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Part I, 1 Kana︣ran, Tatta . . > e S— N ; 7 " it — g e - g - z - - - o dadt T T Py A — 5 B 557 o R a—— e — f?_( i i P iy T § & A IVE STUDY COMPARA’[; F ENGLISH AND MALAYALAM AS A GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges BY d A KANAI}AN, B. A. EDITED BY JOSEPH MULIYIL, B.a, Headnmstej', Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras. “Languages differ among themselves in every degree. Some are so much alike that their users can with sufficient trouble and care come to understand one another ; of others even a superficial examination shows abundant correspondences; of yet others similar points of accordance are rarer and only discoverable by practised study and research; and a great number are to all appearance wholly diverse.” — Whiiney. QELL D, RS L% ~f\ 5 i \| 1 T &S N Nl o i SN == %z AT = Z.: re Arue ‘MANGALORE BASEL MISSION BOOK AND TRACT DEPOSITORY 1898 e AUl rights reserved ‘1\ l { : s Y 1SSIo % L) Uf} S F D QESCE 2 g A \4 & 3 S g) ) & | Z (Zgj ﬂ Z, T, D 2 HANGInS, P A i xC | PRINTED AT THE BASEL MISSION PRESS, MANGALORE. I 11 e I 2\ ) 4 o R [~ )'i g \ = \ ‘t\’ o ) f ¥ TTC th 1 & 3174580 -1 ) th il W L PR;IVEFAA_C‘E. %T is with unfeigned diffidence that I venture to send forth % into the world this work, the fruit of the last ten years’ 4 ® labours of a most accomplished man, who was cut away in the prime of his life, without even a note of warning. Had he been spared for a few months more, so as to be enabled to give his work the final correction and finishing strokes, it would have been presented to the public in a far different form from what it has assumed in my hands. For me it is quite impossible, within the short period at my disposal, to do fair justice to a work on which its talented author spent ten long years of minute researches and assiduous application. But, as I am quite certain that the many friends of the lamen- ted author, who are with a melancholy interest looking forward to its speedy publication, will, even in its present form, welcome it as a suitable relic of his admirable intellect, I have considered it advisable to postpone the thorough revision of the book until a future edition of it. Meanwhile, in spite of all its imperfections, even the most superficial reader, I have no doubt, must be charmed by the fascinating manner in which the author has handled the difficult subject, and fully appreciate the skill he has displayed in making the work really interesting to the student. Y The consensus of opinion among a very large section of the earnest and experienced labourers in the field of educa- tion, would fully endorse the verdict, that lessonsin translation are among the worst given by the teachers, and least received by the pupils. It might appear rather strange at first sight, that in spite of such a generally received opinion, the subject 7 should have been allowed to remain a virgin field so long, when the rest of the school curriculum have been traversed Iv PREFACE. ] L over and over again by authors, commentators and compilers ad nauseam. The reason . of this apparent anomaly is not far 1 to seek—it is not a subject upon which a work could be written at a sitting; without a good deal of patience and il trouble, nothing can be done in this direction that can be of c0 any value; and few have the patience, if they have the time, [] necessary for the undertaking. Two or three so-called Tran- 00 st slation Guides have of late appeared before the public, bat unfortunately, beyond supplying a few promiscuous examples, il they are perfectly useless to the student. They give nothing gf W in the way of instruction or guidance, and consequently the question remains where it was. 0 W Having been a teacher for the past fifteen years and having 561 experienced the difficulties that stand in the way of an efficient teaching of the subject, I have not the slightest reluctance to alf i say that Mr. Kanaran’s work really supplies a long felt want T and that it is apt to encourage an earnest student in a branch W of study which has hitherto been left pretty much to take care of itself. An honest attempt is here made, now for the first time, to grapple with the real difficulties of the subject th of in an easy systematic manner. Points of agreement and St difference are deduced and exemplified and rules and princi- I ples laid down wherever possible. il The sentence is treated in all its various forms and con- at ditions, and the student taken along progressive steps, from hir its simple constituent parts to the most complex and involved W0 constructions. Suggestive notes are appended to most of the the difficult exercises. The set of graduated exercises have been o carefully selected, and as such cannot fail to prove interesting 0u reading in themselves. A separate chapter is devoted to proverbs. N The chapter of comparative notes on all important points of accordance and divergence between the two langu- 9 PREFACE. v IS ages must be very interesting to the advanced student. The Bl appendix contains a glossary of technical terms. he It was at first my intention to leave the work intact and ad publish it as left by the author, only making the necessary of corrections and filling up the gaps left here and there. But 18 M I have found it necessary to divide the book into two parts confining to the first part, all that is required for junior il £s students and removing to the second whatever is required for advanced students only, such as, comparative notes, proverbs, 5 ete The supplementary chapters on “The Sentence” with I g which the second part opens ought to have, strictly speaking, appeared in the First Part, but they being my addition to the 0g work and not of very great importance to juniors, I have in- serted them in the second part. The glossary had to be il fo altered a good deal, as the author, evidently with the inten- 0t tion of revising it before publication, had prepared it in a ch very imperfect manner. For any defect in it therefore, I am ke wholly responsible. Before concluding, I must observe, that wherever I found he 3ot the author carried away by enthusiasm beyond the pale nd of propriety and literary etiquette, and indulging in an unre- strained expression of his reflections, I had to resort to an (1 unsparing application of editorial shears, in order to save his memory from the resentment of theindividuals and communities it attacked by him. No doubt the nature of the subject compelled m him to pass many cutting and unpleasant remarks on the ed works of certain authors; a few of these I have retained, but he those that I considered to be wanting in taste in a posthumous il publication, and apt to exhibit a spirit of intoleranceand jeal- 13 ousy, I have entirely omitted. fo nb § NETTUR, TELLICHERRY, | 15th October 1897. J Joseph Muliyil. In the preparation of this book, the following works have been laid wunder contribution :— A First Work in English by Murison and Adam; Bain’s Grammar and Rhetoric; Metzner's Grammar; Whitney’s Works; Mac Mordie’s Composition ; Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrases and Fables; Hand-book of Proverbs; Trench, On Proverbs; Man- ners and Tone of Polite Society; The Correct Guide to Letter- writing ; Palgrave’s Golden Treasury; and a number of other classical works too numerous to mention, chiefly for suitable examples on the one hand; and on the other, Monier Wil- liam’s Sanskrit Dictionary ; Apte’s Works ; Gundert’s Dictionary and Grammar; The Ayurveda; Frohnmeyer’s Malayalam Physics; Liebendorfer’s Malayalam Physiology; The Malayalam Fourth Reader; Indian Wisdom; the Bharata; the Maha Bhagavata; the RamAyana; some of the recent Malayalaﬁl and almost all the Novels; Collett’s Malayalam Reader; available ‘sources of Malayalam prose. e A’ orks; and \an- fer- ther table Part I Wil naLy alam alam Jah@ alam | the 1 Contents of Part I. 0 CHAPTER 1. The Qualification and the Qualificants. Page 1 The Noun and its Adjuncts 1. Exercise— A. English . B. Malayalam 11 The Verb and its Adjuncts 11 9 & Exercise—A. English . 12 13 B. Malayalam CHAPTER II. The Typical Simple Sentence. 3. Exercise—A. English . 15 B Malayalam 16 CHAPTER III. Sentence. Varieties of the Simple 1 The Negative Sentence 20 Engli'sh 21 4, Exercise—A. B Malayalam 21 11 The Imperative Sentence 22 5. Exercise—A. 24 E'nglish : B Malayalam ) - 5 i 1 'Simple Sentences introduced by there 26 27 6. Exercise—A. English . B. Malayalam 2 ” [ i v The Interrogative Sentence 28 31 7. Exercise—A. English . B Malayalam 32 The Passive Voice 33 8. Exercise— A. 35 E-ng*li‘sh B Malayalam 36 e Vi The Indefinite Sentence . 37 9. Exercise—A. 38 E;agli'sh B . Malayalam 39 CONTENTS Page Vil It Anticipating an Inflnitive Phrase 40 a.) It as Subject Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed 41 41 10. Exercise—A. English . B. Malayalam 41 b.) It as Object Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed 42 11. Exercise—A. English 42 B. Malayalam 43 ¢.) It Anticipates an Inflnitive Implied 44 General Exercises in the Anticipative Use of 4t 44 12. Exercise—A. English . 44 B. Malayalam 45 Vil 46 The Simple Sentence with oo followed by an Inﬁnlttve 18. Exercise—A. English 47 48 B. Malayalam 1X The Absolute Construction 48 14. Exercise—A. English . 49 B. Malayalam 50 The Simple Sentence with an Inflnitive Phrase ha,vmg the force of an Adjective . 51 15. Exercise—A. English 51 B Malayalam 52 ."L X1 General Exercise in Simple Sentence 53 16. Exercise—A. English 5 B. Malayalam 5 X CHAPTER IV. The Compound Sentence. Common Subject . 60 17 Exercise—A English 61 B 62 Malayalam 11 Common Predicate 63 18. Exercise—A English 64 B 65 Malayalam 111 Common Object 65 19. Exercise—A. Enghsh 66 66 B. Malayalam v The Co-ordinate Sentence 67 e 44"'; a.) The Co-ordinate Sentence under Personal Pronouns who, and which . 67 20. Exercise—A. Enghsh 67 B. Malayalam 68 CONTENTS. XI ge Pége 70 40 b.) Co-ordinate Sentences under Conjunctive Advelfbs 70 i1 21. Exercise—A. English . i1 72 B. Malayalam 41 47 4? CHAPTER V. 4 The Complex Sentence. it Complex Sentence with Adjective-clauses ° 75 44 76 44 a.) The Adjective-clause with the Relative in the Objective Case 22. Exercise— A. English 76 45 46 B. Malayalam 76 41 b.) The Adjective-clause with the Relative as Subject . 77 48 77 23. Exercise—A. English 48 7l B. Malayalam 1) ¢.) The Adjective-clause introduced by Relative Pronouns with Prepositions o 79 )1 24. Exercise—A. English . 80 51 B. Malayalam 81 d.) Adjective-clause under what . ” 83 5 84 25. Exercise—A. English . b 84 36 B. Malayalam 85 e.) Adjective-clause under why 26. Exercise—A. English . 85 B. Malayalam 86 0 61 CHAPTER VI 62 The Noun-clause. 68 1 88 64 Noun-clause as Subject 27. Exeroise—A. English . 88 (ib] 60 B. Malayalam 88 66 11 Noun-clause as Object 89 66 28, Exercise —A. English . 89 90 67 B. Malayalam 111 91 General Exercises in Adjective and Noun-clauses. 67 29. Exercise—A. English . 91 67 B Malayalam 98 68 XII CONTENTS, CHAPTER VII. The Adverbial Clause. Page 1 The Adverbial Clause of Place. 109 30. Exercise— A. English 110 B. Malayalam 114 i1 Do of Time 112 31. Fxercise—A. English . 118 115 B. Malayalam 111 Do 118 of Degree 382. Exercise—A. English . 119 B. Malayalam 120 i v Do, of Belief . 122 33. Exercise—A. English . 124 B. Malayalam 126 Do of Cause and Effect. 128 34. Exercise—A. English . 129 B Malayalam 131 N Do of Manner 134 35. Exercise—A. English . 135 B Malayalam 136 CHAPTER VIII. Direct Narration. 36. Exercise—A. English ., 143 B. Malayalam . 146 CHAPTER IX. 1 General Exercises; with Notes. 155 Exercise—A. English . B. Malayalam 172 A~ AN AN age INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 09 10 I. Tfanslation in General. 11 12 The ability to translate a sentence from one language into 13 another accurately and properly, implies not only a thorough 15 acquaintance with the grammar and idiom of each of these 18 19 languages per se, but also a comparative and critical know- 20 ledge of them taken fogether. An ideally perfect translation 29 should have nothing about it savouring in the least of its U 26 derived origin; it must appear every inch of it a freeborn native, and not a foreigner dressed up for the occasion in the 28 2 national garb of the society he happens to be moving in. 3 Ideas are the life of every sentence, words being simply the 34 servants of ideas; ideas must therefore for ever remain the 30 primary object of every translator. Make yourself thoroughly 36 at home with the author; dive to the very bottom of his sentences and search for his ideas; when you are sure you have got them, then, and only then, think of the best pos- £ sible way of putting them down in your language, consistent of course, with the highest approximation to the verbal 46 arrangement of the original, and the least violation of the If you can faith- idiomatic propriety of the second language. fully reproduce the ideas, and at the same time keep close to the form and arrangement of the original sentence, do so by i all means; but whenever it should be difficult or impossible to satisfy both these conditions, then, without the least hesita- tion, give up the words and stand by the ideas. The principle of every translator must be to make his translation an exact counterpart of the original in e?;pression, meaning and septi- 1 P F sl 2 ment; but if too close an adherence to verbal sikmilitude en- dangers the meaning and clashes against the idiom of his language, the meaning and sentiment must be preserved and the words sacrificed. 2 Sometimes it becomes impossible to make the transla- tion intelligible without omitting some, and altering others, of the words in the original; even the form and the whole arrangement may have to be altered, as in letters and official correspondence. Two languages, one furnishing an exact equivalent for every word and phrase in the other, would be impossible to be met with even among the most highly culti- 2 vated and fully developed ones of the world. The work of translation must therefore, even when the languages are 4 at almost equally matched, be always a difficult -one demanding taste and critical judgment; but when they happen to be so T unequally matched, as English and Malayalam, spoken by o nations so wide apart and differing so much in their surround- ings, mode of life, taste and experience, the task becomes 1, really trying, taxing to the utmost the resources of the trans- fu lator, and remaining but imperfectly accomplished withal. to 3 Our position thus fully realised, we may proceed to he grapple with these difficulties to the best of our ability ; but I the student must be cautioned at the outset that he is sup- S posed to be fully at home with the ordinary rules of grammar ey both of English and of Malayalam, and that nothing but the most salient points of difference will be pointed out and ex- gus plained to him in this book. 4 0y The object of this small treatise is not in any way to 0 . replace the existing works on English and Malayalam Gram- $id mar, but to supplement them so as to be of special assistance yet to the student in this particular branch of study. l&nt 1 11§ II. The Vocabulary. i 5 A few words may now be said about the vocabulary of the two languages. The English language is rich with the o accumulated wealth of centuries, gathered from the languages % of almost every known nation on the face of the earth, from their literature, science and philosophy, and towers majestic 18 with its enormous wealth of one hundred and twenty-three 1ot thousand words, supplying every demand of sentiment, art b and science; while Malayalam, like a pigmy of yesterday’s it growth, with its poor pittance of but a few thousands of verbal of store, dwindles down to insignificance by the side of this e giant. The difficulty, and in some cases the futility, of any 1g attempt to represent adequately this vast array of English §0 words by the meagre vocabulary of Malayalam will be patent by to every one. nd: 6. The advent of western thoughts and sciences is expos- 16s ing day by day the poverty of the language more and more s fully; and of late years extensive application had to be made to the creative power of the genius of the language. By 0 heavy drafts upon its parent, the Sanskrit, and by a very u liberal grant of franchise to many English words, a partially U successful atttempt is being made to meet this ever-growing demand. nar the 7 As a necessary consequence, we find now in the lan- £x guage, many words called into existence by the inventive power of each speaker and writer to meet an emergency or y’to to supply a want; the whole of such, however, cannot be all said to have received the full popular sanction, nor are they 106 yet entitled to be regarded as legitimate members of the language. The student should therefore be on his *guard 1 to discriminate the fully recognised internal acquisitions, and the completely naturalised foreign elements, from these new- born offsprings and immigrated foreigners struggling for firm footing and full denizenship. But at the same time, I must condemn the growing tendency on the part of some, who ought to know better, to set their face completely against all foreign elements and pose as advocates of a rigid purity of the language. This is, no doubt, an imaginary dream. There is no language in the. world that may rightly claim to be strictly pure and unadulterated, and besides, the genius of the language is a very curious and capricious power that often puzzles the most astute philologians. It is potent enough ] to laugh at any bolts and bars that such ultra-punctilious champions of purity are ever likely to oppose to its ingress. In spite of them, and in spite of any number of circulars from those in authority, words and expressions wéll continue E to come in, as necessity arises or long familiarity endears § them to us. The student will remember the conquest of the Saxon over the Norman language in spite of the suzerainty fi 18 of the Norman nation over the Saxons. For instance, people have so long become acquainted with the police that the word 1s readily understood by all and fully recognised by the lan- L guage; it is so constantly on the tongue of the thief, the cut- to throat and the street urchin; the lawyer, the judge and the rich landlord, that it would be a surprise to many to be told E Cr that it requires a translation. It is therefore an illusory th dream to hope to oust it by any circuitous combinations of grand Sanskrit terms such as mweaocemenonaumyo or acaws ANAVOREM G 1D )&, So also, judges and magistrates, schools and It hospitals are as fully established in the language as they are coll in the country. People go to the court and petition the magi- alfg \ i Il strate when they have a case; when ill, they visit fhe hospitals and see the doctor; they send their children to school with books and slates. But nobody thinks of going to mywiusaie) 5t monomo to detail his oyosoieesneme or going t0 emowwoer or ho sending his children to awoeceser with fees for paiosyomb. The duties of modern schoolmasters and indigenous teachers all of of vernacular schools called gaseyswaesd may be theoretically ¢ the same. A differentiation has however set in between the he schoolmaster and aso@yseab, It is therefore simply confusing and distressing to drag in the superannuated goieyowabd to of hat do duty for the young and refined schoolmaster.* 8 1gh But an excessive and unnecessary importation, into Malayalam writing and conversation, of English words and 0us phrases is as much to be depreciated and guarded against, as 885 lars over-scrupulousness in the opposite direction. The author nue had the honor to be present at a meeting convened on the occasion of Her Majesty’s late Jubilee; it was resolved to gars send a congratulatory telegram to England; this had to be the inty translated and entered in the minutes of the meeting. Here is the translation produced: “mogmfled em eevenbwi.sicainod) ople oseilw MESNEMo”. I have no doubt that the members yord Jan- ignorant of English went home highly edified and amply ot gratified that they had sent to England some grand thing to be sure. Persons knowing English and students attending the English schools, when speaking Malayalam, fall into a ludi- , fold crous habit of mixing a very large proportion of English with 1S0Ly their Malayalam. The result is a highly barbarous jargon ns of DL * The author has failed to distinguish the spoken language from the written. It is true that the English words referred to, are almost established in the s and colloquial language, but in a chaste literary composition they should be avoided 0y are altogether and pure vernacular equivalents used. — Editor. magi- truly shocking to hear. I may quote a few instances: ¢emoab o afl Gmidleh SolnwSgpdh & el @iy Gangld umme &6z, oo BagOOAV, alemdes aflal eNlewo?” “am auendd adlaw @lent oa1Qemind @O0 eavadod «galles erWF&)eemsmo?” “oenich @S)8010P” ““@paiab agaD) emombavdn%osrﬁ alogan@ I” “ad) oad Slavss ©.019Q))a)Ew@?” “@e0 Slews, 8 ad)e®I &and e.nlgeg?” A host of others equally ludicrous may be mentioned. The barbarity and the bad taste of the practice is so apparent, yt e that nothing more, I am sure, is needed to put an effective check upon them than to direct public attention to the case. Some native officials of English attainments, I regret to say, presumably from vanity, indulge in this mode of expression to a very great extent; and I am afraid it is from Zhem that the practice has filtered down to the ¢“minor fry”. In the student the practice is doubly objectionable from an educational point 114 of view, to say nothing of the bad taste that is likely to cling to him for life. By hastily thrusting in the English term itself 0! whenever he cannot readily lay hold of its proper Malayalam equivalent, he neglects to think it out for himself or learn it qu qu from others; a valuable opportunity is thus lost of acquiring I a new word and of learning the translation of an old one. think it will not be wide of the mark to say that the bad composition and the very bad translations that our students generally send up for their examinations are due, to a certain extent at least, to this cause. €Xa lan 0r ¢ YAy M 0 neh Chapter I. 0! The Qualification and the Qualificants. o) 5 on 1 The Noun and its Adjuncts. The Let us now take a few examples in English and in Mala- e, yalam of a simple nature, to begin with, and see what we can five learn from them. ase A 1) A gold ring. 3y, 2) A night of darkness. n 0 8) YVital sparks of heavenly flame. the 4) Full many a gem of purest ray serene. 5) Gods, partial, changeful, passionate, unjust. Dot It will be seen from the above examples that the qualify‘- o1nf ing adjuncts'of nouns either precede or follow them in English. ling fse If "Rule 1. The rule seems to be that simple adjectiveé pre- l an cede the noun, but when more than one simple adjective qualify the same noun, or when the adjective is enlarged by m 1 qualifying expressions, it follows the noun. 1ing B e, | 1) B mey @Y. 2) @290 aymyo, lb& 3) HAINIMOSIMZZ] @D BRI )Mo, dents 4) GaweRRIER AIS). ALl 5) 2085 1l avellalrv e e 10aQS ). Rule 2 In Malayalam on the other hand, as the above examples show, the adjuncts invariably precede the noun. We may thus state one rule for the translation of Malaya- lam and English qualificants:— Rules 1 and 2. In English the adjuncts come either before or after the nouns they qualify; but in Malayalam they in- variably precede them. Note. The adjuncts compared. — Adjectives, possessives, nouns in apposition, prepositional phrases, participies and participial phrases and lastly odjectival seutences may be used to qualify the noun in English, while weymyme, @adg) and the wenym @moaiansyo serve the same purpose in Malayalam. There is no adjective so called in Malayalam, its place being supplied by what corresponds to English participles called wenym o, @n is the characteristic termination of eI, Mo. In poetry its place is taken by ®mo; as, alQidl@ammo saismomay. Though both forms are found in poetry, the form in @do is never idiomatic or elegant in prose. The @ is sometimes transformed into @ or replaced by oes, 0go=, oo, @ean, m@an, poo being its poetic equivalents; as, BSIINHOD 0 goBes oV the angry Kamsa; Qigmo @)0eeR Qiiwg|raosdo large plantains; G@0a00 &M @oars)afl@od damsels in a swoon ; @o8ilw a’lS)n eogleamond distracted Kaliya ; @Q00 miaWands affectionate friends efice The simple adjective may often be rendered by a cesym,@m or other forms ending in @, @, or 2es; as, good house mgy aflg; old book The pronouns in English YW ajmdo; huge beast Qugn@es &Ray; ete. never take a simple adjective before them, except rarely in poetry. Adjectival sentences and wegm,emoaiansye used as noun-adjuncts, are postponed to be treated of under the Complex Sentenpe. Directions. In the following exercises in every case the student should be required, first to arrange the words in the order to be translated. The teacher should further ask him to specify the reason why this or that word shouald be taken before the other. 1 EXERCISE A. 1) The great difficulty. 2) The science of Astronomy. 3) The aerial envelope. 4) The advantage of verbal instruction. 5) Complaints respecting Malta. Oun tbe minds of persons of discerment. 6) () Immediate hosti]itieg against the French. s 9 SN 8) The intelligence concerning the wicked proceedings. S 9) The minister of foreign affairs. 10) Man’s last breath. ik 11) The innocent prate. il 12) Another advantage of reading. 13) The enlargement of your knowledge. n, 14) Unreasoned philosophy. led 15) The distribution of sovereign power among a body of ignorant persous. D18 16) Fierce as ten furies, terrible as hell. 13 17) The plaintive anthem. 'ms 18) His scanty recollection of the poem. b 19) The poetic handling of music. 20) Like a poet hidden in the height of thought. )88, 21) Like a glow-worm golden. %, 22) A gem of purest ray serene. e[} 23) A man of extraordinary penetration. ollw 24) Along the cool sequestered vale of life. fonds 25) A queen with swarthy checks and bold black eye-brows. 26) From harmony, from heavenly harmony, M or This celestial frame began. book 27) A long, low, distinct murmur of distant sounds. 28 N A violet by a mossy stone, glish Half hidden from the eye. ofry 29) The least remarkable delineation of this ecstatic sentiment of male ness, friendship. 30) The myriad shriek pf wheeling ocean-fow!. adent fo be EXERCISE B. 080N 1) gy Qs . oalaoalmb. 2) 3) 015Q)| @ 1@ OIW QIS 0ROy 4) (Q 00/ (EHBMEM0. 5) cenoodloa aelwgo dadl@ge BY® ME)E: k. 6) (e )ossmmodlgo ma ad. 7 @88 0))gad )@ BN I EMITDo. aNaNaiad) ) aeaeiemiandlaimd, 8) 9) m@’\@ag @2 ©a1GBwo. 10) agaoeisaloganaigflomeegyo aemlwasmyeal. 0321001 )02032Ba0ITVEOB D, 11) 10 12) the (TUJ%@@@MO@QJ%O afla edlsamemdo. 13) &0d)as)oono. edu 14) 2Y@9E)RIZMI0 0 y@BEEUYEGD. (Ise 15) £lagaa1sdo aj@). 16) araiemadludimsalled epud)aiava)woall@e a1t lnonabd. 17) MNUGRLIGZEE QLI MIEAM W NZRAS5G )Mo, 18) @0 Q@1 ale:a3 1aImalR&MyBouab, 19) MOSLIRMOIVMN G2 Jed a@allmavoav.ior). fow 20) @08 ELIG:QLIWATEAIN G, 21) ogxmo_\smugowsz:@’%oomb. 22) 3101001 MVIMNEW.0IEDILIMIW Goad. 23) B IBRIIGAHSIAIDO VAT IMNABE I I®BHS aloNIWio Guwai) S0H01SH R0 IS N WEUWIS, 24) &BISaVRd @MVl Ime afloggeitd). 25) 2IEMSHEEAYLNMLERINS a2 @030 2e1RAIBMM. 26) o lereoaold ama@as.ayanIae . Questions. Take example 1 in 4. Point out the noun in this. ‘Which word should be translated the first in Malayalam? Why? What sort of adjunct have we here ? By A what part of speech have you translated it into Malayalam ? Questions. Example 12 in A. ofh of ‘Which is the noun? Which are the adjuncts? Arrange the whole in the order of translation. 'Why do you take ‘of reading’ before the ol o noun ‘advantage’? By what Malayalam part of speech can you translate it ? 36 a Similarly with the exercise in B. The above examples will suffice to show in what manner the examples are to be dealt with to the highest advantage of the student. In working out the above exercises care will olg de be taken that only adjectival terms aud phrases are made use of, but no adjectival clause. Take example 19 in B. It should (i not be translated at this stage by “Sarasvati who dwells on the sh tongue of all persons”, such rendering would defeat the aim of b 10; these examples. The correct form is “Sarasvati dwelling on S LY 11 the tongue of all.” If the teacher cares to do this;, he may educe from these various examples, valuable rules and exer- cises in English composition as well. i, The Verb and its Adjuncts. As to the position of the verb-adjuncts, let us examine a few examples in both the languages as before. A. 1) This is altogether feeble. 2) He laughs best who laughs last. o) 3) We must take them in succession. 4) He called so loud that all the hollow deep of hell resounded. Bﬁ 1) 20O HO6OY. 2) NACOMISOE .01, 3) Q_10R0OD QIO 1B & O 1@ . 4) BQIBLOM Galodh o). It will be seen from the above examples that in English lated the adverb may also precede or follow the verb it qualifies, QBY and in Malayalam it invariably precedes the verb. Rule 3. In English the adverb precedes adjectives and other adverbs, but follows the intransitive verb and the object of the transitive. In the case of the auxiliary and the parti- rhole ciple, and of the transitive verb and the emphatic or enlarged o the objects, the adjuncts come between the two. But the most you general rule with regard to the adjuncts, both of the noun and of the verb, is minimum separation between the two. nner Note. The verb-adjuncts compared. ¢ of The adverb is replaced in English by adverbial phrases and clauses; the adverbial phrases are prepositional phrases of time, will use degree, belief, manner, place, cause, effect. Participles and parti- ould cipial phrases also sometimes do duty for the adverb, generally y the showing time or cause; as, ‘Not knowing his name I applied to a friend’= because I did not know his name I applied to a friend. ‘Walking along the n of road he came to a magnificent edifice’ = while walking along the road he came g to a magnificent edifice. In Malayalam, the adverb as a separate part of speech is absent. The want is supplied hy aveyd) and e oy we forms of the noun, and eii@aro and @ wom,mo of the verb; as, ag)@ g| ©10 @b o_mcoﬂ:%, ‘easily read’; literally ‘read in ease’ or more correctly ‘read with ease’. It will be seen that all the inflected cases are really pre- positional phrases. Again in @Sl ‘came running’ the participle is made use of. But prepositional phrases and participles are equi- valents of adverbs, as already stated. We have therefore in Mala- yalam two of the equivalent forms of the adverb taking its place. Qigpo and @Q&oalgmo corrupted into @gocismo are adverbial suffixes of frequent occurrence. @ozo is also used generally with the idea of limitation or comparison. EXERCISE A. 1) Cried aloud. 2) Easily done., 3) There is no flying hence or tarrying here. 4) Wide is the gate and broad is the way. 5) Obey instantly. 6) (It has) rained incessantly all the week. ) On receiving the letter he set out immediately, 8 ) Never despair. 9) Piercingly cold. 10) (These accomplishments) are highly valued and agsiduously cultivated. 11) Unquestionably we are in the right. 12) Look not scornfully upon thy fellowmen. 13) A president duly elected had been violently expelled from his dwelling. 14) You are not sufficiently careful. 15) (His eye) twinkled knowingly, 16) A new election took place every three years. 