D OIS b

oy often

Qg e Yz Wd)esamn.

@008y E@ N SIPo B AVEWo VIS

{hrough

O 8210 ag)aM QI0.

egangy ©)01@oef) avIS e leg|me @AW

ersa, the

am agM)es EOIMMD.

ften el

Model B. 1.

Qian avdleal o lam & loimab

S0 WY IOy DSEE

o clauses

MAPHS 6I06Mo BRED 1g{98MN0

972} aF)an @alto S.aw?

P —

142

—_—

BRMBE )Ry T ImeenanIeim

all ye

QMISHROH NS QDO ) (B85S0

B‘rah[

BVOMIIG MOZRAIS Wo.af)6) o]aMO®D

kingd

AUITMI® MG O@ARME QO oab.

‘Rogue,’ said the hunter with some excitement standing

mear him, ‘do you come and perform your penance here

merely to steal my arrows? If you are in want of them, you

can’t get them by craft; beg of me and I will give you ten

or fifty’.

2

MROMRAILIMI o)) Bdg awtonmab

adlglo (JaOMREMIBSITD 6.a1005)1 onsab:

W

mamlafles cimdae @ IvemeROIDaD

bly ar

P23 M@ URMMNMO®HANEE o

virtne

2010INQIe0Slwem eI AIsOWQYo

Wret

OLB)®EE)MIANRS OSAY HalS) oimo

pOverS

@ OBWISIWOS GOOMANES Bo

am ¢

maemsia’) afleaNleomoes Gaodles afd).

When he had heard his son, Desanana, turning to Prahasta,

who was standing by, said, ‘Ask him what has brought him

here, whence he comes, why he has destroyed the garden, and

the sentinels over it, and especially whose herald he is’.

3

@93 O2MD BHS (oJaOMyABo

IQIMNMY@OMIS ATlMM@ AV | m @08 modh

ey ) m“]qvorocwﬁéo_scrm SHBal

Dosavens] SLOW 28 TVT)o Ba0IACM

ofloam epw.g) aflgmeng a3lgn@o

cwzellareog)d)mas)am o8 smwoe)o

@a@m(ﬂ@amo@gé\%@ alods o)

(BTD@(‘G)OJ&.\(T)QJZQIQLDZ'Z@)Z'ZGZSB@_

2@ eI6B®LIE o mailengyeso.

At this, Prahasta, in a polite and winning manner asked

the son of Aeolus, *Who sent you hither? Tell me the truth

and be assured you will be set free, my good friend. Banish

e

—

143

all your fears and remember that this council is as noble as

Brahma’s and dishonesty and injustice are unknown in the

kingdom of Ceylon (Lanka’s lord)’.

4

MYoeaBo B&ailel 6.0108]IMIOMOI

aimy Wmes )o@ p1€)smo

anding

¢ here

20OQ HBBIWOS LHB) 1O HITBLIBWI

Z0QeO28mMIS Q1B )aE oM ?

1, jou

)M D BHS@MKhO Q) G2ailQo

jou ten

ag)MOS L&D O] agMS) ey alal

IO IR @ (@) 18108 BT, 15

eyNO2BsTD) 10 MR MIRS2,

‘What glory,” said Sumbha with irritation, ‘can you possi-

bly arrogate to yourself on account of this deed? Is it not by

virtue of others’ strength that you dare to oppose me?’

‘Wretch!” returned the goddess, ‘what can you know of my

powers! who is there in all the three worlds besides myself?

I am alone, and certainly there is not a second’.

36

ahasta,

EXERCISE A,

bt him

1)

A chieftain to the higlands bound,

on, and

Cries, ‘Boatman, do not tarry!

And T’ll give thee a silver pound,

To row us o’er the ferry !’

‘Now who be ye, would cross Lochgyle,

This dark and stormy water ?’

‘Oh I'm the chief of Ulva’s isle,

And this Lord Ullin’s daughter. —

¢And fast before her father’s men

Three days we've fled together,

For should he find us in the glen,

My blood would stain the heather.’

Outspoke the hardy highland wight,

‘I'll go, my chief, — I'm ready:—

It is not for your silver bright,

- gsked

But for your winsome lady:

‘And by my word! the bonny bird

o truth

In danger shall not tarry;

Panish

LA

L

So though the waves are raging white

I'll row you o’er the ferry.’

2)

‘Why weep ye by the tide, ladie?

Why weep ye by the tide?

I'll wed ye to my youngest son,

And ye shall be his bride.

And ye shall be his bride, ladie,

Sae comely to be seen’ —

But aye she loot the tears down fa’

For jock of Hazeldean.

3)

‘Now tell us what ’twas all about,’

Young Peterkin, he cries,

And little Wilhelmine looks up

With wonder-waiting eyes;

¢Now tell us all about the war

And what they fought each other for.’

‘It was the English,” Kaspar cried.

‘Who put the French to rout;

But what they fought each other for

I could not well make out.’

‘But everybody said,” quoth he

‘That ’twas a famous victory,

They say it was a shocking sight

After the field was won ;

For many thousand bodies here

Lay rotting in the sun.

But things like that, you know, must be

After a famous victory.

Great praise the Duke of Marlbro’ won

And onr good Prince Eugene’;

‘Why, 'twas a very wicked thing!’

Said little Wilhelmine ;

‘Nay, nay my little girl, ‘quoth he,

‘It was a famous victory.

And everybody praised the Duke

Who this great fight did win’.

‘But what good came of it at lagt’

Quoth little Peterkin:

‘Why, that I cannot tell,’ said he

‘But ’twas a famous victory.’

ceie

145

uiA

The countess of Warwick interviewed by Miss Bellock

4) I ventured to ask Lady Warwick what she thought to be the most

pressing duty now lyiug before the women of Great Britian.

‘Really’, she replied smiling, ‘that is a very serious question, and

one which I cannot answer. It is not for me to give a prescription

for the women of England

each one has her own duty in her

own circle, and it would be arrogance for any one to dogmatise

as to what her neighbour or her sister should do

‘Yes, but ina

general way and from your own point of view, what would you

be inclined to insist upon most earnestiy ?’

Lady Warwick paused, and then she said,

‘An endeavour to utilize

the waste — waste time, waste opportunities, waste of all kinds — for

there is nothing more sad or tragic in this world than the waste that

goes on all round us.

I do not mean waste of money, — for

waste of money is one of the smallest kinds of waste — but waste

of life which is far more important

Against the endless dissi-

pation of energy, the besetting sin of our overcrowded life, we

ought to set up a standard of a wise conservation of power.’

“You must have endless calls upon your time, both public and private,

philanthropic and social.’

¢Yes,’

she observed quietly, ‘it is very difficult to get time to live

one’s own life when one touches the lives of 80 many others at so

many points,’

‘But you do not regret your public work

for instance, your work

here on the Board of Guardians?’

‘Regret it!’ she answered, ‘It is one of the delights of my life

The woman at Home

5) ‘What a pretty little house this is!” said Mr. Madison drawing near

the fire

‘You might do a good deal with it.’

‘We live in it and find it comfortable,” said Mrs Troy

‘I don’t

know what else we could do

‘Have you any photograph of your son? said Miss Madison impul-

sively'; ‘have you any of him when he was a child ?’

Mrs

Troy took the latest from a small table near her and handed it

to the young lady, who gazed at it with rapt attention

‘But we have that one Hesperia!’ said her mother

‘Hesperia,” thought Mrs, Troy, ‘what a name! Why could’nt they

call her Betty?’

10

146

The girl got up to put back the photograph, and yawned slightiy as

she did so

Then she went to the piano, threw the lid, and tried

a note or two

‘I will sing to you,’ she said sitting down.,

‘Thank you,’ said Mrs. Troy

EXERCISE B

1)

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154

P

Chapter IX.

General Exercises

Graduated and classified with suggestive Notes.

Lt e

AR

A

she Was

To the Teacher.

ning, 0

A careful teacher will be easily able to see if the notes

first 1o

Th

appended to the following exercises have been honestly and

intelligently used; all instances of abuse must be promptly

cakes i

W

checked. In the lower classes it may be necessary to explain

the difficult constructions, and suggest appropriate equivalents

had nof

for hard terms, as a preliminary step before the student is

N

made to work out an example: in the higher classes, from the

Matriculation class upwards, such helps might with advantage

be made few and far between.

But whenever the teacher

In |

gives any notes, or makes any corrections in the translations

without

submitted by his students, he will not fail to take them fully

are with

into his confidence, and make them understand the rationale

¥

of the alterations and suggestions made.

He will also please

of a fy

deal similarly with the notes and suggestions already given

porters

in the following pages as want of space prevented me from

of stran

doing so myself.

king

To the Students.

The notes must be honestly used—that is, you are not to

The

have recourse to these before you have exhausted all your

own resources, and before you use them, see that you tho-

and siml

roughly understand them.

third-cls

In some places full translations

Qeformip

are given, not that you may commit them to memory, but that

they may serve you as specimens to be striven after, and

estinay

first-lgg

models to be followed in working out the remaining portions

of the same example.

Nt

155

EXERCISE A

1

Narrative (simple and humourous)

i

Tit for Tat

0fes,

A small New York girl, who was only seven years old, was tradging to school

she was carrying her luncheon in a covered basket, when a schoolmate, a boy of

vine, overtook her.

He must have been in rather bad humour, for his very

€ notes

first remark was: ‘Say, I wouldn’t carry my lunch in a fish basket any way’.