17) He waited with the utmost anxiety. 18) The city at length fell after a siege of ten years. 19) After ten months’ assiduous toil, the parliament adjourned, 20) I stood in Venice on the bridge of sighs. 21) Higher still and higher From the earth thou springest. 22) Warm let the lyric transport flow. 28) Around thee and above deep is the air. both A s0rt AL 0 pay 24) ‘When all around the wine doth flow. Glojyy 25) Home they brought her warrior dead e 26) Considering all things be cannot be said to have failed y ‘read 27) In spite of all the world I will be brave. 28) Mr. P. having been comforted internally, they sat down. ¥ pre Through the dark clouds the summit was still visible 29) el 30) Be anxiously solicitous to preserve your credit even from suspicion ar ahove equi 31) e Ml o vy s, e e Ve e (0 165 e 100 (e 0 . Mala. From peak to peak the rattling crags along Leaps the live thunder place, uffixes EXERCISE B idea of 1) & QNI O A 2) 8Qlo QJ0 3) a1010083, Bg ) abarslawo H®INEaIAN @MAIUS) guead ) 4) @06 Og0NB;: Ay GHmI. 5) @ 8@ a3d)EoOdeNg @Y alo mmhmﬂ afgan. 6) @n @naid psem Y, ERWAVD) ) @Y ®SISOBIHMITH Mmsailc B &mqe_ﬂo_ﬂroh @m.ﬂ@mqg@@ 8@ aflgn 6aMm@o ' 675, 8) QIR 062 6)0ng SEROM 6)EH0aM0. 9) aoeSgoHm aqVIAIWIMo GO0 HAg{ord @S(TDGQ___POO. 10) GRIOHSSMILNOHTDO BEIDIBD. 11) o S\es @Be M PGS BRIS0 msas) aflemog aigoe Lo, 12) £85)03R0MAVACW & )@baisnad Itivatel A7) 0EIRMORSAD) I 13) amdleo®ho.a®y gaad 14) Mg ©ialleel mads wd)dnto dwellings 15) AEyavicem gao aigleoymd 16) aflengnmoa) udlo) 9.y 0@ e@oad 17) @00(0"1210(3(006)50@@‘]_.% SIMNBM B ®OONE.aIMIAUYo-10mMeT]eIeo &g )0y Q060 enipIBBad 18) B 993\ aIan 2500 NR)GRIG: BaloG8miode 19) @D HM HAISE O 1@h & = 00) @@a 108 ayao QIS0 oie &G ot lamn Direction Exercise 2 purposely contains sentences involving both noun and verb adjuncts, which will be taken advantage of, as a sort of revision-lesson on Exercise 1 14 Chapter II. [ The typjcal Simple Sentenée. 1) God created the world. th 2) Dinapore is a military station. 3) The birth of a child added to the felicity of the pair. 4) One evening William and his wife sat in front of their cottage, watching their son amusing himself amid the flock. If we examine the above sentences carefully, we may deduce the following rules for the order of words in an | English sentence. e 0T @) The subject precedes the predicate. ] b) The object follows the verb. fhe ¢) The qualifying expressions come as néar as possible to the words they qualify, but may either precede {he or follow them. tiy The usual order of an English sentence is—first the subject, an second the predicate, third the object, the qualifications of the each being at minimum separation. Be e pres The rule for translating a Malayalam simple sentence 0é into English now becomes very simple; we have only to re- Re arrange the given sentence in the above order and translate R each portion in succession. Rule 4. Re-arrange the Malayalam sentence in the order of the subject, the predicate, and the object with their respec- tive adjuncts, and translate each of these parts one after another. For example, 1) agsog &0 8 a:oiloow ees) o). Re-arl*anged according to the rule, this will read: «ggogeds 62S) 5y 6@ @)oo W. The adjunctsbeing all simple adjectves, must precede their quali- ficants. We thus come to the translation ‘Eight men bought a horse’. 2) pwoges ciQimeng)aoylar cmbmdled o oeaNesan. Re-arrange thus: amdméled o ozallesm pwoges oigjomers)ohadloo.’ Great rivers rise from high mountains. 3) @@uSoil man aoey eeles ofldeoy. CHIS@) o @)ooy aw moey @en3les. The court rose at 4 o’clock to-day. e 15 Question. ' Why does the adjunct eae moey @endles follow aild) sog in the translation ? Next let us take a few Malayalam sentences and deal with them as before. 1 008Wo LA)EER MG OB G Idsan. ttage, 2) a@nd gy ©lam. 3) gaumnadd @ led) a3losoy aLAo @_)'Ssueﬂmocb. aloato REETDICMNICSOO Gaiineal. may 4) | 4l . Tt will be seen from the above examples that the usual order in Malayalam is first the subject, next the object, and last the predicate, the qualifications always preceding the words they qualify, as explained in Rules 1 and 2. sible Rule 5. Re-arrange the English sentence in the order of e the subject, the object, and the predicate, with their respec- tive adjuncts; and translate each of these parts one after ject, another, taking care always to translate qualifications before 1 of the qualiﬁcants. For example: 1) ‘Her father gave her a valuable present’. Re-arranged the sentence would read: ¢Her father her a valuable tence present gave’ E@RQAIBOS m_r_g(\en’o @oaichds aflela{lsSlo @ @@ avaAIMo 005D, 2) The young are apt to disregard the value of knowledge. 0 I¢- Re—arrange thus: The young of knowledge the value to disregard are apt &.al slate Qgl@md mommmﬂ(‘rb’zsmo%&m ®10 (D6 208s0Q10d 8 SQYE. Note, In Malayalam, the verb is the very last word in a sentence. order 3 EXERCISE A. Sl after 1) This is not a time for adulation. nged 2) I heard the far-off curfew-bell. 3) He must needs do it. 09 Q. 4) Old John of Ghaunt is grievous sick, my lord. 1uali- horse's 5) Be not poorly in your thoughts. 6) The choice of books is important in every point of view. ¢ thus: ) Vice has no advantage over virtue. s 1isP 53050 8) The object of sewers is the removal of refuse matter from dwellings, quickly and safely. 16 9) Behind him rode two gallant squires Of noble name and knightly sires. 10) Then up the hall with staggering pace He hastened by the blaze to place Half 1ife1ess from the bitter air His load, a boy of beauty rare. 11 ~— Reluctant on its rusty hinges Revolved an iron door. 12 ~" Margaret from all did soon refreat Despite the dame’s reproaching eye. 13) The ready page with hurried hand A wakened the needed fire’s slumbering brand. 14 S Democracy gives every man a right to be his own oppressor. 15) The small red house-ant is perhaps the only species in the ceuntry directly antagornistic to man’s interests. 16) After completely clearing Austria of the Turks, Sobieskie returned to Poland to be again harassed by political and domestic annoyances. 17) The discoveries of these early adventures embodied in Icelandic nar- ratives, half historical, half legendary, remained unknown to the world at large. 18) In August 1777 ships wére sailing up the Lancaster sound, with every prospect of an easy passage to the westward. 19) Notwithstanding the heating apparatus distributed throughout each ship, the sleeping berths were nearly always damp. 20) In September of the same year the overland expedition started from York Factory, Hudson’s Bay, under charge of Sir John Franklin, accompanied by Dr. Richardson, two midshipmen, and Hepbern, a seaman, with the object of exploring the north coast of America. EXERCISE B. ) 60D MNIHE Balod:aw. 2) Q_Ie@AVIR BUYRFABR @IS AN, 8) emabavad oo gedleglea maado auigiIOCD oaiglogls @O )@ B2am. 4) @B $HI0QHGITRISAND. 5) & oo @@&m?@ado Bdg EO@aBo aflgom aigammi@ allny@oe HOGE BT, ‘ addlh 6) D @oEleeoisd SMEIC)OE 6N aaman! afsan ar)semoes emoab. Yotk i e 17 7) 9508 091 @G0 $VS8 (1Yo @HDO @598 1QREOMINS SV |SH2MOS @00 &HaMAT! I §.a1a0 8) @IS SHMILNOHDO UBEBIIMIBD CRIVSHDBHE LPZSOM O S leny 9 2@)2ome &)@ enoelayeasand LMol &IWERE e & IesSaBIS@GS) WI@WIw) 10) Qomaad 01aleegan oo Wsnnal Blam)ob 0 QD coaIDRE MR ] 11) a0 G100 m’]oacdo@&@mm Q) Quodyyo €ﬁfll(§LL)(53::)(3 dhoalo (Szj:;(l_lfi)f$)€5Ele é)):f))(ZSTZD ] A10@0(@)B9QU0 @cmomﬂﬁé 00107, 12) @™ MId HPUBEMMe ©@IMNBNENHIO &g {1ad OJD’OQ%RIB e country QeEMIW @mad i 13) M@ )8R IGRISsER SaNIZOH@D Al®Mo, agBbo®, o) med to 8HO® @I EOWNNOD 0FloFdh @I EE2:M SO O© yances 14) moaemo aNa@2w e afleweo mafl @odlalmes o) dic nar QOB M0 n to the 15) D0 IR, OB @YIBE®IQo @ TVoe)0 &SN @ MmOV |od @O .alPB0AMYOW (@joailesan d, with @R2IUT) o@D I OB SAVIAMILNMD aga G100 S 16) Qy 0a39@) @ 2o @A, yut each 17) em aviglodo Bmog o 1@ &S g B@ VI &) alem) o) S OB @ a0, od from 18) roﬂ%mﬂ@_sc@«n 26D b @esleso Qshggmaileal @oﬁmmc&v 250830 ranklin, @YUINRIWE TOZBo @e. fepbern 19) a0eflos co@ad @0 Ld oo@eed 3aies o) NI oeado Americas (@UWIN2QPBWIG GOS MNUOOB)GH ag)&Zo cmemmﬂ%m@om’i B8 ® 1@ Q0w . 2039nE), adl@oei o)t 8an)em 2@’ Iaw @_moﬂ% avgB 20) ANosmoe ealae @yWwlce @as) 9 WS aoro’\e_wmmraﬂro’u @S) aJoogis of)apmnIm e )ah ()8 ay, @@ow &0 ), aseflaj@o, @aL,am ey aisamaedudiwid] oods 151043 SNPHNW) BYS), MIBIS gc)oasasp_ﬂmb alBl 280w ) 6.aian aflyan. Note. With a clear conception of the two simple rules, already adduced (No. 4 and 5), the student should find no difficulty in working out the above exercises 2 Sl —— 18 ‘When a sentence is given for translation the first thing to be fine done is ‘to divide and conquer’, 7. e. search out the subject, the pree object and the predicate, and re-arrange them, as given in the above rules. The only remaining difficulty would be with regard to tke easii position of the adjuncts, on which point, rules 1, 2 and 3 are suffi- Jook | ciently explicit. Let us take for example this sentence: ‘Any person knowingly purchasing arms of the description mentioned in section six, from any person not licensed under this Act, §hall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred rupees.’ Re-arranged, the sentence will stand thus: 1) In section six mentioned, 2) Of the description, arms. 8) Not licensed under this act, from any person. 4) Kuvowingly purchasing any person. This forms part I. (the subject and its adjuncts) arranged accord- ing to the precedence of the qualifying expressions, as stated in L rules 1 and 2, This is the rationale of the above arrangement: The himsg translation is into Malayalam, and therefore we must deal with the Toles subject first, i. e. ‘with person’; but this word is qualified by the montk expressions ‘knowingly purchasing’ and ‘any’; which should therefore in thi the d be disposed of before the subject ‘person’; for the same reason ‘know- senter ingly’ should stand before ‘purchasing’ which it qualifies; again ticular this ‘purchasing’ has an object ‘arms’ in (2), with qualifying expres- sions 1 and 3; thus it is evident that parts 1, 2 and 3 should precede of que word 4 which contains ‘purchasing’ The student will now be able to see Senten for himself why parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 are arranged as they are. Hav- split o ing thus disposed of the subject and its adjuncts, we have next to step, | look out for the object, but there is no obdject, and we pass on to the the i predicate which is ‘shall be liable’ with the qualifying expression ‘to Which a fine not exceeding 100 rupees’. The predicate and its abjuncts Gation arranged for translation will stand thus: the se 1) One hundred rupees. tompon 2) Not exceeding. fonpef 3) To a fine, also g 4) Shall bs liable. e 19 Sy to be ‘Fine’ in (8) is qualified by ‘not exceeding’ which must therefore precede ‘fine’, but again ‘exceeding’ in (2) has an object ‘one hundred rupees’, which f, the abore precede ‘exceeding’; and why ‘one hundred’ should precede ‘rupees’ is obvious. Thus the student will now be agreeably surprised to see how | tq the easily the translation comes out, though at first sight the sentence 6 suffl- looks formidable enough. The subject portion : oned in 1) @Yot Qidg @b (@ )myeailel. ble to a 2) aNwodlejee ERYYUWsBXD. 3) 00 @@gﬁ’@@omo oOHRTVDIS &SIt QL) CYSHEBIF0. 4) @03 snmoN GG EBS )@ean QIRyQIMo. The predicate portion : 1) QR e, 2) S allwoam., S allowses. 3) accord- 4) @RA0MIY )@ )d0. tated in Direction. Before proceeding further, thevstudent should make ot The himself perfectly sure that he has mastered every detail of the five yith the rules above given. It would be time well spent even if four or five If he is well grounded | by the months had to be devoted to this chapter. herefore in this, he may consider himself to have mastered three-fourths of 1 ‘know- the difficulties of translation; for both the compound and complex sentences are but collections of simple sentences arranged after par- 5, agﬂi[l ticular syntactic rales. A judicious teacher will lose no opportunity [ expres- of questioning the student as to the reason of his translating one i precede word before another. For instance, if he is dealing with the model bl 0 S8 sentence above given, he would not rest content after it has been e, Hav- split up and arranged in the proper order with reasons for every 0 1636 10 step, but would question his class further as to the arrangement of onto the the individual words, in each of the eight separate sections into egsion 10 which it has been divided. = Mastery of the concord of the qualifi- s ahjuncts cation and the qualificant and of the verb and its object, comprises the secret of the proper and elegant distribution of the clauses in the 1t therefore follows that ome compound and complex sentences. competent to deal with the simple sentence in all its bearings, has also mastered, in effect, the othe'r_ two kinds of sentences. In he us Chapter III. o Varieties of the Simple Sentence. Mlan; form 1 The negative sentence. Ru There are two ways of expressing negation in English; in Malay the one case the sign of negation is attached to the subject the pr or object, the predicate remaining positive, while in the other, for tr: the negative symbol is added to the predicate, the subject being left intact. Examples: 1) No man deplores the tyrant’s death. 2) Stick no bills. 3) Give him nothing. 4) He does not live in Calcutta. 5) Your children are not happy. Numbers 1, 2 and 3 are of the former and 4 and 5 of the latter class. The former may be regarded as complete or universal negation and the latter as individual or true nega- tion. It may be observed that in the subject-negation, as ‘no boy is present’ we may infer by implication the assertion of the contrary <all boys are absent’; ‘no boy has passed’, ‘all boys have failed’ etc. In Malayalam both the subject and object negations are rendered by @oemm with' either the negative verb gy or the R e LSRR prohibitive enmp. As to the predicate negation also two forms obtain in .English; as, ‘He is not god’ and ¢He does not sleep’. The rule in 16 this case is that with simple predicates, (or simple finite verbs as predicates) the auxiliary -do’ or its past tense is inserted before the negative adverb ‘not’; while with complex predicates 1 (or predicates with auxiliary and the participle, or the auxi- ¢ liary and the noun or adjective) the negative adverb ¢not’ is inserted after the auxiliary. 4 9 21 In translating such sentences, the negative egy only need be used; as, ‘He is not reading’ @oaab analesmilgy. ¢He does not walk’ oy msesarilgy. The progressive action is rendered by eeoems) @)@s; as, He is singing a song @I o105 a1Se @0 ]d)eean; but this form is of rare occurrence in Malayalam. Rule 6. Render the subject and the object negations into sh; in Malayalam by «iemm followed by either mgy or enwmp; and subject the predicate negations by simple gy, and of course vice versd other, for translation into English. subject 4.‘ EXERCISE A, 1) This is not the case. 2) There is no need of going to romance for pictures of human character, Not all minds delight in poetry. 4) It is not at all the less important for all that. 5) There is no real difficulty to contend with. 6) Bat such liberty does not bring a man far. 5 of the ) The dancing had not begun yet. lete or 8) I did dot feel right comfortable for some time after, 9) 6 Dega- There was not such an article about the whole establishment, 10) The members of that dread tribunal did not know each other except 1, 88 ‘0 by voice. 1 of the 11 You do nothing of the kind. failed ele, 12) In this act he bore no part. ong ate 13) He does not appreciate the difficulty of the work. gy Or the 14) No attempt has been made to show the untrustworthiness of the tradition. 15) I need say no more to prove the impossibility of ascending such a ftain 10 chanunel, : rule n 16) Give no ear to scandal. ite verDs EXERCISE B. inserted 3 B5&g | 10® @allas &oerpoaslgy redicates 2) QY B 7 el 18IBn2E). o ausk 3) @RS OB )@ og)@)oSQje B CalINel B ¥ ©NBIGIND) . ) ot 18 4) 0 PRADShes 0168 1SS Bg (I el @)oo @ ale)®d. Mel. 5) aUIgRETIM @0Q afle) Be1a0MEHE Sg M08l &0 allS)esarilgy. e e 22 6) aation. @IDDITED®B @OAUNAITDO BB oW @0 &A) 0j88 (0 @) &g e a1d)dermo. 10 16 B OO (Do MSENIQIMOL|O TR0, is 186 8) D eOSLHS DG 0yaHIPRINZMY SO W ey. is yeb 9) 016Mo 8202018 2P@OLOM 2107 oflOSog]. ing to 10) avimn2w)s @ulleo o @lesamy vedlomyes o mnangy. 11) o) 8mos 2EEM TG 1AM Zarw) €90 QNI AN & B TDHN HHHMZ0 Q106D G S0, 12) @@%(TDOJQ(T) OMPIM I (R D). impere 13) @08aMOTI 1880 BRGNS )@s0 2@AaN gy. block 14) Hlame 8endlgponaibt ep@dgy. Instea 15) WO )BEd @oalEIAIZER AId mey. 16) 59y o @S> G000 avERG)).0l)gy. 17) vespec 28)a_j0mo cra(z?}ocrpe;_;m’]m @80 B W@ 0| oey. Per 11 The Imperative Sentence. step, 1l The imperative mood is a form of expression to show that of command, desire or entréaty. In English, it is the root form e happy of the verb without any inflexion. From the nature of the polite 1 meaning it can be used only in the second person. In Mala- give this yalam however both the radical and inflected forms are in by con use; as, ‘Come here’ aflos aiw (root) Or mafes wdls (inflected). The former shows command emphatically, and the latter may imply In either entreaty or a mild form of command; as, adedeNde) change gleooz odl corresponding to the English <Please come’. There ing tha 1s a colloquial form of the imperative in long 29; a8, A, as o .21y, In poetry mose is very often used as an imperative me, suffix preceded by a go@)wom,mo; as, eagflse @mscEE Mmay correct 4 galab ‘speak and I will give you what you want’, This oose is also a3 the contracted into mos, as ade has been shortened into aw; entreat | as, LIRS, LlMUKBIGR O.algfls a3)wInd. mpers Supplication or a very strong desire amounting in some cases to a caution or mild warning is expressed by the suffix Rule saismea, shortened into eaieam; as, aivo m3esmea seaf grant me Jalam, the boon I crave. gy augmo a6 )BEneM SR (caution) ; e@onbd adlemos dpy It 3t ¢ ™ @mMoeh i aiegem (warning); this form has a future. signifi- Ed SO S 23 cation. The root-form imperati%e does not seem to be used e in reported speeches in Malayalam. Though of) @ (go thou) is used in reporting, it becomes ol Gansewm aiosmy. There is yet a special form for reporting the imperative, (correspond- ing to the English infinitive equivalent) in eafl@wommo; as, )'med This transformation of the A S), 2g3aNoS Baoounh alosoy told me to go. imperative in the reported speech is generally a stumbling block to the Europeans and East Indians using Malayalam. Instead of adopting either of the above forms they generally say eg@ams Gaso atosop. Fast Indians are more sinning in this respect than other foreigners. Perhaps from the fact, that from desire to wish 1s but a step, the imperative in Malayalam includes among its functions 0 show that of the so-called potential mood; as, afl manwi@les may you 00t form be happy. afa corrupted into meab is an imperative suffix of of the polite request; as, ax@ailab O please come! @O®@I0s @A) please [ Mala- give this to me; and is used in addressing one’s superiors, and 5 are 10 by courtesy, one’s equ'als. ted), The In Malayalam, the imperative undergoes inflectional ay mply e changes and is capable of expressing greater shades of mean- . There ing than its English relative. For example: enooailes @, @OO® 28, U@ aes @6)e, Eaoales amaild; or erodIles ad)ab, @voHoads SO eMEa, EVHTII 88 od)zm, (@dlb ewo!), will all be found to form nperative e correct translations of the English ¢Give it to me’, according 5 19 als0 as the meaning intended is strong or mild form of command, nfo Q; entreaty or supplication. In Malayalam the subject of the imperative may be expressed. o S0P the sufix N Rule 7. In translating an imperative sentence From Mala- ) grant e yalam, begin with the predicate and either omit the subject or femds &gl put it affer the predicate. nae.signi . ‘ et 24 el 5. E-XERCISE A. 1) Tell me an interesting story, 2) Pardon our sins. 8) Obey instantly. 4) Never despair. 5) Now therefore go to, speak' to the men of Judah and to the inhabi- tants of Jerusalem., 6) Take of them again and cast them in the fire. 7 Give him this instead of that. 8) Be kind, benignant, easy to be entrusted. 9) Bring me the yellow silk and leave the other alone. 10 Sz Villains, I say, knock me at the gate and rap me well. 11) Well then, be it so. 12) Beware of hasty gathering of riches. 13) Use me but as your spaniel, spurn me, strike me, neglect me, only give me leave to follow you. 14) Fear not, my lord, your servant shall do so. 15) RSOOSR BRSNS i SO Sing me now asleep, Then to your offices and let me sleep. 16) Come on, Nerissa, I have work in hand. 17 2 Repair thy wit, good youth, or it will fall to careless ruin. 18) We trifle time, I pray thee, pursue sentence. 19) Pay the bond and let the Christian go. 20) Therefore prepare to cut off the flesh, Shed -thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more, But just a pound of flesh. 21) Have your fancy always vivid and full of body and colour. 22) Let not ambition mock their useful toil. 23) Read the best compositions of the most lofty minded and eloquent men, and you will not fail to catch something of their nobility, only let there be no slavish imitation of any man’s manner of expressions, 24) Let your reading be always in sympathy with your intellectual appetite. 25) Let not the sun go down upon your wrath. Note. In English let takes an objective case after it, but with its equivalent in Malayalam the nominative is used; as, ‘Let him do it’ @oaId epy e iges. j; ot 25 A EXERCISE B. 1) Moo wallne MmO Mo 283 ZMIIO® 10, MRk Gaw) ®PREWIEL 50083 o) Jeyep &lauRoeIoeeg Qo, av aV; 96 148 Qo, .010a1e: DB Qo mutlgflay aimailab. 3) 2@ ieenowemly, &g wmileswierp, aidla, aidlab. 4) 6 inhabi- 8afle 10 D0 8H a1 T wdlg 18anemo. 5) aNHO I VBB BRI EVHFAD EILIAIIW] QIETOHSIND:. 6) M) ogeabo @208 )eans daiz)e¥) 9830 QIO IBAR S SN, ) 8 5 €l HaiRoDd )b Cne® o0 )on BmBOo 2 )8™WD 18 Jack. 8) &LOIMAITIELRM @G0 BHLOYAVIA0 SLOWSHLOWITS] HBHH SHISBeM 32, 9) Qd)e eemzalilaileallc, oaeag oo al) Q% @gjogiieen alomleb ensige. 10) gerrLsamiudlescy smallm ¢, only QRUBLEAMEMMNS .al© IO O AVo 3L@comaaﬁm&@o Qe aie @euLgeomai) gaonali) all. 11) a1Qo 252000 )Y IYIVWEENINS 22 QIQIBQI AVoBBMa )0l QELY] mpgjlalaoovo. 12) enJodel, apusleel, pilew eflaimodles BeNAWBBBMEBeM BMIBMo 6).218Qj0210, 13) MOIBE VIR0 6MIMIADO0NIDINAIM QD) 382 ) BoLla0ele &6Md QIB)eE:ESH 14) DOMAUNIAITBDSES0, .24 ©SOFD s2om )@ oo AaaMIRIBEENIde ! 15) @ &9 21002100 IO G IEMITODO B9Qo QL IIN2ao oy OWINEEs 1@ ag)8gjop oo )sailb ooy Ao Slsomoejo. eloquent 16) 0100 )0S) 82af) ©:0e ¢ EEs IMEa! nobility, 17) WO eaig a15g8smy NS auper of Qoo afgm &lsmils ‘goee. 18) DY SA Mg moafleal a3l mgjeilch @ es. appetite. 19) b w aflseomrzo Ba0QOBs, DO DS IR0 ©veYo 8 )e 0l GHa61Mo. 20) MBEME )@ an. 993J,&w B alI®) $HSeJd it, but 21) 203)8g |0 aflqg)! mad) o afluwoe @gay alowegy. 88, ‘Lot 22) 201005 )8 Ba 104 EmIod 8 {Igy)e &@00d)enmeo, oo 23) BRYRIOO Yoe),000 HoldEB )OS, —_— 206 St R Direction. Be careful to use only ~tjhe simple sentence in working out the above two exercises. tory of pl 00 111 Simple Sentences introduced by ‘there.’ This is a peculiar idiom of the English syntax. <There was a fine house’; ‘there was once a good king’; ‘there came a voice from heaven’, The there in these instances has passed from its usual signification of ‘existence in place’ to ‘mere existence’ without reference to place. It 1s elegantly used in short simple sentences, but in circumlocutory constructions its use 1is to be depreciated; for example: ¢There is a sense in which that is true’; ‘there is a plan by which you may do it’. In such cases the adjective ‘one’ may be used instead with advantage; as, ‘In one sense it is true’; ‘one plan of doing it’, ete, As this peculiar construction is altogether unknown in their language, Malayalee students are apt to go astray in handling it. Even students in the higher classes are some- times deceived by it, and render it by ewailes. Similarly in translating Malayalam sentences containing ewoiles it is a common mistake to place there before the subject; as, enafes B® ayTy@o @OE there is a Look. The student should carefully note the difference between such forms as, ‘there is a book’, ‘a book is there’, and ¢there a book is’. In the first instance there is an introductory adverb and need not be translated in Malayalam; in the second, it is an adverb of place and is correctly rendered by emafles; in the last case it is exclamatory and is translated by eoo. Rule 8. There precedes and the subject follows, the predi- cate or auxiliary in this idiom; as, ‘There came a man’; ‘thore is a ﬁn‘e tree’. — 27 e / 168 10 Rule 9 In translating into Malayalam omét the introduc tory there substituting sooflas only when 1t is a true adverb of place. The exclamatory there may be rendered by @owmo @0 @620, OF @O M0 BMIE OF words of similar import. 6 EXERCISE A There 68 from D) There was no proof of affection on his part usual 2) There is no place for sinners in heaven There he lived and there he died ithout 3) 4) There is nothing annoying in hig speech. simpl 5) There has been much anxiety as to the result of ‘the interview use 18 6) There he stopped and did not proceed further hat 1§ There are more pilgrims on the road 7) o5 the 8) There is & great contrast between his past and present occupations. 9) There, take it and retire as, ‘In 10) There is no such book in my possession There were his tools and materials lying on the floor 11) 12) There were no separate quarters for soldiers in the camp own 13) There came a messenger from the king in hot haste stla»‘J 14) There you are, I thought I would find you out 3 Someé 15) There is no station in life free from all danger 16) There was dealt the weekly dole larly 1n 17) There were but few ships in the harbour belonging.to that power. it 18 8 There was a wild consultation and afterwards a hurrying to and fro, 18) anallas and a feverish gathering up of razors from obscure corners and a ransacking for soaps 19) There were thousands upon thousands of vehicles abroad and the hetwee scene was full of life and gaiety 2 book 18 20) There was no help for it. 21) There in a remote corner sat the master wrapt in his own thoughts. arh and 22) There, that is our secret go to sleep. it 18 a0 23) There was not his like that year in twenty parishes round g 11 the 24) There came to the shore a poor exile from Erin. EXERCISE B he predi 1) @ ueabo allgleh em moyds. here 18 & 2) g asseoglado A oReE@ @S| NSSag. 3) &HEoD O0R AW ® Mo AT Igy. — 28 — 4) terro angcrag 68 oo daup eod) poaipeleme mo¥le goo o and 5) S@mooedo aUiEIaiap @G Qe @@ g e oc.bmcbocrb@&g o) 2R BREIYDNS 210QReE G wmaE 1o 2 o @RUW)earsan. ) ferm @ afles aB00Ql0 EWHBHMRAIW @(DGDE@_O a@00Q o QRO (g:ﬁm BRG0 HOMeQ SN, the 1 8) 9&02IMIGY QT BaIIN) B oge )@ @G aNoamn e §ome omad &R)emMIIm LoD dd aloe)man. gatly 9) aflsmo &:80m20! adlemenallasadlan aigyoo & go. 10) I @0 ! e@od a3)eaMIg al0smDGey. 11) B0QAIIOS ag) @Yo EVUWIVZIW S &Y o Mer )Mo, are | 12) Meoado ajmyso emoad @vaNes gl decic 13) 200118880 aflalvom )W) o @ 8w o ®ey. galne 14) ag®bo 8BS m20d @Yo @Y BRI )ab: ®ey. 15) (uest @@, BB, @YY WIBAIA: «BONQ YD )Dg|S BBM@o. 16) DO LY OOl QOO GHM@IB)E ago0ajo WX )GMITW @YD BRMD sente QI@an. he can 17) 80a0@20 Qflwe@g o qVIG @R alley. may 18) @oo90al0 0f8) O ATNE)8g0 @ENSImRID)gy. 19) ©O MMM OB @ 0@ aids ayBo e 20) ok webmo% o0 0@ w2od)gy. 21) BQISMRID a 1B )&HO8 ai1S)g Jomo) gu@@oqﬂ:ﬁgn’n & afllwoe QIRIQYNE, 22) BN YOS @a_m[;o.a_mﬁ]qyms #90)20) B GUoo e . 23) If 30108 O )6A] aVQY B 0QTBZ 0 MM MSAOM BT (@@«;ﬂ & @ )Beam. may arran 1v The Interrogative Sentence. terroy The interrogative sentence in English may be divided into simpl two classes—one formed by special words of interrogation, chang Mo as, ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’, ‘why’ and ‘how’, and the other by the use of auxiliary verbs ‘do’, ‘have’, ‘be’, etc But in both cases there is a difference in the collocation of words for assertion and for interrogation. In the latter, the subject is shifted to a position after the verb or the auxiliary ; as, ‘You are a king’ (assertive), ‘are you a king #’ (interrogqtive)-. In Mala- In yalam on the other hand there is no such change. The in- mplie —_— 29 il terrogative pronoun comes at the head of sentence in English, and not necessarily so in Malayalam. masg The particle & and og are the most common interrogative W%ﬂm terminations in Malayalam and are added to the predicate, 0 B the former to the positive and the latter to the negative; sometimes, though rarely in prose, the & is added to the ne- gative; as, oaogflaidws soh ganea a3leamossale? It would appear that in Malayalam both nouns and verbs are inflected to express interrogation; and there is thus a decided facility of expression, and perspicuity of meaning gained by inflecting only that particular word to which the question refers, without in any way disturbing the rest of the th @D sentence. Take the sentence epaum smansoar maear mailes aiaw he came here last moruing. No'w’ with regard to this assertion, we may want to know — A If it is heor some other person that came. . If he came yesterday or some other day. @ lo QS DD b= . If in the morning or some other time of the day. I . Or if he came here or elsewhere. B W 6@,\ If we dispense with the aid of emphasis, which Malayalam may claim equally with English, we would be compelled to arrange the sentence in four different ways to frame the in- terrogatories; while in Malayalam the purpose is served by simply suffixing @0 to the word concerned; the only other Jed 1nto change necessitated is the conversion of the finite verb into ogation, MNaoud @ @oaj@amzo ; thus: W, and @ Q1@ mandal alleel males Mo . !, et @i m ame e o alleal mailles Qumo . ation of @b maear ol @el8®: @aNeS WM . ter, the B O DD s @paim mmea @aileel @ allosSe®o QUM . xiliaty; In Malayalam the auxiliary egeae (verb fo be) is oftener [y Mala- implied than expressed, both in the assertive and interrogative The in SRS 30 5 forms of expression; as, esaud qvecod (he clever); ®paind avamo @mo? (he clever?) The errors and omissions in the use of the erro, auxiliaries, of which Malayalee students frequently' stand the v charged in common with other native students, must clearly be laid to this score. One very often hears from the mouth of the Malayalee students such expressions as, ‘who your master?’ ¢which your book?’ ‘when you came?’ ete. Such sentences as—esoems, i) @MIBLI31S2QIBMI, MICIEMaVIF@IEMI Eanemess, without the auxiliary are of frequent occurrence both in prose and verse; in fact the Malayalam idiom sanctions the suppression of the auxiliary and views its frequent recurrence as inelegant and pedantic. Such expressions as, afl agafles epam anamp? @o Qind ogSg |8 iman @d)om? will never escape from a refined Malayalee; he will simply say of) agafles sasam? or evoid o) e 1o @)l o? Even where it is expressed, its colloquial varia- tion egem or simply e is used instead of the full form; as, o3) agaflos@oem Ganaéan® ? O a3) ag)Q)9S®o Galn@Gan ? There 1s a shade of difference in meaning between o) agaf) oS canvam? and o) ogalesws Geas@anm » corresponding to the El)glish ‘where do you go ¥’ and ‘where is it you go ¥ The @0 used as a suffix with the interrogative pronouns corresponds to English ‘some’; as, agaflosews (somewhere), ogeod) ! HMB® (somehow), ®QYB©o (someone). These derivatives are adverbs of doubt and uncertainty. The English equivalents -above given do not, however, bring out the idea fully. @i ogall 9Sewo Gas o) 18 Not merely ‘he went somewhere’, but ‘he went somewhere I do not know’—utter ignorance of the speaker as to the fact in question. 1s the prominent feature. If we ask a Malayalee @oad agailos sane)? and are answered by @oad ogailes swo sana), the answer implies that the speaker is utterly in the dark, as to the place, its situation or direction—in fact he knows absolutely nothing about it. This form is often re- sorted to_as a mode of evasive answer. 31 Moy I am disposed to look upon this & in such cases as an in- e of the terrogative termination, thopgh authorities may be against 7' stand the view. clearly 7 EXERCISE A. 1) Who is to blame? alayalee 2) What is your name? ich your 3) What are carnivorous animals? s, o) 4) Why should a student indulge‘so much in the lazy and unhealthy out the habit of sitting? 5) What is this but a lie? 1 verse; 6) Why shouldst thou die before thy time? i of the ) What had we better (}all him ? ant and 8) Is there any external evidence to support this accusation? 9) Now who shall stand on either hand my? @ And keep the bridge with me? refined 10) What noble Lucamo comes next @ o To taste our Roman cheer? al varia- 11) How dost thou, Charlie? 0L’ 83, 12) What should I gain by the exact}on of the forfeiture? 13) What, are you answered yet? 14) | of) ogol) What judgment shall I dread doing no wrong ? 15) What mercy can you render him Antonio? 7 10 the 16) Did yourletter pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief? 17) Heard ye naught of lowland war ronouns A gainst Clan Alpine raised by Mar? re), %) 18) Ought the obscurity of my birth authorise me in doing a wrong action? adverhs 19) ‘What is the best, chbeapest, and most effective disinfectant? 5 -above 20) Why have we now so many poor in the country, destitute of bread and unable to earn it by honest labour? b gl 21) What on earth does he mean by insisting upon impossibilities? someshere 29) Can any reader supply me with a method of computing the distance o fact 10 f of the sun from the earth, involving only an elementary knowledge of trigonometry suitable for amateurs? alayalee 23) Is there any effectual means of screening a watch, while being carried | gllds in the pocket, from the magnetic influence of a dynamo? | utterly 24) Can any reader tell me the best way to grind lenses for a telescope _jn fact for astronomical purposes? often 1é- 25) What in the name of common sense do you mean by that s'tupid explanation of yours? 100y W Ev @ ULt Wi Begs( D) a 8 fow sebrw eweref@ore wse o mem o foeucore com Foan (L3 deFBse @ @oeGBPpe torpwtwie (93 o %E@_rEG@ Qo HBee oqe (W oﬂmﬁﬂc OPOLIPVCMNCUICE 6TB 9 (s3 Tous g 40090 eUR BO|YERWILEY( QU9 08 (B | SCER U@ Eg QLEITVE (33 © ﬁc_(ée 4Croganw Wros@ (s @ %mcaee@m 0O’ SEI VEEIVL(MY DI PN (g {Bm(ewsFBere avw J80lmgxy Gao_.mréemacd@@c (58 ocffocte wornome W Gk OQO(W (33 ) 9811%) ¢ WR(ELIQ OULEFSW (S8 (W25 WIZW(O@ I 1 @B fuwteeEie mirodfrun WOt @ IWBT (1 ! $029%ecBQE® qut@y 43 G B oero ewvwts@wes e CwisFBeseovro ofscucero @ (03 (61 1l 81 $6BRMI0 0 ® BuofBire Yavse| (W *0f8pf8® oawcwem ¢ceusd T ofs@d Mo Oty 0o VEED (81 o ¢pcoFBomean Gusrman se® ) (U0, Scupg|Ww ofg( Besce ofg( Bemo mi@Swe ‘ofs(Scw ‘ofg wud @rov (L1 dcweTwean IFGsEime| SO LW Wies miwFHae (91 I zo%.w ¢SRUOBOATD ¢ UCBEW(W B weufw mofSow (et oy 0@®0VtER(M0 ‘t@travee ‘“waracetd I[dmoo M09 MO CMYWEY OO EQICUIECrCTRBER (§21 ik ¢QELCE OPEROIWTP B WEUL(W L@ MWERD & (er (e .u.ﬂoe CQCEus @ 8@803@8%@8 oonCQC:O (z1 ¢ 19909 QUREUCE QUMD WEUCW LT (e 10 - i ofomecovan om@eGoG@C.GFS WU Crgg et oy 1 (w(rofive sewe ‘(W (Yve Sewe (11 50 B (or m.@?%oﬂqG A LR EfUrDEs UL LWL o@ﬂa@oaofﬁu Q?» ¢ ©@suro® M© owro@DE (6 Ixo Jo doovew oBunte(©8D UDE(W W Ewdo (8 AL ¢CORTV IO oﬂmagsoﬁaﬂmaﬁwmarﬂd i (BawdBrodBrap (wse vosFaw (2 fe dlseBe cmefb@mov@e oF¥ran ol erod|scm(Bed wero|stroRe 0 ECAD m&nhﬁcomeowaﬁfo@eoﬂxee (9 Jonal8 SCUELAW CSPVOCUWrDT NB*E@@@OE (¢ o o ¢CUR(EB CBR0PER FUtEWS Seew(w 62 st ¢ Crogawro QOcER( LUsrv (¢ Ll L QDU (3 AT aw (WSO (W (1 ‘g ASTOMAX ] S 33‘_, Ni The Passive Voice. In English the passive voice is of frequent occurrence and forms a very convenient mode of expression when the subject is either unknown or suppressed; but in Malayalam this con- struction, complete in all its parts, is very rare and it is not likely that it will ever become popular in the language. Malayalam is not exacting in its demand for an expressed grammatical subject, and therefore the necessity for this mode of expression may be said to be practically absent. &) ‘ag®an @ns)oy’; ‘@M Elmensaman alosy’; ‘Slmenipam @g@@'\ Wb o@oegsana’; and a number of similar sentences contracted in the subject are met with in the writings and conversations of Malayalees of all grades; in fact one can never hear a pure Malayalee—one who has never come under the influence of English schools—make use of the passive construction. It is complicated and lengthy, and as such involves greater exer- tion; and the operation of a natural law would discard it in N favour of equivalent forms already existing in the language. o (r16amIg ‘emonh @oolom @Sy’ 1s easier, shorter and simpler than ‘o sgmoch @sS)emagys.’ One of these equivalent forms is moflw or 018040 its equivalent—the nominative compounded with the verb suffix Odooe; a8, ‘He was beaten with a stick’ moaiom e QS ID@TES] ). Qg b This is the proper mode of rendering those passive sentences plaflab in which the #rue subject (not the grammatical subject) shows cause or instrument. ‘He was prevented by illness from appearing for the Vool examination’ Go2LOMIM or GIWe Ao ERAIM ald)OHBMBe Ba 19019 @saianlgy. ‘The suit is barred by limitation’ @&5e19000emMO®ID Q) Qa0 10 Q@Eﬂ@n @5 M @smano asarldlesan. To use the passive (ed2mflayewoco) m(ﬂ@@ﬁﬁ? in such cases would be considered pedantic. AmBwY’ 'The necessity for this cumbrous form of construction arose when passages from Sanskrit—in which language it is as common as in English—had to be translated into Malayalam, 3 — 34 — Th and to this task it is properly reserved and confined to this day by the invariable practice of all pure Malayalees. The Malay: attempt of European scholars of Malayalam to ingraft this arned 0 be t foreign element upon its syntax has so far been unsuccessful ; and it is a matter of surprise why foreign sympathy should s dis hayve been so strongly excited in favour of its introduction in £XeICS the face of the almost unanimous native verdict to the contrary. It may be perhaps that to a foreigner its equivalent forms already existing in the language are too idiomatic to be readily grasped and easily used. Anyhow there is a number of passive sentences in English, a close translation of which in the same voice would be simply ludicrous. Take for example: ‘You are ashamed to say so’; ‘@osElom aioanmd ol aigessgigm’; He is informed of the news’; ‘@i @9 ais@IMo mo’]mﬂ:ﬁaﬁ)e:]%’. P R L O R i ey Rule 10. Indefinite or impersonal passive sentences, and those with intransitive predicates, should not be translated by omemlgye@wo into Malayalam, so also with ‘let’ as, “et it be 10 granted’; ‘let it be known’; ‘let him bo imprisoned’. In these instances 1 the active voice is the true idiom in Malayalam, and ‘@og a1d)eees’, ‘epaiem @sailenssss’, etc. represent the correct form. 12 The safer and more elegant form would be to translate all passive sentences by the active construction into Mala- 13 yalam. It must, however, be observed that in Malayalam poetry the passive construction is more frequent, but the predicate in such cases is not the usual inelegant form with 14 oaug, but the true Sanskrit gammo or the past participle; as, 1§ ‘BoHmMa Wloo aVImY; ‘agaNITd PBmEIW Leo’; ¢og AN a2 ) M20e WD SMRP@0’; ‘oo (BoeRg It oFzh)m@w G2ado’. 1 1 Rule 11. Render the grammatical subject of the passive sentence: by efNcw into Malayalam, but Malayalam active 1) sentences with an indefinite or implied subject by the passive 1y voice into English. AL ~———— 35 | to this The passive voice may, however, though rarely, be used in 68, The Malayalam for the sake of variety. But the student is strongly aft this warned against the idea that all English passive sentences are Lccessful to be translated by the same construction. He may exercise should his discretion in this respect in working out the following etion i OXGI‘CISGS. contrary 8 EXERCISE A 0t forms 1) Every tree is known by its fruit e readi] Pompey was defeated by Ceesar umber o 3) In a few days those fair prospects were over which in 4) Hastings was absolved by a hundred and nineteen votes against exampl sixty-seven. Biglgm 5) Here Ulysses and his men were courteously received by the monarch. 6) ) A president duly elected has been uvnjustly expelled from his dwelling. 5 7 Many persons were hanged for denying the kmg 8 supremacy. nees, and 8) The most splendid victories recorded in the history of the middle ages, were gained against great odds by the English, slated by 9 He shall not be recommended by me. let it be 10) A new picture is here given, made up of epithets and circumstances 1nstances intended to enhance the glory of the object 11 and ‘mg The intelligence of these events was soon carried to Chanda Saheb, then with the French allies besieging Trichinopoly ycorrect 12 ~ The body must be altogether enveloped and well rubbed with a sheet translate dipped in water and well wrung to Mala- 13) Agues, I will overbear your will glavalam For in the temple by and by, with us, These couples shall eternally be knit bt the 14) And for the morning now, is something worn form with Our purposed hunting shall be set aside. ciple; a9 15) In the night imagining some fear l02inwi® How easy is a bush supposed a bear! 16) A number of the village peasants were tempted to vanity. 17) Then an attempt was made on the fidelity of tbe guards at the Calcutta mint, 6 Ass 18) The proverb or aphorism is described as a condensed expresgion of m ack a trath 16 paSSWe 19) No less than three hundred of the best warriors of the enemy’s army were' captured by the conquerors 5 ¥ (o4 36 —— 0) We were promised a high 1"eward and great homors in return for 1) the service. 21) His vast experience and high intelligence have been utilized in a way usefal alike to himself and his country. 1) EXERCISE B 19) 1) &lommomh gmo Bgyeg|s. 2) 70) @0 D N$HIBWIUD0 BRIIESIISHIRIMOZ0W) a108UaIMI (@)@ 008 I BRIBHe|SDTITS - 3) a0 B Ba0IIRIAINOM SOz |g@i aFlanoa Y5 MO HH P 4) D9 algemo mElTleodled ©g)(a)38wadlch munsa esng|s) @)oo, I i § 5) AL RAIND B WMNS @@Jm:ﬁﬁamma@&mom@:ﬂ@ao . Gertain | 6) BRINEOBBd @R R8s ©E3 ok @0 Nenalsmw o e @RYsEm meaning am o eww )@ e, ‘on¢’ and 7 0 ABMIDETBBIW alZ) TBNE weElnm Qoo Bow3 Yo paa nonesty wer @0.01S 1 )an@an 0 Ce Y. 8) Thera Bmo &gl mloamssemallan gomi d@g|) Mgy aigmo SLJCHN6MO. Jalam, & 9 @06D) CANMS>MBINOWRYo SMIW] BB B HRRO I @ & )6 Enoam0. Ina foy 10) S0eNZHG0 B INBUWRe EOSTEIR @@ aleilw §aTVMj0 EM0 m as, 956 8 0100 B.2181AN® SIEMOW ). (8now snows 11) DO aJTReo Bowdelaj@o EAVE BB D @1 0y@S T ldbaslan @0.015 )0y ()T IRLEISS @IS M. altogethe 12) emoth g0 Gl EPMEQIIGaN ®O MyeIajo B90D) Odo Hed AVIAO AV literally ( B @GSIO® aIE)oe@&mmeQIan ajlaad af).ad)dsm. EXampleg 13) &glailocho @meemal @seilabo @saial afldlome adlwo@ &b @28 Hg B0 GS) @Yo BROS. “Go it by 14) 00580031000 @0y mmecd aIREERd BREINS aidloy that g J; afleme, ©0glea BAIMDBG OS ezrato,;(oa:c)wo_wg;o (e obI=1[c1dp) We haye Somdso a0 18g o). Stead of 15) @y mdlome o™ Bt Go)We Mas.a) ays), gan ther ty, moe) Elaiaveomeg o &0.0) 010IO0ISBRRNOT AOQ WIN®ID DU BAHEMQJo OISO Y. ' JUst ag ¢y 16) @noflosaslm @z m 20000 @$EmIdy @RI AIW agR2eIBITn Shoul{ b, PBgo ST 8m aellw oo ey eflailoa @Ejwimgog Wt 4 Q100 18LIAS @O WHRIQ S, Yilam fy e 37 — 1 I returp f 17) aflaw.od)aiave cm@moﬂwgamemac)mse a8 QYo @y aZemés ali® Od qVQEM QYo BWLD d)"mce@, B06Mg IS Q1Yo ed)8ss &)amo itilized iy o BIMQJo © B0, 18) @) ALEAY ERGEIAB BV BPR BT HEOAUMND MO OMOTg S0 ORI msrrﬂmﬂ% aQVE; RIMOS G O OB, MIVS:AINHM @RISR’ SO )@ )@ oo ) 19) ofls EodfasaEEle aVQIVLIRIMEBEatS GOS BRIV )00 ©Qg|) OOdR @Y QRLER)I2MODO a_ﬂ@%v)mo afoq 20) @® aNWIR BB ISEBINMO @Sl orlege &gl ceae QYOS @K leneBge aISIDMSHSOS FIMEH IR SD)Emed G ﬁ\.’ﬂ@’\g:lg MERZo @8g 9o @VAIINS BRI Y1. The Indefinite Sentence nodlenaplgl It is an idiomatic privilege of English to make use of ﬂmo certain pronouns of the demonstrative signification without M\ egoem meaning to point to any particular subject Such are ‘t.’ ‘one’ and ‘they, as, ‘It rains’: ‘it snows ‘how is it with yon? if one’s SoUﬂ@go 088 nonesty were impeached, what would one do?’ ‘they say the king is insane’ ete There is no exact equivalent for the indefinite ¢it’ in Mala- fl mgjoigmo yalam, and its force cannot be brought out by any substitution @&QMM In a few examples however the appropriate noun can be put HIMY0 640 an . as ‘It rains’ 2weaiQmo (the rain rains); ‘it snows’ @eomSa QA (snow snows); while in most other cases the ‘i’ SO0 |l ay be left out altogether as, ‘How is it with you? oflemdoss eavuveycac? Or More But in either m@m)aomw literally aflemg o5 vedlomyai ago cud)ch @ai@)esamn ? glesm examples just given as well as in a few others, as, ‘Give it Jones?’ oo S\ ‘Go it bricks’ ete.,, the construction is so thoroughly idiomatic ] 95 a0l that a literal or even a close translation is out of the question. 8jo MIee [0} We have to be content with an expression of the meaning in- stead of the translation. We are more fortunate with the other two pronouns ‘one’ and ‘they ‘One’ is rendered by i1 045 4™ 00 @Im® @oamond Or @eaimaind; and a further point of similarity is that Just as ‘one’ has to be followed by ‘one’, s0 @meamocd or @eaimaimd J 0@%30_183@13 should be followed by mommond or @oaimaind in Malayalam. We me@OQ cannot $4y, ‘one cannot know what his fate is so also i1t is unmala- yalam to say emmainmo oo emosesemo —— P 38 Note It will be noted that ooamoad is a ecloser and more 18) ‘ 1) appropriate translation of the indefinite ‘one’ than emaimaiad, as the () | former is @oeflowoo (indefinite gender), while the latter is plainly masculine (agflowo) N F they, curiously enough, the most commonly received a8 the tra equivalent is esdvaesan, Or alosoges:desan; as, ‘They say there will he exam be fumine in the district this year’ @9 O&ogjo @0 &g ch BMIBPTRIGOHAAD sentence, @ dodea, OF @0 &®gj @9 Klpywlch BMIPe @ MRIG:ORAD 01060y eog advantag or 9eMEIGAHAMIE Sdhdalil.. But in translating such sentences into English, it will be better to use the passive equivalent forms as already observed. Instead of translating the sentence @moailan oflomEao og) ) ao sag by the indefinite construction They say the king is insane 2 it is shortly and aptly rendered by ¢The king is said to be insane’. 9 9 The indefinite use of ‘they’ is mostly conversational 9 EXERCISE A 1 1) How is it with you? It is all over with us. | 2) 3) They lord it over the poor tenants. 4) ‘We rough it in the woods | 5) He stars it in the provinces 6) Come and trip it as you go 1) On the light phantastic too 13 7 One should be careful of one’s health 8) One should always conciliate I 9) One must control one’s feelings 10) One wholly forgets the danger one is in, and thinks only of the 1 effects of one’s own bullets 11) They say blood will have blood 1 12) They say he liked to be first in the company 1T 13) They say that war has been declared 14) They say the emperor is ill 18 15) At lovers’ perjuries, they say, Jove langhs 19 2 16) One can never do anything at variance with one’s own nature 17) They say no spirit dares stir abroad after dawn. Gl — 39 and mopg 18) Soldiers, we must never be beat — what will they say in England ? )llﬂﬁ) 45 the 19) They say the king has arrived. i Py 20) Strange sounds frighten one. Note. The indefinite use of they appears in complex sentences, V received as the transitive predicate of they necessarily takes a clause-object; 587 there will the examples above given therefore belong properly to the complex 22MeE08m sentence, but it is hoped that the present arrangement has the i) @dh% advantage of logical connection. sentences equivalent ExERCISE B. allogao o 1 @motd &)o@l lad aoamoad. g s fnsane’, 2) oaa agalwm @ad)es 0. be fnsane’, 3) a0 @M eendo aunImMad18wemo. onal, 4) @b e ©aIPM SR @Md E®@EAlaeEam Q@ gnuo. ) DS QBB EYSso B2 GIEIds0. 6) @Mt @RAUIMAINIDO @Igo BMISEnEMo. @0MIW) @O a10S50 ), ) 8) QBN EM@oe 9818 D BMIAOS1HIDO AlAMEMO2A0D A 10YAD. 9) meoadhds GalN0 @ 8820 &g )W BHSQIBRY0. 10) o_x(org@"‘l\ S0 BTS00 @7 db QRLZTEIGHRMEL CHSD® ? 11) R0E00Y0 TR D& srdlg {logyamosm d@dvall. 12) ©n AVoAIEVPe VMAHLYPD SeM@oT b ©aLAIGMEIY IOgya™ Q1060 @&7%. 13) @0 @OMNDO BaRad M@ Gadly {le®D . 14) 0 By YO T ce)p_ncg,cb'cmogﬂ" mallosailan @sem 203)18g |s@ea anoem & doal). 15) IR IRHOD SHM(@)O @@,eﬂ% ISMOR I oo 9QgileOWYNS only of the Zoch $Qig) H2lE a@HANID 6Ia QB MSSAN. 16) S®Z2 &) a0 oS5 GaINGOIMHIMI® & loQad)QYeE . 17) @ISO SGARYPENIOTD 1T AVIUYSHZIVWAINE @ITNIMNEL] TVo® SMEM 601G TR . 18) @QEINDO zaidlct HEVMME OO @I & )EeramME20? 19) @IIDMHO SHFAEEILIOE T BYRIDM al0sws S anaidlgy. 20) BRI @@ Q1)QI10a0S WMo M QIleS 9QISOHM 2 TBIZ: pataré A WMEOBR a-IOQYA, v PUASIER 40 i Vil )\7 dt’ Anticipating the Infinitive Phrase e idiom It is an extremely common and useful arrangement im in, Th English to use the pronoun ¢ as a substitute for the coming Tt is vain | 1nﬁr11t1ve as, ‘It is pleasant to contemplate the beautiful’; tit is idle to be explar deplore the irremediable’; ‘it is useless crying over spilt milk’ In Malayalam, however, we have only one form, . e Slwo @M (Majoavdo) to represent both the noun clause and the infinitive phrase; hence the anticipative ‘it’ and a noun- clause have both the same form in the translatlon Rule 12, When the subject of a @woaymamoze is not ex- pressed, its correct translation is by an ‘infinitive’. For example: LD GQ.JOcﬂam"@ ma_laszosm ‘it is dangerous o go out in the rain’ For there is no expressed subject to savamp. An equivalent form T )i of this construction is to substitute the infinitive itself for the «it’: 8 as, ‘To go out in the rain’is dangerous’, OT going out in the rain is dangerous so that we see that Malayalam sentences with a &woay@amozo for the subject may be translated by three different construc- tions into English; and if the subject is expressed, the number of equivalent forms is increased to five, as a noun-clause may also be used in such a case. astlend).ol A& 2LV Ca iGN | maisserdlges@en . This may be rendeled into English by all the following forms:— 1j) 1) It is dangerous for a delicate person to go out in the rain 2) For a delicate person to go out in the rain is dangerous. 8) Going out in the rain is dangerous to a delicate person. ]) Other cases will be fully dealt with under the complex ))( sentence; so also the idiomatic use of the subjunctive mood in this sense. [ Rule 13. Translate the sentence introduced by the antici- pative ‘it’ by substituting for the pronoun the phrase or clause § [ which it anticipates 41 Note. There is no personal pronoun in Malayalam upon which the idiom of the language confers this peculiar privilege of anticipa- ement in tion. The avogsiBmoeaiandyo may be substituted in some cases; as, & Coming ‘It is vain to make excuses’ @8El@¥lay alosmodd queaoleewlgy. This will ‘it s idle o be explained under the complex sentence. a.) I’ as Subject Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed. 0.6, s ause and 10. EXERCISE A. 1 a noun- 1) It is noble to seek truth. It is useless to dispute with an obstinate man. 1§ 10t ex- 3) It is necessary to make a choice. 4) It required the utmost exertions of the officers to quell the excitement. rexample; 5) It was painful to him to refuse a request. min', For 6) It is the business of art to imitate nature. ylent form Under Charles II. it was made a serious crime tq attend a vdissenting or the at’ place of worship. It would have been wise in the king to avoid any conflict with the § dangerous'; 8) people. . Betmizo 9) 1t would be a wild notion to expect perfection in any work of man. - construc- 10) It is never good to bring bad news. ¢ number It is uncharitable to speak ill of the absent. 11) 12) It is pleasant and healthy to take a walk in the cool of the evening. lause may 13) It is creditable to a man born poor to rise to eminence. ) @mo@fmm;) 14 It is a pitiful sight to see young men of promise carried away by Inglish by the untimely hand of death. 15 It is enough to send a thrill of horror into the hearts of all good men to see the rising generation as full of conceit. i EXERCISE B. 1) V@0 AIOYMND QOB oo @A 1SHS A )0 CD®IH M. e complex 2) M@OS BaRasI®20d cmSlnon e @y eseean® Q) avm dire mood @m@omﬂ%@g@a@m’o. 3) oaiafudlded aflveamdlesang ailggl@@osan, 4) EYSAT AN HNPIMISLANG MANEY. fle antici 5) @nud)do HQIgB0 &S ).010@h EREEILIG0 O MBIG0. o oF Clause 6) @wo_m(};]@@@g QO] 0)8& hAIMND ag3)Be QB OO @0p1QY 20K aM. —_— — 42 () M loa0WmEMo EH St BRAIGH0. 8) @Yo ailed &:MBIch Ao AVEIMILT) Bso. 9) 200BIVAMEMMBE 3@ Al loVI@oIMIR OHE AU T SIMOMY @0 VIRV 0. 10) aJe1deoeiqy Mmoo @0 MVEMA)MND 9 BB MO TR WLEI® MYEIHTOQYo © RoHaM. 11) @0 AVIRL) zmy@g(oﬂemumo{:gomt gsallosssan Q). 12) aslesoab @O H) AIQYER HIPYVBOE 6 a10g]) ogcmm'\mm‘:ro? %Mo. 13) 1 BN 16O BYE ORI @HaAN o9ag am aflglonnm dgemo B1a B a5 @10) @'BSJ:) OJOGB(TT)\’O;’ {BTOCEO@)O. 14) Oalmda:seenz oﬂg)ag)omo 00101 8n0O® ERBERIMN O T I3 @b allesesanm @o mogcg)m")rob BT ALIUIPEMM S |0 M. 13) 1 BQIMEEMSQYo BQIMRICEOSAo HHUIYo @06 |8 DAY, o eabo %@b®°' I b.) ‘It as Object Anticipating an Infinitive Expressed. Model. <The general judged it expedient to cross the river’ md) @senany Qemoean 9o am)ouSlatad afl@ie) o, Note. It will be observed that ogam supplies the place of the English ‘that’ introducing an object noun-clause; and so the dis- tinction botween the above sentence and its equivalent form ‘The general judged that it was expedient to cross the river’ cannot be brought out in Malayalam. As there is no such distinetion between the direet and indirect forms of speech in Malayalam, as obtaining in English by the sup- pression of ‘that’, agam may also represent the sign of quotation. Take the example: He said, ‘The king will not survive the defeat’ oo Q) @O @vaIRWe AVab)aj eFlaflofldleedlyy ‘ag a0’ @RAID aloswy. 11 EXERCISE A. 1) He found it difficult to maintain his position. 8) I thought it the most prudent method to be still. 3) A Chinese once took it into his head to travel into Europe. 4) The Emperor Honorius found it advisgble to contract the limits of the empire. R, 43 5) The jotting of the rough roads of that time made it necessary to reduce the fracture again. mm@ m 6) Horace Walpole thoaght it a good practical joke to set public men to- gether by the ears. 0 (el 7 I feel it my duty to speak on this point. 8) I may yet have it in my power to prove my gratitude to you. 9) We should certainly think it the height of injustice in him to accuse us of feeling actuated of malice. mo Oj(ﬂ'lﬂo 190 gm0 10 ~— A gainst the Saxon pirates the Roman Governor found it necessary to establish an elaboratc system of defence. )@ﬂ(& g 11) He found it not at all prudent to maintain such a costly establish- KY)S&:P@(TTU. ment under his altered circumstances. my 6)%.\169) 12) Patriots consider it an honour to die in the cause of their country. 13) The ignorant consider it not worth their while to examine a fly or watch the movements of the ant. 14) The speaker thought it superfluous to enter into details about the probable issue of a hasty war between two nations so equally cross the matched. ace of the EXERCISE B. ) the dis- 1) form ‘The ()Y OB o NYT@ @0aIZMO2a Fawr2od aflalm)dean. 2 - cannot he WMo &SN aJ@Emnmeg e gay) 92 eyopjaeod adem Bz a0, 3) aNeabo &)¥lejes 0IBRIS e @) AVAVIBIEsNE® M eado a0 2oNET A SHOOHQAD Q)o@ )EnBD) . 1d indirect 4) Momdo wraeese alainedlssmo (Jwiaueamm @oaimb r the sup- omg 1) ol 1@ )esan. quotation. 5 ~—" «uémogcscedomm'\fo’o odesanmoem’ aflg; 08 saven laco 21088 lofeat’ IR0 a@) afalo@d e . 6) @oglos qvge W@@ME oagalleew Es:oqmalm 2d) 04, WIR @ o_nro’k/oamﬂ@a@azm ad)am@nde aflwesad)lesan. 7 MRS SSOHS TyeITVo(ajoa)@mW) @L0IWSE) (@ JVET I8 RD o@g)0 @MDY MOSWY 0FlaFeh @I FORIEMMNA 6wy @) BBe RO . 8) e9agadleomeesgla amgglom a1 g {lenoo@ BRBMANS pe e @YOITDSICWER® BB RMOD 19O Rldaaey, o lmits Of 20&amn. 9) (@ro"]rocrp@_so QIAJMIW B AVI@IOEMIN S IBWEMo. e 44 — 10) av.esaflesiw gamwassg Q1 ) =) 12) 0018w e BTN m@oo’]&«ﬁm@@_ MO @Yo RIATIRAIR &M @206 . 1) 11) DIMMITBS HS ao@oo_ﬂ@ommoégo DEREEMEOBHDER0 B ATV e Iesnem aflg 1o8)eg 6S &anIes o go@oem . 14) Note. ‘It’ in such constructions takes a n oun or an adjective immediately after it, and comes after verbs of ‘thinking’,' ‘speaking’, 15) ‘sounding’, ‘making known’, ete. 16 c.) ‘I Anticipates an Infinitive Implied. 1 The usual function of a pronoun is to stand for a noun | or its equivalents, actually expressed; but in some cases it also represents a fact or idea implied in a phrase or clause. Take the example: ‘Though it was hardly worthwhile, still they contra- 1) dicted the report.” Here the pronoun ‘it’ stands for the infinitive 2 implied in the sentence ‘they contradicted the report’; so the sentence would read ! ‘Though to contradict the report was hardly worth while, (still) they contradicted the report.” The student will note that this use 74) of ‘it’ comes properly under the complex sentence, and its 9 0) consideration will thevefore be put off for the present. General exercises in the anticipative use of “it’. 12. ExErcisE A. ] 1) It is pleasant to walk in the morning. U 2) It is possible to predict the movements of the stranger. j 3) To be or not to be, that is the question, 4) It were an unseemly sight, a novice out of convent shade, 4 5) It is a maxim in raillery, never to venture on it but with the polite and witty. 6) It is a piece of politeness never to interrapt a person in his story. 7) Make it & rale never to neglect any duty. 1) 8) To derive any advantage from travelling it is not sufficient to pass through different countries. 9) This is life eternal, to know Thee, the only true God. 10) It wiil not do to talk of incnle ating virtue from the stage. 11) It is necessary only to allude to the practice to fill the soul of my 1 youthful readers with honor. j) 45 ——— %Oxﬂﬁ)ﬁm% 12) It has generally been found a hopeless effort to attempt to bring back the drunkard to a life of respectability. mfmmmo 18) It did not occur to him to observe the ways of animals. m, 14) It is hardly possible for a thinking man to gain experience or obser- vation without waking some secret and short reflection upon the adjoctive exceeding swiftness of the operations of the mind. Speaking 15) It is distressing to know that human passion interferes often to destroy the happiness of a nation. 16) It is a vast function to teach the art of living well. 17) IIe considered it a duty owed to society to expose such villainy. [ & nonn 18) Some nations deem it no crime to cheat foreigners, 19) The captain saw it mecessary to cut off the mast to save the ship. 03568 1t 20) He thought it unnecessary to add a word of explanation to this I clauge laconic despatch. hey contra. 21) He considered it incumbent on him to spread the new faith to the ifinitive utmost of his power. senfence 22) It betrays a weak mind to be upset at the very first difficulty. 23) The governor thought it wise not to interfere with such popular il (il demonstrations. this nse 24 ~ It is useless to deplore the irremediable. cand 1is 25) The new priest firmly believed it a part of his duty to reclaim the b erring members of his congregation even at person‘al risk, EXERCISE B. 1) a_ngsvo_»@@,cm;ﬂmb &g lesang Mo, 2) 0J088H@OG] MSMN® BXMNEM W0, 3) @PRV107).9) 016189 ® @A laND 2S)WRICIW &5 1HEOS Qe B1OMEM 20010, ) 4) AovadsS®d 2I0HQYe LR B QYo 9AYYIN® QIMBIW v SIYREH:D. h the polite 5) LoD T 0318 US)gjoad @H)edNE 0y C2OE. 6) i story, &gm.allzd) @msissod aflandlesmg avIEY,E20? 7 OIS ) B9 B @219 Lo ABSAN® BRIEI Lo, 8) 290000I% AIOYMNGIBBEY SHSAL A IOYMEG BYYBESHSIEM . b fo pass 9) @O IvAKREs o avaydlogamo @R UD) YRS B3B8 BANIC0. 10) 8013088 © M OB |erO WA 8.a10&)8m0e0® afloagy aflgnwo. 11) ERE BULIEYBEWIEHRMMER® OV, 2Ry Baefld. soul of my 12) MM enta0y allogygerYRSIBWI) 20y BSH. 13) esasseaSl inmisma@ elo0allg @8N AIRINLINMMIG AMD - 46 14) ® ERIMG @) MVoa0I D62 o dg S0M@IW 103 ley® a1 ERjaZo MmO, FOLLE 15) BOQIMNIQ VOB lejo 88803 wsmalaj aflaimoelaflan @.alyf) ffp is t00 8 g1® alnEjao. yill be o 16) aflegomEng H®@e|0 MBerAcEa Galea) el oflsmy meab. 17) or ‘trans mﬂ%o@@zbm@mowmam N3l {lg |8DOAD @00 & aVIRY) 20 &@gdoo.ld;%o. is too old 18) BT Q0.0 OO A) GO ASMHBOVS DELMY BE)wWey. o B 19) apeaim eflaflessaegs M@0 WaSlglesmE g e BIvIW mmport 1 B ()OS lWamkan, 20) Note. 88000 SETOAND «g)Bgjo BO)OM &Wlosamy @cwocrﬁo; 21) @sailed Slayano LOLICRIGICRIEEN Rule 29) 23) o2& p oo @Ay o Mgg jord @osﬂqycm@gg. patison MoEMo a@g’?g’\mma@mgg@ EYOMICWIBHDT 6).210QASTREMI P 24) Blaimn @ﬂy@@owmmoemog QYo MSIEINY o joaf)YeS e1eMem o2an afle) @oeyys@Id MS)esan. pression 25) 2o lasan mmeno emoelleeled emoeeman L0y 608 Wode g)md Gaaloed d@sam., HO M vill. Simple Sentence with too’ followed by an Znﬁnitz’veh. Rule ‘Too’ is a terse adverb of comparison showing both manner sabstitat and degyee; a8, ‘He is too old to learn’ = ‘he is so old that he cannot learn’, 8gppa) b When the phrase expressing the comparison is suppressed, the word must be taken in the sense of ‘more «than enough’, ‘than what is just, right, convenient, fitting or desirable’:—«ont that this too, too solid Aesh would melt’. This is an idiom peculiar to Y English and cannot be rendered with equal terseness into Malayalam. In the majority of cases only the equivalent form can be translated; as, He is too old to learn’ @pau a18)g{eab @0 ()00 4 N Q@b @EnQIgDo (2)0@r0S )85 Ges QMG a OF @A o@ufleyo afldlomo aidlgyond &@lalgy. It is to be regretted that we have to resort to these circuitous or lengthy forms of ex- ) pressing the meaning conveyed by this terse, graceful English ) 1) idiom. Bnt however in a few cases a shorter and less harsh translation is possible; when the comparison is suppressed @oof) 1) may be used; as, ‘This too, too solid flesh’ e cmmﬂno@e_leeono or o oo, @0 @)augeidsaso; ‘this frujt is too sweet’ @o a0 @D AR )6g 0); flm g ) the is too strong for you’ @paid aflomencdd @RCNWEMIR 8 o). It will be observed that by adding enpuiegpe), the idea of ‘excess’ MY e, or ‘transgressing the proper limit’, is well brought out. ‘He ) e is too old to learn’ may thus be rendered by ewaim aidlgjomd @0 gy, @o @RUS)E:200 18g o). ‘ana), ‘ago’ and other words of similar 360 Ry import may be put in likewise. 1000, Note. Instead of infinitive, a phrase under ‘for’ comes after ‘too’. Rule 14. The sentences in ‘too’ with an expressed com- Qas GNP parison should be translated by its equivalent form under 95 QlAmem Glomae and @ad@lwom emeaionsyead with a negative ex- pression added to the end. m LQS@GNB Model. ‘The news is too good to be true’ mo acwzim. we O MMIIB g | 9@ @) M 3 @b (&@MNe@) EM o) @l gyoad (Bail) cwoa%mo) asoslgy. (o¥leewo.) y?;zitive‘. Rule 15. When <oo’ stands alone without comparison, th manner substitute ees) or words of like import for <00’ and add epw) annot learn’, eg @) to the end; as, ‘This is too long’ @ Qge® oz 2w ey o). ressed, the 13. EXERCISE A. gy, han ble':—«0h! 1) The news is too good to be true, eculiar to 2) This was too little return for the labour expended. ness 10t0 3) The sum was too difficult for the boys’ power of calculation. 4) The work was too warm to last long. equi.va]ent 5) He was too much excited to hear reason. b g prd 6) The state was too much weakened by its internal divisions. 