He had his sandwiches and

tly and

The little miss turned and looked at him

romyt]

cakes in a tin box under his arm

explain

“Well,” she said quickly, ‘I wouldn’t carry mine in a bait-box;’ and the boy

ivalent

had nothing to say

den 18

Note

Tit for Tat ©&0S)lellaReOIS;

say GMNodm

any way a@)®0

Tom the

@dejo or B@1dnLlo

yantage

2.

teacher

In Russia a child ten years of age cannot go away from home to school

slations

without a passport.

Nor can servants and peasants go away from where they

o fully

[}

are without one.

ration

e

A gentleman residing in Moscow or St. Pertersburg cannot receive the visif

The

p please

of a friend who remains many hours without notifying it to the pelice.

y

porters of all houses are compelled to make retarns of the arrival and departure

of strangers; and for every one of these passports

a charge is made of some

ne 110

kind

3. The Duke was ahead

o 1ot b

The Duke of Northumberland, in spite of his vast wealth, is very unaffected

all you

and simple in his life

Whenever he travels on a railway, he usually takes a

ho-

third-class ticket to the indignation of the railway officials.

One day they

J

H\Iﬂtlons

determined to break him of this frugal habit

nd they filled his compartment

When the Duke arrived at his

with chimney sweepers carrying bags of soot

hat tha

destination he took the sweepers to the booking office and bought them each a

il and

first-class ticket back again and put one in each first class carriage, sack and all

1)01'(101

unaffected

Note.

The Duke was ahead (g aflomyoe dom @san

@RIV MS 1HHIDD

i

—

156

—

4. The quiet life.

‘By ]

Prince, ‘

Happy thé man, whose wish and care

fhat will

A few paternal acres bound,

1 may ko

Content to breathe his native air

‘The

In his own ground;

meeting,

‘Th

Whose herds with milk, whose fields with bread,

Whose flocks supply him with attire;

ing’ the

Yo

Whose trees in summer yields him shade,

In winter fire,

‘Ih

‘Pl

Blest, who can unconcern’dly find

00D, 2

Hours, days, and years, slide soft away,

ot fail

In health of body, peace of mind,

i

Quiet by day.

replied ]

Sound sleep by night; study and ease

‘Th

Together mix’d; sweet recreation,

We

And innocence, which most does please,

‘But

With meditation.

the wan

head of

Thus let me live, unseen, unknown;

Thus unlamented let me die;

it

Steal from the world, and not a stone

No

Tell where I lie,

A. Pope.

5.

*Well, Hakim,’ inquired Mahomed in his usual abrupt style, ‘can you cure

this Frangy girl ?’

‘Yes,” answered Iskander firmly.

‘Now listen, Hakim,’ said Mahomed, ‘I must very shortly leave the city,

and proceed into Epirus at the head of our troops,

I have sworn two things

Son

and have sworn them by the holy stone,

Ere the new moon, I will have the

heart of Iduna and the head of Iskander.’

¢0m peti

The physician bowed.

only xe

‘If you can so restore the health of this girl’,

il

continued Mahomed, ‘that she may attend me within ten days into Epirus, you

el inf

shall claim from my treasury what sum you like, and become physician to the

seraglio,

tiong

What say you?

of sqoeg

‘My hope and my belief is,” replied Iskander, ‘that within ten days she

1es§ wh

may breathe the air of Epirus.’

t0 do

157

‘By my father’s beard, you are a man after my own heart,’ exclaimed the

Prince, ‘and since thou dealest in talismans, Hakim, can you give me a charm

that will secure me a meeting with this Epirus rebel, withic the term, so that

I may keep my oath.

What say you? what say you?’

‘There are such spells’ replied Iskander.

‘But mark, I can only secure the

meeting, not the head.’

‘But the meet-

‘That is my part,’ said Mahomed, with an arrogant sneer.

ing, the meeting.’

Its virtaes are renowned.’

“You know the fountain of Kallista in Epirus.

‘I have heard of it.’

‘Plunge your scimitar in its midnight waters thrice, on the eve of the new

He will

moon, and each time summon the enemy you would desire to meet.

not fail you.’

¢If you cure the captive, I will credit the legend, and keep the appointment,’

replied Mahomed thoughtfully.

‘] have engaged to do that,” replied the physician.

“Well then, I shall redeem my pledge,’ said the Prince.

¢But mind’ said the physician, ‘while I engage to cure the lady and produce

the warrior, I can secure your highness neither the heart of the one nor the

head of the other.’

¢’'Tis understood,’ said Mohamed.

Note.

You are a man after my own heart ag®abo D QOB a0 OEs

0@ B0k @em ol or Mo «gdles c1ger GeuItSlal.

Since thou dealest in talismans aflem®s @ @QE0al 0@l WSS

Charm aV)@LEWIUo.

Within the term @RGS0

© OSG,

a0 @b,

He will not fail you @oQid QIEIIS)Es gy

Tis

) you care

understood a0,

6.

o the city,

‘Whatever

two things

Some years ago a clever student was at omne of our colleges.

| have the

competitions were offered, his friends knew he could always come out first, if he

The chief prize of his college was aboat to be contested.

only exerted himself.

He was specially

ihis girl'

He entered and had fally made up his mind to win.

well informed on the subject of examination, and he knew that whatever ques-

piras, JOU

tions might be asked he would be able to answer.

He was perfectly confident

san fo the

of success, but on the day of examination, he suddenly remembered some busi-

ness which he had in town, and glancing at his watch saw he had ample time

p dags She

to do it and be back before the time fixed for the examination.

He went, but

\

158

SAREE

on the way back, he loitered and became quite oblivious to the flight of time

by i si

army—6

until coming to himself with a sudden start, he saw it was near the hour for

the examination and he had yet a considerable distance to go.

He hurried as

English |

¢

fast as he could, and getting within the college gates, he was relieved to see

On

¢

the Norn

that the door was still open, bat just as he was making a rush for them and

within twenty yards they shut with a bang.

He was too late.

The look of

the Nory

disappointment and chagrin that overspread that young man’s face was most

Rood! 1

intense as he realized that for this year the coveted prize was snatched away

English.

from his hand and that through his own negligence,

The

It is so with those who when offered the gift of salvation freely, fritter

praneing

away the time until suddenly the doors of God’s mercy are shut.

the bray

11

English

Historical Narrative.

rode ouf

1

Eadburh, the Daughter of Edward.

This was

Now when Eadburh, the daughter of king Edward and Eadgifu his lady, was

The

but three years old, it came into the king’s heart to prove the child whether

showers

she would dwell in the world or go out of the world to serve God.

So be put

When th

on one side rings and bracelets and on the other side a chalice and a book of

men and

the Gospels.

And the child was brought in the arms of her nurse, and King:

Loy v

Edward took her on his knees, and he said, ‘Now, my child, whether of these

Dake Wi

things wilt thou choose?” And the child turned away from the rings and

seen, ang

bracelets, and took in her hand the chalice and the book of the Gospels,

Then

As

King Edward kissed his child and said, ‘Go whither God calleth thee; follow

ed the I

the spouse whom thou hast chosen; and thy mother and I will be happy if we

portion

have a child holier than ourselves.’

So Eadburh became a nun in the city of Winchester and served God with

The

[

with the

fastings and prayers all the days of her life.

like forg

Freemaw's Old-English History.

Engtish

2. The Battle of Senlac.

oreat slg

In the middle of the month of October, in the year 1066, the Normans and

‘Sl

ks g,

the English came front to front.

1Ay fa]]

All night the armies lay encamped before each other, in a part of the

country then called Senlac, now called Hastings,

With the first dawn of day

The

they arose.

Wild Oaty

There, in the faint light, were the English on a hill; a wood behind

them; in their midst the royal banner, representing a fighting warrior woven in

and iy

a gold thread, adorned with precious stones.

Beneath the banner, as it rustled

SP&ctaele,

in the wind, stood King Harold on foot, with two of his remaining brothers

—

———

159

6 0f time

by his side ; around them still and silent as the dead clustered the whole English

houe fop

army-—every soldier covered by his shield, and bearing in his hand the dreaded

urried gg

English battle-axe.

ed to seg

On an opposite hill, in three lines —archers, foot goldiers, horsemen—was

hiem and

the Norman force.

Of a sudden, a great battle-ery ‘God help us!’ burst from

e look of

the Norman lines.

The English answered with their own battle-cry, ‘God’s

¥as most

Rood! Holy Rood!” The Normans then came sweeping down the hill to attack the

16 away

English.

There was one tall Norman knight who rode before the Norman army ou a

y, fritter

prancing horse, throwing up his heavy sword and catching it, and singing of

the bravery of his countrymen.

An English knight, who rode out from the

English force to meet him, fell by this knight’s hand.

Another English knight

rode out, and he fell too.

But then a third rode out and killed the Norman.

This was in the beginning of the fight which soon raged everywhere.

lady, was

The English, keeping side by side in a great mass, cared no more for the

| whether

showers of Norman arrows than if they had been showers of Norman rain.

When the Norman horsemen rode against them with their battle-axes, they cut

S0 be put

a book of

men and horses down. The Normans gave way; the English pressed forward.

nd King:

A cry went forth among the Norman troops that Duke William was killed.

e of these

Duke William took of his helmet, in order that his face might be distinetly

This gave them courage.

rings ond

seen, and rode along the lines before his men.

s, Then

As they turned again to face the English, some of the Norman horse divid-

8 follow

ed the pursuing body of the English from the rest, and thus all that foremost

Dy if we

portion of the English army fell, fighting bravely.

The main body still remaining firm, heedless of the Norman arrows, and

God with

with their battle-axes cutting down the crowds of horsemen when they rode up,

like ferests of young trees, Duke William pretended to retreat.