7 The civil commotions of France were of too general importance to be 0 @ooJm overlooked by the princes of Europe. offed that 8) The lords were too prudent to assume unconstitutional powers. ms of ex- 9 The window was too high to reach from the ground. 1 Boglish 10) Scipio was too lordly to be the useful citizen of a republic, too Jesg harsh generous to become her master. 11) Cousin, I am too young to be your father ossed 0o Though you are old enough to be my heir. gado 0F B9 P 48 i 12) The artifices of the king were too refined to be successful and too Rule frequent to be concealed URGION 13) He bad been just out of his office being too shrewd to be deceived and too honest to join in deceiving the people {hg truth’ 14) The travellers were too much exhausted by the Journey to take notice of the passers-by Note 15) He was too conscientious an officer to set personal considerations b pres before the public duty. MR EXERCISE B. 1) AR o OOV 0aRIaD Qg 6H® 2 gxo. 2) @adlgyem) @rolgjomd aw man aymseno. 3) DO &5 gano mE O IseIes M ® alQg |20 18g 9@ 4) @O o o0 aaumm@rmﬂm QB OO0 (URODYBB D NI 208 @00 amlgy 5) QlRldg0 > QEBIOS MIRICEEHD ICWHND ol APV G ) muﬂ@@amﬂ@gﬂomﬁm’)@gm <o v 6) (@Mow0 21ge® dlrazdlmang oo 8odg b @S)axm = O.Jcﬁs_z o_ﬂroauaamﬂ@&:;omﬂ 7 =) Sz B QlallW &Yoo 1aw adg joad o aflsanan 01Q @I 18gJow ). 8) oNelom ) esods a0 n_mgzlmb (000080 U OO @ gy Bow) Bgjo 1@l esmo. 9) cmoemrzss@@ 900 @107 )b (8w g joab af) man ®.01Qg Jo. 10) f) RNEEd @R er) oo os e avemia g joad 0 8gJod nan oal)OeIqoem . 11) 9 wIG)mmImges Bridk myudledlmmimas D £0L1E ) 1D BQIME) @00 mevdoa mulglesme cidaosrvessan. 12) @S0 aleme.pieln) G laidan o@yfrs@g e (@)8QIus g joad ) f (m’a@ao.&momo&ﬂmﬂrommm%o eoaﬂ@ Q88 QI0IGBaD @R QID, 3) o@@oogjmmmﬂam DI EoRvailodoge gy @ﬂfmsmﬂcsgo DS @UIN® @Alg o oo emiele @EAE)BNBnIBeENS. 14) BNIEMO &G BWER|BSHSANIMRITMAIME] &5 1)) 1) 1X The Absolute Construction. 1 The absolute participial phrases show either time or cause, 1 and may always be converted into correspondlng adverbial clauses; 1j) as, ‘My story being done, she gave me for my pains a world of sighs’ .__when wy story was done she gave me for my pains a world of sighs (time) ; ‘the wind being favourable, we set sail’ = as the wind was favourable, 1) 1 11) | we set sail (cause) — 49 — 688l ang gy, Rule 16. The absolute infinitive is translated by the avoes 0 be deceiveq Qim ‘eg@iah’ Or ‘eyaemaslal’ preceded by @lwamoao; as, “To tell you the truth’ asl8anog aV@je aloQa@OWID., 0 take notieg Note 1. Sometimes ‘agam © 000’ with &)@smze in & or aseso considerations with present wayoymo may be used with advantage; avmyo asoeow M Q1.019@h OF AVYy0 10N aidmo, 2. The absolute participial phrase has a separate subject. I 14. EXERCISE A, YR 00aiIg 1) Richard having been deposed, Henry became king, 2) It drawing towards night, they got him to bed. JIpRITVA0) 3) Their plans concerted, they sought and found the king in the Loire. o @Slam 4) We sitting, the cock crowed. 5) The ghost appeared, the bell then beating one. 6) The gloss of novelty once dulled, the ways of the ship oncevmasthered, rmsmﬂ@&oaﬂ. and the character of those around him once comprehended, life 0 9o on board must have appeared tohis eager, restless nature but wearisome and monotonous. } 7 The last of the voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew wearj Q'SHO()D onam of the sea. 8) The habitation being quite solitary, we arrived at the door without o\ Su0e) ) being observed. 9) The wind having fallen, the sea became gradually calm. éemw’lﬁon{\ 10) The Duke was arrested, a charge of treason being laid against him. am @b, 11) His peaceful proposals being rejected, he determined to make his way | el by valour. »34')85“S~ 12) Your life being now attended with so many evils, why are you not willing to die? 13) To cut the matter short, the army sustained a disastrous defeat, and the king fled the country in dismay. o 01 CAUSE 14) To speak plainly, you are a fool. adverhial 15) Sooth to say, there was not a single friend willing to help him in 3 & Wol'ld Of this dilemma. corld of sighs 16) To be plain with you, I have not a single sovereign to lend 3'<;u. s favourable, 17) To speak mathematically, the prosperity of a country is directly proportional to merchants, farmers and artizans. 4 L fo Re F%me QeroBs @ H_. R oBeoswe owefLO wometroalFun(y oA s Swwee(of) (g1 & @0 cororo Scwa@)(PErefD (EwWST YioFPOYY PIDPOrD ABEIeStee W Yov °fog odusrog an(ewme® (LT w | Wncm@ﬂdnyg (T ese (M aD focesce opelBpaus Bee|Sc@asg|Sroe owea(se® seecBeas aneo (91 T (; opcapoaw Sefd 8o o® QUL MY (UL @ "[BEIrvY I (er W ospEUWEidan cc@rcc_drm@ @(mIw @o ‘oo ol oe@@ogﬁu @9 roee Qe oformengi(maw crep(@cewibire T TRt WS T (62 I f& (5@ c@mo PS5 avroszEie| @ 27 AMOELEIE@E YIRV@O @ (B EP AT ores Py Beawsban Foan (er I3l 31 81 oo Besus o oo Ty ofv aud aany Ooﬁg@grgn@ F@rén\voogog@gﬁg oMot RIVS) oQCC@W@U&u 908 why {QADIO (@WCRRD(UQID QUIT(JWITD I UDQLIBIIM( FOQEE (@Y (z1 [Py BP(@r0Ep WY B (wiawblfvawm wetee foan OEIOUDCEE BOEIS(® VR® WE(EBULWALI® US| (e Fﬁq (ar @ﬁe@ B 5e00® (moe (o1 198 004 ‘o ol PRUL®@ VOM(S® SOIP® EFrPeaLmEEory ol@aw ULOW m@a@g QOB oub| @Y BBro® unse U} sty 8, (5 ote(® (e @ WiroBove @By porD wErBeayBE (e % 301§ 9 -fF e rvpsewBe Qo AN o o eto oo Guse|w W EBse@E© Fmmw (@) (8 10 e UDEPCORIY S © moﬂm@r\c WY °Uts QB (WEBMLYY([D @A YL WY@ MNUBONOUE (e ojur womeC® oo BBHw(meravwes dBwewoesf® yoseos e (0 e aop[d feloturo vocfwpie (mommeian wstes womeomeo ol @ Bevs seBe(mecan @) (9 | 91y A0SV © FBp(emwse wetewsw wRe Ete RETELIEACT L RCE oo 0@ 0rte awew ofgew(@austseo® e (@) §fv oo e (¢ *UocOCsR SO0 0BBro© aw(Ww woafo ewey ‘iR PEBrve TRETIW ULEErv e (6 (BB® pog( e emuse@)me w W&GC@ oD LSO yowe weroey piBgwfo offran swtewgoves Focw(rv oEEe (g *f3| o BBUw© (07 Hile @ eoromusgesan focme PiEtErEe W awd@fome (3 “ER80ofo @ quroe oetmioBoo we waswws (I g FSIOUAXT (] e ] 06 51 19) @ovesas lab aflay allesad i wmo PN A6Mo © M2 ag)am B US) S0 oﬂ@gjog 9210 @0k QAVADLITBZ OS Uy.afle.eem o) Sa1Hd 0flogieh@ow @pym oW o{)d)esmmo. o)) oy 20) QLEND a10SwsLIEE)th S|k (E@e ©.0)QPAUEAD oo Iendh maf) BMIaIBBWEBdD &5 lddhdegs 2maiw 10aV6 G mmﬂgzﬂcsacm aflw o) ayes moe@och Doy a1d)gy Al mOSQo algo b oewlal 3o 10 @ 1 1))@ 21890 @rs ) o )& ) e ao. 0o E0éIAL X Stmple Sentence with an Infinitive Phrase hawing zsmﬁ@gjs the force of an Adjective. W26 Rule 17. The infinitive used as an adverbial phrase to re- place an adjective clause in English, ought to be translated eewIh into Malayalam just like an adjective clause by weny ) Bitho B C‘%@mom Qg0 OT @W@aqmmmo@@ommo@ o. 1T M Note. Such expressions as, ‘Sunderland was the first minister fo fally “He is not a man to say such things’ ete. have no parallel in Malayalam. om0 6] ‘He was the first man to shed blood in the cause of Islam’=¢He was the first man, who shed blood in the cause of Islam’ DY) 002 ) @3 JaR GQI6NE) BSMMI2® el Mgt 20)01® ERALMIY . HIMAIAN0 Model. <He is not the man to say such things’ e aflwoe aio ) ) Qi) QY @gd eogy @oaid. Here the student will note that the infi- rﬂm@mzco nitive phrase is taken first, as it qualifies the noun “man’ which 1s the real subject; and the shifting of the grammatical subject )G ‘he’ to the end brings out the force of the idiom., @@MO)G@.\ 15 EXERCISE A, Bchdgo OO 1) You are not the man to desert your old friend. 10000+ 2) Bacon was the first to impress upon mankind the importance of phy- sical research. 15(,\) 0IBR00] 3) I was the last person to enterithe room, L0600 4) They are not the men to be trifled with. | ' 5) He was the first to teach the tenets of the prophet. . 61200 6) There were no fruits for them to gather. 7) Is this the way for you to find the officers and men together? 4 * 52 8 ) They wanted acommon arbitrator to be resorted to, in their difference. 9) We were the first to come into the house and the last to go out of it. 10) He was the only man to take an intelligent view of the case. 11) He was not a man to stand on ceremony. 12) One of the first to avow himself a believer was his servant Teid. 13) Those that ought to be the first to suspect a thing, are often the last to do so. 14) Come, Gelert, why art thou the last Llewelyn’s horn to hear? 15) These great truths needed a voice to utter them with distinctness. Who is there now to tame thee? 16) 17) William III. was not the man to discard an old friend for a new one. 18) A man of very real integrity, honour and ability will be found to take his place and to carry his ideas into full execution. 19) The people are the masters, we are the skilful workmen to shape their desire into perfect form and to fit the utensils to the use. EXERCISE B. 1) WSIP0 B @SB WP IBsMMaIMEy @D, 2) @0E120Mo EPMRIS W allfeids QIPIQYAN AVILOMARY. 3) ot dods 031088 O1S AVIRINTRND 6 QIGHIMVER @ TUNIARY WD o). 4) EUIEMOG T BWEZ |85050 YAMRITMAMEY &GS, 3) @ @ah 2198SEMHRa™ 6 aldp] @ lab allomm @eaa &-alogyanal opilaid. 6) P2a00IRIBAIIG @ONRYATY &mo%}cmo.x(b BIY@o QY. 7) @odo saa1ufemdIYes () ovlawg |0a) oﬂ @0g) EYEHMail CmIED. 8) ©1 EREEMITBNDO VMBS BB B mﬂ&':j oo =g esleayse. 9) emad enlgo@oaile@msreQIMgy a1, 10) aleM OB e BQIME) B@AINM AIG)GeaNAIMEY M@EOS SRS Ioab. 11) @omho LIRIRROOD R ) aomlo{lmam @dcn SAQRD &8 QYmMaimofiaan gy csooamgu av . 12) AMEM OB BSHoato QUIBANQIABE B AISIOHTD oS |CD I AOAD S8 QPanaiaso BRI @mmTlgy eanb. 13) S|H0d OO EOAISSHODENNG 0B g |OG)eh BWe|GBalo&HaN B&s0ad. 14) SH@MB Do HOM BB AIS@AD USHBHOL MBI, 15) EIO60B3 DS QUontd 968 aﬂ@owrcmsgoo‘; eao@o_mrob mocgma@ms &Sloriles @owdo QUIMBADAN QIR 6‘@66:3()0. il 53'__ 106 16) claslaied OOIQO® QNG ©.21RIANEH S YMaIogy. it 17) DIBONYER B HO0OB DO EPEM1EemIUS)®iro agefles TG BWILD) DYSB AIOGY @o_meﬂgg@sorb. 18) ®P@ HaGYeEM WY moel. 19) 32a10518:0@)120®OS @ eno aqomiod g joaeeR @o&’go @@ )d9ej0 W 608 ) the Om @Ry, 20) Mo @EM)IMj0 aIRERIE al0smy Haladlg jooees quNIAg) ag®abo afls, 658 e xi. General Exercz’se in Simple Sentence. i to 16. EXERCISE A, 128 1) The last of these voyages not proving very successful, I grew weary 1se of the sea. The apartments, considering the size of the vessel, were spacious and high, 8) It has rained unceasingly all the week. 4) In most instances the participial adjuncts may be considered ag a separate clause contracted into a phrase. 20 5) There are two essential requisites in a treatise intended to introduce a difficult subject to general readers. ma 6) It seems unnecessary to consider Mauray’s theory further, 0 Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any person in attempting wrongfully to confine that person, shall be punished with impri- o) sonment for a term extending to two years. 8) In the event of any person, required to give security under the provisions of the foregoing section, failing to furnish the security 820 so required, he shall be committed to prison. 9) In cases tried by the court of session, the court shall forward a copy of ifts sentence together with a warrant for the execution of the o ae0 same, directed to the magistrate of the district. 10) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to alter or affect the provisions 2000 of any other law or regulation relating to licenses. 11) Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to @m thy word. 12) Now behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. And immediately there fell upon him a mist and a darkness. @05 He weni secking some to lead him by the hand. — 54 — 13) A stag drinking at a clear pool, admired the handsome look of its spreading horns, ‘“‘How gracefully they hang over my forehead, what an agreeable air they give my face!” 14) The ox warned the stag not to be too sure of his escape. bt 15) A villager one frosty night in the depth of winter found a snake under a hedge almost dead with cold. Having pity upon the poor creature, he laid it upon the hearth near the fire. Revived by the heat it flew at the wife and children of its benefactor with dreadful hissing. 5 16) Vile wretch! This is the reward you make to me your benefactor? Die then! but a single death is too good for you. 17) The frogs, living an easy free sort of life among the lakes and 3l ponds, once prayed Jupiter to send them a king. 18) Full particulars concerning the nowinal strength and organization of the Russian army have been collected by the Intelligence branch of our War Office. 19) To form any satisfactory opinion as to the probabilities of Russian 3 schemes of organization being satisfactorily carried out under the pressure of a declaration of war, it is necessary to know the country and the people. % 20) Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. 21) Let observation with extended view Survey mankind from China to ljeru. Most wretched men 3 22) e o s e 4 s s e e Are cradled into poetry by wrong. 23) The clergy having now gained one victory over the crown, proceeded in the next place to attack the authority of the Archbishop. 3) 24) Between all the senses there i3 a kind of comparative activity in one and quietude in the other. 3 25) The sun, as the centre of our solar system and the spring of all vital phenomena in the vegetable world, and thence by induction ) to the animal world, requires the first consideration in examining the relation of the external world to vital phenomena. 26) For the last hundred years and more, Chili has been a repository of earthquakes. 27) %) Strong winds may be viewed as revivifying agents in the wheel of nature, during certain periods of endemic and epidemic invasions. 28) Accurate and perfectly authenticated copies of the 'yard and the pound, executed in platina and hermetically sealed in glass, should — ) 55 6 ook of it be deposited deep in the interior of the massive stone-work of Iy forehead, some great public building, to be taken out upon some very high By and urgent occasion. / ound & sngke 29) To speak of the coast of Greenland now encompassed ten, twenty and ity upon he thirty miles from shore with a belt of ice, being in 982 A. D. per- 16, Revived “fectly free from ice, and in 1121 A. D. a bishopric rf),ppointed by Sigar, king of Norway, and in a short time having sixteen churches, its benefastor appears scarcely credible. 1 benefactor? 30) From these and other considerations too numerous to mention, the climate of England for the first four centuries of the Christian the lakes and era, may be affirmed to have been scarcely inferior to that of Italy. 31) In contrast with the opinion, now very geuerally adopted, of the | organization earth baving once been a fluid or molten mass moving in its orbit as a fiery meteor, the two following facts relative to the earth’s igence branch surface appear worthy of attention. 65 of Russian 32) I have already entered somewhat fully into the merits of this parti- out under the cular method of determining the sun’s distance, in chapter II, of 4 - to know the my work on the sun. 33) Apart from any question of delicacy, Government observers have lately had good reason for avoiding any suggestions in favour of expenditure on scientific expeditions, very plain hints having been given them not to do so. 34) The study of the geographical distribution of living and extinct or- ganisms has recently become one of the most important branches of philosophical Natural History. iy proeeeded 35) To return from this digression to Europe, we need not wonder at its hbishop. ofivity in one fauna being so much poorer than in post-glacial ti‘mes.. 36) It would be entering too much into detail to give the method of enquiry adopted in arriving at these important conclusions. spring of all 37) Mr, Polier supplied me with a copy of the letter addressed by him 6 by induotion jn esamiaing to Sir Joseph Banks, on the occasion of transmitting to that 2 gentleman a copy of the Vedas to be deposited in the British Museum. P repository 38) On the whole, in selecting this spot for tbe abode of Napoleon, étten- tion would seem to have been directed to the security of his per- 1 tho wheel of nic inyasions: son, as the paramount consideration, rather than softening his ard and the captivity by fixing his residence in a comfortable and pleasant J situation. i} glaSS, ghould - e [t 56 89) Certainly, gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a representative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspond- ence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents 40) The. Mysore Rajah’s elephant carriage is a most magnificent convey- ance the genius of Allawdin could scarcely have done more Its interior ig a double sofa for six persons, covered with dark green yelvets and goid, surmounted by an awning of cloth of gold in the shape of two small scalloped domes meeting over the centre and surrounded by a richly ornamented verandah, supported by light, elegant, fluted gilt pillars the whole about twentv-two feet in height and capable of accomodating about sixty persons. EXERCISE B 1) RUWERWO I LImMISES )T @030 SHIdhGBo @OEMN, 2 D)Mo IR ao'h%\ a@Y QIaD. 2) B® & 01ASHHEd Ao aflriailS)o) 8@ PN Mo BIYQYSS EOSERIGe alem3|@9neao agllth H&I5omwW.o). 3) B 2a0)UTASHD @ODO A&z S @oamsmmnbo EDIS a1d) 8:‘0(7')62/_ 4) IR O 1@ 01QIS OB )@d @S®00® MoeyBald o_lmm’]sum%csado og)ef) @(ﬂ@ﬂoo")(ﬂ:ﬁsmmb BQITE] & 0y0|OW Qg o). 5) 221298 BBLLMY EANOMNAJM0 ad)aD aISEMES @b & @ dean my@enad allewmed agan oo enital @ntd AINCB LMY G0 @OOAINE Q@O ENOHRAT O3 UDI Q) .0y, 6) oMz @o;gao)mnaocb WH@©BAIISHBMICH camkm'\gé QURIYSH M)A ) oo DB 2180 108D B® EoaRemeabo o_ﬂgo_mroﬂ%mb ) M OSHIE D, 0 M MO BINF S ngaomma@mﬂmﬁam Zonala)B0 Golomb og\m-o(%mraﬂ@@?i% BBV WE0 A JMNOR@ QYo ABMITHWO. 8) adsmm@@ A2MYE@E VMWES RDEEE & @GS ) ogamomazo aflg sl eaimaiSeive 1) 98 U020E) 0B 2o0BeY MMREQET® Bodl@Yemd e mendleooad)ensle) % aVoE D BaWDjo W) oIMYOBIg EIDQaIBHaz0 Gdapad 9) B8 30000300 DoV eV IR0 @ﬂ&@’\wgg@msng @anmaed gdlose maila BEUM TVYE @ VIYHSHINS 10) 8oV )3 lveaM Ggavselsaneag g o) woall o s EFlonseed s Nagm immaeavailmad seaiesaimb .Q\,a o 0BeeTBfv orvgap ofvTE EEIW WY W(W®(HO P @ ‘operwwro Swcewawzft |Seeeoo (mirvaE Ste (59 (23 &cogoauEcrue BBfe(we 8 ovteDwEe oquewsgrte caurop e ‘| WA T Duirs eewssSHgie Bibiom (oo _auoaoro@mpc 8L060($PCUY (MOULIYRIY NEWTEPND([O o (13 o Woe qiFBrosees Wanrowes (03 § oosue St eB(Ww QB ‘queas mow @emoe ebreeeommcoba&uooe,@ o G U@ AL EWESD® SOCE® OO (W @O cmo® offog ‘an® AUM eEEBW SeoeFEiw BPWS(W qIes (61 0@ WP HtTeY & Hirvavatw 0usE0UI90 fe prcubeme avee Suwcsecs® (Weoaw 0Bawerfenfrwy BBEPPESQ YLRUIOIND Qe qu %oﬂm@ﬁcw@@@ oenfdeny BBER(UWW@ QUEL(TOCNY ) o300 @3 BOrouD ©rg*BaLUS QO Q| ] Bowp ogo|g et 99 TOBEUCUOVCURLURD VR Q(EV(BL® (81 0T NOAD PBE (YR QL 08V QPP curwan (o9 W serous([Fsfo seima wes ofv Gow WE(rO0at U S mewrn|@ew @(w (o1 E@? w (@ .Qc%v@r@?d%%r@& ~ev0c-fO0 oo (@rofud) o @O | e5wo|u op-e 00-fOV cQIBIE QES(HE WELW(E °Voa ovSld (o1 (v aewqu i@ Qutse e ovoaw wiavsecei tefece o® ALEPC@UDO(ZuoM0 et queFBmaw 10rv 68 e ® EiW(WFseaus (@R @b ® Wibe e OPEVPEUVE PWOY ©OEE @0 BB 0000e ‘0@ Sww (er Selffies o wscwsuwses Fe g(rv eBvabrv avmaue @i (1 f Gl @Y PRV P PDY (BIIOYQR T BPrER|YLEeaD | eefice T (s 20 @ fF(¢nom(Ww ot @ owAWS) QULCIDEYCT VY ADIT O V(LY (g1 suosaad £ ULEP( QWO QUroBYALLMD orErctfE( e B 8-ty TCUWeM (oS 'ge'g(fo Aq payaoddns CRUEN] o7 oY B WIotawwd oL TP PriY cawdo (a1 f[0s Jo g0 0P ik : @@_ICWVCQA o) OLLIM AN YT A GO OErT@ Ry PO [BCBOV(SO 8100 RT0p | pewrcweDEpe wiavcw 04100 Jup: Suong sy o|pnwsesftocsien (rr .Eaazoi QLI CERE O rBhroe(we B(Srweiseerd@awcw obo I (@@ PEDUTWIDER QLT U YA LWWIEPA | LI EaD ST LG e 58 LT 23) BRGM) M) MYeH2 9QIZe8 AN IS ajo 30 ®algnaEdg alo HHAI00 E@.Su&ox_aw@@@. 24) a@)® 12210 a6 OB d(a)anmoe @b Q100 0BOZ L102&H M0 @83 U] AION1BRIGHRRAY@EMISO 0@ b IOT18RIS0 (GS)AYaE @oalo 3oy gai)daem gy DIQH O B90ME @84@5& aad)ads2000samn., 25) aL@@SSLB@Quom oLomboLavo@o Qv toaVB OIS QeE)e dnIeeLn B@QBROD AR 0IRQJ0 QI0EE) MO 1B )o32)80emo allewab, 26) IMMIVYO B 0 29N QINd alemod QudlEmd Oenallwi 8eaith mean @QGEJ&SJQE m@gm& @203 o wg GHQILI0 DIBIR0IBS 1) G902 oah. 27) S9QFMBMO0Q 0 SO0 0 2B 0 @IVEINABIERIN ) 0100 )S @ )b OOWUWAIBBLYIN GO Q1M Gad 3® 1B em0EMY EAa B @ongleei0ar) o aflg) 9996 8n0 S W 0Ie300 I @IRYRY alea G, 28) ag)B1OM m)ean soad D SIMEBINMANY Dl )anasd d3losmn aimesg )b 34 B elonpItRh &S IQG MIWEB K mises gedlg il lamisangoe @@ 3JN.DE0M D~Te p IO MY daklepp I ie ST 1=0 g assloseg g emoayo 3@@@036.@%08%:_88&98 3 SEUNOOYo HMBG QA0 wWimanmmaiaSlango asoaso. 29) QIRImo @ alocRIERAINa0IR6R Y E@@@ﬁ@%%@%q&&a@@éoﬁao 3 BOMIQ] MBMMISE;NS MNSA2EMIID WO GUD gaves Spjo gego aJgEaReemp el eag ot lenmo. Q) nIBeM a0 ) © IS st )Soeal, 3 RO EJDC@QWO&J@J@@:@ES m.JQJa@@S.@@JBJ&aJ%@ BOI8AY. "RBefGee wlossemean Qo8& Buvse|srviwe TR WRee ©(S® OOeUise Y @o\acm@@mureom BPSO® S© (2¢ wmeéao@gﬂormoéqgomo@@ weew|(mee Do (weeree| [o(@as ‘Boe (©Eaw focesiw SCLeWy gQQF@oS RERLYR L WADLCOY O AL @YW TOUY oW Eeertnusgisan @l eftwee@Bn Goa e 200 g@@FeC@o@é@dreﬂd 8ocem @ Beaes B Bosane twsw (9¢ ‘oo S| §F | wemacfdsemocidan ¢ BEQIUWIU(THCUL VSV 0 ﬂorm fe sco|w @eeofdPuvscu 9 (o UL anogo,p\G@GeFe@qG‘o@ (ge A EBCEE PECVERIOW ogceng dLsfo fo mmerup BALTO Besoveg W 88 aw@Bceo pewlDorow ostengtfo (624 weovss fF merve® panfUinds s 0B BwEFB st spewesto BoG® *0MUEE 0OrD qUErDDOIER(Serv e HEue cep Swieiie niavswe @ o0pFBEEe ofn @@ ©( UMY ELmULG(ID oW(MEYrD oL@ U ETRRKIO(LULE 0eDIWRIW 0&((WID TRrVCPTEPE (eoew (2w iguwibore oRp T (gg QLCRL (I Gl LA Cldgolie S0 Sl owscerowesB e s® Twewato (ag 192 W@ PP SLOP W@ TR0 |28 WsER( OM Y0 pawrauve P WCBEP LoD Grvecro catmavew oFGm@Cﬁo@Q@@ 22 oufv sLuY oSy BofF(wro@oeovan (SFO@TDW (W[ Fuste@©pBreceLaD ‘o 8Bl e ©ois® oswap ofo Foe ofs WEm(SBLWR W@ oW %@@&EWSQEFGAEG@@ RO (plEio Biteme WO (18 creg|@oce [Foim(ro @euieeiuw Elprop o@D oo e ¢ 8BS (mervg e[ @ADL WUNE qorefeee eeis® Scwg| e woe (og bl S 66 SR 60 —— 38) (ewem m'oo_mﬂ@@mram mﬂ.njomﬁﬁe@mqmm @O o) QoM b junctiou @ afleieg jod RAF)esaN ERAVILIREM MIRYPAY BHE, G0EIAAl (hanging OROS. @@,e’b% (@)®ous)eeam Alanadallemd Gaineal & B®EE D6 .« Put in th e conne 39) GBI IBDIP0R) (@J96MOM © a8 1@ g8y {00 BT faneous ! Zes coImMmYES)S8I® 2a0imRsnd @ 2w lesane BD 2007 190080 @E 200N D)0 M)t WROW B QLoD o, Mode 40) avoad)ayegjemarleh auseisarg e afle.a@)mo agan MOBaVB Y T Y Comend @mooﬂmagﬂ@%@g(mom 20005 lv.ai@)mo agyam 2@ @O lejeg MISSo, 2attaSlemiw ¢BlEIaemo 1B @a 2 4 Mo QM@ 1GAl @S, GO @YQBosmu 3 b o_lommgﬂ%@@@ @eOaN Note. that of th BaQlEd 83 ag)®ejo EVEYPIW GEBUIG )&y GSIvOWE. In th Junction Chapter 1V. substitu The Compound Sentence. e vepes his yoice' The compound sentence is made up of two or more simple Dl or independent sentences, having some part or parts in common. or BaId The common parts are in ordinary circumstances not repeated. In Malayalam, these common parts are connected by the conjunction go in ‘all cases, the subject, the object, and the predicate; as, ewaid maea asomy afog man aflel 82s oo D1y 3 (common subject). mﬁgnb SWQo 2&HM S QYo ag)$@® (common predicate). 3\ M0oY) Ho® 8@18Md aflgy Qo wWadlem:id Gas) oo ®2)Qao (common object). 1 Common Subject. ‘He came, yesterday and went away to-day’ 1S equal t0 ¢he came yester- day and he went away to-day’. It will be seen that the conjunction ‘and’ connects the two sentences and forms no part of either 1 of the connected sentences. Rule 18. There are two modes of translating compound sentences contracted in the subject—either by changing all the predicates into @lwomieo and connecting them by the con- S35 61 ey e junction eo and closing the whole with the verb emg or by 3, &.0%’&0@ iMﬂﬂE} & changing all the verbs into the past tense, except the last. But in the latter case it is necessary that the predicates should be connected in logical sequence; and in the former simul- 0090 B taneous rather than successive actions are implied. MY 19y )i, Model. <They read the story and translate it’ b o N (T)GZHD&H Q10 8o QYo B0 FIOHM BTN M0 B2l Yo &.alYa (1) ,OF EPAId SLo Qo) 0100 of)m 4] GO@IOM BIEINANR0 O alEyaD (2). ailgo ooz Note. In both cases the tense of the final verb e.agy follows SE20 0om ﬂ@@)g&. that of the predicate in the original. In the case of predicates connected by the alternative con- junction & or ep@es and sometimes in poetry @ond must be substituted for po; but whatever conjunction is used, it must be repeated after each verb: as, ‘They neither saw his face nor heard his voice’ @b @PAUNTO Falo SIS EPAHO e CHRBIdEWI ore simple ©.a19f)gy; or ERAId EPWHHBO Falo GeE @oth WY B&hE @I §.2% gy | COmmon, or @PQAId EPAINO Falo P WISES o BRI WISES & a1 Q) lgy. repeated. i by the 1. EXERCISE A. - and the 1) He chid their wanderings, but relieved their pain. Yo MJ% 2) Cesar came, saw, anl conquered. n predisate). 3) The boy was forbidden to go, but disobeyed and went. The wounded soldier tried to rise but was unable. | m (common 4) 5) They neither saw his face nor heard his voice. 6) We condemn the sin, but pity the sinner. The watchman both knew of their intentions and helped them to ) escapes ame yester- 8) France was taken by surprise and could give litt'e help. ‘njunction 9) The governor either never heard of your case or has been misinformed. of either 10) The king is sick and knows not what he does. 11) Logic neither observes, nor invents, nor discovers, but proves. 12) We steamed down to the foot of the harbour and casting anchor ,ompOUﬂd went ashore. 18) A little after noon, on that distinguished Saturday, I reached the ngi[]g 311 ship and went aboard. the cot- 14) Several times the photographer of the expedition brought out his 1) transparent slides and gave a handsome magic lantern exhibition, 15) Th e donkeys, men, women, and children of the family, all eat and 15) sleep in the same room, and are unclean, are ravaged by the vermins It 16) and are truly h‘appy. 16) The people lie, and cheat the stranger, are 17) « desperately ignorant, and have bardly any reverence for the dead. 17) We visited the jail and fou ud Moorish prisoners making mats and 19) baskets. @ 18) Spain chastised the Moors five or six years ago, about a disputed 19) 1 piece of property opposite Gibralter, and captured the city of )0} Tetonan. 1) 19) Towards nightfall the next evening all soldiers steamed into the W) { great harbour of the noblé city of Marseilles and saw the dying sunlight gild its clustering spires and ramparts, and flood its %) leagues of environing verdure with a mellow radiance. ?4) ( ExERCISE B. ’)a) 1 893D Zooa &k)ens)esan. %) 2) BT M mMsAal agean Qi SO, 3) @b @ G0 oeow o) afleaiss oo, /|) 4) @00 B LML) E@E )0y 0fl@an@m@)esnone nd).0)0300@ of). ~— @200é Lapegsmallieym geme wesormae o ajdmond. 6) Qe o QI(Morh oLy @o a_\'ls’]_gm@% eanilolle almysaainh, 7) EOCMILPIENMING BNBMINS allomaewie MYaIB2 AImS) oi0ab. 8) AGQ a10mYSMD SHIEBNISHD Md Erale®EsoyHBsISaD amy B81®o, Mod] ) RINS] @ean Sooanilo) ojemdlagoe emaafleoemisamd 0r o) Bay .29 13 noad. 10) o@31® E@018aeS a oo 28000 Cad)eaid) QUM (M) 8o Note 1 wo @sesImond auab. a]tering 0 11) @B GBI QM W (DOZCTB:éS)%(BmDSUTﬂGDOcG&q.:ﬁ?OOQJm)o take this A aayoj Oagsmd esiafly eelow mSlaimosgy ieg 10 §1c] g ®983) Qo Mabe&slmaad, 12) i m'@ 600D @ aneeal ageabo emyadlomem @z aflaiesagio o106y, MoH8 281015 )E: Balaoad afleie) o, 9 4 eamaudles)a aaggo O®<ad)am m@%moo'\ @n@)ea aflad thangy QY MINSTFo aIRARAR. therefyrg t U 63 — lght out hig 14) Sea® olemo ogs@® ailgled adleamos) o f’oﬂrobo%rorg; s} 0 EXhihiﬁ()n' DN GS) @S)3gj0 ). "; a‘l gat and 15) BmIS@NRMD @eHdo Smogmrlebadlan awemd o__lCﬂ&%, B® O aged by the s@eilg aflgyond @RS @)Ge1ds O:MONEEaIW ). 16) 00 &od mmgﬂ%cﬁa HOOWIH OB ) QIS EL1B O EER10HA0. ly ignorant, 17) adad malleal ageadloq gelo &Y a1n00aidla (S%@'\@e_uﬂ@ B )08 EMO0, ing mats ang 18) @ afled @alow) Qroenb@gﬂ% QMg 2000) 9SOHMm 2S6E ) o) O ). 6 & disputed 19) @0 2\ D 2&HODO HT@Y &a_\ogt']% Quof).ofs dlamelad afiglddadlan o Jomy Ga 0@ 801900 VIO 608 do | the. ity of 20) &gl afS)ensw M. med, into the 21) emond MaNeL) BT a)TRSo QEE) ogB)ejo @) o1gy. 22) 30009 HhEe NG S0ai18MRd MSg|s8MI TVoaVIM g {280 Qlal o, W the dying nd flood ity 23) 2Nadged ooegeHs 01000 aldleRIses @3@'\(& 220w s QW) &WISHCS mmggé‘mﬂ%. 24) A 16m)En0d WERIMOM BRI EnRWISHES He8 RIMOS a_ﬂcma@p_»‘ BISHRINHES §.01Q))6). 25) ad)ed @uslao gailsy aid)lanswr @ouldo iﬁ@'\;@ga@@@wo EO®BD. 26) @oaith @ HOHCOP@) ays] @Eeaia) g joailcaios o108y 990 @abaiweo @RW_ay. 27) 2200 @BRIGHMTND gb (V) 0IEY) OO gaceﬂ% 05 e 1t A IS8 e © 61héh 1) 199 )0y U@L, O 1G1dy BSEE )., mﬁ myeeaud 11 Common Predicate. md)gond. )05@ OJ@ Model. «BEither you or I must go’ aflewo sme8mo Balo@&emo Or o) Ga108&emo EP&EH; 1o b Ba10@HeMo. Joemismah Note 1.v In English the conjunction may be omitted without m@@@@? altering or disturbing the construction; as, ‘I take this, you that'="I take this and you that’. But in Malayalam the verb has to be repeated Joen Qg OQT in such cases; as, aflaid mo@m’\ego aNaid avoS o lajo EMY e = afleid woy@w e pad)lasm aflaid avocSloom e emdlesan. jto @067 2. In English the verb is inflected for number and person, a change unknown in the Malayalam accidence; the student must Mol er\ldaﬂ therefore be on his guard in translating into English, to see that e 64 EEREG predicates of different number or person are fully expressed after each subject. Take the sentence, anead BB QYo @o“g% @Y qQunelo 810 AflWar oh ®aad ] Qvouﬂ:% ‘the trees were all cut down and the ground } was used for other purposes’. It is wrong to translate it by ‘the trees were all cut down and the ground used for other purposes’; for, the only auxiliary that can be supplied is ‘were’ which cannot ag ree with the singular nominative ‘ground’. 6) 18 EXERCISE A. 1) 1 Some praise the work, some the architect. 2) Harling stood by Harling and Billing by Billing. ) 3) The cutting of the merve or the destruction of the nerve centre renders the muscle flaceid. ) 4) The sea is their school of war and the storm their friend. ) 5) The dignity of Chariemagne’s person, the length of his reign, the prosperity of his arms, the vigour of his government, and the 1) reverence of distant nations, distinguished him from other royal personages. 12) 6) He died at the ripe age of 64 and she at 63. ) The former government was called an oligarchy and the latter 1) democracy. 8) Woe' came with war, want with woe. 1) 9) Not a drum was heard, not a faneral note. 10) His kinduoess of heart was great, his simplicity of character extreme,‘ and his scientific knowledge considerable. 11) The civil government was submissive and the heretic almost unknown. T 12 ~ The natural and supernatural are alike God’s acts, only, the one is | common, the other uncommon. 13) Why does the cab-driver wear a rose and the steam-boat captain 1) indulge in cigars? 14) The possible extent of the disabilities was freely discussed and general 0) Sympathy expressed for the unfortunate shareholders. 15) The country was divided into counties, and each county placed under a magistrate. 16 ~ His beard was white and his face pale and melancholy. Node 17) Reading makes a full man and conversation a ready man, Bb m 18) The southern, western, and north-western portions of Europe are (@Jam 8 mountainous, the central portion hilly and undulating, the eastern and south-eastern parts level. and shy) 19) She returned to her temporary home and he to his dingy office room. %@’5 ] 08500 aftpp EXERCISE Bl )y 0 (gl 1) ag))Be ®ERIBQIBMNYYo @RAIAD Al Qo @YH:AD 1d the eroungd 2 2e1wg )& d ERE)QYo aINCRUL I CHIMAUQ EHA S0 he tres yep 3) ERAIMISOS B LN CIYWISHS EAIlOS o M Imar gy, y auxilary 4) caig {lan OOdg lo G al®WYo ava2a{l@wemERa IGan. 16 sinular 5) GO0 @Pa00EIQITIA |aTB0 eom’lgjo 00U IOE B B0 HIVEMAIW | O @A, 6) @Vo 8820 1HDORYo o_ﬂc% @200 YOSWYo BGRILIBHZ &8 QA0Bxqm. 7) BIROSITE BB1BMWO HeyH S0 watlemoe aflosgsesan, 8) gé\%m)@cm q}g@@@ S QURHMOBZ0 BOIRA IG8aN oggam 16Lve cenfre 9563 GRHMNOBZ0 @@oa’\@@mo 9) aaallm avieaiylap awleian @o_\sucmraaagyot;o (@)@06mo 1 10) &g )Emd DEBEOS MmMeTd @milaN&ETOd0 S06M &R MM his reign, the gos afls@g)easse WIQWRIR) ient, and the 11) ®QigRo LAEOR)EE @YY .0l IOHWRQYo LAWY (BZOQOOEJCYBJ 8) 1) Qo &leean. m other roya 12) @Y. TVAV) FBHS OENITGo £Ha1aNIW) 220AVE B EHINGo @_n_xgﬂ aflesamn. 18) he lat 6D (1) 0008, o )eabo 9 eEEIU0 gqvmao eceacﬂano @96Nd0 0@ ) S0, 14) moafl@waemoe a1p@Flad Gimae mozorlm aflme @oy]) adlah gmilejo cxman ter extreme, 15) apeiles aflg @lgy; @odles moemdley. 16) 21y 98 o ®Qigs o1 lejo Guward & e efluflesm 17) ©2S b8 PIZeO BeE G>mig Qo I EB OS&67g @M 1Yo HMPYAD 05t unknow, 18) mmﬂ@@ﬁnm@o@:&g BRL|EHMEONRAINOS (BTO'G(O.;UCD,J QIRLHM O A3 y, the one 18 GRIZIGMNOIERY 19) COEB)RIS O DISMAVMIRAB0, BIRT &S EMILOATIDaGo hoat captain 32000180209 6.019 &loEyao. 20) Q08 IERGRIN M dHI eI Al Q.\Od?):lDGTT)gBOGE_Im QJO(Y)(OO.ﬂ(D@O 1 and general @o).a) @oa)o) O™ afle °1simod 111 Common Object ) aoed under Model The needy sell liberty and the rich man buys’ s@) i Bd aVIHOAY) OO gl o WaF&2od QUEFSHPYo ©.alYaw Or AL ‘I have declared Tarope ar¢ @, 000 8@)Bd allgymm Wl lemid cas)eam . the easterl and shall declare his glory’ eecinmo @0i0g) oD b @ymilevas &g ) (@ )MS1RLABeH:WYo B.alPj y office roome — 66 AL, Note 1. The object precedes'the verb in Malayalam. 1 2. The placing of the common object with the first verb is a poetical arrangement in English. lf i EXERCISE A. 1) All desire, but not many attain a happy old age. 2 ~— The mother nurse, and the sires defend their children, 8) Son Does he not intend, does he not at all wish, to go abroad ? 4) Either nobody was asked or everybody was supposed to know the the apy cause of the change. Case W 5) I foresaw, yet I could not prevent these sad consequences, intrody 6) Yes, let the rich deride, the proud disdain, f1ve an These simple blessings of the lowly train, 7 sentenc Write in full and give the meaning of the following abbreviations. 8 ~— They could neither understand nor appreciate him, a8 4 00 9) He threw down, and they picked up, the gauntlet. ot 10) Government withholds, and the people clamour for, representative 1oun an government., Junction 11) I shall read, and you will translate, this» passage for the amusement man who of ‘these little children. (001 e14s 12) All see, but few contemplate, the beauties of nature. horseman 13) Many know, but few observe, the rules of right conduct. 1085000 EXERCISE B. 1) COOoR olaid @osldsam, aindm ®oglo .aflaisds mey): tﬁ@(ﬂ@@@. 2) 6o0b alemo aqoauelg joao o) ®.al1018)g JoaB@08emMo? 3) 2018800 aleiMo @0 (aroaecmaﬂcegcm@ alleid 2a@o. 4) ONBUHOD 2B d AR® IR0 o e l@s Qo .21Qan. 5) yEUI200M oAb BWeg |58 Qo U3l R0 d o g ed o ®.a1Qamn.. 6) cra%cb @G OS B0 HHILINDY a@cgcgnggecﬂ@moa(o @oés)cwo@»ag,. 10T e ideg 6 mgariley. 7) Ty OO 203 )8 QYo alvallen@o Galemo. 3 8) allal 007 )8nod guwomldlome afl@zes altmi®ea ©a18af)es®@s: D05 DOURYS VISR NS .2IQIAIRY. 9) 1 oo Wy @ Sodnd aige @0012007 10 dH QYo HBHOSIQY § DD @S |Bad QYo QEIH 10) JBRSHZOS BEMAOOD ORI o) Bg{oipo exopceﬂﬂ@g@myo IR 18 PMBId crﬂ%;rmﬂg:]mb @QIE) o Eroadlen®o Eaismo. 9 ___67,._. 11) anomsez aflgadled aflglebaflm aidlese o p@mos@b $f ver) '@ocnﬂfatacu;% QJj0); 903 Bed Qo Balemo. 12) eQe@IS»O8 @ellenod s agladmlm @¥losssd®e MV d@@@@ (YO B0d OSIOEIRQBeSWYo O.01JaM, V. " The Co—ordiﬁate Sentence. Sometimes a co-ordinate sentence would seem to simulate T the appearance of a complex sentence. This is especially the case with adjective clauses. The relative pronouns which introduce such clauses have a twofold use in English, restric- tive and co-ordinative; it is only in the former case that the sentence becomes complex, in the latter it is to be translated viations, as a co-ordinate sentence. Note. When the relative can be changed into a personal pro- entative noun and a conjunetion, it is co-ordinatively used; sometimes a con- junetion and noun will be found to replace the relative; as, ‘I meta nsement man who pointed out the way to the town’ e@ab S0IOE Seong, @YWt aisem o0 18e18ses QW) eyosm')%rmm’\@csyo Qe ‘The prince, who is an excellent horseman, kept his seat’ @@&2000D &0flog o0 MuilOAW oD @ M. @EZa00 MVAMOMIY & @AV BHORMISTS « a.) The Co-ordinate Sem;ence under Personal Pronouns who, which and that. el 20. EXERCISE A. 1) The rebels were defeated by the archbishop who was acting as regent, 2) My people, who have long been fiiscontented, now became openly mutinous. His mother, from whom he‘ derived all his rights, was still alive, g™ 3) &Sy 4) Cardoc was the king of Siberians, who lived in South Wales. 5) He was taken before the emperor, who received him kindly. 6) The very next village is famous for the contentions between the T parson and the squire, who live in a state of perpetual war. ) He had three children, all of whom died young. 0051 8) Our loss amounted to five thousand men, among whom were many officers of distinction. oy 9) This movement on our part was a great console{tion to the enemy, who thence took occasion to claim the victory. 5* e 68 — 10) The artist had a gothic chest, in which he put the wardrobe. 11) These animals are killed for their fat, which is made into oil. 12) The alligator’s tail, which I now tasted for the first time, was by no means to be despised. 13) We walked over an extensive plain, which was in some places 'completely bare, 14) In this lake are also great quantities of very small fish, which I suppose serve as food for the large ones, which in their turn are probably sometimes eaten by the alligators. 15) We were good sailors, which our enemies were not. 16) He is an artist of much merit, which his brother does not promise to become. 17) Round the house are a good many orange and mango trees, behind which is a row of cottages in which reside the herdsmen, who are mostly Negroes and slaves. 18) You, who know him well, trust him, 19) I apply to yon, who are responsible for his health. 20) I learnt geometry at school, which I found useful to me in after-life. Model. ERMNYNS H&Imilaw 8000 ag@d Gaid, BINOH@IE alalaial aflal@azomerd aienfloagm ‘The tusk of the elephant is called ivory, of which many elegant articles are made’. EXERCISE B. 1 @08300) VEIZSTWAIEI )G (@Jsws).a) DalnEN213005 @ B )nod Q10607 EDOITC0 @ @AD. 2) WERZIMd Ao EEBMIS OB HHITEAIMAD ai0my; @O Qb EE BHg EVFOD SISO )G BS). 3) em gom mm:ailom < aiSlesdd eimoad)m; @0 3g |ocd o890 algs 18aQ O $eg SHWIW a0, 4) @000 )&k m@'\@mmomoa;m'o: 0 m@aes)’ad'as &HQ O mg’go@ 2J@BE JSIYs, a1 oD @ dso @S).a) 2aiam @OUWEEBZ0 96, 5) QUIBBZHS oRLIVHOD QIO a0 zo@&aommg}mzm Gald; @b agol, Mloato, ajel) gmelnwal ersas)w)d)esan. 6) @R &g iefla agg g {md o MBI lman; @b Gowlejes IO N 8moss) afleailg ey @Rz 6S ma@m@ssmm’) @0 Ba1ead) o). ) BIhEy EPAVLILIEM Wellw maIYse B® MW oMW @an; wizere: MY S® M)N00E 21MhG MIgLe BHOCITBAING B0 D TEIW w}zem M BRI | WIN )Ramn. Which — — 69 & il 8) sanllemIVEBOXH)BERL) eRIBRMD agdD BaICGRIG @S W em aflald @so poe oolc aeilg|ges® msaileje 8800 28 by no ODEY0 2j0Q0 UBO® EVHCLIYo BIRYSHAD. 9 &SeL,0We eaim 8@ ofls pfMeIwlmm; @At @odo ave 18 places - @o Bles@o Mowes o &lnd allSlajo @oAflOS @$).a). 10) sastlemaSlacm ol G ) onleh B IRy e I;an; Which aNud) aNaadloo Gao@ad) EP@Idk QALOE TLBHSOBKH @V el furn 2afeenoE) aiamn. 11) 8dlendd o )o8RMIWle)es o_xroms:ﬂ y@od OeEHgd)e) OPa0e oeflQYes ERSEHEads B[ GIPAVNNM EOW.a|; @) 939w romise fo muoad &cfloglosend), @ig, 28], HO2MIMe FOLNWDH KD HSANCaIEH M | @ a0. s, behind 12) @G0 @ES2d)en FUVelW gy, oag loel (Yoges audlal ) , Who are EyBe.alla) BModn; @9 83 g lab . ECR0B80 @ﬂ@domo aid)g 1, @nFlay, @Yo DO@EI0 SWEINL] 2 5. 13) @0 016D DO, BRIS(E)MS)EVWIW EABIVIWYSS .aIBIEo S0emo0o; @Y (MFINYOS QEPDOOD MVoBEMal)p) @IOL al ftor-life, oo, 14) @aiecba ms MNMICEHMO2aD @RAUSM0 @mamab @Al aglodal BMIS QB O ga_x@sua'h%; @@ @RI EPMIVE).0ilg). ant 18 15 ) Cougmd)ad &WemOGg WEOH® B0 dd SHaloflman; ®eal D0 OSHIQEOD EPMIQRSOBGNE BO@ O EMDS18g {0 ). 16) Blomdd>o0ad apevIe@ejes SEOW HASINAL; BRY BOO g®o aioam @0 alleno. 17) &Sled 20d)Qes QLIWMEEd BREEAIRl HAIBAIOCD ) Flond YIS TLIMEBD AEMICBAOTBS OS LB 1O g {lesan., 18) m@m@momg\dm@ @B 0LEB G BVEME0 MAM@OBZ0 O G; 509; @0 LI NBEME@TBD AYYOM BN @BV AldMo MY ERD LIIEM . 8 19) 8&OB)0h @OAVeR)j0 OASI:d 267; B AIGd BSVEEBEIYo BAMEM20Yo BOQo B ®BOS eI M) 9aleRIIZEes. umap QIO @Y AR, o 2%, 20) BRSO ©080e MES)e); @m@lom eoait RIg & SR ; pod (Dcﬁﬂﬂ%@(l_m@m. mmm Note. Besides ‘who, whick’ and ‘that’ other pronouns, as‘ when, 8919} where, why’ and their compounds ‘whenever, wherever, whereby, wherin, e whereof, whereupon, wherefore’ ete., introduce co-ordinate sentences ) 26"@9@' which may be similarly treated. s 70 ——— b.) Co-ordinate Sentences under Conjunctive Adverbs. Models. 1. ‘Some, as often happens, give up a pursuit half | way’ alad em o) cisellaides aflg®e Qan, O IIUIEEM WO (8] am 2. ‘Brutus, as you know, was Casar’s angel’ eysas’ ad) a0os BO H9sagMITIRM, Do dlesdhasdlwesege. 3. ‘The family never kept a footman till last year, when they came into our street’ D0 G oemi)é o &:@m@&@vogd@mogo (>Y(>] ‘mbeébmomamsyo 65(0'1 dmejo dalo{lmanlyy, &¥lemo O@gi@e ELAId sooRg 6S eomailc aigy olwg. 4. ‘Alligators abound in a lake in the centre of the island, where they are killed in great numbers’ s flaombo 2ey) OB ©e8 MSIB: O )Dd Qoaeidd WIIgo P62, @Aalles Do) EVAIOW of) ©@CW OB &YYo .21y, 5. ‘Charles and Francis still carried on their intrigues, whereby much loss was occasioned to all Eur0pe’ aloplo og ombaSlaye @eBRges @(T%)Tﬁﬂzﬂ)cb 0 By {oPo MSIBg {0 a, @l lmoeh gsng{lan gYaitee Qe Miwe alad). 6. man eeue @amEo @b aflean @oemoo, @08 3dd MAWOS @S@dtRd FPLaimIdee ‘1 shall see you this evening, when, or in_ the course of which, we can complete our arrangements’. Note. Instead of translating into Malayalam as two separate sentences, the co-ordinate sentence under conjunctive adverbs may be translated by majoove@winjmmmsasainie,o by converting the finite verb into @)woa mammozo of the afeswe) (or case) indicated by the conjunction. For example, in the model sentence No. 5 we may 8ay Gaicanailmoab instead of Goava—a@nalmoch as above. So also in No. 1 instead of orsaigomman, mo dfoskhendwasg, we may say eosagomidimm aqang aflssdasdlwiasgy. 21 . EXERCISE A, 1) They were drawn into dispute against their wiil, as t0oo often hap- pens on these occasions. 2) A temperate zone, as has been pointed out by Mr. Darwin, seems better adapted to the support of large land animals than the tropies. . 3) The repeal of the Septennial Act, as was to be expected, was strongly pressed. 71 4) The horse is now the badge of Kent, as you may see to this day 1t half on any sack of Kentish hops DI0emW) 5) Poetry is mot a mere frivolous accomplishment, as some persons have been led to imagine S ) 6) This is a day when the sky is singularly clear. family ) It was the month of Radjab, when the desert mlght be travelled in securxty fo our 8) The reign of Philip and Mary, when many men were burned for Y 6 their religion, had thoroughly set Englishmen against Spain and ) iy the Pope f the The regnant years of Edward I. are reckoned from the day of his Mo 230 father’s funeral, when Edward was acknowledged king and when the prelates and nobles swore allegiance to him QU o 10) I went to His Lordship to remind him of my affair, when I learned cartied to my great concern of his intended journey abroad [ 0 all 11) I will stand by your friend in the prison, where I have some influence 'mLHo 12) The rest of the conspirators fled into the country, where many of 0 HDQEG them were cut to pieces Half a mile further on is a house where you can get refreshments | 13) 16) Wyecliff retired from Oxford to Letterworth, where he remained which during the rest of his days 15) They came through the outer-room to the tapestry parlour, where was nobody but the young page Separd 16) There is a deep pathos in the sense of liveliness, whereby we were ths may enabled to perceive the alliance of tender emotion with weakness. ing the 17 ~— Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him, whereby Jonathan knew ated by that it was determined of his father to slay David e may ) als0 In 18) A river winds through the plain, wherein the wild beasts cool themselves e may 19) He delivered a long speech wherein he suggested many changes in our present customs. 20) We engaged in frequent sklrmlshes, wherein I received many wounds. 21) Their laws are expressed in the most plain and simple words, ¢n hap wherein those people are not mercurial enough to discover above one interpretation 29) There have been six rebellions raised on that account, where one n, seems than the emperor lost his head, and another his crown 23) The boy constructed for himself a stringed 1nstrument whereon he plays most skilfully. 0t9d| was 24) The arbour had in it also a soft couch, whereon the weary might lean. ety 72 —_— 25) I wés born in England, whence I came five years ago. 26) The prisoner got out at the window upon the roof, whence he con- tinued his route upon the tops of the adjoining houses. 27) Before night we reached a market town twenty miles from the place, whence we set out in the morning. 28) The crown of her head was covered with a small French cap, whence her beautiful hair descended in ringlets. 29) These invaders were the people of the North of Europe, whence they were called Northmen. 30) Our whole life is but a day repeated, whence it is that old Jacob numbers his life by days. 81) In order to make us feel there must be a change of impression, whence all feeling is twofold. I TR AR r—— N —— 32) He is in the garden of Naboth, whither ke is gone down to possess it. 33) A gentleman desired to see me at a certain house, whither I at once repaired. 34) All his life, he had loved his native village, whither he returned to end his days. EXERCISE B. Note, The student should use the pronoun with and without the preposition in working out this exercise. 1) @eaid g ocbad Ao Ganww) evalesaflmm - auicos SO ds 2S603 ), =) 2) aileoo dlaiave quamomIg s mae. EPMm EPAISs QRLo 6).ay Qpad aogeeilmargy. 3) @b e1ceaieaifs ajoog|So @OAIINSOHQ .0 WMo &Farl QYo mIE ) G9H2am ©a).00@ a0, 4) marIailee) eoad @dlounaiad 6 .aiaw (mo_ﬂsxsao.sg% @®®0» BMaSIBOM SIeMB>WQYo H.a1y. 5) b aflg args ) Ga10o@oglg joab @Sl @alles ogadles mu&sgmo&@ﬂm%mmmgomﬂmm. 6) @M 0@o @RI Al aflus) ; @DDO®IME @b 99a08B9S® W eh @ {od 8o g () o 1desam, 7) S8R @PUOE BSLY,ECWIe HSIEIL); Eaesas)an @oaid g oabog'@mﬁ Ga10) RBMOG|S. 8) rsroaoﬂcsmroo% o )ob 3200 1990d ag)HaPITR 2005 Bcd 9 608, ERAID MINTSOB)Od0 21w @) ) £10@1 QIIGAM. 9) @OUODO S@jlet ogBgioPo &M OaigQYMmwlmm. @)l oy @ound @memo wmo waiase myead) si@alelmmg. @ ‘aweewsB(H@ oaweren eroee (25 aars\_% 505056 O OO AU @cb@\@rec&urwo@ (S® &cBpom® Boewweld "FO QIOQ(WEULOLE frebs® qroed m2cFBrrmowe BuesS( B (@ PSTROUDORBO CQET@s( DI (uroEecw) (13 oroee (EE@(EW) UWSDCUEPNE ImIWTPE @D P© qUIW(S(Eut@ 5@ @a% cfv cmeERtEI@ owWWiw O(sefv (wow(fBrow oBcma|wwoes om e g W0 B30 S0P BCPEAD OWWeHerd (SO Pt cwd®wrwikofo (03 cg% -cfdppawrueonw (Si@Be@fo ovte (61 oovep BmoenPwefutanoawents oo ‘orgc ©CEBRPIReNY WIrUY CB(QNID (@AW E(EFper 0@iwcfisw VEIPYLNO (8t [ o0 0B 0D OfTUIEP IR UL ELE0EEOLTLE(fD o BeausBsass (o corwe s ([T (RIro(@es ey ©HPS) WU RNTT@ T © (Lt 08\ jT(s1ero il 00w @B @ABEEOE MPOUD fo @D BuwBcwsse THrowuwae ) e -orAWCTI® W (YU 2@9meTe wef (mootmeut@(o Bre fowirvmeee Aeo&béﬂm@a@oev (91 0} pou! CADSE WPEL@EP@ cALCYAD oeuforoccnd fFwew apmeoedd 1% 7 10 QLCUL (WO Q.C.@CIC oM NPLIECLG “]1 8088 ceLWCPE (WIB(P@nVT (35 (IS U @UDER(PE VEE@(PTDD [T @00 ‘norssal QAULIMOAUY WCEIYUISS ﬁu_ln:ou 0@ fF e owsc@e Bowe ooe (1 C.OoPC QO auogc.moob@g@nw %mm_.nc BCWO oL ANY @bﬁ@wn@ orgcwHau® qong | ofEo© 0sP(L0 o Buawunwsw 8o B8fe LeoBiw 0PO SusterEWE(WoE * | 05U D@ UDEUSCD© (er JENEN SEB ([PrStEd @O OO EIBE(EPYIEAL OPOO EE@PWALE .mmrobcc oQpsren( O EBaWw (21 TIYA DECER(TFPY WETT(F8 RIW(@ae® BUDSES pooe wHe qurooe ‘e couuifocsea©e oUBro e @ (e 49 Hemarvd sewlrene wesmmAe mIDewded ute® A o, WO(OUE ALPCPORIEY QD@ @5 Simomeer (W fwew® 1T 109 oy ‘8,0%@ BULEPS|(P(PQJT P @ (IO (or oEwWRAs TREUL(QAY MEOUPE ®([BM0 WY YV 05 b gL —e o ! qn 23) cg)g_JOO_kéao BIBRI MMOE:d © M} ) AINW @OAUROS L @BM R @oaide afemItsBow) aJaIBg oo ® a 18w )@, M & 24) §4) maigomey 263 1B3Q 9 @05 & )@nah @)@ ey Qa0 ; ol henc O MBo6T) ©3QJo aidRjo © M2l HH0emMo. dowr 25) @raeabo @I 2 21906MQAjo cm.n@emﬂcwénmsfgﬂos)m ®00 @@mm; EoEe®:09E @t BmenI)esHa QAN QIMINEM M @@ A @ SeOm aongylelnaes). orde 26) 9@ onian\oh @eanol)abadlan HQIFBc CAVIERSE Q16 @O G0 the OGO Boodhano norh @o3g{od B@o H0smyHs 06100, fore 27) @Al inel Ranwwas oo Haigso O’B'Q(Dca’] @‘Lﬂe:p:% (0] af @oB5) QOB O SaI1ds HWOQ . @vallesailan @menq a8l ﬁ?)<39>0§ @oa avqoeg)wiw) aflgan, exp 28) emud ERAOM B®m aVoBVE. gom &@ 8laiave a3 lo o e dh 90y &ndlman; @3 e ailom avaism &d)anejo @b SElg gy, an 29) avg;es esRy em VN0 avgpovlebadlan o roﬂ% dic @ Beach ‘@nolmymdles’’ agmo Q)Y@ man. 30) i@, i ez, Q3 D6 PEHIM ME)H®R @D G6r=Im @ ).0), @GS My B8 )eal aflafw AVIUOMTBHE O B9ITE curzﬂadg;rgzocv @0 aTVo M2 J@Bamn. 8Jjo dg |aidHdd BRBOBIS0 D BOBIF0 BogaN go 31) @) am)oramessz o)) alanod @00 le@E sl auoi myoazad 10 ®0® MV2WZPLPER Mo l @)oo weaw @)@ ases2:ms)ch. lat il §e Chapter V. bl - The Complex Sentence. §6 In a complex sentence, the subject, object or the predicaté (r of the principal sentence—one or more of them —is qualified i\ by clauses. The subject and the object are nouns or noun- ) equivalents, and the clauses qualifying them are called adjec- I tive clauses, while those of the f clauses. predicate are cglled adverbial o — 75 g DM, As already explained in Rule No. 2, the qualifying adjuncts in Malayalam invariably precede the words they qualify; and 03(‘{13, @@ hence in translating an English complex sentence we may lay down the following rule:— gy m%“ NDemm Rule 19. Take the words of the principal sentence in the order laid down for the simple sentence, with the proviso that B0 o the clauses qualifying any part of it should be dealt with be- Mo fore the part itself 2 800] LRo0) Note The student will note that a complex sentence is merely a snmple sentence with clause-adjuncts taking the place of qualifying expressions. 118020) Jo 600 The adjective-clause may be employed in all places Where an adjective may stand, but it cannot take the place of a pre- uaﬂ% dicate adjective as complement to an incomplete verb. LRI LS Complex Sentence with Adjective-Clauses Bogm In English, who, which, and that are the relatives that generally introduce an adjective-clause who for rational nouns, which for neuter and that for both As already ex- plained under adjectives, a weym,mo should be put for the re- lative and its predicate together and must terminate the Malayalam translation of an adjective-clause The student will remember that the predicate closes a sentence in Malayalam, and hence wsym,mo, which is a parti- cipial form of the verb, naturally comes at the end of the sentence Euglish qualifying expressions consisting of clauses 04 fe or long phrases follow the words they qualify, and the adjec- fied tive-clause therefore comes after the noun it qualifies, subject Il of course, to the general principle of minimum separation. The relative and its predicate may also be regarded as equivalent et hial to the past participle of the verb, and it is only the peculiarity of the English idiom that requires that the relative should be e 76 — expressed when in the nominative case; it is generally omitted when in the objective case. In Malayalam a g @0 replaces the two together in both cases. | Model. ‘The man who bought a hors; yesterday died ? suddenly this morning’ e @«mmgw Lmmear 82%)g @y man oo alleal easnsam 2@®).0)8a100), According to the rule already adduced, we must begin | with the subject, which is the word man in this case, but it has a qualifying adjunct, which ought therefore to be taken before 1t This is the reason why we have translated the adjective- clause before the principal sentence. a.) The Adjective-Clause with the Relative in the Objective Case. Note. In the following exercise, the introducing relative pronoun is omitted, but the omission makes no difference in Malayalam. 22. EXERCISE A, 1) Yonder is the place they were to meet in. 2) Show me the passage you spoke of. 3) The anxiety I underwent was extreme. 4) Which is the one you think best? 5) I like this retreat better, because of an ill-report it lies under, of being haunted. 6) Is this the kind of thing you want? 7 The time we agreed upon was six o’clock. 8) He led in triumph the kings he conquered. 9) The things you long for, you must work for. 10) No man, I know, would suit you better. EXERCISE B, 1) 6@00b al06md @YD o @oem . 2) aflerds anea) aymyee aflamd BSed)eEnsaDSaI0? 3) 4) ®08300) @mamfésm &lés maNesailm s e gROmIET MEMR20D SIZA HAIBH MW BT Lo 6B Q10®0o. 5) B5dg oM )Qes .aflos)snach Mamson olaes @ QBSOS aenoe)ear pei@aod @oEg eSS Omg {leglcnach @eimon 209 © a0 i8WoLd)esan. — 77 — mitted 6) © 21Qg |@oe1meg a8 01w wdlealo places 20E8CRI PIMPMMBE 0810, ) ord Hadn CMISs|W Z3)OGemm aqLIRNMMBdh EIYQLIBM0 pqgll® allorisss. " died 8) Q™Y @S 26M GMIEDE D M EEEZ)HLINOEN Moo, DM Q) @M% B OSHILJOJHIMG @ IHANIGEIMM @deﬁaemquowmmc)o g 9) R @ NZNMEA HIEMoo. 10) pavamaS @sgaiis)ofldleean o orlan @Egld alpGend begin ®H2an Gadb. 1t hag 11) aNeloor | &nad go.x@cmow'h%o_mcm EAMEM AVIOMTRRES QIS OO lefore DOBOIQNG . emocd ano afls @eS@salles 8o Bk aeslwidesm. active- 12) 13) o3) IOYM@ o@D ? 14) o) agP@ QalGERk Qg a1ge P 9 M. Qe OB WH2) QID GHoEMRINBTEIS:W gy, 15) 16) oSoslw aflg mﬂ@&%mﬂqas BRAVILVIEM SRILIH T FRITD onoun Pglg@RD. v 17) QigndlgyemB) Bl EAVoHSIEG m@;gjgamzcmhr'n@a@ma o em@o. b.) The Adjective-Clause with the Relative as Subject. 23 EXERCISE A. 1) Happily I see a friend who will help me. 2) There are verses that will make a wild hawk pause on the wing. nder, of 3) The boat was manned by boatmen that handled an oar with ease and dexterity and were perfectly at home wit‘h every dangerous part, near and far. 4) Have I no friends that will rid me of this fear? 5) I know a charm that will make thee meek and tame. 6) The party of Red Rose survived the last king who claimed the crown in right of Henry IV. 7) He jests at scars who never felt a wound. 8) He seems to have waited for the death of those who could confute him, 9) The elephavts are the only animals which have a proboscis. 10) Those who ventured to interrogate him learned nothing. EXERCISE B. 0608 1) agspoges 6o aissl) alaIs oW e@Od) aYaIRcmIL e R0 2) &)d)So WE)BeaN @ORIGY HHAVIA)gY. ¢ s 78 — 9, The d 3) &S )anejo 10TV |HnIBIR @ 0w B Q8o @AM @S e d)esmo. 4) Géneeam @0ds0 2ORSEI0E BT [ ITVowo @O0 &%), 5) aSlmaailae $@od) eI wdsd UBHB FACVOBSGAD, duty o8 tifficultie 6) @HAN OBHM)o] OHSAUHOD 20daam 20v#y)ab @awa2odlaje G MIZan., G0 7 ® (1000083 B3 )OO QWSO @V 1RIGAN A IQBEF )M ad@ce1Wo The diff /oM ete. o) a0 BaiIdamn. 8) the plea BMEM O 1ad G210 QIMAN BEIC WIHDIT BRI} |ejo .aload G MNgY. common 9) absequio @o2ad 2o eflafesamaid Qg)gt;oo_vcégo B BRI o a0, 10) @M, (RIGBOS wemadilan @aienE) OIYEMHOD O Ba B |Be Not aj@anad, aj@ead, 1§ frans co-ondi Note 1. In English poetry the antecedent is sometimes omitted; asin tl as, ‘Who steals my purse steals trash; ' but a Malgya]am poet is not Déage accorded the same privilege. 2. The relative pronouns have a two-fold use in English, the restrictive and the co-ordinative. 0) It is only the restrictive that in- troduces the true adjective-clause; in the other case, the sentence is M merely co-ordinative, as has been already explained. The student 005 should therefore before translating such sentences, carefully examine QISAMe the construction to discover the true nature of the sentence, other- QuSEmy wise the meaning will be materially altered. o)) & As already pointed out (Chapter I.), an adjective may be I replaced by (1) prepositional phrase, (2) possessive case, (3) noun in apposition, (4) participles, (5) participial phrases, Ry and (6) adjective-clauses, according to circumstances; so also &CCOIﬁ the adjective-clauses may be replaced by each of the rest. In poun( translating a complex sentence with adjective-clauses, there- Toflegy fore, elegance and variety of diction may be secured by replac- appro ing the adjective-clauses by one or the other of above equi- Q.JQJO@ valents. For instance: 1. ‘The bird that is cautious escapes the mnet’ ) MYSo 28R can) amedem] OmOd) @YInTmIE)dsamn. ¢The cautious are 1 bird escapes the net’ aydgro pes aiesd) QRO S®OF) ERIGOmIS)se colen an ‘With caution the bird may escape the net’ myagomoch anesiles alel the g O 8n6em) O®0OAF) @YaINOEB)ENIAJIN WIS M. 2. ‘The wits of the time when that yi Charles was king' .avpeny ooRiae)@man @éeion)eal ead)easd. ‘The Worki 1 wits of King Charles’ time’ .avan eoeallomo emowleer omdenzod, istio — 79 S Aj By 3. The duty that the messenger had to perform was difficult’ gmab a3 yoo} ‘The messenger’s CHNRAND®OW @(grmﬂ QB O @wom@@@_mo&ﬂ@m i . *The duty was difficult @manbo ()y@d) Q2O @guom@@g@omﬂ@m Bo 2ap difficulties whereby the enquiry was surrounded were not really overcome’ gn% @1 CNAEEMOTD oy BN (@ )RIAVETBHS. Q@LAC ‘Goorled @) o@arilg. Tlevere ¢The difficulties surrounding the enquiry were not overcome’ M0 @RI 1M oo ete 5. “The judges of the common law, who held their situation during Galn ) the pleasure of the king, were scandalously obsequious = ‘the judges of the common law, holding their situation at the pleasure of the king, were most 3, obsequious (participial phrase co-ordinative) ilasm Note 3. The participle or the participial phrase, when restrictive, is translated into Malayalam just as an adjective clause, but when mitted co-ordinative we may substitute an adverb equivalent of time or reason, 15 1ok as in the last example £a100 0 QA CRISS IV a%'mocb ocallaabo DENPEBSCONIB0 © BE)0U0 2@)EaN RIS @I ete sh, the hat 1 c.) The Adjective-clause introduced by Relative Pronouns with Prepositions enee 18 Models 1. ‘The man to whom I gave the book’ smocb aymyeo iden OISO BYD 9. ‘The river upon which the town is situated’ amine alsemo el aN ayte, ‘The town whence you came’ of) @awam her alsemo ‘The book wherein the story is found’ @» &w (g @)) &MEIR)EaD a TR0 4y be From these examples we are able to deduce this rule case Rule 20. A relative introducing an adjective-clause, when 13865, accompanied by a preposition either prefixed to or com- 0 also In pounded with it, is translated into Malayalam without any case inflection ; on the other hand care must be taken to supply the here appropriate preposition in translating a Malayalam oy @M plac asongyo into English equi- Note. The two important pronouns that take such a construction 0 net! that never takes an ante- utions are who and which with théir compounds gl cedent preposition; with it the preposition is delegated to the end of the sentence For example, ‘The town from which you came’= ‘the town g Qe ) when that you came from Both these forms of construction may be used in iThe orking out Exercise B, noting, however, that (Aat 1s the character istic restrictive pronoun. y20d SRR 80 PEEPR 24. EXERCISE A. 1) The ship that we sailed in is new. 2) Humility is the soil that virtue delights to grow in. 3) Such was the opinion in which justice was done to all parties. 4) Look ye for the coming of the day of God, in which the heavens 9 shall be dissolved. 5) There was no other house that they might take refuge in. 6) Sir Edward Coke reckons thirty-two instances in which the great charter has been solemnly ratified. Pe 7) Zoroaster introduced among the Magians the use of temples, in which the sacred fire was kept perpetua}ly alive. 8) I have considered this passage in a light in which none of the critics have considered it. 9) There is none other name given under heaven among men, Whereby we must be saved. 10) There are three methods whereby a man may rise to be a prime minister. 11) Everybody has some points whereby they are specially liable to err. 12) The flood shall destroy all flesh wherein is breath. 13) He showed them the way wherein they should walk. 14) The passage, wherein the reconciliation is described, is very pathetic. 15) You have reaped that on which you bestowed no labour. 16) There is but -one point that they seemed agreed on. 17) The evidence on which the statement rests is not beyond doubt, 18) The place whereon thou standest is holy ground. 19) He is the rock whereon I place my trust. 20) The sick man took that whereon he lay and departed. 21) No source from which valuable information was likely to be derived has been neglected. 22) They eagerly turned to the quarter whence the sound came. 23) Every place whereon the soles of our fect shall tread shall be yours. 24) For the land whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt whence ye came out, where thou sowedest tfly seed and wateredst with thy foot as a gaf'den with herbs, but the land whither ye go to possess is a land of hills and villages. 25) In the use of instruments (men) the closeness or looseness of the discipline to be exercised, must of course vary, not only with the nature of the mar, but also and more distinctly with the nature of the work; and where the work is such that its effectiveness e 81 ey depends much upon its conscientious performance, authority should be so used as in no degree to supplant the conscience, but on the contrary to support it; and the support should be given by an 65 influential co-operation in which authority is rather felt than recognized. 6 heavens 26 It is of far greater importance to a statesman to make one friend, who will hold out with him for twenty years, than to find twenty followers in each year, losing as many, or even a tenth part as the great .many. 27) Favours - which seem to be dispensed upon an impulse, with an mples, in unthinking facility, are received like the liberalities of a spend- thrift, and men thank God for them. he oritios 28) There is one sort of adherents, not much to be prized, but still perhaps needful to be considered, whose services should be secured Whereby by a succession of small acknowledgments at reasonable intervals rather than by much at a time. The leech that is gorged hangs 4 prime but loosely. 29) Those who will study the career of the most successful Irish le to err, demagogue of this or ‘any other century will learn that his success was promoted by a steady adherence to two rules. 