The eager

History.

English followed.

The Norman army closed again and fell upon them with

great slaughter.

¢Still,’ said-Duke William, ‘there are thousands of the English firm as

pmans and

Shoot upwards, Norman archers, that your arrows

rocks around their king.

may fall down upon their faces.’

it of the

Through all the

The sun rose high and sank, and the battle still raged.

o of day

In the red sunset

wild October day, their clash and din resounded in the air.

00d behiﬂd

and in the white moonlight, heaps upon heaps of dead men lay strewn, a-dreadful

¢ woveD in

spectacle, all over the ground.

Dickens.

it yustled

3 prothers

S

—_—

160

3. Why King Ine/ forsook the World.

King Ine once made him a feast to his lords and great men in one of his

royal houses; and the house was hung with goodly curtains and the table

was spread with vessels of gold and silver, and there were meats and drinks

brought from all parts of the world, and Ine and his lords ate and drank and

even merry.

Now on the next day Ine set forth from that house to go unto

another that he had, and thelburh his queen went with him.,

So men took

down the curtains and carried off the goodly vessels and left the house bare

and empty.

Moreover Zthelburh the queen spake unto the steward who had the

care of the house, saying, ‘When the king is gone, fill the house with rubbish

and with the dung of cattle, and lay in the bed where the King slept a sow with

her litter of pigs.’

So the steward did as the Queen bade him: so when Ine

and the queen had gone forth about a mile from the house, the Queen said un-

to Ine, ‘Turn back, my lord, to the house whence we have come, for it will

be greatly to thy good to do so.’

So Ine hearkened to 'ghe voice of his wife

and turned back unto the house.

So he found all the curtains and goodly

vessels gone, and the house full of rubbish and made foul with the dung of

cattle, and a sow and her pigs lying in the bed where Ine and Zthelburh his

Queen had slept.

So Athelburh spake unto Ine, her husband, saying, ‘Seest

thou, O King, how the pomp of this world passeth away? Where are now all the

goodly things, the curtains, and the vessels, and the meats and drinks brought

from all parts of the earth, wherewith thou and thy lords held your feast

yesterday? How foul is now the house which bat yesterday was goodly and fit

for a king! How foul a beast lieth in the bed where a King and a Queen slept

only the last night! Are not all the things of this lifea breath, yea smoke, and

a wind that passeth away? Are they not a river that runneth by, and no man

seeth the water any more? Woe then to them that cling to the things of this life

only. Seest thou not how our very flesh, which is nourished by these good things,

shall pass away? And shall not we, who have more power and wealth than

others, have worse punishment than others, if we cleave to the things of this

life only? Have I not often bidden thee to think on these things? Thou growest

old, and the time is short.

Wilt thou not lay aside thy kingdom and all the

things of this life, and go as a pilgrim to the threshold of the A postles in the

great city of Rome, and there serve God the rest of the days that He shall give

thee?’ So King Ine hearkened to the voice of Zthelburh his wife and he laid

aside his kingdom and thelheard his kinsman reigned in his stead.

So Ine

and Zthelburh went to Rome to the threshold of the Apostles, and Gregory the

Pope received them gladly.

Freemaw's Old-English History.

161

4, The Battle pf the Baltic.

ms of his

Of Nelson and the North,

the table

Sing the glorious day’s renown,

od drinks

When to battle fierce came forth

irank and

All the might of Denmark’s crown,

0 g0 unto

And her arms along the deep proudly shoue;

men ook

By each gun the lighted brand,

0036 bate

In a bold determined hand,

ho had tho

And the Prince of all the land

th rabbish

Led them on.

) S0W with

when Tne

Like Leviathans afloat,

Lay their bulwarks on the brine;

1 gaid un-

‘While the sigu of battle flew

for if will

of his wife

On the lofty British line;

and goodly

It was ten of April morn by the chime;

As they drifted on their path,

he dang of

There was silence deep as death,

helburh his

And the boldest held his breath

ing, ‘Seest

For a time.

now all the

ks broaght

But the might of England flushed

your fonst

To anticipate the scene,

odly and fit

And her van the fleeter rushed

(ueen slept

O’er the deadly space between —

smoke, 8ad

“Hearts of Oak!” our captain cried; when each gun

and 10 Al

From its adamantine lips

of this it

Spread a death-shade round the ships,

Like the hurricane eclipse

g00d £hings,

ealth than

Of the sun.

ings of this

Again! again! again!

hou gronest

And the havoe did not slack,

and aH the

Till a feeble cheer the Dane

]osﬂ

5 0 the

To our cheering sent us back;—

o shall give

Their shots along the deep slowly boom : —

ﬂﬂd he Llid

1

§o Ine

Then ceased — and all is wail,

1

As they strike the shattered sail,

Gregofi the

Or in conflagration pale

Light the gloom.

o Historye

11

—

P —

162

Outspoke the victor then,

As he hailed them o’er the wave ;

‘Ye are brothers! ye are men!

4

And we conquer but to save:

clerkk

So peace instead of death let us bring:

elegal

But yield, proud foe, thy fleet,

somet]

With the crews, at England’s feet,

him 0

And make submission meet

To our King.’

AN

Then Denmark blessed our chief,

That he gave her wounds repose ;

And the sounds of joy and grief -

From her pecple wildly rose,

As death withdrew its shades from the day;

While the Sun looked smiling bright,

O’er a wide and woeful sight,

Where the fires of funeral light

Died away.

Campbell.

111

Personal Sketch.

1.

The Indian barber.

In India, as you know, every caste has its own ‘points’ and you can dis-

tinguish a barber as easily as a Dhobie or a Dorking hen.

He is a sleek, fair-

complexioned man, dressed in white with an ample red turban, somewhat oval

in shape, like a sugared almond.

He wears large gold ear-rings in the upper

part of his ears, and has a sort of false stomach which at a distance gives him

an aldermanic figure, but proves on nearer view, to be made of leather, and to

Twa

have many compartments, filled with razors, scissors, soap, brush, comb, mirror,

deeply fy

tweezers, ear-picks, and other instruments of a more or less surgical character;

86056 ang

for he is indeed, a surgeon, and especially an aurist and narist.

.When he

age, and

takes a Hindu head into his charge, he does not confine himself to chin or scalp,

aud gf b

but renovates it all over,

The happy patient enjoys the operation sitting proud-

1eang of |

ly in a public place.

‘When a barber devotes himself to European heads he rises

the proyg

in the social scale.

Eha

fGSiraint! 1

Note.

Every caste has its own points ag)gQyo €208 ) @90 B0 BN AldM

death oy

smead go5g. Gives him an aldermanic figure @0QgH:ROAO

W{ly, AS

OO @ mRiss olesan. Renovates it all over @Y ale.ayao

pOiSm \\’as

Rises

in the social secale adley &@awn

®a100) ©aISlg jossan,

she tolg ¢

6)a100103 ).

bey Impo

Sk

—_—

163

2. TFrancois Coppie.

A tall thin youth with a refined appearance, shy eyes, something of the

clerk about him in his slim but new and well-brushed suit, but with a certain

elegance, nevertheless, in his interior, an ironical charm in his humour, and

something indescribably gentle and melancholy in his whole personality that makes

him noticeable, and almost compels one to look at him

Note.

Here is the whole translation

&) (8 logy DI(@ @6

1@ ) ®PRUEIQIQ0

21622 (@)E0BS 0

P6%E. o JOdBRe YOV IEWIT GSIWMYo 288 ®aHdO Qg0

B1BHIEBDH c@MITTE SHEMOBPAD CQIAIGNNTONS AS 1AILOMS; 180

@REZ00E Jan EPANQY ta )2 &@ afluo p_mgﬂ@o o @ B

e M@} QI0Rd gy

Jcera)-ocszﬂ aJOQD b@aomﬂ% S0ENIBD)

DIW og@T0 .aflal Awle:EeMer) @mebo wleimem o lano

g

cg)a Gl mth &® alleteeailuS)wow o jmeEnmd

ipbell

SErNAamn Q}gm’)&ﬂa@cmmmmﬂ @MOAN SN | Bed6road @) (RIS

o ok lGean @0 af), EQVBLERIW B@ Ao AVVZ) QYo

M BEAM QYo BPEZ0 @ 1O b0 (erg‘ﬁ;gﬂoasqy@g @@m’\eﬂ@m

1 ool i

O Jejo HOEMIADENG.

leok, fair-

)Wh‘l OVA!

he upper

3. Anna Zwanziger, the champion poisoner

\

gives him

oy, dnd 10

Zwanziger was of small stature, thin deformed, her swallow meagre face

b, mirror

deeply furrowed by passion as well as by age

Mock sengibility and weak moral

oharacter

sense and an undoubted taste for dissipation led her into an evil course at an early

Then e

age, and lieft her at fifty reduced to the greatest poverty, homeless, friendless

m or Scalpi

and at her wit’s end to live.

It was then that she adopted poisoning as a

ing p[ Olld

means of livelihood, as a profession

Her attachment to poison was based upon

the proud consciousness that it gave ber the power to break through every

gs he 1108

restraint, to attain every object, to zratify every inclination, she could deal out

Eha

death or sickness as she pleased, torture all who offended her or stood in her

00 Bl

~a,9{35)06’>

way.

As time went on she became an expert toxicologist

mixing and giving

poison was her constant occupation

When sentenced to capital punishment

o™

she told the judge that her death was fortunate for mankind as it would have

mig po

been impossible for her to discontinue her trade of poisonin

117

—

164

—

4, Mr. Asquith, M. P.

!

witho

Mr, Asquith is popular with his colleagues.

They are fall of respect and

indep

admiration for his powers,

They are never weary of praising his grasp of

public questions, his industry, and his knowledge.

Whatever he touches he

body |

masters.

During the last session of (he late Parliament he had two measures

miles,

outfit

on his shoulders of exceptional weight and complexity.

I mean the Welsh

handk

Disestablishment Bill and the Factory Bill.

He had every detail of each at

his fingers’ ends.

His speeches show the same care as his departmental and

travel

bu ar

legislative work.

His defects, however, to outsiders, are no less conspicuous

for at

than his merits.

He is a lawyer, and has not yet quite overcome the tendencies

.

manu|

that a legal training, with all its advantages, creates in the ablest of men.

His speech, for instance, on the Welsh Disestablishment Bill was a masterpiece

the lo

of detail, of clear explicit statement; buat it wanted breadth, it lacked the

by the

weakn

historic sense, it was as cold as it was lucid; it was lawyerlike and narrow in

It was characteristic of the man,

He has impressed the country

plicity

its range.

with his ability.

He has never touched its heart nor fired its imagination.

Windo

Whether he can do so is another matter.

He is of the men whose faith in

frunks,

‘While his

Parliament outreaches their love or their understanding of liberty.

& Japan

administration of the Home Office has been firm and enlightened, his treatment of

public questions has lacked everything that eudears a leader to his followers,

N

or rouses the self-reliance of his country-men.

Whether such a man by sheer

intellect will conquer the constituencies is a grave gquestion, and one I should

answer in the negative, if I did not remember that Mr. Asquith is still young

and resolutely ambitious of a name.

James Annand in the New Review.

Note.

Powers sny@U0)wo@a). Grasp of public questions ®aioge3mnaliles

WAL @og’ym&@ @a(ﬂgﬂoaa@@ cmo@asigo. ‘Whatever he touches

he masters @PGZa00 o SIYOHBH (0)BAUUS BV EPODY

Thi

BHQYo cruc%g';;@mﬂ Wad@O® WGy, At his fingers’ ends

moaNeabo maigead. It was as cold as it was lucid g aflwezod)

Dulsatioy

the dag

A og)HBJo EIQIRAVERD BRI @@ Wi s)gy. He has im-

18y by j

pressed the country with his ability @b qv@GOMINEMAD ©0E3)0

those

o]0 BoNIRY, Hg|5OBTI5eg; He has never touched its heart nor

of

& Syt

fired its imagination @ m»QIHO EOEZa00 BMMIHS 2MGYIOM

heing'

Sep

21 g 828:3@) EP0a0TBOHS o @ eflg ee®:e®o 6.010y Yoo

Sﬂve:‘eign

gy,

Is another matter @ilos or @ &g oo @R Gen.alleente

~

i““'Sih]e |

®)gy.

inates (31

(}

165

5. The Japanese }\Workman.

The Japanese man of the people — the skilled labourer able to underbit

ect aud

without effort any western artizan in the same line of industry — remains happily

independent of both shoemakers and tailors.,

His feet are good to look at, his

o1as) of

ches he

body is healthy, and his heart is free.

If he desires to travel a thousand

His whole

Neasures

miles, he can get ready for his journey in less than flve minutes.

e Welsh

outfit need not cost seventy-five cents ; and all his baggage can be put into a

handkerchief,

On ten dollars he can travel for a year without work, or he can

each at

ntal and

travel as a pilgrim.

You may reply any savage can do the same thing.

Yes,

Spicnous

but any civilized man cannot; and the Japanese has been a highly civilized man

endencies

for at least a thousand years.

Hence his present capacity to threaten western

manufacturers.

of men.

Ability to live without furniture, without impediments with

the least possible amount of neat clothing shows more than the advantage held

asterpiece

by the Japanese race in the struggle of life; it shows the real character of some

acked the

nartow in

weakness in our own civilisation.

It forces reflection upon the useless malti-

je country

plicity of our daily wants.

We must have meat and bread and butter ; glass

windows and fire

‘agina‘rion.

’

hats, white shirts and woollen underwear ; boots and shoes;

trunks, bags and boxes, bedsteads, mattresses, sheets and blankets ; all of which

> faith in

a Japanese can do without, and is really better off without.

While his

eatmentof

The Forinightly Review.

With-

followers,

N ote‘.

The Japanese man of the people &g o3 19e) aigEMeEE .

out effort o) @o@avm. Remains independent of qLeOI®O SO

p by sheer

®® ete, You may reply etc. @M@ CLAWo @YIHMailg|oad

0 I Should

@af), Some weakness etc. MEROS a1 )0V kg aflal M)m

gill young

OHNSB .

It forces reflection upon o@(’]’ﬂﬁ@é)[)a_ﬂ:gé BaI08HMNE Q]

j Revie:

@ao. Can do without and is better off without @gJ0H® (\'ﬂcgmﬁ)

8909200 PIODL) D eX SN @em @RUSI@o wemo.

@gmm/\\ﬂ

1v

Description.

o touches

L

The Sun.

This flaming star is the heart of the universe, vivifying everything with its

ﬁngefﬁ' ands

pulsations.

Of all those lights that gravitate in the immensity of heavens,

! Suead)

the dazzling splendour of the sun first captivates the attention.

Yet great as

o hes e

may be its apparent size, and vivid as may be its light, it is still only one in

those myriads of stars which form the Milky Way.

But, for us it is the centre

gnan 0%

of a system, or a family of globes, of which it was the cradle, aud which after

5 heart 107

being separated from it, revolve eternally round their common parent.

Like a

: @mgﬁ%m

sovereign seated on his shining throne, it sits in the centre of its satellites; its

a ﬂ%ﬁam:

invisible power upholds them in space, directs their regulated course and dissem-

inates everywhere movement and life.

Ll

P

166

Note.

0.

Vivifying everything with its pulsations @ombo @oyyeaImag

to

OS EREMTMITD AVQYal@I.alEEBRhd BMRIYIOM QIO IQYo

(i

O&IME

Immensity of heavens @ma190200 )@ )osan @ySoweall

dat

olafleb. Milky way guav@ogzo Satellites 9 a1ae0Edb Dissemi-

had

nate everywhere movement and life qUQj@alcINOTOYo &y

f013

©aB1oVYo ajjoailg{lalo.

Ital

2. The Moon.

m

This sole and faithful satellite of the earth, formed by a fragment detached

T N

othe

from it, now cold and wan, rolled round us, when it began, a red blazing sphere,

som

mod;

vomiting torrents of fire from its whole surface.

Whilst ‘gravitation was

S0mé

regulating its form and path, the moon in the course of thousands of years

gradually exhausted its fires to show us at last its pale and silvery face, the sad

Pari

laminary of our nights, the splendid nocturnal mirror, which reflects to us pale

the g

and cold, the divergent rays of the sun.

Note.

Vomiting torrents of fire from its whole surface @@ OO ajeg

BINOB B a0 SeWo @MU IR 1IGHS o.:eﬂ__%o.

Divergent

rays Q@ 1Ramesdk.,

3. The Stars.

All round the sun, disseminated in immensity, the stars majestically lend

life to the vault of heaven.

Their splendour, the dazzling spectacle which they

It

display to our eyes, fill the soul with a seuse of humility and nothingness.

is in the valley of the glowing Thebais, never wetted by a drop of water, that

we might yield ourselves to such contemplation,

One enjoys there nights which

are eternally serene and under their magnificent dome, the stars, those immortal

The

flowers of heaven, raise the spirit of man from the visible to the invisible.

heavens relate the glory of God.

Pouchet.

Note.

Disseminated in immensity all round the sun (ng'yémbo 210Q0

aVosY, 0afleSImemg o) aVQE a0y @:eng.

Flowers of

I

heaven @@ 0&:MyREBR, QM JTymesd. From the visible to

and ho,

the invisible gc‘g@moﬁa(mﬂaﬁm‘ﬂm mgg@mo&m’)%m@a, aogel

and o

In the 4

BR10& o1 J@ba Jam mﬁaa@mo&rmﬂemm. * The heavens relate the

glory of God ®QILL@MLAI HHBAIRZOMINOD Golod |Bs0.

fuged,

School of

4, A Roman Reverie.

Commpyj

Only a fanatical partial patriotism would deny to Italy the pround privi-

absolutel;

lege of having most enriched the world with what the world values most.

tamly hil

Neither Spain, nor France, nor Germany, nor even England, can boast to have

the g

grafted civilisation on conquest so successfully and s}o widely as Rome, Religion,

e 167A —

Ry

Science, Art, Literature, Law, all have to trace their fertilizing streams back

ol

to Italy, and nothing is more astonishing than the persistent vitality of Italian

Civilisation.

Italians have had their period of despondency, and even degra-

o]

) Dissemis

dation —what nation has not? But for nigh on three thousand years Italy has

Yo Q%J

had its architects, its sculptors, its soldiers, its law-givers, its poets, its naviga-

tors, its searchers of the stars, its rulers of men.

To every educated person,

Italy is the old country; to every filial mind Rome, is the alma genefrixz. Only

in Rome can we trace the majestic pageant of the centuries, following each

t detached

other, now with elate, now with faltering footstep, but "always contribﬁting

ng spherg,

something to the onward, if at times devious, march of man.

Hence while

and when

fation was

modes of civilisation elsewhere come and pass, Rome remains ;

some other conception of society shall have created other Londons, and other

s of years

Parises, Rome will still be foster-nurse of the poet, the home of the arch®ologist,

oe, the sad

f0-us pale

the goal of the artist, the bourn of the pilgrim, and the sanctuary of the saint.