30 - Hardly anything will bring a man’s mind into full activity, if ambition patheti. be wanting; where it is least forthcoming as a substantive and waking passion, there are various indirect adjuncts of waking passions whereby it may be quickened. ubts EXERCISE B. 1) 60ab og)®0 Hais oL lBan G2 RMEIAHOD A |EHd BRI, o derived 2) 20 RIMNE) 28 aflesan aigiao aflow, ab eogy. 3) o) a0 @YK B oey. 4) @00 &wdlw sooE e aneimad gmowﬂmmﬂ%. he Jours: 5) MNZPOS SHLOW ORI MIWSHOM ROHIY, Elds @ MEY. fhe land 6) @onied @ %) 000e3 Hon BW).g) @OT DO 0y @ & 6M @03 o1 I ah sead and @MW) 2000868 QYo @AM WO 1. o Jand ) M @O @3NSO YeR 2RO IR B aloX )@y S0 6rPIQR6NZ, § of fhe 8) enioay droelo GPAIaBo QB O© ©0U3) @15 ab o_lcm"\%o_nm@ocw @030 yith e QllgM@OSITG PILBSHB0RAD QGO Q) aVMo cooam . o patre 9) 9OIM; R, WIO®Mo @102 lpjoom @) mag e @S] esmo otiveness 3008 ME QI GO Qoo OO AV o aiad Qg e %mmﬂﬁ. , 6 o o ooy (F oo seceDu|eo(mtsre@B Yo o g w ~ 19719 onoaw EBcefo@u o@D Qe ro W@ o Bawsweata & Be ‘ofeaw Sty @0ro 55T Do ‘0TEWMIAD U MEsOPIEFCELIW A ©eE (63 Esﬁm oforRoIW W Bud Ewiroe(F | ue (5o we BBty sebw (310%] 7€) (WCrVPALIO VOO ADTVAY (@ 0831089 WEEFBesw Beae woSFooft fFmrwsee o ‘oo ) Unoy TERCTog) 6B Fc@caocﬂ@oobee eFBop @y (movwe fo cawcom (83 i ‘1meFBe o ho temp mn D (Gl @Gy Sw (et (5eroe an5erve sefs e sustectun®@ qrooe fBoewcf8® oenotucan omrues ofvEBrow Froowew (93 Yowe ow T W TNy P L @OEPD PEWiswY BB Yirwas GROfv (¢3 &sfr g wa@re@ W(EBT qQLIEOW® [sueq) SE»GQUoM@@@ Proo@n sew oromrouw ubBe(QOIren 00w (624 Sunog ‘oo seasFroe o Be 8P 0@ owcFBe ULEP(Y(S® CEDLYCERP(LUSTD OGLEIDAR DO (g3 Iny AL LCUL D oSO ) db@Er mo e fe B Be F(Be eos|w (33 g awse( (o lapnys (13 (J@Or0 BOEW(L QRS0 UWER(Y(TToE oaeren(fO apE| W UG | OSSR V(M CEue B 0y oB(g0 | wo® an® e (ewefe aproe WwBHbe e Se ] (03 U\ AL EE@DST O(TeERQEe (W Wwow Suwte o rafue oOW ‘(@@te wWwiefdsre woduw SO YIE(MEY WY (61 14 posn w(@Oe @z oD e CLW(T (e '8Qe o'y WwofFmaud (Qome re@owemnc w®TT (81 S s (o gcF8a @ @ By ey Gusorov occo@ OO 6T WoG (L1 o8 onon ‘@rog an®e (o Gow QDU o 1N aw( e elufo ﬁc@@reaﬂre.dra QRE@(QTOE OPO(Y e0t:)] (91 ‘AL BBYAWc™0) ofln@E0 (prod queFBmcan offcw (peyaequoe) wvse(([F(roefd) wifBpm (o (et rpalpe U WOQ EBP v © of000 8 (UL eSS B ﬁréemoéa Qe cve wsfo ADOT O (seero (621 D10 91 ojola) ‘A0 PEcrvy oWy W P erog Mwe QcfS(Procscwse W etecotLY (g1 10es 104 FSese o8 %nwma (W QEEWM 6EB UWro RO o@gemmﬂmrm 0P WY WOEM (31 111801 8 # fFmuow W@ (65D il (Wbr quroee Te Wy IEIRE foavtEB(PEEY WEIm (11 8w e Frowe o scasee QLCEIS CQDMO(P WV SOWET WETIWY ST OPO(eVEY LY UWETR B Sw pewweatan( o 8 ewem(ro (o1 8 — 83 A Ionbogs d.) Adjective-clause under ‘what’. 497, «What is a restrictive relative equivalent to a noun and ’ 09)@@@ a restrictive relative either ‘that’ or ‘as’; the noun is not ex- m M) pressed but has to be gathered from the context. ‘Show me what you want’ = ¢show me the fhing you want’. The Malayalam translation, | BQUMo therefore, of the adjective-clause under ¢what’, follows, as to 2§00k the order of words, the same arrangement as that of the adjective-clauses under who, which and that, which have been )(DWHMb already explained. SR Note 1. A.uam%m mo with the prbnoﬁn @o® or an appropriate noun gathered from the context should be used instead of ‘what’. psulyy 2. The antecedent of ‘what’ is not expressed and therefore oflmav in translating Malayalam sentences into English ‘what’ should be used without an expressed antecedent. maao Model, DEg |0d BMIDERNINGH Ao TVEANIBH ' a@TVO AIOEUYQIAD r_f);éu ms}go @083 orflad Henio@ ey os soaend ek man: ‘Boadicea’s people lived in what is now called Norfolk and Suffolk’. Here the el student will note that the word 983, @19 ) cb 1s omitted in the suule English translation. Rule 21. Adjectivefclauses introduced by relative pro- uj dlen nouns, such as ‘“who, which, what, when, where’ etc. may be 33(55)(51’01 translated by myal@ouflmaiogyo with a eanws)eycavessm and a oyorpeasd, the eangoa)wo ‘@ being affixed to the former; as, n"y%(m. OMIBBaNINEN M0 VEANINSAV0 D Bg|add oB@ Iam @@ Baa 3l @Y @03) A @ayq@’hu’)oegccgas £290))B90d 01001 J®am, 6m) M5 Note 3. This form of expression confers prominence upon the By noun qualified by the adjective-clause, and should not therefore be resorted to, except when such emphasis is sought. In ordinary Eoou Malayalam such construction is rare, occarring only in impassioned VLI writings, and in the exposition or description of facts and qualities 2 o0 ;’(TEOU)O either involved or difficult to understand. For example take ‘the following : — Han 6 * RIS — 84 ) @oamom Q_108006nBRRPIYMT D BaiLo 4 WID@®IT MIS AT )@ o cn2ral) all@lemiasoe @RI Migo Raflesam)® eoocaaiad 9 8amAVI @EVIZ1OW eod aflgye AlemsszEaad. ‘I adore from the bottom of my heart the Lord, whose lotus-feet form the object of Vedic enquiry, and from whose navel sprung Virinja, whose name is ever on the tongue of Mahéadéva’. or «What lotas-feet the Vedas search after, what navel gave birth to Virinja, and what name MahAdéva ever repeats, those do I adore every day from the 1 bottom of my heart’. 25 EXERCISE A. 1) Regard the quality rather than the quantity of what you read. 2) This name had a different meaning in Engl‘and from‘ what it had elsewhere. 8) What the seamen call a heavy air was coming off the sea. 4) We must look to other standards than what men may say. 5) Delay mnot till to-morrow what ought to be done to-day. 6) The Roman empire, at the time of its greatest extent, tool't in the whole of what was then the civilized world. 7) Nobody could be treated as a criminal for obeying what the judges have solemnly pronounced to be the lawful government. | 8) I am not what I seem. 9) The stranger was not what he seemed to be. ordin; 10) Take what you want. aécount 11) The money he has, together with what he will obtain from his uncle, is sufficient for the purpose. 12) These cattle are finer animals than what the next country could produce. 18) What cannot be cured must be endured. 14) I clothed my thoughts in what appeared to me the most appropriate language. 15) Men readily believe what they wish to ?)e true. EXERCISE B 1) smoab al@aMIG e IOYAD® & @oem 2) @omo |meaan mﬁg)omxmomnb andlegan quoelo @S8g jode (@0 YDS. OO QIce0 @RYEHMD. — 85 —— 3) L&) |WoTh EOLES) WD) OV RIOMTD MU IEEneMo 4) @ 8g |0 BITEMD gD IOQYAD alSEMTB MG IOS:@ogf e 60 2890b BRI ) WMo OB aBOD A IBME® 12J0 0@ | (DSERIQYS MME)aO LY BHMWOVQAY0 (o IBD. form th 6 10m 5 6) 50300 Q@Yo O3] ©.a1Y, HodIwo. 7 @RAREEIWS @IS Qo Qg lg{ord 206« momcma@icg) 8) epd ©HO SMIWINSIEEL W AXRTBZo @emom_\wzﬂmb afan aedlwomo @S) 8@ eaag) dlow g Mo @an. 0 Virinja 9) @RQIaN PMEY)aam &Llw e @oHn QYo @ ueabo ra*m_(}%nb @10 y from the aim oiloid).ay 05D 10) o JsmR 0o 35 0 G eR OIS M AR Q0190 of)FE9 20 il) WIH@ITD WINH@IAD e e lotQld.aldho BQIBIIDEQIE) DAY QB o) read 8.8 e@e0m @Gleﬂomo_mm@oo nat it had WIH@IMNO®IBHH QI BIMSs 18201 1Yo 12) Qo ©.01PANAIVINMI @10 AN aflamemsd OG0 13) o) QVIYANW ORBIM@IEIM gD .Y ERHMEJ0 WY Bad RMNOBR ZMIOE 6.0100. 14) Mmoo &g {lowanoe epomilead ‘enyad’ egano aso®an aqLILOMO 00k in th &0 20030000 &IWIGBAD the judges e.) Adjective-clause under ‘why ‘Why’ is restricted to reason or cause and is never co- ordinative. ‘This is why you should not stay’ = ‘this is the reason on account of which you are not to stay’ a3 afley@O@aREE TV W Imoem i uncle, (9] dd 6 EXERCISE A ey conld 1) The reason why he retired from public service is not known, 2) There is good reason why the utmost care should be taken., 3) Hence also we may see the reason why languages constantly change pptopr ate 4) These are not sufficient reasons why so great changes should take place 5) There was no cause why I should study to set forth the matter with elogquence 6) This is also the cause why victuals are so dear 7 This is not the only cause why men steal. o 8) His vices are the cause why his people held him in contempt Ly 86 — 9) That is why he is arrogant. 10) I do not see the reason why so much fuss should be made about such a trifie. 11) Young men, of course, ‘may and ought to have opinions on-many subjects, but there is no reason why they should print them. The EXERCISE B. of 410 Rult 1) ®LY OSBRI Alaho D@ SOYANWER SIMeMo og)i 188 2mgylalnay should arlgy. 2) fall to so@afld)De mE wIFER OO SHoRemo INd a0y ® DI, 3) @non0 2NHIL010O® a1l )esm TVIEIRI28N D@ EPUS)E0 G5 should &k aidlamalob B@ogy analleabo @oemo. and an 4) sownto dmoe MEMe: BE WRS) LD GIDOSITMEINMAD AM &y tetonyarilgy. the ol 5) (o(sra;o_sg'gmﬁe‘;@@ ajgmmd algawardlonloimes VoG No 0gOIMAN @G 6oD 1gy. mo that 6) @0 )E9R0d H@AOE 0NREIANO® MTANY @R QIAD msgjoad 15 (1) SERIODY OITEIGT . ) 24SH:g |90 ag)Bg oo WA IBSHEAMORAD A IOQYIN @ OO oMo each D@6 M, o 8) @D )2E ML G5 )Sdh WM W) BaldGaND M 8 O WIET . 2 9) yYey) oAy Eledes @PGI0IW A a1 VI t0 be ) @6 . the ty Note 1. The suffix ooz is very commonly used to designate transls causation in Malayalam, and hence for ‘the reason why’, or ‘the first is cause why’ we may simply use eomg in Malayalam. I0QME), al I\ osmog and eloanmes are also idiomatic equivalents of the same. “that? Elegance and variety may be secured by such substitutions. hefor 2. The past tense may be changed into the future in Malayalam, Iikew and the adjective termination pes added to it; as, ‘The reason why g { he was hanged’ @RQIOM @ &51OGNRIQMER H:IDEMo. ‘This is the reason ' fungt why there are no poisonous snakes in England’ @o%mﬂrzﬂ) alleges alomyd o sente 00490 1@ g |0mRes Vo) & DmEED . 0y 3. The student should take care to distinguish the adjective- clause from the noun-clause introduced by ‘why’. ] 2 3bout gyoh Chapter VI §0n many The Noun—clause. rin thEIll. The noun-clause, as its name implies, serves the functions of a noun. It is either the svubject or object of a sentence. Rule 22. In translating noun-clauses, the same place amg@mm; should be assigned to them in the order of words as would Omf@mmm. fall to the noun they replace, ¢. e. a noun-clause as subject Wlao ag) should be taken in the order that the subject would be taken, e 2m and an object noun-clause should occupy the usual. place of the object. Mol Note 1. In Malayalam ogam is the sign of a noun-clause. ‘He told me that R4man would come’. The order in which this is to be translated (splind is (1) subject, (2) object, (3) predicate, and the adjuncts coming before -each. ) &I06Mo (1) He (2) that Riman W.*ould come (3) me told @waiad, oand cimea a0, o@BMNIG A IO60Y. nmmsmu . 2. For the sake of clearness, sometimes, the subject will have m)owmﬂ to be removed nearer the predicate when there is a long gap between the two, as in the above instance; the more elegant form of the lesignate translation would be ci2ad cimeram @eaidd ogemmig aioewy, but the , or ‘4he first is by no means objectionable. yang, & The most common introductory word of a noun-clause is RIS sthat’ which, contrary to the Malayalam usage, may be omitted before the object noun-clause. All relative pronouns may layalam, likewise introduce noun-clauses, and the test for distinguish- ason Why ing them from similar adjective-clauses lies in their respective T reasol functions—a noun clause stands as the subject or object of a ;_m);ﬁl()o sentence, while an adjective-clause qualifies a noun or its equivalent. djective- Model. <That thou wast weak is thy exéuse’ aemas @adlem 20 @0 aganoem 3o qL@sdIMo. A 88 oy 1 6 Noun-clause as Subject. 27 EXERCISE A, 1) 1) That materials for such‘a collection existed, cannot be doubted. 2) That some flowers are more beauatiful than the rest, cannot be dis- puted. 3) That the sacerdotal government should encroach on the functions of the civil magistrate, would in our times be a great evil. That he is careful is well known. 4) 1 5) That the king should be deposed was considered necessary by the unanimous verdict of the people. 6) Where Attila was buried, cannot be determined with any degree of certainty at present. ) What he spoke was not like madness. 8) How extensive the Danish occupation was, is best seen in the local names and divisions. 9 When he will arrive is not yet known. 10) ‘Where that good shoemaker got his notion of reading from, remained a mystery even to his most intimate friends. I1) What a young man should aim at, is to acquire a habit of binding things together according to their bonds of natural affinity. 12) That wonder should be abundant in the opening scenes of life, is in the healthy course of nature. 13) What we said of the word self-interest applies to all synonyms and circumlocutions which are employed to convey the same idea. 14) When and how the death of Herodotus took place, is uncertain. Note oI, ogan@ ete. may sometimes be used as symbolical of the noun-clause used as the subject of a sentence. ExErCISE B. 1) of) 9.21EQMED B0, EDTINWMO RIS EGADD QILJEIW HIPo. W GSt0® E10IMIe0 .2IYOHIT TV )N ooamayd)weny s20d oo @ 8|9 @)@, 3) @Ik ogi)DS eam"\g% ag)aR MO0 WOR) I@d e @ B8 . 4) mom’?svo'w @OLZAD EVAVQ 0 aI0QNMD gOIN 20 ICEUE )M A B9 (21 QJo. 5) @Y Halsdo Mailes BYd &¥lalls wgmo og@ $0eI20W] agao @0 8g 0 ©).21@oesQINM (@ )@IAVo, — 89 (o 6) o M emMaSIaT )of 1@ )g-jond e planbIY @ 1005206 dn &.aoamoaf) S oeca0? 7) VLRI 1HEJIMD IOQYAD &S 1R H9Id 2RI @1 @b g0 ey : @8N 1O lo. 6 doupteg 8) @S @s@)e Dol a1d)a) el aid) e d B oldeeam 100t be di gai@o aflaid mdlwIoemedlcd 8.8 MO OB 6D unctions of R @10 @) 100 OQ(‘(U(‘rﬂzﬁ@,(TTO. 9) OHE IO a1 Qo;\@oefceobm@'\&gdma» @OAN S qUAWo TVZRG)) | ©500 10) @o%")d@mommt aoroﬂ(o'\as)o(am(o’\:%} RIS O @ BANIB®OW ) ary by the O MBIV of)TRED @E)20Mo GBAIMBHINEM D AV )E]. 11) qgcﬁaaﬁm’\mb QIg) EP@MHQ0 B BRSO [0S 29 ag)(MM VoL@ AN j degres of &987120000D BIPORIEMLER M og Q)OS BT )0l oMo, agSG|IDL o awo, ageMEY00 HBHd ©afla) agawo waNes ailmydlgload @I gy n the local 13) BOM ISR 0106 )880(@) 00 02 oM S oemaIad O ®0AS)E BaF).0| «gdO @HM pog))ols)ay. 14) @ QN2 1mIGmMD «GAVHBIHTEA00 BV AT Q100200 @b law , temained Q. =) 1) @) 0aVORSAVMN@ ofID DH0HTEM0 0 @ @A & o6moQy aNOIG 0. of hinding 15) 0 () &007es moﬂmmrcﬂog;omms)g @30’1% 2@ )O8d B S0 nity. SHEW BQMEH@MA 60D Ig). f life, is in onyms and 11 Noun-clause as Object. ide, 28 EXERCISE A. rfain, ymbolical 1) They demanded that the obnoxious chief should be dismissed. 2 - 08, Faction itself could not deny that Addison had been stricf]y faithfgl to his early opinions. 3) He executed what you ordered him to do. 4) What he wants in knowledge he supplies by self-confidence. 5) We can prove that the earth is round. ) a,;g!‘o. 6 au’]mem” N’ I expect that he will arrive to-morrow. ) State when and where you were born. 8) I have shown in what state our constitution stood at the time of oMY the Norman conquest. 9) What the corrupt man sees he admires, what he admires he imitates. 10) You would think that those men had an astonishing talent for seeing @) gm0 things that had already passed away. 90 13) 11) I am told that the old masters of art had to do these shameful thmgs for bread. 12) At this point, I can imagine that some young man may be inclined 1 to ask me, whether I should advise him to enter upon a formal study of logic or metaphysics 13) You must know that from my earliest infancy I found always a strong No inclination for books and letters gentence 14) Chamier declared that it was a hard exercise of faith to believe that the nou so foolish a chatterer had written ““The Traveller translat 15) We are next to inquire what religion shall be taught il EXERCISE B 1) EPAIOHM AUPLH WD ag)ADIOEMNAT ag)rrﬂcsg emgylanayailgy. 2) cmmocb@ga@_ﬂmﬂmnbmo%mrb@;c}a@g 0 @p_\amﬂ ®-%00- O @ 20aVEELE: M3 lefllw EPMH:Eo G H.a0)W EYMSSo @Y QI ZNTM2AD YR MZHEHP W@ )dsan. 3) @0 209 {18 2d WM al0YaNO®Ia00 o_ﬂw.mxﬂ@s)@@@cm @’S:D o0ab @9g0 1B 1O® gsmmm']_% 4) (@@ )a10d), agemQ QIO EnsSarlw &@ avsmilwiem @8I aflem @e@e@®AD a0 5) @Y @3 (T)ﬂ QM0 WEM Geald@A% QIMOITNBR o)) Mnsesan 9.a10gy ol MyBe aIEmM! 6) @@ Y] BEMA0EE GOAVEIOERS A HOMMHAIY MIHSAI AYMOS MOZER 1) QIO @03 mo%(mﬂanbn QLIEA@0 EREIBOICO AVIBMO Al0S O ) nJBU)20oMI® @ OB AU load o IHm aleU oy &) ojom@mo ERWRM sag)S)egy 8 ~ @@ Gaudlo) QIaVlg{omMUGwS 20 8a18 )y 8il8RE@ 2209 o). 9) M anes BoMIQ, 20829 &M WBEM) aIPAAMONRBANIG O.altp] O3] 10) @ @mnd Elmonflad @lsesan oga@o MSg et alS)egyaooe @pa1nHdo et smionilg{loflclesan 1 [y ) Wb agailes 8307} g0, B03)g400d SEEMOAOTM DO, 0gBlam @enne 8@ ag@o oblgYENO2 10e @G I, 12) QRLOB AR B;0REME AT TG . @@(b gamﬂ% ag)ao wg) lendlaloab S 91 Bl ?hings 13) @Seigy «goEIOm @ MESA ogdRo @D HMOSNZER © aIBWI (P> agPAIVo )Rk BQIMZoQlgmo VG 160D 1T 1B og) D b inelineg smoah 0@ )dsan. 0 & formg] 14) omemBddy AI@OBKD ag)T2 217y T IANIDEM A e@od Zemt Q106 WORYO. JEE] St!‘Ollg‘ Note. A noun-clause chiefly stands as the sabject or object of a sentence; but it may sometimes be found in some other position of eligve that the noun as well; as, ‘He was conscious that he had many difficulties’> The translation of such forms demands no special consideration. 111 General exercises in Adjective and Noun-clauses. 29 | EXERCISE A. ey 1) The most valuable notes are those in which he (Dr. Johnson) had an ) %Mﬁ opportunity of showing how attentively he had during many years observed human life and human nature. B0 2) The influence exercised by his conversation directly upon those with . &H'} whom he lived, and indirectly on the whple literary world, was altogether without a parallel. ' oemig 3) I believe with Plato that a lie is a thing hateful both to gods and men 4) An idle man is like a house-kgeper \:vho keeps the door open for any burglar. 9) Men are often clever enough, but they do not know what to do with their cleverness. What a pious tradition has taught us to do daily before our principal 5 o 6) meals as a comely ceremony, let us learn to do before every serious act of our life, not.as a cold form, but as a fervent reality. ) Kant has said that the business of philosophy is to answer three b 2e0? questions : — what can I koow, what ought I to do, and for what may I hope? 8) Upon what sort of evidence can we be justified in concluding that a Slag)mo given event is the effect of a particular volition of the deity or of the interposition of some invisible agent? 9) This Venice, which was a haughty, invineible, magnificent republic for A0 nearly fourteen hundred years, whose armies compelled the world’s Pl plom applause whenever and wherever they battled, whose navies well nigh held domain of the seas, and whose merchant fleets whitened — 92 e the remotest oceans with their sails and loaded their piers with 17 the products of every clime, is fallen a prey to poverty, neglect and melancholy decay Note Split the adjective-clauses into co-ordinate clauses 10) There are a good many things about this Italy, which I do not under- 18 stand; and more especially I cannot understand how a bankrupt covernment can have such palatial railroad depots and such marvels of turnpikes 11) What is it that confers the noblest delight? What is it that which swells a man’s heart with pride above that which any other ll experience can bring him? Discovery Note Use wwmmoan ete 12) Men did not entertain certain desires and aversion because they believed in a moral sense, but they gave the name of moral sense to a feeling which they found in their minds however it came there. 13) A man who having a bad temper, keeps it in subjection, and constrains himself to behave habitually with justice and humanity towards those who are in his power, seems to us worthy of the highest admiration; on the other hand, a man, who, having been blessed by nature with a bland disposition, gradually brings him~ self to inflict misery on his fellow-creatures, with indifference, with satisfaction, and at length with a hideous ra.pture deserves to be regarded as a portent of wickedness. 14) They had not been long in this situation when news came that the Jacobins of Paris had made a last attempt to regain ascendency in the state, that the hall of the Convention had been forced hy a furious crowd, that one of the deputies had been murdered and his head fixed on a pike, that the life of the President had been for a time in imminent danger, and that some members of the legislatare had not been ashamed to join the rioters 15) We might almost reconstruct our history so far as it turns upon the Norman conquest by an analysis of our present language, a mustering of its words in groups, and a close observation of the nature and character of those which the two races have severally contributed to it,. 16) The ancient guttural is heard now only in those portions of the old Anglican provinces which ar in the southern counties of Scotland and the northern counties of England — 93 PR, piers with 17) I propose here, after enquiring briefly into the general question of by, meglect the determination of the sun’s distance, to describe the opportu- nities which will be afforded during the transit of 1874, and to lauses disouss the preparations which are being made by this country to take her part in the work of observation under \ bankrupt 18) That the study of mathematics and their application to astronomy, and such are full of interest, will be allowed by all who have devoted their time and attention to those pursuits; and they only can estimate the delights of arriving at truth, whether it be the discovery of hat which a world or of a new property of numbers. any othee The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power 19) And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave, Await alike the inevitable hour ause they The path of glory leads but to the grave. 0ral sense ame there, 20) These poor animals jast look and tremble and give forth the very indications of suffering that we do. There is the distinet cry of tion, and pain There is the unequivocal physiognomy of distress They humanity put on the same aspect of terror on the demonstration of a menaced by of fhe blow. They exhibit the same distortions of agony after the ving been infliction of it The bruise or the burn or the fracture or Their ings hin- superior strength just affects them similarly to ourselves difference, blood circulates as ours They have pulsations in different parts leserves They sicken, and they grow feeble with of the body like ours age, and finally they die just as we do. They possess the same The lioness > that feelings and the same instincts with our own species. soendenc robbed of her whelps causes the wilderness to cry aloud with the forced hy proclamation of her WI‘Onga or the bird whose little household had Jored aud been stolen, fills and saddens all the grove with melodies of had been deepest pathos. s of he 21) The English is in truth, of all the languages of its kindred, the one which most remarkably illustrates the mode of lingaistic change consisting in the loss of formal grammatical distinction by synthetic gpon the means There is no other known tongue which, from having been 70388 & n of fhe so rich in them, has been so poor none which has so nearly soverall stripped its root-syllables of the apparatus of suffixes with which they were formerly clothed and left them monosyllables £ the old 22) This change is to be attributed partly no doubt to the discovery of §eot and printing, a discovery which has not only diffused knowledge widely, but as we have already observed, has also introduced into reasoning, e 94 o a precision unknown in those ancie.nt commﬁnities, in which information was for the most part conveyed omlly. 23) We find that a polished society, a society in which & most intricate and elaborate system of jurisprudence was established, in which 18 the arts of luxury were - well understood, in which the works of great ancient writers were preserved and studied, existed .for nearly a thousand years, without making one great discovery in science or producing one book \vhich is read by any but curious 29 enquirers. 24) We mnever met with a book which so strongly indicated that the writer was in good humour with everybody else, which contained so much of that kind of reproach which is vulgarly said to be no slander, and of that kind of praise which is v.ulgarly said to be no commendation. 25) The regent was in many respects the facsimile of our Charles the Second. Like Charles he was a good-natured mau utterly destitute 3 of sensibility. Like Charles he had good natural talents which. a Like Charles deplorable indolence rendered useless to the state. he thought all men corrupted and interested and yet did not dis- like them for being so. 26) No man who wishes to keep well within the limits of that which he has a right to assert, will affirm that it is im‘possible that the sun and moon should ever have been made to appear to stand still in the valley of Ajalon, or that the walls of "a city should have fallen down at a trumpet blast or that water was turned into wine, because such events are contrary to uniform experience and violate laws of nature. Note. For the sake of perspicuity bring the subject ‘man’ and its adjuncts near the predicate ‘affirm’ and begin the translation with the noun-clause ‘that the sun and moon ete.’ 27) A strange effect of narrow principles and short views! that a prince possessed of every quality which procures veneration, love, and esteem, of great parts and profound learning, endowed with admirable talents for government and almost adored by his subjects, should form a nice unnecessary scruple, whereof in Europe we can have no conception, let slip an opportunity put into his hands that would have made him absolute master of the lives and liberties and the fortunes of his people. oo 95 —_— 10 which Note. “Whereof conception’ is a parenthetical clause and may therefore be translated as an independent For ‘whereof’ substitute ‘of such U Infricat sentence at the close. 1 whigh nice and unnecessary scruples’. > works of 28) In prescribing men’s duties, the moralists of all ages bhave set up xisted for the supposition being an ideal far beyond what can be attained ‘CO\'OI‘y n that this is necessary in order to secure the utmost amount of ut curions actual performance 29) The arts of advertising which are carried to such perfection in the hat th present day, exemplify the round of devices for catching the contained public attention; but they do nothing to teach the modes: of 1 10 be no graduating the impressiveness of a composition according to the said fo be relative importance of several topics Note. Arts ooowaismsd; round of devices my@eEg oS 10 1atles the oy@; exemplify gemommaoldloean destitate 30) Pursuing the career of Muhamed or of any man who has memorably 3 which.a impressed his own mind or agency upon the revolution of mankind e Charles we feel, solicitude about the circumstances which might surround d not dis his cradle to be altogether unreasonable and impertinent. Note. Change the participial phrase into a clause. which he 31) To love him, to seek union with him in the closest manner possible, that the tand still is to return to our proper original—to seek him from whom all uld have our powers are derived, and by whom alone they can be sustained in time, and must be consummated and completed in eternity nto wine, Note. d violate To seek union ©eg8)0o®@ @o0dsildn; to return to our proper original meges mvoemod @Y@e’)@amm@mﬂmb o )dn; and for the dask we may understand ogoe ©aiolpc or b ‘man ag)am mosrm@omﬁ and add at the end of the sentence ogam ] begin QVIko Or ag)('mm)_oo in and 32) To be the source of happiness is the highest prerogatlve the greatest pre-eminence, that one being can possess over another; it is in 3 prmce faet to be his god yve, and Note ‘It is in fact’ understand ogom @omwgy before this od WI sentence. by his 33) Esmond came to the spot on one unny evening of spring, and reof 10 saw amidst a thousand black crosses, casting their shadows nity put across the grassy mounds that particular one that marked his i ()f he mother’s resting place. ——e 96 ——— 34) All thoughts, 2ll passions, all delights, Whatever stirs this mortal frame, All are but ministers of love And feed his sacred flame. Note. For <all’ in line 3, say mawwgyo. 35) The fair undérstanding'between Sir Roger and his chaplain, and 41 their mutual concurrence in doing good, is the more remarkable, because the very next village is famous for the difference and contentions that rise between the parson and the squire, who live in a perpetual state of war. Note. Take ‘because ete. first and then ‘the fair undér- standing’. The more remarkable ep@e @S0 aflew cﬁao_ﬂuﬂcwocvﬂ%@g@. 36) The squire bas made all his tenants atheists and tithe-stealers; while the parson instructs them every Sunday, in the dignity of his order and insinuates to them, in almost every sermon, that he is a better man than his patron. Note. This is a compound sentence. “While’ engoeies. ‘In the dignity of his order’ @sabo caeodlabd quimsad) GL20Q OUINPAUBOMIOS. 37) There are two sorts of good company ; the one consists of persons of birth, rank, and fashion; the other, of those who are distin- guished by some peculiar merit in any liberal art or science ; and a mixture of these is what we would have understood by good company. '38) I once heard a political discourse by a mnoted personage, which consisted of the assertion, in various forms and with various illustrations, of the proposition that all the miseries of this country arise from its monarchico-aristocratic government, and that they could all be cured, as by the stroke of a magician’s wand, by the introduction of a perfectly democratic government. WNote. Change ‘which consisted’ into ‘and this consisted’. 89) The experiments selected to -illustrate the subject fixed upon are striking and convincing and such as can be performed with facility and economy. 40) The author has the pleasing task of expressing his gratitude for the favourable reception accorded to nine preceding editions which he has endeavoured to render worthy of continued patro- nage; he indulges in the hope, that it will still be found entitled to rank with books of practical utility. — 97 Note. ‘Has the pleasing task of expressing’ = Expresses bis grati- tude with pleasure. ‘Indulges in the hope’ @QUile) OHogE AR, ‘Practical utility’ &@20®) paidwowges or simply IcwoR maes plain, and emarkable, 41) They. immortalize the memory of the man, who was during foréy erence and years, the constant protector of all oppressed races and persecuted &, Who live sects, of the man whom neither the prejudices nor the interests belonging to his station could reduce from the path of right, of the noble who in every great crisis cast in his lot with the it under- lao alleoo commons, of the planter who made manful war on the slave trade, of the land-owner whose whole heart was in the struggle against the corn-law. he-stealers; -42) One Inspector states that, in his district, paraphrasing is partly a dignity of o1, that he verbatim copy of the originals and partly a mass of absurdities; another, that the attempts at paraphrasing are almost impossible to pass; a third, that very few of the candidates have a clear 09I, qUIms vl idea of what is meant by paraphrase. 43) Heaven’s ebon vault of persons Studded with stars unutterably bright, are distin- Thro’ which the moon’s unclouded grandeur rolls, jence; and Seems like a canopy which love has spread d by good To curtain her sleeping world. -44) I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem ge, which to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore and divert- th various ing myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier ios of this shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all menty and undiscovered before me. magiciau‘s 45) I have often wished that I had clear, rernmett, For life six-hundred pounds a year, susisted ’b A handsome house to lodge a friend, “upon Bxe A river at my garden’s end. med: Wit 46) «+.s.Thyself last; cherish thou hearts that hold thee, Corruption wins not more than honesty. titude for Still in thy right band carry gentle peace g eliios To silence envious tongues; be just and fear not ged patro- Let all the lands thou aim’st at be thy country, d entitled They God’s and truth’s. =1 gl 98 47) For nought so wide that on the earth doth live, But to the earth some special good doth give; Nor aught so good, but strained from that fair use Revolts from true birth stumbling on abuse; Virtue itself turns vice being misapplied, And vice sometimes by action dignified. 48) Little did I dream that I should have lived to see such disasters fallen upon the queen in a nation of gallant men, in a nation of men of honour and of cavaliers; I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult. 49) Ye who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy and pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope, who expect that age will perform the promises of youth, and that the deficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the morrow, attend to the history of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia. 50) Being beaten in a conflict, being chocked in anything we have undertaken, committing some error in a public display, blunders, inaccuracies, and awkwardness of speech, being put about by trifles, making great exertions for small results, being chaffed and jeered at, being slightly intoxicated, being defied by our inferiors—these and such like expose us to the laughter of bystanders, the infliction not being severe enough to rouse either their sympathy or some of the strong emotions, as anger and fea.r. EXERCISE B. 1) e@ach @W@o) GWEBHZ ageito I TVoaddlal, EREO2E BF afleb @P®.oy cmilowo ). Note. @ @20@2g) and even. 2) algd)el eI®GARBd 2J0QZeE @Y OSISOHIMAINS: RIS OS U@IN @IAVOM OB IWE@MDHMG 0D ©.21PERA oG w®) ) 92O IBROQ. Harischandra was and hastened to Note. alarmed. . . e s e e 0 welcome. 3) @b @MMeAI HEIROW BT TV _Inlo 6N, BRG IOM Sdg @ eado @ojhggm%aoexsvmmm ool Qo AVIQIWIM AW EYESAI _aﬂ__% amsg%o.ﬂnb. —_— i g9 4) 0@\ @G0B ([E)BWILS).0) RIEMER0Q PSB0 BYS) pSad N5e8)eEnem aam) aflwe 108 @520 @Bastaimn OBl aflem 3¢ @b DaYe @pEA oo aggjto ANIO® @SR gl Note. 0@ @a0oE00y (@)8@oudlal. Use the possessive aSleno instead of the adjective-clause. o s 8 0 o o mo’}mﬂ:% fell down and related what he ete. etc. h disastors a nation of 5) n@g{y@ammommwb DSIGH T AURLPN® HSISe|od a0 lgjomal and swords OSISEW Q. - look that Note. .and not what etc. and pursue 6) o3 QlBLacaTad BB emods 1@neg, augRrYlwiw) nasm’lw 20Qes 503 lassemE )b 8100 )E8LeMD IRV O.alMR I, af age will cies of the @oailes @meo%wmmoe}@)c)o @OEM S0, LEI(MYA-II0WIRIG: D the history @D IVo60, LOMUIM)IE]MVZGRLAIW HOME K BOBM So, Note. ¢« ® 8.8 o @ ©®t6e admiring the various scenes. o= @083, af) » W have emoolob, . . . Ha)aRa’)an stood at the gates of the city. @wall in which were etc. ete. , blunders, 0SS b about by 7) almed)) @o.cﬂ% @cmosn”\:% aNs@emn Aos&d s @) wal 1g chaffed oD ogs® allog)em@ed O ©)9QIBRBMID (0 )DTLOOIT pd by our 0@ @b &g @eo S2000M@EM 8ad g {l@smemand) aughter of @o® @9 @D waBkoe SaPYME EYSEANGIamb ouse either GQIME) QIO &0S)alamn, anger and Note. aNo@&d «gs@y @Gs) collected into a heap upon which, o) HBLEMIID v s 0 o e lighted it when by the glare ete. 8) @med) allgmaimnoe &Sa m a3 o@D o @ BEAeeEa 008 B3 ag) M0 EWOG|SOSIMNG B0S) E2)0a26me0O 9@ )ah 6.a100 Bal@o ZeOml, $00)iRaNOO aJ@OM PI@IWEh E.n10RId ugSaD gon em aflide e®Imzea ) MAOM @el 9.01Y @YED EMOBX 0@yt aPSAVO 06N a5 MBI @ an. n0A6om) Note. etz P R ) ®95) Chandramati crossed the cemetery | 620 0§ aud hastened on, filled with a vague apprehengion as to what further calamities were in store for her. istened 10 9) (BIMOB)D FOMmI EIRS)HEMRIG HERRIND EPEM & )0 @Y alidl@)ed aailosd), adla) &S0 aJ@PMQYo S0 @) mﬁﬂ&(\b\’) WIN® Lo@d) .0y 03)E)0 @AW OV PG, j) epees Note. @ &M 1) o) o) came to the street in search of ete. and saw ete. =% — 100 —_— 1 10) EIEAIAIM P SoLl0 aBHE OHSVD ORI GAINE zéﬂgacmo@ @OW EONEAA) (@)IEMaVZS lmINI® BISREMBMIS 8al RIEM®m em3l@anI0eMITVMayem @B d 0o SIMMEaE msarlslmod Moo )amo®l). SIEMIW GEIGUAVIDIWo HAIH.aIROTD a0@ 1em 20 @)& @& )NE1S B0 B eoga1d)e2 dloaim guwo aius).ef OSONFAIAD BMSD &Ly @ alg aNud).oyQ15mo mnn&g(zﬂ% Qlemess Janoad 1 Note @P®®oalo in one of these days O &V 2aOLIITH agons, may be translated as past participles and put at the beginning of the sentence, the subject moaaciad oMM BB U2 will thus be brought near the predicate nsa’)SInoab roamed through the forest Qi) OS0FQIA and placed the bagged many @08),® ©alg) efe trophies at the feet of etc. 11) ogodmelo &¥IYo@nmt Mloato WA H@TEISS I GS) VM) SBmIkh BaISd Ol el &gezanad Mm@ wow) @oalcbadlan aflgealomalnad &$lwog 93070 «BOOQJ BRE PMIBETNINS B 0| @O0 @S @IS )IONGIME IBaD v e @) BaEmIocd Note RO EN0LI0 geai before long; roaming; @@ cba’lan whence; alilg8ato@alond ca,gﬂcmo%s)@o ong finding it impossible to escape. 12) awdlesan alomiled Gaw) a.e-0008- 6od S.alaR EMISa QYo @D e leed @Yo, M @@ 00 AUHE MBSO, LY Es I a0IER 9N Bl Bed>Yo ©.01QY BSaE)8g 0@ )& Qo @Y TLIBAT) &8 62 0.5 W afIRMIGS) ERAINO o.:’\rrgro’\@gceaqgo (emq_g)ocz,cemoronb Tl EYUIRTBIOS a_x&gzj auoems] ailoyo OB C.aldsd QYo DY, Note. awdlesan use the prepositional phrase ‘in dispute for the wenym mo; from m goa to @eiloseoe 6.a1Q should be translated as a nominative absolute after ases)eg joan as, ‘I returned, the witnesses 3 to 10 having been ordered’ ®g avo & ddo, where these witnesses were ete. . @oaIsHE ol MR B o Passive voice, ‘were examined’ @uomﬂ% produced; afloryoporlch Cam filed — — 101 %m0 13) @OM)IWENIRMES eoaicooaiomiled (@)ollesd esan nIp120Q)) 0 mlaﬁmg O™ HQIgjod Boailas&QYo @1 V0@ )Be @.0108).018g 1000 2904 i lnh L£@=0008- IS (@)0) IBeod QIBENON0 aIOB>WYo Seiwcd 8oaf) M 0l Qo @m% a@) M (EYC(TC'DOCQ)O. D0 Q) Note. The complainant states etc. m@ﬂ%}}m’} :% 14) moe) o(dl@eEd @YORIAIORIMD el &) oo Buard).oy P ey em @ @dwoo i qieal2i@o (@@ .o GYORQISTER ail waadlesang enjeUlewo? and put Note. Whereas four senses deny ete. is it wise etc.? e xnmsam 15) EoSlew@ad agemMI@ avglo @1 EFIOW ®omEISle), M agame BOMLM em Ep2 oI eRBd DABOM sy mlgpap g placed the aflaid cwogamn. IO OO OS 16) i@ BoRLOMIBEWIRK) 90 )anab maemab, AIGFEMMISIWERBMIFo- aRelegllaoawow aSloy ) quamd) swoseaInd ciadm@’ISIimnoad BsMLG@ MM mcgocrommomﬂ nowIg], gy e01gfiganad., 00J0 EWH Note- .. .has a son called Rdma, who with his brother ete. 17) geaMIYSHSB 0@ ©oQIEM RISM AV @)%6)@306”30“30_](\{) DMOS 330 IENOW, AIGHEMBMISANS @M@l @@ AMEMYR) JREY g@0a1eel T, E@ICRROMYe O &S lmoad. Note. 0Oz EPeM.I%f)p) in search of whom; ©© &g aoad where he fell in with. o A0 el i 18) m@ﬂmmo@@WmO eog meeaianad myflaiem ails)eeilowms 6)al 0 oo m@mom%%‘go@@m@aomm@mog@mng'grm@@dos}_ru Qo ; TV BEDANOYIS LA EHaj0 05 lgRWo o ddnomilealo WL e Oﬂﬁ},}n ) ﬁ:@"ﬁ)%o a@e1 of), Romnellaogemomoe o3 18@uI]@s o) anmealoenn mimid)w) Tuea)! Note. 2OdS0QYE VA0 s 0 0 s o » 1 dispute’ m’\g'gm)o the success of the under- taking is entir‘ely in your hands. @should 5180 19) @8M® .2 W o aflgmge ZElmRe0Rd )WY LBRAIJEM (@) e ) Geaid o mycaimn Gaisond. ol O (V0 paie ol Note. @B(Ta o\ in the meanwhile., 20) @EMINEZE GUILHERELE AIBH2INER D DAVIR) AR ceeilc ey a3} eaRe &g @doeod ma) allaf).e @SeE) a8 walmd . — 102 —_— 21) @am® aflallmasamlegumisue aflaiqusomb ’)6) 2ewd)&ed) e@)iwaiallcal o) 2é)ma0} gaasad mosgy8am avIso aQLEMRM WA 010MRODR0 ®E@ BRBR Note @200 © e 4+ e 0 e e - allmoewe all anxiety on the score of the wild fire being atan end 22) @my b alnsty uoAIOR o @S) aje@)eaiss @aorgMallesSas B HEELo0 P HQIS G 0SSR ag)( 16 O AD 23) ©B®Eoweals B&:QTlAIMo QIS SIRMMI® ag) a0 Hald)W 6&m 8]l aq@o OMale9gaINWID B IS IW Fad T3 )eIHE 9 4 glab moglg jem3lemo @) &oeflogs@mind a0 Y2 MSAI @000 @-00MB-d LQAUAM- EY2D ORWIRIAVo om-2003- oI @h @@)dd Qi ogantel]l o0 @Qesd Yo o_ﬂsf]g% == ®0S)8esYo alen) aileIuSIsseqe 9419 agaw EZd m-0o 0B~ ' fBTOCpJ o Note. moglgjem) transplanting o@dm0al)l &) @PQOD cutb off the team (BYOS’\_% assaulted. 24) OHWVAIMIROEO @SS | SR O amemm@@mocmo_mb @oo_u’):p__ﬂro’ﬁmm o_ﬂgago LYo GOYS NIIUODBG 0 OHWPQJ MBLID® (BaIOAVIABYQ0 2007) a)dhahajo avaudbavgeylYo SO 1 AVOROZAY0 &1 )Mo rEI Qo 819 DEMEB3AER A1 o @ es 218mMI) @aflednemdlan8an? Note HNBQI coadlofl@)esan what may be the will of Providence 25) @R US)HHo® @ o uosm%@mog@@g aURWIMeEBd aflw 1w BWIL3) @RI, @0Qids @O 20w aflw Spilol 28aiemed Moo ©..6RTEY @A) HAAVo WY HB2)F1OTBIW @0E] @)oo @Y SSelo SHd C2rIUS )@ 000 @ HoemEmId @ .ol QIO A & )@ ) Bs 0o Note Begin ‘The court is of opinion that’, or ‘It appears to the court that’ ete 2 Gaisma d Mtk H.CRED to put a stop to such negligence, e 103 PRI 26) mgo@@mmmn’oo 8020 BRLINNQ MWD «gSWISD LMY Halow] plad ©9S) g |0mABMIAD 00)@@-92@ SBW)ATVo a-0008~ enjuomoy aileel 82g]S) asomileige B@&sIb@Gs oD 0 lan @ Qg e allaissgs & & D& oad @mﬂ@mmqb ore of the 1120w gdlg{ese o ailBIUS)018g j0d QBN A0S RYo 91900 B8R MMy 1B)g |05 B, IWo coniocdlg ] 21)@)ssam, M0 16Sdy Note. cmds ob@so teak grove; @ b & 0@d 2o freehold; a sapling; Q18HN000 al0& insult; @00 9o eanocSlg (ol 0lw am @)oésan has lodged a complaint, - Mlaiss 20 ©SA 27) mgowmomanﬁo 260]AIDYNSRYo AVIYDITH OO0 SN0 % oldm FNYDS (IO YNSYo ED D IMJeR g avuSm o) OMHOWo @ WHAVABE EOM)IWBNBEOTDO B0 BT (@S0 3% 08 *5(;1]0“3- poglo@argg ot &$loom ailalndloeh eoaitbasac @O &Yoo lejer VG0 ERAINM POl a0 SplessTEDo (@) o) ezpy@o0e DO IASISTOD &I Y2QJI DD 20BN, DO cut Note. Begin 1. ‘Taking into consideration the fact that in spite of the insignificance and indigence of the complainant ete. 2. @P@IMo plg8 RMaL_1USImo the consequent influence. 3. @painbaisa@d on his side. 4, &p1l6EBYO it has to be recorded that. 5. @@@))@a% not surprising. 28) b B@mmMIde MM BeIgeglad &@J3)8g @) all¢ya OIS BMWEG OO ERQYIYIOM &3).ay Qflandley 2y d afead Ganseigo &laid dVlgloBa9aIYo @YHID ogaD 01060y ogYSl00sgjod ag®bo Fmileh MmSW@aIoGlch o3 he will of QM SN, Note. Qflgy2eomins calmly. 0P I008gjod ete. left my seat where etc. oo Lo OB 29) b EPOEMGIWIOD ERWHGG oe) e aflemBgloce EPh Slmezsal, ) oM ow 1w 806 QN® @O agerho eReTD aflas. oM@ e Bdg «gedO aflanial 010 ogamw aflg) oy o) \Oﬂ,ﬁl BRIYSS ogEP0dlmmo CaThmS)Th OB0TEEAINW ] & )wBHNS @moasﬂ%. s o the Note, 1. T was frightened at the stranger and when ete. ut 4 S0P 2. @MO® a0y soliloquy 3. adlanonel aiw aga ailg.ay beckoned me to follow. — 104 — 30) 6m38n VBRI weaie@m 2 fajedh agaw aflel e flajdd gens. 30 aBOBMEl ZOMI B® IR oM IwaRegns @vales anem @eo ()R&dds ®TGoQlgMo HAVIEY 0 AUBANOTRI00 Q/_\oé;m'):%. Note 1. Slallmjowenego9s with law and justice. 2. @Y&:Q R0 Qj\(g«mﬂﬂ% did all in his power. 31) e®m QS IAYAIcho POMI BN ZQRAIVIOMD &So QR R S@MEDODO ERSOHG . alemo @ )A)H& G.aldd ).l Ggjodd @IS e Sa1krh MBI ST 1w CrIesBa W ). Note. ©.0108).0)8g J0cd demanded etc. . . when ete, 32) HOMHWD @O0 &0l lSLeaBena @I N ENITE CGHDAN LRMETBRES Elememenw &ellwocd &elloaio @80 B0aM0o QAIM M A ISaTi g Galowh, Note. emn@lga lgyBatond it is said; they say. 83) agoooye eolemn myedlyes ameyd GSESS MR e SO D OB By 998 GRIGH D) @@’Wgzﬂé% AMEN O T SN 2060y SISO, 18jo a i@ lg{lesan @0 015 &6 @YD en2L) 202@eS emgyledadlan pElel @08 20w aFlMNASO8 Moo a_ﬂs’h%, ERE@3omgo Qilald@)8s0mm DO PaICELMBNE 20Q g2 Quds 00 )W)0i00:00% @AUGOS mCLIOW o emad) Gale O a0 1810 )800Ze8 9a &IV O MBS WYo 9alQan, Note. 1. ogooay ooglmy myeslwyes @« d men of genius or brilliant intellects. 3. GesOOD @F) 2. Yeea® meteor. g)ay etc. take the world by surprise. 4 o_Jroﬂgzﬂeegcm @00} printing press. 5. mmayede ideas or thoughts, 6. enyS) O @emo) stimulate their intellect. 34) @0 g (printing) ailewednc alzyessal Eo®E) 9.2 ()®IAW SQIBAJ ogQIISAT0 IR MEOS alale) S00ZeE 2BMIQIIMBEHE emdEs] mmg)om alles) 2ma) OO @O PaO®ATV) ITH SHSBOOQA. Note 1. @9 MY@o9@-0678 by means of this invention, 2, aflew ; @o@d in particular. 3 28MIQIM BN 6Mds | soothing unction to our wounded hearts. 4. @a0® 1O )@d GBOOQMD elevate it ete, A o o il (OB Guscweows WiFFe omue Bre ot Fwerves gyusopdl BOEBNCI®IP(O WEBEGVTHBIDRUOBS SOB) 0SimIW 0@ Surjoos (Lo UDO® P(EUY (PLE ROV WE@@oro B0 T ferocavpowsB(w ocvcavean ‘ofpcmonwancro seBawnBiie 0V EGWRAUD UDITD @ BewBromerv wervew cune avww 0506 B PEUEEIOVD MCBERQ( TP YD GRISO(L 08LECEe ©BO oo | @900 cSustee© BO@(WEefd BBfe we@wew ®0e @uw Fero o anBo [Fao cBuwsSy avwe Scweeo ‘ofg Bawens fHG° (B ®0® w@go%rgo@ 0BFF(roc(0) oMW E(Bawmtewefv (6g *039 10] SNOJIDI[OS 404D ST $8Y} ?@EEmpow 6@@ g [erueaed ® jo oArjejuesoddod oy SI 10300{[0) U} 3JL0Us UJ “9J0AT frow ws A ECa N W(@T) OO(FUEIEO UKD Q@ oo B owmerore [Fporo oroe®rv (wwim(efdpee o snws J0 e OO VHTs (fo oeSiw Pre wiausofBwwofs (s 0 @lred (4 *030 L311130 380ySry oyy jo oav o ¢t o o o s Yo B J0AQMOY STINAS OSOYY 030 seonpoad poo(q oYIYIIM poSurux oo B¢ 20 AT pue Lpoq uwemny oyj ojur poompoajur ydwd| ouroovA geyy, ro@g @ .Qcm@rerﬁcceecao@eﬁgmmo@@@ oPfooLBY ORDEPUL® ([CHOICHL: rs@mmﬂoﬂ@mcs ofgcamBle WeEwde B (pswe BEEwr W 6@ oh ms BB oowbdo anERICOTRIE QEOYEY Selrw TSe mOM Crue ULEPtsue © ﬁoéesoe@oéfemcG QuULsProE(O(@ WO(E T o ®° K@ EBftO® VOB LA EEMIrVAUY oUD(QOMYIVE BP@OEW(0E@ Qe Berwstiberr o B8fs|w(pfe wovimean ofg| @S w(eoBroPve e WeEw S PIm(eY fore ewoess @rens odfimorme Scewswew omgucewlive (g .o@@ﬁ\eﬁ\go®®@ﬁ\mﬂﬂq@ oerocfiGe aw®o m%cdm@@. (DeERtUWY W(EBT sewle °v CO(0 6@ MEFPwe® ap®e UWEW Suste ©OTE (O oUO®A® o9t Buufocaw @ (QLENTVIRGIUE set nefovsms abe 8oz (9g st 56 Qo "030 Lem BPOEEL|W PPULVRTD PRBED TfEwW 90 AT m *@UOSR @Eu@ O @I UG B@ 0@y BPPEW (D PHUOVID ALY Gfw 1(CURB|UDC@PVDODT ADPUE ©220B coUcEaD ep( LR wBiatwa ofSooyy o@fSpwrocm(pue Eoewtesfecw Qe S| o0 o(@occotBeulerosnzie (@) (cg 53 gl i, S G0l 106 ——— QP20 20QEE AUM0 oFBHITMAIW] VRO AV2US )@ ah o @ 9088 Q101D OBHTIW MSAINAUMRIYo WAV og)aMo 20Qo &9 Q) ajooemdlagled anw)oidlems)d)esasg)o. Note. You have, no doubt, read in poems and old stories that in * ancient times all countries, whether civilized or uncivilized, con- tained vast forests filled with etc 90,70 ' 10l vel Wiin e e which formed the habitation of VTR e e e e e T A e s e ey T e 8) and afforded quiet retreats suitable for ete. 40) ©IRIBHROTI0 @)Ee9go csvg_,_%cwo MO QI zmomo%mg@@m:ﬂs ©.21aNGg odd @R AIISOD S0P & B:678 @AW am P_I’:Qﬂ% CHM2001002: W TV ERSICWIS0 (GOS Qe mnoars) 4 BlBE HIIMIWAIW zmﬂaoég)sma@"]mt QLA @ DN BNIG 0 (@)D B ILITRE IR &ITHOBEE )@ mw’?o_lmﬂ:% enafles Wea olloflwerw anaigendleng cam)olo @) addleg o ™Mlaw quaes 28 oflesan USlomeeagqo, afledleges e G=ooEHg QYo BHg SINMAVRUPY S am R af] oI o) Dlemmeo g gjad)oldlesmp @emm 00 CLROAIR Q066 ).of) S5 @a0@b. Note. 4! It is even said that kings and nobles, finding themselves by accident in the midst of such vast forests, have been so captivated by etc. 41) GandEurdlRLeaNwIw soe1dlay meado §.21Q () oh B MICD D 0gy M0 ORI QRGNS D EH [ 1O 22190/198nmE lmaneg_jods @ oot a® aflglteiss asm e (Mlyes ewle B0 HAOPISHIHQYo @OAID @G IHM IRLSG IS Q0603 ) 6D (T3 a400je Meyaigne 8MIs] &laie10a0Age®0 Mg aflnge @g o $009aM0 aglloh OS5 © YT Om @, Vote. The world-renowned poet Coleridge was sauntering ete, when he saw ete. 42) @ @) QI C—kcﬁﬁﬂGT‘nQ%O_lo @M o)A@ do AI06MYAUTAN HDEL0 QISAEPBR ZNAH RGN G OG> QYes C2LREMRZAS @RQITVNNW @A) @I lmId) @ BEMABE)an BMOR (@ )WIEMo Oy @Y Q$lds aIS)MDIBOIG SHINARBANSBOMNBa EZEINHOD VRS 2J0O:RHME o GM@IVITH NAWHS ea ok e & lawraian al) ; — 107 R 4 pom 100ERKD M)A AIHWIR QUMD 1B b ©a108& 0013 0RLMN0 ) ZOQO &) (@) MS)BLo & PSS @)@ geain medleh oilaimes oa @onleh ()0 am@0w) allg ey @I B8Ry, Note. Some of us have been vividly impressed by the accounts which & that iy travellers have published for the edification of the world describing ized, oon- the feeling etc. ete, ormed the ob retreats 43) @00 oSlob @O0 EYWYaLYLIH TOWo, YBUIeB) 951508 Yo @EPMAEIA ERD,TMARIW ol mwosalch @ )8woudlay Galal amgm&ﬂomﬁ ANEn@oReHE V188w o )b MG Malled) 216100 Bueamo Bsallth GossIRITS eI allydlesmemaamo EACHE S®B 00ym@-%0 Qlgho ARl MIOAT &EBIG GS] £.82)00 )| B mﬂ% @bodlan all@lQeQoe .01, Jnomag) 44) ©OMBIOS ONSHQINYBB BIBOI QLI METBNS IS 6B S ) Eamémgo mallos EOZOW QITYEIPB QIIEMRTEM AT B @ HAVIB P BB M g, 0u)@mnodla S¥lejer ()RS RERMEIB ] HDIGHIND ED Wlag)o @D 0 £3, BREM H TG RIBOS @:;womwz'zm@%ﬂ) SIS an. =) a5 2o Note. It is one of the important duties of Government etc. &g Q| QD) QIS in exchange for. OAVISPo © TEISH 1HENIS D 19508 o) to afford every convenience, &k, UWLIGHPD ZOAINW EPAEII 45) a1BMEHOD Sralme lad o selves by cunaieagleh (@)8aiudleema)an @RI o ald 203020 aptivated @EWH @BO0Y IUWAIW) HSHIANTIWITH @V AUHD a S cen e Aan «geossam ed Gansaiger aellw e@eed Oy QIR I aD. N BB < Note. SHSBM @D @O aflSleasedslm as an adjec- mHm tive sentence. s aglob 46) €3009), @02200, A1IB IR0, 020, &HOQIH0 FOANW (Rl PleplophE I o8l 0 sz b3 lan o mgan HAVIEE, Ml WEEH S 2108010 @997 ) @5:{?@5 @)L )BIBAUM YRR QNN B NMEBZ OS @mommomb A OY5) g0 My l0smy QI ey, ing 610, Note. The cool zephyr sported about, loaded with the fragrance of ete. 47) e&@emI@WSIw OB OO @133 MBIW HHalHSO A0 ) @Qﬂ S Emdh EfEOM; Ba00RIskD 1o G0 08 o3 1aho 2@l @0 lof Qo @YW IR IHsan aN86mod) @I M0 @8 9dh Brbad) mg@@ NOOB @ GWI @&S) 8a)MAIMNAINIR MNAPOS IEI0N ocacd) ym of @@@cwmmmod) Ao I® 0IRIGMId, I)SEMMod, TUQR O 108 Al ly AN WAIW (@ )BDHD ag)aT) 2a0IBMEMBB W MIOBOE MARHS (o3l )Po $HIYAVOMRIW P 0 1OIRIQY ZRIANMe LBEAV) 0 Mo Q_QJQJCTTD Note. We, Victoria, by the Grace of God, the Queen of Great The Britain and the Empress of India do offer our hearty welcome adverh ete. 48) oy miwemeeg eloeallopad mogallesmao avesallensaymmo is 1egu gOvernl @YW ©URE ML MNO @RAIRIMN OV | BaO@® QIIHRIBH VeI 25O a@)MOB: MO ag)M@ M0 o@QIo @VgYo WadlollB IS My @Yl clause J@D@Cﬂb advert Note 1 0oLy, a2 eesd laws of the land 2., @RAI2IMOD A it is meet i GaOP QIS @odd being disgraceful 3. EYQILR RN necessary PRIspIC of an ¢ 49) @flamo &:S).oj0 QLOo (Bm(Oo@o_Jocﬁsﬂ WIH®ID (0B WIRM QYA 1)o@ 1) gongy, @adlseso 20QEB A0 AT &YlYSMSB@MR0 M2 qualifi OW QIM@YATD CVEEWIATlme Balodeal ()T Ided:Qo, BIBRD he hes QLoD &OE ROQEE AIM l@baT lan @To(ﬂmg)s)aa,og@_@qyo QIO adverh @3 sse Qo 601 eflaimo SYIEBHeMo ag)MIGM (a)oBWEm effect v @Gacﬁcﬂdcﬁs@@_ B Wado the mo Note 1 Men generally are not content to waste their life etc., but the lea are desirous of ete 2. VBl @a6Rl as opportunities present themselves 3. ®I80) MoND OB to @ the w OB & QYo 0.21Q) to give and receive instruction. 4, ©®@Momd Into tl SHYIQYBmMSBomIB o to the best of one’s ability lause 50) MRRIZERITBEHS M IA)ODB:IPMTBD af)(@EWI RIeDLIBEZ0 VLD Camse ¢ V@IYOEGo B EM) 0M) Q) 08y mEBgo @YNHEMAD RIDOBEY Mo 1®n ) BoEBS dab @0 VoY) BEE DT & do @S] @ N200ID 019588 QAIQYo MYSMY STV 18 orh @OM)LOI® Jo caflgjod 208 g120QYeR QYo e desword myaslcfimemgo aflilaie I DG EYW HIYSHIVENTEOS @Y B8elal) o) ©3).2160gS 00 @ D adver] aeafl ayeeomeem aismbloe2igs) avlledigjom @TWadlos over anaiab m@m_xceal%mcﬁaoeng @ON $81ND) 1OW Uoo_ﬂﬂ% ®a) Jalan SINOLPed @Y aldailow @emeallgjoad cmouﬂ% o) QI O"D(U)gt} obliqe Note. The causes of good and evil being as numerous as uncertain, Press so entangled with each other ete. he who would fix DR I S ) 6\().&1K his choice of life upon s s o o s s e » must die without being able to of th enjoy it adjee — 109 P %2 mgas ' Q& Chapter VIIL The Adverbial Clause. D of Gireat 1y weloome The adverbial clause serves the same purpose as the adverb, and strictly speaking its place in the complex sentence is regulated by the same rules and circumstances as those B algamBhy "2 ey governing the use of adverbs and adverbial phrases. But the clause being often longer than the simple adverb or the 2uman m adverbial phrase, these rules have to be slightly modified to meet the requirements of elegance, euphony, and above all the am it i Bain’s rule as to the position perspicuity of the sentence. of an adverb in the sentence is given under the verb and its Blapald) Mmigo MR qualificants (Chapter L). It is sufficient to mention here that the best and most comprehensive rule as to the position of the @, G180 jo BQH0 adverb and the adverb-equivalent, is to place them so as to ) me effect what they are intended to affect, or to bring them under the most catholic law of minimum separation. Let there be o et but )portunities the least possible separation between the adverbial clauses and the words they qualify. The adverbial clauses are divided oo 4, o into the same classes as the adverb, viz., (1) the adverbial clause of place, (2) of time, (3) of degree, (4) of belief, (5) of B30 (Mot cause and effect, and (6) of manner. 0 29%) @mgamc«b 1 The Adwerbial Clause of Place. | @aﬂ&;mﬁ oglse The adverbial clause of place is introduced by relative §@0ﬂ om ‘adverbs of place, such as, ‘where’, ‘whither’, «whence’, ‘where- 100018 ever’, ‘wheresoever’ etc. It will be remembered that in Mala- (Lﬂ fé Badd yalam the place of the adverb is generally supplied by the M fori(c} oblique cases with the case-suffixes either expressed or sup- ancertains pressed, as @owmeywa. Example: ‘It stands where I placed it’ eoab ooy SlaNas ey o@lesme. Therefore the Malayalam translation ) would fis ing" able to of these sentences is the same as that of the correspoﬁing adjectival clause, ‘It stands in the place where I placed it. P 110 —— 14 Rule 23. The adverbial clause of place is to be translated as the adjective-clause with the appropriate case-suffix added to the noun which the uésqér%mo qualifies. 13 Models 1. ‘Whither thou goest I will go, and where thou lodgest I will lodge’ o) caraan &lasleaios smoaeo Balo@o f] @ozaV) Saan &)d9)oh eIeo @i )dso. 2. ‘Such is the patriots’ boast wherever we go’ eooad oagian Sleslch eoosQe mIGawE2urileds 10607 Gealdwd lBeaN® 31D WIET & Note. If the sentence is too long or involved, it is necessary for the sake of perspicuity in Malayalam, to split it up into co-ordinate sentences. 30. EXERCISE A. 1) Press where you see my white plume shine amidst the ranks of war. 2) Even now where Alpine solitudes ascend I sit me down a pensive hour to spend. 3) Coblentz stands where the Moselle joins the Rhine. 4) The accident happened where the line joins the river. 5) Oh, lead me wherever I go. 6) Yonder where the vines are flowing, Yonder roars the Rhine. 7) Where there is mystery it is generally supposed that there must be wit. 8) How often have I led thy sportive choir With tuneless pipe beside the murmuring Loire, Where shading elms along the margin greet And freshened by the wave where the zephyr fleet. 9) Where a good deal of carpenter’s work is done, there are many nails used for one purpose or another which are thrown on one side as crooked and not fit for use. 10) Where God hath his church, the devil will have his chapel. 11) It does not follow that volcanic discharges must always take place where the greatest external contraction or internal pressure is exerted. 0) 12) Where there is or is not poverty, there is commonly discord. 13) The prince having considered his sister’s observation, told her she had surveyed life with prejudice and supposed misery where she did not find it.. 111 | ranslated 14) Thus it is that respect is commonly least due, as well as least will- ingly accorded, where it is arrogated most, and that independence- 1% added is least possessed where it is most insisted on. 15) Among the wonders of this city are the catacombs or the ancient ore thoy repositories in which the bodies of the earliest generations were ) mezad) lodged, and whereby the virtue of the gums which embalmed s’ hoast them they yet remained Withéut corruption. Aamady ExXERCISE B. 1) @E MYBayd B rseaaind alows ossary for @ V@19 Wadd VIR B.a1gjlmend, 0-0rdinate 2) e@0ab ®alol Eldsled @ean adluS) M@a® TVoQIBIVMO & &eoo Bjo @MBIGOZM oyem il 1IAVEEMINS IV 1@ )220 020 eI @S) esaaeglcmed ogd) amEs Do @S] WMIWD BOLINS @OSMEMIW] U3l W@ I, nks of var, 8) 918 Qo Mgy ajglo @ENog|Ze8 05 @b 0N B®OYER Itd Hes 12218010361, 4) wmeeeSe Myaidlel; MRAIZEER Se @@ IOM EPMEallg o ses Ter, 203BB0 0jMESZo. OB IOM O BY @ IO EPMEAN B9 ®RQYo M glpom oM @@ WeaSl.ajo B NS EYYooalo FPaIeo af) BRI AN @)O_@Z'QQQ\(GTG)D('O{) o_xm'\,oo_)@@od\mﬂm‘ama. 5) gwaleer, mad) eiaiad), oaregig It Wi aIoXYaTIEy: v must be Mo @AlWleh MWleosd 9o la @rAOS «geHan @oemoo. 3) qV@;o @AV HAMD @@om’\@aﬂo&momqsqg@@@%, @OTV@o AV ©) 92 B0 ailWo AIOQYINOIEM MEODID SH®HG) 2)IQ3 20 @ (@ )20 ai06y. oo EOma) ag)NOS GaHGAPEAN @OQIIESOs IO Ao ) h 95150, 2@ilesS wElesmMasa LRSS MIaee AVIDE o o3 ‘many nails uacszﬂ__%s)@o@@o, Q)1 2elasMmeQi, ®RO! I B5e0®@) ag)(rldso on one ide &5 )Road @al@oe), 8) agafos MR @QIINS @Pa0BIAI 6.0l G, BRa00 pel. souolab oflodd @O EPWEImMAj @.AllEICh ERE fake place aNesam. pressuré is 9) SOQAT DO AVIEIAI BMMI0QIEM WA AN (@) @oaVRIPIE M Mo &g lod @ les aId).AWAEE W @Y &YX OadO ord QIR BIDOODRYo oIS ).} EOE QB LISDHERWINS (@ )TV BB | OId her §ho - here 809 9QYNH0TE 8BS MB3ANAIOE @MWIg g {leemm® afla) cieslel MRI@OS AVMLBIWAIR T, —_— 112 G 10) aflar qoaEledd ia @AM BAUMEIW pgno WEPH® AUMAN Elosog b SanIS] PaOmEd 1620 BT AN QY NIMIBIIE3 igof freqe glajo H@BMIBCLIHHZ NSO BPAUWI GS] @192 .01 HAlgso om &% GUBO'Q%P@Q_EE)QQ)OQ"@ @Y AW 2 gUHOD gam’“»&:ﬂ% @R AUOHW QI3 O AP, foigo 602 11 The Adverbial Clause of Téme. ) The adverbial clauses of fime are introduced by the re- lative adverbs of time, such as <when’, ‘while’ and ‘whenever’, and also by the prepositions and conjunctions of time, as, J <before, after, since, ere, until, as soon as, no sooner tham, just when’ etc. 4\ As already pointed out, the oblique cases of Malayalam nouns do duty for adverbs; but when it is remembered that prepositions have adverbial functions in English where they take the place of case-inflection, this peculiar usage of Mala- yalam cases should not appear a serious anomaly. saind expresses point of time; eedsg duration of time; oong, @920, cuao extension or limit; and eoew time generally. @oeo and pesa joined to meg) are equivalent to within,; as, MoeyNOE lanes Jah; S@AIBIOE O IaN &0, @ooan, goegy, joined to weny amoe express point of time; as, @oiodled oeglaflseamyez oo ®o; RAF)o1BaN; Q) 01BN, HMBZWMBLY, EVAMINZTEID), mee), may also be joined with @ywe; as, smmoe gosgy, emso. ailab, @m ™o, @O0, joined with weymmo are equaivalent to ‘affer’; as, 09010) 2@) o1 aNangpem; emmalmmmno; (also with dative; as, §.21IN@ MM ANE0; HSIMM@ IANMAN®0) ; AIOEIVIO. @nsay 1s used in poetry and is equivalent to cafter’. osae and its Sanskrit equivalent eesey correspond to the English whilst’; smiqo ex- ¢As soon as’ presses continuity or repetition; as, ®agemoqo. and ‘no sooner than’ are rendered by gseom, @camemo ete. Note 1. The ablative or auemd) from its general signification of separation or removal, is made use of to express distance and the locative or avayd) to show time generally. — 113 — 0 QUmay 2. Either the epwoeywa form, or the epeave@ato in OB MRIRR 2 DU is of frequent occurrence instead of aiemud); as, e@ond c@Emd @O O HN3; S-081EN D00 ERABE QI E S5O HOHQlL)j0 QDo 010D )l B0 §)aIQo BUIdHKN 31 EXERCISE A 1) No sooner was the first pressure of military tyranny felt than the he ¢ nation began.to struggle fiercely. heneser 2) He was told that St. Anne had been a saint before he was born, and time, ag would be one after he was hanged. 3) After he had enjoyed many triumphs and suffered many reverses M, st Dryden at last reached eminence 4) When this thought had taken possession of my mind I considered layalam every moment as wasted which did not bring me nearer home red that 5) While courts are disturbed with intestine competitions and ambas- re they sadors are negotiating in foreign countries, the smith still plies of Mala- his anvil and the husbandman still plies his plough forward, the necessaries of life are required and obtained, and the successive business of the season continues to make its wonted revolution of time 6) When I see and reckon the various forms of connubial infelicity, netally the unexpected causes of lasting discord, the diversities of temper, fhin; a8 the oppositions of opinion, the rude collisions of contrary desire, where both (the husband and wife) are urged by violent im- 1 0 ey pulses, the obstinate contest of disagreeing virtues, where both p8 99U are supported by consciousness of good intention, I am sometimes g, A disposed to think, with the severe casuists of most nations that b, o marriage is rather permitted than approved. ﬁ@l a5, 4) When the poet Goethe, in his prologue to the Faust, sighs after his lost youth, his friend reproves him, and whilst admitting that f1ve; 88, youth is propitious to diverse other ends and exercises, declares psed 10 that, for the purpose of poetry, the elder is the better man Sanskit 8) The prince whose thoughts were always on the wing, as he passed aigo €% “Why art thou by the gate said, with a countenance of sorrow 5001 4§ so strong and why is man so weak ?” elo ) As they were walking by the side of the mountain, they observed that the cromeys which the rain had driven from their burrows, aation of and the had 'taken shelter among the bushes and formed holes behind them tending upwards in an oblique direction 8 — AEEA 114 10) 18 The main street, which is called after the lucky finder of the first gold in the neighbourhood—Bayley—is an immensely wide thoroughfare, and when the shops and stores on either side, 19 which are at present constructed of corrugated iron, are rebuilt in brick and stone, as they undoubtedly will be some day, it will present a very imposing appearance. 11) walked into the building by chance after dinner one evening without knowing what was going on, and was much surprised when I learned that the rough, unkept crowd of men I saw ‘)C around me, most of whom did not look worth a shilling, were engaged in buying or selling shares in the various mines of the district, and that in this manner the market price of the stocks was to a great extent made. Not 12) It is twenty-three years now since the military expedition command- ed by Sir Garnet Wolsely made its way from Cape Coast Castle to the interior, crossing the river Prah and plunging into the tropical forest beyond, to attack king Koffi Kalkalli, the monarch of what was then a considerable Ashantee Empire. 18) No sooner had we passed within the grotesquely carved vestibule than the portcullis dropped quickly behind us as we went on our way. 14) As long as the whole Chinese Empire obeys orders from Pekin, Russia can dominate four hundred millions yellow men by put- ting their emperor diplomatically into her pocket. 15) While Germany is commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the outbreak of the war with France, the German magazines are reviving the patriotic songs which are said to have roused to enthusiasm the sons the Fatherland, in the struggle with their French neighbour. 16) According to Herr Theo. Seelman, who writes in Heft 27 of the Universum, patriotic songs are the noblest of national hymns. Sung by millions of men, no one asks at the time of their appearance how they have originated or whence they have come, but when the occasion which called them forth is past, attention is gladly turned to their origin and history. 17) We had gone some distance when I suddenly saw on the horizon what looked like long, low, white walls, in short, what seemed to be the inclosure of an Eastern city. 11 J of the fig - 18) As we came nearer the spot, little tongues of fire shot out of the nsely wide ground; at short intervals, they rose from a foot to two feet high, either side, - spouting up suddenly and then dying away. 19 rebuilt 19) We should mention that the Admiralty adopted the diving dress ome day, it fully thirty years ago; and as time went on, the apparatus became more generally used throughout the service, until at the e evening present day every flag-ship carries eight fully qualified divers h suzprised and every cruiser four. men [ saw 20) No sooner, however, did the British ultimatum arrive than the illing, were Chinese Government, apparently believing that England means ines of the business when she puts her fleet in motion, suddenly complied * the stocks with everything that was asked of her. Note. Ultimatum 820, @oan)e)olsmo. | command- Uoast Castle ExERCISE B. ng into the 16 monareh 1) EPELEIDED LERBIAJ A19a 1A a0y W) gowo aflaiwemo geediadlallen ImMIMMEE 20MEaV B2BaOM ™lgl,MEME d vestibule P2 Z] 218a0M Zmoail@IBedd 3 I1BWIDTMD AVIONV 76 Went on BEMISIMSAD A Y0NS S0BQODITG Bld emomaioad asamn ainb rom Pekin, 2) @YOITVUEINI0DSHITG ISMAVMIBWO 6B @OBAIN MSATSIgo 16n by pué- $0812608®E Mo Lemam, 21em Q196TDSBOOMN® B L@ BH0S I @RIVWQTD Loa: @i, sary of the 3) o @@oaﬁmm’)&m@m)a@@)s)m;mmmmcsy&mom ayd) Emsal;, razines are @OO@Q QIS BLELOMI VAT o J@MZMR0® 260D @ MIay , ronsed f0 Baid MIRI@EMaVam 88 egmdsgled gleiamIsan with their @ODISHRI QN ANAVIMOAIRAIMD @00 ARG |60IL0. QNEMIS0 BN GHHTRER W AV m@Io aIER1B@IS0 aflailmanaodal 97 of the BR0EBM QYN SILIH@I®E JMo, BROMINYER Boaocrg)crﬂmo 14] hymns. 