Alfred Austin.

Nate.

Only a fanatical partial patriotism etc. al@malomo 0312 ELZM20

b0 oyd

&SN QWO @MWRIEIY ]G BN TVIGBLRIMRMEIUS &:d

Dirergent

20@ e

© 8 o o o s s @

. agRER @ocga_:eoﬂ @@o%m%m’)m%o

sasEaOR andlenwyeg. Grafted civilisation on conquest eﬂ%)a

@BOMS @S] MINABISOTBRYo avaWlg {)oil@)esam ogan. Now

with elate, now with faltering footstep ete. gﬂe.l@&loc)o (agblelo@blesd!

fially lend

CovINS BIWOWINYo, .aflaig jodhd cmouacoﬂi% @ 6 ) oo 61 Yo

which they

VD@ BHHEE QI og)H))eJ0 @ )B9ejo B2 BSOS 9 0BV

Jguess. It

water, that

ORI @PMEGLIZ0®] QIgI@o AIBOIND® W RATIIS)gy; aiDHdm

ights which

2i)ai1Gg |99 PIOE QUG NG IWINYER BIR@BID GUTE QMR ag)

an QiMdo.

s fnmortal

isible, The

v

Miscellaneous.

ichels

1.

Neptune’s Cup.

o 200

I can understand the bee building her cell; I can understand her foresight

Flowers of

and how a work can be arranged where all workmen can see, communicate with,

e visible 0

and comprehend each other; but I admit that all seems to me incomprehensible

o168, (5%

in the architectural work of Neptune’s Cup.

My mind is overwhelmed and con-

i l‘elﬂfe

the

fused.

This magnificent construction is the noblest challenge one can offer the

T

school of materialism.

Do the physico-chemical sciences explain how these Polypi

communicate with each other so as to finish their common habitation, for ii is

absolutely necessary that all should be governed by one dormant idea? Cer-

uoﬂﬂd pri\'i'

tainly not.

There is nothing but utter feebleness in the presumptuous theories,

18

Joes 10

have

the audacity of which now-a-days alone makes them successful.

joast 10

F. A. Pouchet in the <Universe’.

;. Belig

168

Note

Neptune’s

cup GaOmMEIWMo, QIMOMAH:So

Begin—eoad)

maini

218d comd wasgmEo. .

- @0, a@M18s Wadlgjomd & &)

and |

QJeng.

2@ MM AIBENAG:So o) aIOQYAN L8 )gy AVOLOM @Y%)

;

11008

been

o AUIy® @S Medmlaj «gai)es afleeesgan ot

@OAN qLZADT 1O,

oy

This magnificent construétion ete. @

millio

200ODIW O3)ZRA6Mo 219Q110& 2 6) O @r@@;@maﬂ% 60 N 0D

QISR go@mgﬂmﬁ aB00QJ0 AUV AIBAC QDI

Polypi

by th

&)

The audacity of

which ete

eI e epul)d

of the

(@Yoo MOINWIAT D SmdLio BN (0JeRILINL|SAYQIINGES

upro

oMo,

able v

1pon

2. Animal Metamorphosis

which

Born in one shape, the insect dies in another, and the metamorphoses which

true h

it undergoes are the most important portion of its life, and the most extraor-

dinary phenomenon in Physiolo

fiames

Organisms, fanctions, all things change; the

eVery

ugly caterpiller is transformed into a butterfly gleaming with azare and gold, and

10C0ne

if this butterfily were restricted t6 the fresh leaves of which it devoured such

1mes |

quantities in its youth, it would die of inanition;

it requires a more delicate

attaine

nourishment now that it has become adorned w1th its brilliant wmgb and only

lives upon the nectar of flowers.

The dragon-fly, when it appears in its last dress, assumes different habits.

It has passed all its life beneath the water in the condition of an ignoble larva

soiled with mud and filth, but now the time has come

it aspires to soar into the

Na

air.,

Having mounted some plant or other, it attaches its aquatic garment to

show ¢

it and unfolds the brilliant iridescent wings of gauze which bear it away.

The

and see

metamorphosis is so radical, and its new wants so imperious, that if we attempt

1nstinet

to detain the insect a single moment longer in its ancient element, it will perish

0 the ¢

on the spot.

It has lived till now in the shade and in stagnant water

hence-

bOndS {

forth it can only breathe the pure air and live in the glowing light

condit

“The Universe.”’

each o

Note

Animal metamorphosis &aY(E@ IO OBRD

Caterpillar

P

e"ed \a“

Nectar of flowers @& ©a=0.

When it appears in its last dress etc.

Of Qlinpl‘

fami] 70

Mo o0 B852eN0E YYD NOW HOB:OI0EE S AV

Qiajo 20318g|odam

Aquatic garment e yeml@ii@an

best

0Bl ©EE GBa0T @O ICOAmD Dgo Ol

Iridescent ey

propa ot

Brilliant GoeRoawrow,

QL6M O b (@)& 0w legam

Besg, an

buzgey

3. The Sun’s acivity

10 Inygpt

We cannot wonder that the source of so vast a supply of heat should be

of the I

the scene of tremendous processes of disturbance

The furnace, whose fires

that Diy

169

—Gom)

maintain the life of the solar system, is not merely glowing with intense light

0 &)

and heat, but is in a state of fierce turmoil.

The most tremendous conflagra-

B!

tions ever witnessed upon our earth — great fires, by which whole cities have

™ amind.

been desfroyed — serve to suggest something of what is going on upon the sun,

6ft, @9

only all the processes of such catastrophes must be supposed to be intensified a

BIYELID

million-fold.

As in great fires there is a constant roar and tumult produced

Polyi

by the rush of air-currents which the fire itself has generated, so in every part

| @l

of the sun, on every square yard of that enormous surface, the most hideous

00588

uproar must prevail as cyclonic storms, bred by solar fires, rush with inconceiv-

In the most tremendous storms known

able velocity over the flaming surface.

upon earth, the wind does not travel a hundred miles per hour and the winds

which rage amidst the flames of a conflagration are of slow motion compared with

)%es Which

true hurricanes ; but the cyclonic storms which stir the fiery breath of the solar

t extraor-

flames career often with inconceivable velocity of more than a hundred miles in

ange; the

every second of time.

And the flames themseives are on a scale altogether

gold, and

inconceivable by us.

A considerable proportion attain a height exceeding ten

ured sueh

times the diameter of our earth; and some have been observed which have

o delicate

attained twice that height.

, and only

Proctor’s Expanse of Heavens.

nt habifs,

4, Self-sacrifice, Nature’s Law.

oble larva

ar into the

Natural History, Archeology, and Biology, all combine their testimony to

show the error of that view which denies to Nature any moral lesson or tendency

garment f0

8y The

and sees in evolution simply a cruel and selfish struggle.

The sympathetic

e attempt

instinet and moral necessity that man feels belong to no artificial world opposed

to the great order of the universe.

yill perish

They are rooted deep in those same natural

bonds and sacred unities which, wherever red bleod flows in the veins, have

or; hence-

conditioned the very continuance of the species on the faithful discharge by

jverse.”

each generation of their duty to others besides themselves.

The more single-

llar o

eyed selfishness is, the more likely it is to starve itself to death.

It is a matter

t dress 0iCs

of simple scientific observation, that the preponderance of selfishness among a

The

pdy (VIS0

family or a people and the decay of that family or people go together.

best of social fertilisers then are affection and sympathy.

Virtue has a self-

]mﬁ’.’)}ﬂﬂ

propagating power,

Self-sacrifice emptying the soul of the dregs of gelfish-

ssent )

ness, and filling it with the living water of the Eternal spirit, makes harvest

burgeon and ripen, wherever its irrigating stream spreads abroad.

Morality is

no invention of priests, statesmen, or philosophers. It is an irresistible growth

¢ ghould b?

of the human heart, the fairest blossom, the age-long victory and product of

that Divine Life of the Universe that has ever moved onward from chaos to

hose fireé

L

170

P

cosmos, from carnal to spiritual,

The lustrous march is no drama of red-toothed

ol e

carnage, but patient ascent through

successive plains

of wider and more

Tongh

intimate co-operation.

¢ hav

an hoo

Note.

The great order of the universe (ajaiemadloado deommow &laf).

having

To starve itself to death Gasvwemdlgpoom muslgead.

Self-

q

propagating power QU108 )OS @EOIN o_\@'mgﬂocra@@ @oay).

The lustrous

you ha

Dregs of selfishness avsmoem)eUl@is:meg | .

march is no drama ete. @0 EYWIREOW 1@ a0 MR of)

‘C

SeR® (e ladloaumonigy ete,

~

disputs

Al

5.

The New World.

‘B

Members of Parliament, their freedom of judgment,

divided

and their duty to their constituents.

B\

Certainly gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a represent-

‘0

ative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most

)

unreserved communication with his constituents.

Their wishes ought to have

il

great weight with him; their opinions, high respect; their business, unremitted

an opin

attention.

It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions,

do you

to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interests to his

P

own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience,

ja(

he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he

‘FG

does not derive from your pleasure; no, nor from the law and constitution.

They

Y

are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable.

N

Your representative owes you mot his industry only, but his judgment; and he

Th

betrays instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.

client,

Burke.

‘DC

Note.

The heading —oanoaveem o, EPAIGER @E ) JoWAV 1@

Jack R

QY 0o, ajoaNaSI&dds @ELL 6.2ERMEDo.

His duty to

Oy

sacrifice ® GaiBA 1@ TR MIEM .

A trust from Providence &®80lo

geaim a¥leld)s @@ qUiome .

Ber

Betrays, instead of serving

ing prof

you oflomdss Mo eag @y oloeeg 8Bal) B Woem

QYMND.

Wi

bim, g,

6. The Farmer and the Lawyer.

dags’ an

One day a farmer named Bernard, having finished his business at the

("['0

market-town, found some hoars of leisure at his disposal, and resolved to employ

wonld

them in consulting a lawyer.

He had often heard of Mr. Longhead as a man

to-mopy

of the highest reputation;

and, enquiring the address, he went to his house.

The

Having found his way into his presence, after numerous other clients had depart-

thing

154

edstoothed

ed, he was asked to téke a seat and state his business.

‘The fact is, Mr.

and more

Longhead,’

said the farmer, turning his hat round and round in his hand,

‘I have heard so much of your wisdom that, finding myself in town, and with

0w ),

an hour or two at my disposal, I thought I could not spend them better than by

b, Self-

having an opinion from you.’

B (o,

f am obliged by your confidence, my friend,’ said the lawyer; ‘no doubt

e lutrons

you have some case going on in thescourts of law?’

el

‘Case! I hold all cases in horror; and never has Bernard had a word of

dispute with any one.’

‘Then it is a division of a family property ?’

‘Excuse me, sir; our family, living as we do all together, hgve never

divided our inheritance,’

‘Some contract of sale or purchase, then, is what yOu want.’

represent:

¢Oh, no — not at all!’

1 the most

“What, then, can you want with me?’

said the lawyer, much surprised.

ht fo have

‘Why, Sir’y said Bernard, with a broad grin, ‘I have told you; I want

nnremitted

an opinion — my money is ready, of course — for I wish to profit by being in town,

i

tisfactions,

do you see?” Mr. Longhead smiled, took a pen, and asked the farmer his name.

eats £0 bis

‘Peter Bernard’, he replied, glad at being at last undersfood.

conscience

‘Your age?’

, Thes he

‘Forty years or thereabouts.’

ion, They

“Your profession ?’

mswerable.

‘My profession! you mean what I do? Oh, I am a farmer.’

nt; ond b

The lawyer wrote two lines, folded the paper, and gave it to his strange

client.

Burke.

‘Done already ?’ cried Bernard.

‘Well, to be sure — before one can say

ﬁo@m)-lm

¢Jack Robinson.’

‘What is to pay, learned Sir?’

lis dufy 0

‘One guinea.’

jcp 99BQI

Bernard paid gladly, made his bow, and went away much pleased at hav-

| of servin%‘

ing profited by the opportunity.

0l @S

When he reached home, it was four o’clock.

The journey had fatigued

him, and he entered the house resolved to rest.

His hay had been cut for some

dayg, and was now dry; and a lad came to ask, if it should be carried in.

‘To-night!’ said the farmer’s wife, who had now joined her husband, ‘it

s b 100

would be a sin to go to work again so late, when the work can be done as well

4o empley

to-morrow.’

d as 8 048

) his house.

The lad said that the wcather might change, and that the carts and every-

i depert

thing were ready; but the farmer’s wife would not hear of it.

e

e

172

Bernard listened to the two, and was at a loss how to decide, Whep all of

asudden he recalled the lawyer’s note.

[

‘A moment,’ he cried, ‘I have an opinion.

I had it of a famous man, and

Mo 8

it cost me a guinea.

It will get us out of all difficulties.

Wife, you can

N

g5

read — here it is; what does it say?’

A0

The wife took the paper and read these two lines: ‘Peter Bernard, never

45\

put off till to-morrow, what you can do to-day.’

o)

‘Here you have it,” cried the farmer delighted.

‘Come, look sharp; out

ERO

with the carts, the lads and the lasses and let us bring in the hay.’

Y

0el @

Note,

Found some hours of leisure at his disposal &0 0} AVAWo @oabo

Ll

N0 Gadal HalalaIblg PMEOMEMD &3,

Enquiring the

0 B

address alodean &)os @OBM i) o).

Could not spend them

better than etc. a3lmeg g d@ @& (E)IWo 8106013 lyan@s b

ﬂﬂbgr] |

£a18®HU3 BN @IET © OBB0 o) ete.

Broad grin Qi) ad)

2190y o 10621 A Ig ain@oez. Done already? @ngy &¥lauy@u?

Was at a loss how to decide a@mosrﬁ’ CQIMBHMID ©f).slWods

A moment @ogi0 QIEOS.

There you

d &bwinm @@W%.

have it @R G&glegy?

Come, look sharp @@ GQIUABS.

Out with ajoeg{Sos.

EXERCISE B.

1.

Narratives Simple and Humorous.

1.

amaund &@m wWae:eabo Evsencd H.alam @ aElom Q1060

‘@REREN! oM ide @YQRAIAV LR IWIW] MEy BAfsEMo @AM b

B @81 alAdn0o,’

‘@0, @RORIOMEWI? @YAQu’,

ag)a® 2106y, EPQR0AVo @R OO

80 0 (@ )BH0M0 PRI DIV HISQD.

@™o ailom @eabo BIPORM

OBBRIG BOS EBAOMQYo @GSINGITME &@ aellw 2al @5 ‘DOdSE’ aga

I0EEDEg J0dd ‘N MENB LI GS) B «gODO ®LeICD[ ailS)ay ®alojab

690b og)SE900’ ag)am QQ,Q.&SW 1060y,

Note.

@oegean! Sir.

6000d & @e1 ayadnoo Ishall carry a mountain.

2@obo @eIesm ailS).oeaieied if you will all put it on my

head.

.

©e© BeroewmaansTwan oe

fm oo ¥

qLAL I COFO(TE) 0V LWHUL O W[ LD

wygyno®

@R ELIS©@ PefF| P F@ic@ogo%c

oW PRIt wriTeE(rofde

operwgse| o FF o cotBorv (Moo

@.oﬂae .

wy|ses(g@ro® wegcrs wirv

PGE

POCCOIAD ALTOUL@RE W eOV©N)

e%%

oD WS ALPOUWS@PW LW BB

o@eae@

(0 awpewsedEw me e se|woass

oen@wes S oforocsran om

ofo {Worverero@ ofpmweoce I o

Qs QU

QWSO @@ cBe BY @D

ProQ UM PVl Leess (IO (Lwcess

Yeowe awd (@ So moce

.mo.wrC.\Cm@ 0890QCLLIDLME BPrIOCrug

WYLLND ow_Gcherﬁ@oﬂc 0@CNCT AD

P28 @ @ir A e

m&areoﬂq.rﬂo AP OUB@ERW ®O@fv

sepw ewewSEmIWReYd

o @0 €tEue AL @O (30NN TUD

roowfv Beuwme(giravec @e

‘@pieeSey oforiw qrow Efo

*E00pUT

nod 2191

PRI o wcswlos eoofversm

o

‘g1 cef o COLY

‘€

eroglus|

(0 [f0

‘BT © D@ irugluot@® sRra U0 (S@o

plowh

wyy i

fElsiv woroee wess eBrote Gesorv awde aER(YWERE t©

LR

o, ﬂ%c.cmo@rm»o@q oS (Seced .mﬁfme.q.@ aw®o %%r@cd aw(v®° uwwe®o,

OQeQ or

‘apro(seSpBeame roae Swiwe Buve(miwrvy oot TErote @

(et @® .Qc@rm.%oﬁsmnr@cd W eTapbr o SEI®E NS WO

consy(@roe, olerroet) fecwew® *Gavorv awe wee sy oo ‘eeaw,

o ¢ die

(f8zam ‘ocop BLro awbe qersy|wrow sebw iuwde, ‘Gusorv prooe an®o

Besrugo Gaerues S© BEws W, -mmrmo.a@ aw®e owssed( B(ro Prupir e Se

10841

wefFroanto)

oo Qip 090 B WO W, ‘ScBroaw [F( B0 @ oew

‘ouw®e wosetr TR cmirvee @otse(sw ooy G ofg(w®e

1 tof ¢

Goo(voe (Seced Buw([T 8w (0me ThSUR OPEDed IR oD

B ‘g

e W

‘AL W @ (Seiwy e BBivero o Coozoaw R(E 0O

[

30112 ey

L

174

NG IS INIMIB 2T IO D,

00110

@ngaos

S M) OWENIEMIEOY @IS )& D MRD

a2l lanoa e Sy SO Ad

ool

S 0emeeng gsailofldlesan smoa

08lo?

SN V1B QIMI0 B o)) ®.010e)S Inoab: —

Qe s

&M OW C20d )21® ERJoARIGMALd

qgg"mc

®@MOOS BLN0QH)BINS NI

s

f

DOmm APlYeS Galemaaesdss.

Do

ammm@mmmom@ma&ﬂmm@ )]

g

S)SO2MMER a10mDE s

Dorlo

SISV &@&o@mom@m@mogﬂmon{)

oﬂmom’\moa_\amasmoé“ua@mgo

@(TUG(OE

aneflaLnamsgo quoed).oflSImond,

O ¢

TVANHAON 2B QYo NOHO NG (URRAB0

ol

%23

6) 2) (MDY 010 @Q@@Ocﬁfﬂ(ﬂ)ﬂb @®HANIYo

Q0o QY

S M) OWOH90E JeogEatommond @adoemieiab.

Gomins

ajlammaiialde @R, %o_nrzﬂmoswésyeso ?

&‘Qému'.’”

BI®IZ 010.0188Q0 BHS o)

83l |

M2y

AN aAVEIEa0BRAQI0 0 10603)S INoad: —

o003 ) B@9.010029.03@ ) 2f1S)noad

D6156d

Qe @od aid)alee:o 1o cmEe

o

MY

MO OSITEQID OB GRIBeS: |ab

@0 )

SM)HHdz BRI EORIAD (g,

QYEEL Blajaitdo 9.01Q BWEYOW

@n@@%

IRLERICEM Qlald)219M@D O&HMS

20010y

BEMHE® &M OV Wad.aflsain

mgz0

SN QIOHMNAAAVo s Wo.

B ®IE al @) Do,

Wﬂ@m i

Note.

aJ0mgy]

In the town of Yappur there lived a respectable Brahmin.

M an

ool Qi)

8)a9o®am in such and such a place,

§®2.00020.01@ ) of1S Inoab

ce)sﬁ%w.

played the part of a spy.

D9 aflayq

4,

COY2IMI¥ 0.

@mnlﬁsf}@

500 o)

B@ WY RIBOR CINOSEMINS & HeBIZlO® Baodlwlman.

Note,

em €)aiMo ERYGIwALAW) BM® @S @ )g)ed @ avaLEEslMb @ o)

2)en Gmm@ailad aIYaReg OGIOB OB I@IMIY] Galt@&MME M9 OHalH)S)

mcﬂm@.

@OIMBo EVQIMNS BSANIW) a10AR G );

mo ol aiwe

@ 1aMITh ag®INMO 10} INIQ AUWIYPW P )Be0; EOEOINE M@ Id B Ao

®2300fl00 ©SEEa W] HB:IFEMEMOZM WI@WW).o| EOOEIOM OalQy.

8RB MOMO &g e 10em s )HMm Bog QBOO docsc‘mm@'\%. 16 @M @o0b

L

ol by

175

—

@O IOMN BYIVIE)010ch OO PImIalmIdnR@o @o@oq@o&ﬂ@;go 20Q88

BANOBMEBZo (RSB0 ERGIMILYER Mo @R AT 100d DSAICIO® oAl

N NOW @aaﬂ%@mo@zm@o@o@ @ob2s@o alloseslal @i @anleseamo

anele? @ogy @ @ )om m%o_@as'raﬂ @003 1BRAJTRIGAN aIPORHB O )65 )en

ReR UOENIDH BMo H.alY @IMWo E&ile) BEINMOSD BSIO® AV@0 &lesid

Qaylomge ailayswogimecoyo (@jcaile; mpallesmmp @ean g omeeaaw

Sgila) @O0 98 imaleieeam ailgl.o) ©e)ene M@E0.1W.

“@o 200BYDS OME] Mg 9aSlg{le Ao myesila g aemo.

g @)a0 01g) ) OBRMWYo E39drio QIAD Gai®Id AFlOHdo el HAIS ess Qo.”

®eilolia)@ro @raldd En@lom m%m@aﬁcﬂ @6asm alellw &@ @901

o) an.

afloan &M UMW 0 J8eIS RO 310y, EPUQYOS

OAVIEE)ajo Slodadgo A 10D, @Y HILIOT T &M GBADTD BT B aVg|

OO OGO INEE al0SEmIId @O0 allao aflew agaflem@a al

@)o) @osoB@lejo ayoailo). ogay aflen 2gp) ollolsoy, g, cupa, af)

Qo @00 lOm @pdIw ).

OBI0QY IE3) OB (BYCEJ%(ZQ:Qé aeflw o ool

BOINS «gLPAUNORYo CS] QDS ).

avswled el smmoailab @ra)w

RYEMEBOS AgR).ol.

“epa’) eeelled neres (0083 O 1@ EEIN S G0 YO

82@10j © MRS W oy;

QUIABRNSOOON Balopal waflos agpypme Mo

M@ E20e) Myaiofldlenneaa’ alosmy. “aganich @0 a1 SMMIZ®IN) @YE

O @058 HAM” @O0 AQYI8Weg B.a1E) o).

Q@ecﬁﬁﬂm@osrﬁ’ ROMA0 QIR IOMDD CHS IR @0 QRL

M@ @Al EREOM MILDBINEHE)GESINS oMo 0.1,

YW

@D @an 2SOHm zro’W% aflsm.

MO SHB agRIcAITo @F)e) ©IROA0

QO SERIOAAD 0106wy, gialle) OOM BRIV |5ADNMIT) MO OB

atmliPo

OSITBAANGINENAR IOy E@DDIOHMHO HPAD FEIEOEHMD.

@810

EOOFM DY AEOBIOM aflE20H U HAo| GYDI ESSHIDVROIW).

Bl mos

O31OM A )BCMmIdd @G G IvallwIw & @ﬂ&cm meabo aéad s,

aJOTm08s |dB oy, EPQaidd Q) aVMo HBHITZo Ealo HSHITNZo om) lang

1o

(m

2@): Qilm@00119bo a1Wo ©))aR LIODGHS W0 og)aD 9Qlp) B® alPo oAV

) _nj‘.ﬂmm

‘9,5"]5%. @08 ad @OAD o IROWILMZER OB 12w FIBDHYo QETH

g0 Qilaio MIEYHPOSs alEID LEQ o_mﬂ@uaooﬁ:%.

avay Dlalerpledbio)

@03]95)@ WMo 941y SOV HSIIVSE SR aga alB)mai) o019

SO0 ®HM0 HGLTDOAD. EYELI0.01)E9I0 T WIN®IMT0 §.21Q@B® ag)dD VIR0,

Note.

el

@D(T)CTDCTD(OEZ{,BU lake Mansurwar;

2B @ME) BLOIR6EE) mango-

b oad]

stone; og@o put forth bunches of flowers; @gﬂ‘rﬂoﬂ(ﬂm@ set the

AR

g

i

3!

young fruits;

R@a)p@® the fruits matured and ripened;

)Qﬂﬂb ML‘W

SYOY PRMEINGa wrenched off its neck;

o m) flang 2o

®Q

) g L0

2@ Q.0 became weary of life;

aidloaila) repented;

321001 1920O@ @WIH®IAN0 H.AYDMOHDMD TV the moral is: ““Do

o 93%

uﬂ&i’ﬂm‘

nothing without consideration.”

7

5.

INBHAVE) 2g)®INI®B 18] (B&H2 o 2@ Yes QNI AYOIHLILAD

IBBBIUO QUGS alwejo ajailQo B $Sailth Haigre @S)ee?q o oo

00D 850 Q_J(Zﬂo_me_ﬂ_% gaﬂmoﬁvoeﬂodﬂ mmmma&@o@@’aﬂwm@ @)

WEWIDS @mled @as) @seyj0 &M o) A0dAN@ BB AHOOIAD GAIEMO

ag)am _oﬂnbﬂj% @eabo aj@em Qﬂ@ﬂ% agomiloisailownmo ® ol EFHE

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Note,

Begin—In ancient times there was born upon this planet a most

powerful giant by the name of Ravana, the lord of the demon-host,

who by his incomparable prowess easily threw into shade the

achievements of Indra himself; he had ete,

mazmailajleom from

the celestial garden,

@rAIM G | the toss-ball.

6.

cﬁ‘s@.QJP_KY?).

01068l @@mﬁamo@@zmﬂa@mmﬂg

aﬂm@m(c%’]ma a106mod aflean:

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enfleonaeoavars)saom S5l

mnoemicveflaimowej@ef)

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05 $1WEmMITD SME@MEG oF )l ) o

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Q1L @OB BRI B EIT Jeog Gaoam laiad

modles Slom Galvwar)lemo 6.a100h.

afleaoe e @om medmemo o)z

&

Note

Qe sad)oflsoay oflwow b,

o) Mgy ol meg aslg oo

@i ea) _o.ﬂnoﬂ% aansmneo

N

185

nog’leeamoally joasmdo a’ﬂé@ﬁg

g 60D &oeMmPEIIRD ag)D S®IAWo.

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@gTE%COOLQO.

Note.

Begin— Seeing his emaciated body they ‘made the following

humorous remarks.

“What induced Brahma’, said they, ‘to build

this man’s frame a mere skeleton? Was it from a playful fancy for

GUabo HMO

exhibiting his skill in the line of the ludicrous’ ete.

J 0y

sooemm MO mMSanom®egjodd the Brahmin walked on in the

et & MOss

direction of

emnon-host

shade the

iil.

Description.

flom from

I,

(BYOU)(Y\(& O@Q)o.

2

TOQY WD ACAIEMYBIrUp, @ 1980 I _ITD

Voo momo@mcma@_\qvchsmo_ﬂrmo

MNIMNIAIEN 1S MIESTHITED) |2BMNa0 0

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MAEMEAIBWLM) @smul lomaasalo.

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6023010808 B18MIg BN @

ERJaDBBEDOMAM20D .a10p|d0D SHIMNOEANIQ0.

mods@emo &glglog.

Note.

Beg‘in———FilIed with rare trees and piants, fruits and flowers of

all seasons, inhabited by all kinds of animals, resounding with

ete.

B ieidetanle

. . .this spot is, in the opinion of etc,

N. B. The whole to be translated as a single sentence.

Aol

e

186

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algoldloan &loweolw em mmd)gimei;an.

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(.3

Note

Sy, iRAaS e d TUEIZSMDAITR ete

magnificent palaces,

ﬁa 1 4

of the Virty

Council-chambers, spires and towers

EROEHM M D 8Hs while.

23880 @¥as ()& 0o rythmically

@GS0 (@)oo in unison.

4

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EDUREMNISAM.2)EMBVISo With his companions and his elder

e

brother.

®Qi2o a bower.

QJ@O.KT)@@ Mg OHHNVM a0

o ool

p1ocd etc. bewitched by the floral beauty of the wild scenery,

| apsiaen

began to play upon his flute.

POWEBHE a1@D) a0 Sl

\gaam A

engo ete. the winged beetle Sported about from flower to flower,

a9 049

humming joyfual tunes.

(N. B. The true English style would require Bee instead of Beetle).

04(‘[8&10.

The last two lines:—and rivers flowed on (deep and clear) like the minds

nf, pRIoCESs

of the virtuous.

dlgen il

4.

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—

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Note

Do ogdndo 8500.130QS R AS A corzﬂ%m&mc)ooﬂnb consider

this as the smoke from my burning resentment

W) @ wWan

@ oo labailan ete, as, when an angry lion hurls down

from the highest summit of an elevated mountain, huge elephants

one after another, having split open their brains and sucked out

their life-blood, they roll down mutilated in a hundred form, so

shall I hurl you down — every one of the nine, who are so proud

80 conceited and so haughty — out of your throne assureas I ama

Brahmin

And I shall never tie up this tuft of hair again before

accomplishing this feat

——

——

189

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mceﬁn@@oggmqmejm'\m’}@@cr'm@ QameERd &egsamd allmpo)

oD1S)noad ete. trees which clove the clouds excited his admiration,

Hundreds of thousands, millions, billions nor even millions of millions

will not adequately represent their number,

$HI0QRI@0 H2Y)

BRIB00I™ BMOAL ete. were driven off like chaff by the mere

re-action of the air caused by the rotation of his mighty club.

BRO (M@ IW2RMaIQ|@o ete. the high and extensive range

of Gandha Madana mountains rose before him.

Not one or two,

bat a hundred thousand peaks rose proudly up to the starry heights;

in the torrents which where resplendant with the glare of endless

gems, fishes and crocodiles sported about; in the caves ete.

2

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ol

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o) 00

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myale

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B0 M @ o,

0Jis

Note.

aMWAId W ete. the majesty of Gandava with which Arjuna

0_105]’3‘.9.

stood armed, the ravages of the conflagration, the mingled cries of

24@o 6

beasts, birds and reptiles as they were consumed by the flames. .

Qeelomy

&mgo

a full account of all these was carried to Indra, whose eyes became

blood-shot with rage at their recital, and quickly mounting his

o0 &

elephant, and brandishing his sword, he started for the forest

0% 6

accompanied by his general and the heavenly cohorts and terrific

200w

0§ @y

storm clouds, saying, ‘‘see, I shall annihilate the god of fire

before your very eyes etec.”

ol 9s

6100Jmo

fellaig

1v

Miscellaneous.

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00 2o

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Sh’;gé.

06m) momﬂ:% @e1mow ad)an.

S L0 MR d),

Note.

Begin—The queen of the Pandyan king one day addressed him

as follows: ‘It does not seem right that a minister who +- .« should

receive. ......m@)o65 DO M)o@o 6D @5 lo> o0

very well! I shall show you the jastice of

9 0 s s o

..o eabo

@O®00 o@? tell me the meaning of this,

QO BH5sMD D b

oflan epaiealls @aaim a spirit which rose out of the saorie

ficial fire. QJ6mM) o613 )0 @m@o%ﬁmﬁm the queen bent down

her head in shame.

8. (wlBsaimeno.

Note

8.1 MMQYEMINZ OMIIG S5

MYa2eMD, 8 8O SR eiwo

W) )m)ewal m@0 an©)

6)6)0_!636‘300 BUWNBHRBMISsmO,

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MICIREMMUSIAIIIVo &ong

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&8enodly @oglsanna

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,600_5)

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EaVIAAVRIMAT I ()& &ong

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MAIREBOENIR 11D 1B D@0

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—

197

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Do

ayres)oErvsatmo amg

lmg

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CAMAVAIMNET)B)So HOE

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e daI8R2101)e10qo &g

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polado

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the sactie

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bent down

@DAIMDOM BR800y

©0Q5).0199218 @D g2,

MOMMIMESWsaldslo © 88 @,

Note.

RUNOOBHPBMOssmo unequalled in splendour by anything in this

world.

@ e@amaIu’) ez @ses) wonders after wonders

met their gaze, such as ete. The last four lines—Nothing that

1s impossible should be auttempted, and a description of the unique

beauties of Vaikuntam is among the impossible.

4‘

mcm’\gngé’ 2sil3(MyS)saIes Bal0MIS @BYEs

Sa0ap Gaoaflavan & @miowllgjlesan

QOR1I,

(mrg 9®@o.

Py &S ).

QmId.

(@),

2000 82S0 Q.Q-0c B-d8 @Q 82®] Q-0 M- cIMHT @D IWENIHM

@)@ )80 Z2SIH@MME OMMMOAR GO’ @@ M HalalssdIHabowo

I lQesSQo EmMmerw))d)lesam ogan.

00 GoQoRlch @3mamemailaive G18g 1855 @GS (0)0)ENEOMERo

@O S WENIOHMO 61105 |60 |OWQo, DIGAIIGowo BRUSISIT) EPW.0)

82W) omrto B @S>k ElnatIacho MS@ )o@ enig |WIW GeTD?

g16ws Zaimoailed G.a18)od)ed Elmoe ERWISREE e BanItUS)g es

@och @R ALNAIAD BalW] G2(E)&ove MSM Gamislg{lgjoth aven) @Y

%a? oaabd 2N SHgIMOSMISAD. mi2nb Gamalab @ aunaIm Gaicw]

O g

“UIPDIRY WOIDAVIVY $.197700)

By

(Stew | w

OB© ocsse Qi) TOfY ee-ev 00-0O cautErbsEr

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35

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QWO vPevtem:haue SutecBeun (sweo (S G Geworo av®e csye

e Rrnsey W@raﬂc@ AT Qotse|©fv) oeciFe oceo%@o@g Suoc@©

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pemsecws (s (stw quees

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B o o> @ rr rwe ot @sr(@RU([0 oSty 0i-o°0 qulEroee oquE

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ScSec e pwmrvaciue FeRLo cScBsemeian oSiwavtseme Coas

T,

861

—

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I

199

8y 08805

Note.

@M IR0 2ROSS) (D) 2oos® Mammad Kutti versus Mara-

kar.

Yo 821

Complaint — that the accused etc.

B8MRIGa IR &K enclo-

553 600

sures. o)® 18Jo ()@ 890 B2 &0 s)mg%icmrzﬁ’ @060y QWY

) @0 6g)

(@)ow@es eando avodfi) @o@o ete, translate these as separate

Joth )

simple sentences and conclude with ¢‘and therefore it is plain that

gmm:m

the complainant is suffering from simple fever ete.”

Qo M@é.

5l

Am &M

‘@00 2GaM 013 .24aDR0S 1R @E Ieh Qiamw

AWM

QW) HSMTISM GuwmINES?”’

m%mrm

“ o (@)Geldaum) alld)amlaj@OMOD SOy

@Zl" S0

P2E ZUMNE@M I Gaid® Sald a3l!”

b o® Bl

“@alailmailase avamye aimanadlehaananbo

¢4l (B‘fbfgﬁ

@lamntSlremdla BIaVMAId 6BIMNBa).”

0 onsadk

0D 20D 22 BaO® 192N ey 2baY™gy,

el

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10 @ﬁ»m

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905

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gy

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Note.

Begin——¢‘who is the fool that in the height of impertinence

\ob

‘Be

attempts to steal into the abode of the moon-crested god ?’

0

o O_S(Tﬂ

off, be off! what an arrant fool thou art to intercept the son of

2 0 glmo

Virinja the lord of the three worlds ?’

o B O

o)

M0

6. Moo,

a@m# 2009

%00) 2IPRORHOMM™ Caldel O&:e)Eges afleallmoonom sach

)&SQUS,]-

ooeil@lamlam ajosg s malmBdkdgs MIAL)BHBIOS ARRIOIDENS I

o Reate”

——

200

pE—

05 WA

mauerak o_ﬂ(ée,;a@ms EROOOM A EIYE D HRRQYo A IOMOWRYo

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Qo DAIZeR Wiz Mo Qe ailoeidmd OMINMge ot maimszIcel

oo leeames .

gdleecamIQo Mal QIgman,

afleaIsae aid)azayo

&0 cso_sésuw SS5¢1288 0@ lor e an.

uaro"lrocmc@o,

Note.

mocdléde blood-vessels.

PRYOIOIY

61190 )0 epidermis.

& nerves.

EYHTNOWRYo MLIRAOWYo OHMISBIAD give

form and strength,

23 )eeEaMIQe Malo QI8 @M nails grow as

they are cut.

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o) V0o

002 e,

200 @l&o ag-0 - eavailetensmElnd .

Note.

Quilandy

2T7th -

, 1034,

My dear sir,

You have not yet sent me physician Raman as you

8

persoﬁally promised ete.

e

°

.

yours sincerely

Ramunni.

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GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION

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For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges

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BY

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T. KANARAN, 5. 4.

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EDITED BY

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JOSEPH MULIYIT, B. A,

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Headmaster, Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras.

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“Languages differ among themselves in every degree.

are so much alike that their users can with sufficient trouble and

care come to understand one another ; of others even a superficial

examination shows abundant correspondences;

of yet others

similar points of accordance are rarer and only discoverable by

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practised study and research; and a great number are to all

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appearance wholly diverse.”” — Whitney.

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