20 S50y BalnWISIMIad alcrlow. g of -their 4) NOSOIBDS Qo W) .oflagayanabd Y@ Come; HHABOEM BN ISEOMBETRIDI BN , atfention WM 0IodOGES) 9j0ad &5 1BIS) afleowwsmya 2atiees woBED, e borizon 5) S10EMVoEAIMD @0 HOHLIAVo AT @D §.alam pat seemed @00 2)ZA0ENEMIET@ BEQITMEID 8* e 116 —_— 11 aQVo@aavam {lmo TY@il.a) Ga @S0 §ELMaImsD amaeIw sags 9 Moy Q3 lod @&Jmﬁb& somwp% MBS ) 9210681 L2MEOMD HEVEMMI Baoaialabd, 12 6) &@ aflemeN® (E)BIMEHIM S RV MO A& &S| g enafloaneEldlegemiod, @ADL MSAPEAIIGAN PO I I OO S CAIAIENIROM b@%%&aoﬂdgu&e@oam 280 @0 o) BMIg @Y 2a0EYad ag)TMI6TO .21 BoS&ANO®AD @Ecm:&. 7) @@bdemiles Gapy@lame 23RY ®ERIWMIS) a0 ogaD AIOW og{san @™ eaiavmulo aidlwiw) o Bmmod (e )Wosmo aigemnd Eoallos e aquoeiorlch algyds D OS5 190y aNemozaoa) BN EEJ&%@SW @PallSOmD ACMIODRAIW S0P OW ag)OMO 2 (@a Ty o1 l@h QDO o) HSME @AW, 8) @ ajail «geabo gedlwle eals pSOM @Y @ogﬁﬁé@@aﬁéo i ooacdbadleilomeo e @ Qo) BV 0IOAM DT IYo EOFAAD aldMo 9 SOHM HAS)IHAIB OGS IWo HOSBOMISs 1 &aTI1eHm 02000 aid).a) aflows). 9) M & BNORIOD B IRINBHRIBR0 MILOMI®) anamo) a3 )an anazab aUa @ 1@ gyoemy VM@ HAITD HAl mmmMIR{loan Yo alem Boalo BOEE O S0T ) SRIGATIOM ERIWds nEgTRIWlg aian @S). 10) S0V 1]t RSl oyeBes QOAVAUINNARB ISR a10d ORI 'Bom._&mﬂwogw&@go@ao 6NICAIN (RIS D QYo ORI N@& ] NSAn & Ielo 0gOMOWEMIT® EAYEMIA D) E@®elo AN @ NSOHMEICA myeedleewim mdlwieiiwls MNABWO O NG QD) aJdssdo. MIRISHRAE 00 MANHS 2D EoEamH_chamBavo GNoBExCaN o ©.2199p10QM laneg U3 lglo Saian’ af) M2 YBER O e @) 1SRG alopias ISanegosd) afladlsan MRS @RMRo S oEM IR0, ofocestorosy Suwlv Boewrmisd EFBms 0cfREwimy Sut@©orve Mm@ ot o8P apro UEfofuserov occuweenlw (5@ e maed eeefdro cwwee (@eueFB(gE c@ro@iirv otp@ioe (L1 mﬂqﬁo orvW WEOYEY) OlJCW QICELRLOT D ﬁCSﬂ%@Q@ B rorewmtwiewss @ sw cocp et fooiBofo wes (EQUWSO @e @ ©uwiTwd peFBpwwsrocy @ @iwoun® OCEQ (BBWEHERC@IYLTY WO(ESEO BTV DT WPEYE BT 08| V(WSO Ceﬂnce—‘@roge aufm@onegeﬁoqv P CUCLLEOCIO Y (W CUBYVCN( O (@£ VIOUE @ LD BT (oW SO (Wwtesvtw (91 MW (LALBY(LLBYVERN ‘upe (v oScme|porofSprove ve®ree (@I @dmﬂr\o_.d OfREE 0T VWP PSTEcEE answtse e ewieo Esetee Qi ey oVeELRIW(P TR B fFroe ovcwapammero WD § SoceoTe @ fF (B lewces mewiuwe unegSow o sl S(m(ws(Srv & @8k e werv (et ohewesh *queFB o @coro oscrorvtweEd BT e PenuemED olrounede "o Q05 CRPO(EWST LB Qe Mg QEWOYYY iz e 1 oo ‘(W wow (weofte®Bw awsmfo) stpuwero fFBro@mee @i awbe imwoms i morv ol fOleore ‘080 06g0@ cero®e VeEBPO(TD (5@8© P E(FOB(Y(N WEST QB OSUE WOBM 2065088 @EWrOF(CPM CUETAL @ .w_cm%@ p seBane pewws wowiwewiudwikfo swiede weEw® (g1 LA (PP @D (WM BOLI@DD° e (WY @Yrvew oo Boap o (S8 oo @08 pcFBrmewwre(Ho (werv Suco®o ‘U MO SP ([PaWenus ‘©EiS®) orrERB (WEe oWWeRe mim it w o® (31 om0 g o0 oSEBEWERW WL(WIBUE® AVPEEIVYAUS(O 09 80w OQEBM g0 oEee WEe (D) cwrosmedlfv quuwste (Ir i iiny AR L11 — 118 —_— So— 18) @1 @)l alIMaYDMLA Q5 le0o@ Vo ) d BB 6N JomMINE®I Gaiddo BLITNEMO without sto @0 20 TVAE QAN A1 @ON QNI 21 E QI IR 80GL10Sy ©.20aM0d 1) SMEMIMN0 0. @cggmm@’ Q10BLNIR V0B AIM M D &soeniaioab 19) inelegan @O AT I BRa00 ol gan, e ﬁ:%z’\@'ﬁgﬂam@@amfirﬂ@@@mom clearer a1 afldlaemad @nd) o)l mosomd; — 0 Q0 | s eflaiweeme &aflajocnald MDD b )OROMEA len 1G@0 P @e) s ongm 111 Adverbial Clause of degree. pressed you want’ In adverbial clauses of degree there is always some ex- ang ol pression denoting comparison. They are introduced by ‘than’, asl ‘the’ efc.; as, ‘The result was greater than I anticipated’; ‘the sea is as deep as the mountains are high’; ¢the more you have the more you want’. i} In Sanskrit, comparison is expressed by the ablative and Py in Malayalam chiefly by avayd); as, seemicbaice @ooeE RaV; Q0@ lod @ @& )dnw ab @aﬂ;sam%; Hguileb gaw @ave Gom enie1eBab. @oc and its various transformations eovemdleb, @moailab, @oglab, @oglejo ete. joined to efNow are of very frequent occurrence as particles of comparison; as, gedlowsengo geyeiwe €8 picty is more important than salvation. S0031aMEn0do Bauwdo &ogo will run faster E than the wind, enlalo 8a1EMQo @lajaflemenis)ah you have greater strength than the enemy. ‘As—as’ shows equality and is expressed by cansa or eo 8o, a8, ‘Heaped as high as a mountain’ 2e1Ga 1M1 HAIG OB GS ). (e 9] g lancw@og o wapovlab & le o @g) made into pills as big as a gooseberry. N. B. Strictly speaking &o0g0 shows limit or extent and is therefore better employed as an equivalent of ¢so — as’ than ‘as—as’ in Malayalam., In involved constructions containing ‘as—as’ the more lucid form of expression is by of@——@ER@©; as, ‘The sea is as deep as the mountains are high cuQjmeBdds «g)@©@ DHo1089ZEM20 ERE) EY @Yo aLPBBRGR0 O, — Sl 149 «So—that’ is literally translated by @esaigpe or eneflcbaigmo —@n@E: a8, ‘The burden was so heavy that he coald not carry it ten yards without stopping’ 1@ QIO @S) a7)gL 0@ HBHITEEAI0ANMAIIM @R AVIRL) 0)0S ERE @XZEE VIV WA, But this is often aogaromfsmo_)gmo inelegant, and we have to resort to an equivalent form in a 860, ulae 0 eoE—eowng, which makes the construction clearer and shorter; as, 205 QIO AMZEE YOGITE @VOIMD ol MO Q1 @S] 03180 O 0688a0almd aVItdleflgy OF @M @D QE @) 2185 ale) om H&eNzeatalond avatsleiley, EB® @US &0 camZes 0 a0, The peculiar construction under ‘the-—the’ is ex- ‘The more you get the more pressed by coqo 0T «g@—&r—EnE. 0me 3. you want’ aflemss &5EMMIQe EOUIIG0 @YLe; or aSlemés og)(@ &5)5aRSAL0 e aflomyo @Ywo; or ailemds @ SEaNSEOMIBo @RS &0 BYwo. y ‘than’, 32. EXERCISE A. ‘the sea i 1 want', 1) The orator speaks so fluently that nobody can be compared with bim. ive and 2 She stalked through the splendid rooms and giddy crowd so abstract- ZMO@O{W; edly that she did not appear to notice anybody or anything. 121280, 3) I bore thee like the quiver on my back, Fleet as the whirlwind hurries on the rack. ), ngly 4) The higher the stake the more nervous he became. TLTence The longer the race is, the better is the chance of winning. 40| plety 6) Such errors occur oftener than can be excused. run faster 7 In the present state of Europe it would be about as safe to insert a red-hot poker in a barrel of gun-powder, as it would be for 7 gfrength Great Britain to occupy and administer the city of Constantine. 8) The French may have created a great army, but if their ministers ) OF & cannot pull together, the vaster the machine the more easily will it be wrecked. Bé\, om 9) It is fashionable to be little and deride the Irish convention in seberty Chicago, but it is significant as a formal notification of the fact ire better that the last general election in Great Britain has been accepted alayslan: by the Irish patriots outside Ireland where they are much more numerous and more influential than those that are left in their eid form native land, that for the present the policy of constitutional s deep [ agitation is played out, and the day of the dagger and of dyna- a0 80 mite has returned. Sah 120 — 10) Sweet are the uses of adversity, and a couple of years of Tory 3y government will probably do more to unite the Irish rarks than the eloquence of all the liberals. 11) As compared with the women of other European countries, Russian women work more and Weep less, they love and they hate in perhaps greater intensity, they marry with more deliberation, they abide by their choice more firmly, they exalt their mission of motherhood more highly, and on the bearing and rearing of their children they lavish all their energies of mind and body. 12) It is interesting to know that in the opinion of a thoughtful writer in the Annals of the American Academy, no more interesting or significant event has taken place for some time, in the sphere of economic and political education, than the recent establishment of the London School of Fconomics and Political Science, which will begin work in October 1895. 13) Less than three years ago, there was founded, in the back room of a small store on a side-street at Toulon,.a charitable project which bids fair to do more towards bringing about the solution of the social problem in France than all the congresses and conferences that have been held, and all the books and articles that have been written, with that end in view. 14) The immense advantages that would accrue to the nation from the state acquiring the railways and working them, are so many, that I can only briefly mention a few, which will prove that in its far-reaching benefits, railway nationalisation will excel the penny post and ought therefore to be put in the foreground of all social legislation. E)iERCISE B. 1) Y I®OWISEMYASO QA I@eya (bcsmo@o}o&auroweeo"l @ S noabd., 2) mMeigsd) EPead o )dd @lasaioqoe MyRIBEINYO @o%(‘mﬂfaﬁ @g&@ 2o QIMEAIIKD Qj(dm&%omorommﬂ(ob D oAV BB U SNIS BB aieflgjo Basworleh Ga1ERIQId TV NI @S) EPER GSlge DoMIn o) @G ©0 1 Glg {0 HSAUGBE2Y EO@@OHAN * Dogame @REAR SO 9 AICWIDZER TWIW] @ ITBINOSD). 090! rée@.d%d@coc@ 0Buo® TRILALWWEE 05@g oD Beaw©| B8 o vde SeBeEtelT ‘odBoERQ( UWER(JOSVT CBAD AW a5 50 ¢ W Be Ber (@ cmﬂcum@@ Bow(giedroe @iemoo WD %%nﬁgmm sepooe fFaoromee @(Baswteute @oBes o) @g @a@@ 0Bose WG @UL A0 ,,*er@m%@u.ucc.rg@ mepmowresce Bafg(8 8ONWEP(NJU SEB 05 (TBBAL @ADL WO IHSD fr e Bwe pwoee Sse pefice cwes(oee pilBouw 29 @VND gl O @@a@réeﬂm\eeoon ©ro 0B (T B 0B cmtasecte (6 *QUCrOGEE YUV B(QLPEEEIW cw( S| @08 ety UDE© QIO otBroowerovg i ore wcféBeameims CL{UNC@ILD TASO(LD 0P ELITRCVR @YD 0 punOLERI0) oD @ (PoaDE QSO WL ([T (s o [o0xd IK Eermefmméeqqau@obe@e @w w380} as0ad QUOrDS(LUSED (VWD °VBY fooane Sugm 08 9 (2 plEuUEE|Erro cwss oo |E|see 4y moij 10y Blawse [Feors obewetsrom owwiaw BT (0b ofvroa awcee ofpme(TIoan SHOIG IS AP O BOEMN V@ SO YNTOY 0BCrOPCL) P SO88916T stosBe fF(0h ofmeroet(foe Wo10[08 91} 1 ooty w TE@ WiS(P werwsed soalod 4101 ocPSm© Beewm oy ©hwiap @esldoce|gn 10 mO0d Jou o ©@foee G fF(HPro Qe Wsrue e wecrwafBrue om|wirvwee (wrebwee QelBre orafid S5ULLO(FOBPEOYY UL WO ot ‘a0us10 QO EW DWW WO TT (9 JusmSI|qeise B eerug| woroeuifFie meafuefosetioan 10 2z ds oy QfT(Eres (WieYcTed oBeeeunEw (UNcfoe® 10 Sungasaguy aoa [y cFBpeS® ocauEB@? FEruaURO® v weuwewro Gusoiw ofowceai o8 "kpog pue pu FBem(s® ScuwgiiBomws oo Jo Suteat pu @osuE AW @ BEww(ec@rosnfoan (¢ WO gy OB U BP0 BUL@CBE WS LOHTIEN (62 U1 oje dory | LR WO @ULER| (SO SRR MWW ‘UDPCQUD ueissny oy ©osed ofoHroCe BBan(@EWrtEes ofOowts (DT U APOOP O OOULER(NCAD QUErOBPITO @@cee 8T 00 EProULER U8} $yaey (Y@ c@®(fO ofF( row cpaw CV(PY WL LT (BICPED WIDW(O@ (¢ 410, 1o sams R St Icl DL 122 e, wloameoe 9eymd)elolesang @acm B, CH2OAT QIo6mE ) The oflg6m5@a100b. addition 10) eelnOQEs QIITVMNAITRHE O DTAMEM oﬂ% 01089 230 0. adlaee 203)8g|98 QI0mNIW) amm@;@emgﬁ@mﬂ@momo Qile oy But 1t m 2 DDBNIMG Q|5 DSUBE M NOMENIB0 @Y QIS MYRUBEHSHOB AVaC 0|9 ST Balo®HaNY @OAN @ OB o, becomes 11) @IBRIAVoN B )@NE Wall8EeME T 9 OGIM®IW ag)Ry0ei By, is o be MRNB SN0Zo ITMINADO 1B IWEBNIWO @HAN oGO0 made U 0B PZIWD ogaM agQIdse TVZA®ZIEMSE]0. will not e 12) e@maiab QO QMEY ag) AVoe®@ g joad D SUBIN G 1OM B |05Al & e @O AEMIQYOLOBY HIEMAIW TV IMING 2HO0IIRA ). 13) o weisamd ellojemglch 8™ 9@AN BEIGHRMD AWBHE N6 aleirlg, amdla) @0 Gaiorlan oy soamsg it Beomioran Note Ba0D (E®20W @RAD WEBNMMENZ FOAL &8 YAIQ Bay avgry) ) Worh AW 1Bg o). 14) “@cﬁﬁ\o@moeq QIgHaY) @moeg_qc}amo Q10" agam (@)@06rm (@) &000 Qoo e S oB IanwWmeiwa e aflem ofleNandley BEReE|SOm are frans OHAMM SO AN IOMBHID BOIWENINWOHX G QlAlo asﬂ&jocra@g £lo, oMM Popeens &oEdly e@palew afledly mssmaoan O oo, Wokjo, @n 15) aeﬂ:%cw@om S$a1B)01SBOS Mo NGBOIB0 @OAD EYLIes @)es werd eospflalimyroor i a1GaiSaje @ermaeg. Moy 1y, Adverbial Clause of ‘belief’. 9200 Such constructions as ‘as certain as I live’, ‘as sure as I 2, How speak’, ‘as sure as there is God above’ etc. are merely the @n%e0 1oy 0 pbraseology of degree applied to assurance, doubt or denial Wikl & and may be translated as adverbial clauses of condition; as, oy e)%( ‘As sure as I am the magistrate I shall send you to jail’ emoad E&'\@@ga@a‘n Not e odleoan cmeiled @p@dse o li@iwo, The adverbial clauses of condition are introduced by «if, unless, except, though, and Odlgfl%o however’. ‘If? is expressed by simple qvosoain; as, ‘If he is there’ @oAIM aflos pesesle. Sometimes the present weymmo with aiesmo, the plac eoom@ich and ogan axdlslaeh may be used to express condition %@W; in all tenses as; epamaNosyes aiemo, s & s e 0 o o s 9 0SB N oS0, Ry J 0 &g v e e QBIGAN OO, ... OOMANAIM Ao, mﬂﬁm — 123 — m Qeng) The force of ¢unless’ and ‘except’ is expressed by the addition of the conjunctive particle og t0 aosiaim; as, semm2d MR, ®@)&)Ga1 @80 1B PAVRYZE a repast is not relished unless given by the devoted. oﬂﬁsmng But it must be noted that in this construction the sentence 20 @0 Q6 0o becomes positive in Malayalam and that if the negative form ety is to be preserved, @ogpom Or oflemwaveesain form must be ‘You N aQ000j made use of; as, EemZod @aMIRRPeE® 2o’ Ids EaVdlay. will not remain strong except you take exercise’ QJ;0®0Zo ®.a1QoaIgOO® o lem f&m@&{m&i 83 @RYBIL)0 afletod gy, @lgy; or Q)owdo 6.01QoErDIERd aMlemee @YBSIW) o waley, 8O0 W mjmm?@;mmﬂgé. 0mJomim Note 1. odleenwoenmymo with aiamoor &wommo with @egymm B%mg@ﬂ aid)eled may also be used to vary the construction ; as, ajjo®@i2o ®.a >sm'@axcmo OO aaHRt0, QY IWIBs ©.21Y M IgIM IS . ‘Though’ and ‘however’ 385000 are translated by @oavaiaso, the first by @R 8J0, ag)®s o, EYOEME) g poogs B0, ag)MAIG)H5)ejo, agal 1@ )@ lejo ete., and the second by o«g@ @omm @ MO WoRJo, @ODOWILJo OF ag)dT D |Es lajo. 0788 ()8 Models. 1. ‘Though deep yet‘clear’ e g TESeje omEa)ens; ERYFS =T IE )8 18jo oo )yes; @Y PR M2 QIR )& o aog ooz, ute as 1 2. ‘However you may try, you will not succeed’ 0@ @om 2 rely the @oad 01080 aFlEMeEs @og’ymo@gj@@r@o@mﬂg&; 0@ @HOHAN © BNV 1EeAN DO r denial @selo @s@ms@g@mo@mﬂ%; ag)@ ©@HAD gm\)onzﬂ% a1\ )aj0 &Y fion; 8, aVIRL) GBS W gy @@gmam Note 2. In the past, msgo should be used; as, «9©@ @om g auses of af)o{lso @ogduo@g)@momﬂgd. yoh, and 3. @gee and egadldleslele are more frequent in Poetry. o' GOUD 4, The phrase ‘in case’ occurs now and then in English in h austo the place of the conditional ‘if’ and may be translated by aasmo or 30ﬂditi011 ®owort; as, ‘In case you succeed, let me hear at once o emas @:og'ycmo an olai @U)o aE)gean a1sfo PSOM ogHM @3 e, or alemaes @og'ycmo@@o 218) BN @IWIT ©SOHM oGHAN @O W ds. 124 Eobil 33 EXERCISE A 1) Unless thou tell’st me where thou hadst this ring, Thou diest within this house 2 S’ Though she was a woman of great strength of mind, and bad little 14 cause to love him, her misery was such that none of the bystand- ers could refrain from weeping 3) Though the particular persons and events chronicled in the legend- 1% ary poems of Greece are not to be regarded as belonging to the province of real history, those poems are nevertheless fall of instruction as pictures of life and manners 4) Poor man! I know he would not be a wolf But that he sees the Romans are but sheep; He were no lion, were not Romans hinds. 5) The spiritual attendant of the dying slaveholder regularly adJured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren for whom Christ died The judge himself would be punished in case he transgressed the law 16 7) The duke thought himself best entitled, in case the king should die without issue, to possess the royal dignity. 8) Had the Plantagenets succeeded in uniting all France under their government, it is probable that England would never have had an independent existence. 9 ~ Though the seas threaten, they are merciful I have cursed them, albeit had no cause [ 10) We may safely affirm, whatever the rigid bigotted maxims of the age may declare to the contrary, that persecution is not the best method of converting people 11 L Everybody can be at home in London and, whatever his tastes or his pursuits, everybody can find there the things that interest him most— collections, artistic and scientific, societies, galleries, amusements (though the theatres and operas are as good else- where and in some places superior), fads, eccentricities, specimens of all races, all customs, all superstitions 12) Whether content with one’s condition be a good state or not, and however strong an ally it may be to conservatism that resists it progress, it undoubtedly works for social stability 13 (s In conclusion, I should like again to aver that the lot of a Russian woman is a happy one, whatever may be her class Comparisons — 125 SR are odious, but if we compare the actual position, I should say that, on the whole, the position of the Russian women was 3} better than that of Enghsh women, and their influence politi- nd bad cally and socially was greater 14) The gist of what Mr. Bonnar has to tell us we have heard more the bystand or less definitely from many other witnesses, although few have spoken so clearly and with such emphasis 1 the legend onging-to the 15) But ask the agitators whether they desire that the plateau of Asia Minor should fall under Russian rule, and what will they tell heless fall of you? That they prefer Turkey to Russia. Astonishing as this reply is, it is heard throughout all the East wherever Armenians are found ; and why is this? Because if Russia held Armenia, there would only be opportunities for the agitators and their friends to gain an earnest livelihood by their labours or their atly adjured 27 o, is to form efficiency, whereas, what they are desirous of doin ren for whom a free and autonomous Armenia in which their own personal enrichment and aggrandisement would take the place of patriot- nsgressed £h ism and the welfare of the country 16) The force of circumstances has imposed upon the United States the king should necessity, recognized with practical unanimity by her people, of insuring to the weaker States of America, lthough of racial o under thei and political antecedents different from her own, freedom to ver have had develop politically along their own lines and according to their own capacities, without interference in that respect from govern~ cursed them, ments foreign to these continents 17) Leaving the political side of the question altogether outside, one axims of the must allow that, however detrimental the action of France and s not the best Russia may be to our interests, it is as natural for these powers to do all in their power to exploit, and, if possible, to monopolise the trade of China and other countries neighbouring their hig fastes O that interest dominions by means of railways leading to their own sea-ports, s, gallories; as it is monstrous on the part of our government to do nothing s good else to foster, and much to impede, the extension of trans-frontier 68, apecxmens trade with the magnificent markets awaiting our enterprise, which neighbours our Burmese possessions ot nof, and 18) A widowed countess, a chief ornament of society in her day, being 1 that resi8 left with means which were small relatively to her rank, said with a wisdom which was as much her own as the wit for which she was celebrated, that had it not been for having to make both f o Russial (gmparisons ends meet, she would not have known what to do with herself s 126 PR 19) The accuracy of a bill of old date is not in general very ascertain- able, and it would seem to be but an ungracious return for the accommodation which the creditor has afforded, if the debtor were to institute a very strict inquisition into the minutie of his claims. The considerations concur with the habitual care- lessness and indolence of people of fashion, as inducements to them to lead their tradesmen into temptation ; and the result is such a demoralisation of the whole class, that it is rare indeed to meet with a tradesman accustomed to be employed by people of fashion, whose accounts, if closely scrutinized, would not betray a want of probity and fair dealing. EXERCISE B. 1) DB @M OWOH RO @a0taita ) @ozﬂ% P0G 88 QBB e ™ )68 M. WBABIOMEeMIaIBRSILY &) 0BT BLoIMIAMEIMVMIDNOE, ® af) aVINEo, o fldeImIGaIm &SI KD WEHMEGHHMO BN OBIMEB IR0 A3FINANNSIBINAB) PaOAV B0 Ba 1@ 0@ @b yemmoLn&san )9 @a 000 gauo. 3) Q1B W) Halaw oo o.écﬁSﬂé:’d)(ﬁ')O&ﬂ@&lO 218800 A@ ). 210N e ®@o. 4) & SHEIBANZe Hg POMMZo @A RYEIY ®BAIUOMEIQ, @ So0hEa190)) AOBETDI®AVAE @AY, QM O I NOR@oBMIBE0. 5) Z¥0,00N0 AN G lailogyme aianocd VIHMAN B0Ql0 BY O ISE8R0O00 2)Mo PBREB 1A DI OB B 2190 0gMo O IBAR0 220IBBQIoEEI. IOM ANV 1HRJID QIaMomd @YMNMBRLPIN® ZOHONIARS gy, an0oMo aﬂ@o_ﬂ;gé weljo @sq‘mrd) 20Mo Baildgo 2anIBBQAILLOBED, 6) s lnyozods B0 SISO == 92100} leg @800 QIEIBEE AP aomu)es 1921003 g 1080 A )@uwe s §21a%) lar lemeyt0 2a0IGE A0SR, *ofgcF(QM (0 UDBOECOLE (O UL UGV WOULUEST 00LCULAD AT O &cozca Tom TBYOMMe PIPULO® ©EIM(O0R ULAIPUDOC (g1 oo f8tee mUro(mste ofg( FBUOCW(EWVED QID (WESCV U@ (WY F(LID (eSS ofg( BWOMOWIEWIULID (WESOTT .oerrc@mécwec%n%@@ooéwo SUINVE) ©EISH B BOI®ISED (o (evEefvad WIS(fO (a1 popeBocese Brojeuie ©isto *0gpIN9OT QP OrwRBR( P2 W BUn(®@ELD qo ‘oroesl 29 © M8y ( 9 BBse W(sus@©B@ UL AWWHTT "cfomm(m EWaw(Ww awosS(gw ©(ProeEeIseee ofg(fEcE o miste (11 QIO F@ba@@.ﬁm@ 0BBoE (M@ MR P (@IT0ga0 FITICTCIOR W@ BBl DEIEO(2 P(®ROWsWR@ W fooe WEtaT emgoeq @[ @@eNoCIots St ee@uuEtse @ VOB Wmaucd @ao@ﬁ&w@ (o1 ‘e tounsFBenniEeS an@o owER(Y(DITE OWEP(QWID (O®Y(S® PO ot %mgas (w8 Bosw Geo ow(moe (@@ YoeteBom m(ww fe(Bo ofbowosro sedaxsfe Swo Qo @iffe® odewe Sro a,uhmam@@ ofo oot ofoEeotePBo® fwh offcec@rwan (6 s @ws oqwroe(@f0) 00 p[noA VOBO &P wow(@utvefFroeaew ofoscfEEe oScwwr@ aldoad £q | OO OWPID wBceslF(pro (58 @BW W wWe PP o8 (B fe BBowwesw® 0@ [Foe aed SwieoCon S 9]0584 0 “Banbe TEW 2@ 00T WO OWBAD VOV AICVIB 0} §)09Ta0 -9180 [engy P(BeBT 0O PIW UV PrE Be BT foe mootoro @o (8 10 @nnum oo 103qap 9y ®EEYrvy@uwed corwan owrocfdBoawwes F(oy foe @@ 813 107 uar ~UIB)30088 SUDTO gr@%ﬁé OQELT 0CRVCAL ch@mcﬂ (edb opbawowe (L PRy e S Lg1 AR 128 s 4 ] 14) BEMLEIREM, OB 1AM (3] Baltoss)eh e@and In E6mbULRILIW @D 1A oo s aiab. minativ MISANBYEMO BRDHAN NI IR a3 import S$950108WeMeHRMMeMes aflw)amo. he note 15) @I Qoo 61BIABZIBR0 Q@@Jo&cﬁ)oﬁ“@ oo § @8eo MIMEs ©a103)HRIaR a3 )gnd@o. BoBHMO2M b eI )es @b saab Rule Bo I @OOAD .alQBAAND DB BRY0. il clav agaPOS QoS HOO E_Ioﬂéﬂ:% Bo®) mith «o MANHS Q)0 VA BN IS |BAID and oo MIMHAD (a_joemEReE. .@)gﬂgﬂ%o_mb ‘ @amalaiowale allean @S smysaito. adverhi 16) EYY2CEIAl0 QDO IW 6n19al1Ga1d its equ an c@%aommmﬂmmb QI@aMOS) Jad great man en10ef QYOS @el m@og’]@mcﬂﬁsnb . 0)anh Soela @) Galdd 28198 6 LI 210D, NG 17) (@) WOY BB I nallHw aVo LA Pur cxg@ummﬂcmog@@’\goe;o 23 WD that we m Q@ailmovemaj@mIRwRad 2@, WL W@OMAROY g o) avay A)BBa00 ®IAHNMNIS 1GAI0 dlowg wogyan @S @a @osdlao. Note. ma@@ﬁe@aoo UMM 1B ‘as sure as I am Rama’. 1) 18) ©WINEAIRIW B GO00 MSAHWYo @R OO 0IRZIDDNTD OB 3 e amallae aviwIrem Baseflgudids &$lage® d)e Qo ©.21QaN aidio @Y SO0 MSAD aflairo @leds) @odlsoy oz 1208 Hs o2 0f a0 BWI L) (BRI QJeilw 288,20 aD20D 3 @10 W E»0Q 613, g v The Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect. 9 The adverbial clauses under this head are of three classes ) ) viz. of cause, consequence and purpose. The first is introdnced by the conjunctions ‘because’, ‘as’, ¢since’ etc., the second ) by ¢so that’, and the last by ‘that’, ‘in order that’ etc. — 129 —— In Malayalam the true case of cause is oolw, but the no- minative forms of af&omo, @owemo, gew, and others of like It will import are also in use to express the same meaning. be noted that the auxiliary verb oeve frequently replaces the odw suffix eod; as, @mogeses, maim wigy s ete. ) Rule 24. When the sentence is long, translate the adverb- ial clause of cawse after the principal sentence and begin with cgmwescemoct, or @ocemo; to express consequence, eq and @eaigmo may be used; but in the majority of cases the adverbial clause of comsequence has to be translated through its equivalent form, the illative co-ordinate sentence; as, ‘A great many visitors came at one time, so that we were put to great inconvenience’ @Bt e Almmerd wdleweEIw), @R IMIG MmEBdhEs Q8O mmcmroaa;g'ym’\anﬂs @0 owflam. Purpose is expressed by soied) and emogomg; as, ‘We sow that we may reap’ ©@oQoMo6g 15 Moo all@@sa. 34. EXERCISE A. Rina' )] He went away in great anger, for he had taken offence at some remarks. A0 60 2) At this his relations were sore amazed, not because they believed 1) wdle that what he said was true, but because they thought that some distemper had got into his head, ;) godlsm 3) As there was no hope of escape they resigned themselves to their gl fate. 4) Now that there is no more use for these things you may remove them. 5) Since these men could not be convinced, it was determined that they should be persecuted. 6) He swore so loud that all amazed the priest let fall the book. o classes 7) I was not so young when my father died, but that I perfectly 1trodn0€d remember him. p 56000 8) What circumstances have occurred that our proposals should be 0 withdrawn ? — sy 130 — 9) Constantinus had separated his forces that he might divide the atten- tion and resistance of the enemy. 10) They let alone the Princess Mary lest they might provoke a war with the Emperor Charles. 11) Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hear; believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine honor, that you may believe ; censure me in your wisdom, and awake your semses that you may the better judge. 12) Their tradesmen, and the workmen whom their tradesmen employ, are compelled, these by the necessities of their situation in life, those by the competition they euncounter in their business, to submit to all the hardships and disquietudes which it is possible for fashionable caprice to impose, without showing any sign of disturbance or discontent, and because there is no outery made, nor any pantomime exhibited, the fashionable customer may possibly conceive that he disposes nothing but satisfaction among all with whom he deals. 18) When the student shall have attained to four and twenty years of age, more or less, the sooner he is in office the better; for it is there only that some essential process of his education can be set on foot, and it is in youth only that they can be favourably effect- ed. 14) In every walk of life it were well that such men should associate themselves together in order that combination may give increased effect to their lives. 15) He quickened his pace that he may be at the gate in time, and be- fore it closed for the day; he called to mind the miseries he had passed through the previous night and shuddered to contemplate the prospect of another such night, 16) As we cannot make a personal study of every man in a large deliber- ative assembly, we learn the temper of the whole, by our know- ledge of individuals here and there — especially such as take a leading among others— and by the collective determination of the body. 17) There is a gentle but irresistible coercion in the habit of reading, well directed, over the whole tenor of a man’s character and conduct, which is not the less effectual because it works insensi- It ) bly, and because it is really the last thing he dreams of, civilizes the conduct of men, and suffers them not to remain barbarous. 131 the atten- 18) And since the quarrel Will bear no colour for the thing he is, oke & war Fashion it thus, that what he is, augmented, Would run to these and these extremities S¢, and be And therefore think him as a serpent’s egg, , and have Which hatched, would, as his kind, grow mischievous me i yoor And kill him in the shell. fter judge. ol employ, 19) In the effusion of intense feeling the regularity of metre may act as a controlling or moderating power. The ebullition of incitement ion in life, is made calmer and more continuous by the adoption of a measured usiness, to step; so that when the subject of poetry is of an impassioned is possible ny sign of nature, the proper accompanimeunt is verse, itory made, 20) We cannot have a single image in the fancy or imagination that did fomer may not make its first entrance through the sight; what we have is the power of retaining, altering and compounding the images once tion among received, into all the varieties of picture and vision that are most agreeable to the imagination ; so that by this faculty a man in a ty years of o foritis dungeon is capable of entertaining himself with scenes and land- scapes more beautiful than any that can be found in the whole can be sef compass of nature. ably effect- ] associate EXERCISE B, o ioreased 1 eeuleminmd mab aleassg e GEUDEI@OGGL’D@ Gm6Y08alUa0 ne, and be- BRUIREES UYM AIILEEIREE LI ries he had ontemplate Moo maRER 1elo@s@anad 6iab. 2) Wlaig mozamad Rwe@ares)om o delbr Baid®010Q M IGMMI@ 628 )a’) @ ot Ko BRI EIYEHR I BN QIO VLI ORB508g o afloeswoeel ] 88 fake & ERADE)QJ0BOMOE IO GaE ) pinafion of aQUamoalo oo @8 an H2G@ { reading GUMANO®, P AIEIEmIBMINSEI0 @oad BRIBMEWIM IMId HIDHOWINY). pacter 814 3) kg fndenst- SRIRI0 HOLD) VIS M2 (RINV NGO s O It (8]0 BMOOOR0 WEROHTDRYo aivaflg jomnow) 10 l\emaiﬂ wWomoaBaems)oflse o3)dlomaoe’ EoaIolmed aian afloan eiMme2ESo. 9* uER(Y(mePUWsvceed can( e fdaw (Beroedrodw CrwyEe W\ o @l e cwe piBeage mipoeild sefwenmdtd (s C.Go@C(C@ﬂO ap®e Fleow ewe @rode ofvoweewme omaoacscp@ (W (@St 6T (5D @eaéoﬁcb@@cnm@ Wmc@ 0O (B 0B ofvetEiwe| WD (@ e BrOSEITs SO BeeEiro (fDecro o Etse ([T tEQe S aioicy OQE(IO(BOG ©@© ne9(@f0 SusceeBuLse(([F(2@) oo qiSIO(BR@® worty Dmervs R se|ef) miroditan ewvwisioBee uvse (9@ PROPO® (Weesero| fo|w 0@ o) ente utsem Waw @EBT O me@oro owmeaw e temeaneren|ro quef8 Q@0 (D BOO “CrICER(®(BOO Lt cBO@OOY ofgervg 0eN0CR O Q| BEwIgero @.@mrm”rm_umsc?v ﬁeh@a&e%@oﬂce@ (8 fw @ Fa wews fufocmes o @ wbo (w(stosees Wr?.oa@@@ (IO Beamwe e oo 0QD 0PWRE e W BE®FTIW M PP e e (merweraws (5@ Stewaoe@ Bow e WowgBz [Gocd 0303@88@7@ 0BECELIICITY BB o\coﬂmﬁaoﬂoﬁm@ ofCuezeaw T SO 1§ ﬂv 0@ Wi Fplc G0 @eogﬁeée%@rm%oqqs [e8L onR(WD) VEB® ofgewoceld @ieeim o Ao Yo oMY BRIV @ wocfiouwd(cen waswe osftd WY éqqreﬂd@%coﬁb ooE OO %mcmmgaecme_dﬂmremé@ P EQSUEB OVCIO P (P @r@s@@r% WO(ET (@51 T QYOI 0@ WP (v awbe o Srcrascaw Simigrv@ (@D wee (RO (fTED frFrow P(ERWIDILS® Yom(Por anfBemrcoesen (L arolosorv weBte ©ro Q© anfbouwfuime Swiew@uneesteo ferme Swe roeo GFGrv sgaw® caro(@ OB OBEC 66 ( TP CQD o@@o@?m@ @ow| © BB B0 seicoon 0V0R os(Pa® pcFBe® —: S5:iM8(p wose( B merueg egonﬂb@dog@ moove a@@m@ mocgdm@_d (9 ebmemmoﬁré@g (efw m(efv et @ @ SwievBuweEw sebw @ @en(efte ®E@((TO(fO eWw(PsePRrD oo Boew @ 8:.0@@8@@0 gro@e@ Boapsree mi@@fv cweess woes® (g *00S | SP0Eus D@ VCMVE BBRR BEIW @(YIrv© 05O DD @@W%Fm@ CPCMOULOQ PCUIERID ouwd B omaaw Swfo orwsbe|maen ocfd Beaou wiEBgfawm| et @iw(wee queSrewercwet 8 mes ohewews mwa (¥ QIO QLD LS AV IT RN L LICUL WO T S GEl LA %8%_ [l wow orrocoes Bawwstrve fF(m hsﬁ\ah@@@ CrO(QIo cOAD VEMANOYED W(BBOUS VY (EB(WL @E(Ve efe wioetwworo omep ose(refu caw(@Bwe (moe e g e QPLrgEP(MNLrY Se@i@miwd Soeteul(me eoooesy (¢f Ngct (05 nCrooau_ln_G @ omod vy BULOr® ABOWSsEd( Y meau S (afw @8 wwow 8sero EBtoe BUDER(HI0 eS| Y@ tsuPFvtaote asoﬂm@ r@@.m 0 Snmc@@ | meroun Suet@e® EBenro(e mecrvy oo lreve osepw@ scfdvan (51 @ § A O aGo_lc@@G@mad UDBR(Y(RITE (LUOTD @ELY(LIDUTI(Se® @@ TAVAUY PED (v pasV Pl seoBrwaw wBwe (wieshBoe wooaw:® Dowospuwsd re%, | ew( @S5 [F(moap Qe VET® WOl oros@cra oSosQw\Q.e QeFBroro oftasn([D ofniree [ a@EUD T WestrisaWsd (of *ogspera| WBwe wang wbe [WiE cafOee cavroe FWho(WeNWTTEICE an®o cwe tee(9n 0ro® oq 0eW 0 BauwwB3ro@irv e (e IrEE(MUE W BEG(QUI0W @ cm@\ St 0 PIDEIQsSLQIVE mr@@éﬂ@ﬂ oque(eBBan®r cocrvy eIl 090U B w8 Tatan B e otfivoteros meauEd %@ 0 SEMUL aTIIWRG 5 mipmresroesrap sewroae @uvee o (s @0 c09tedte Pe(TwtEo B wmOT (e opeFBome(v oW Fts(W BBADBEUWSEHIOM([T oM([0 @B Iy & , ofg(%8©@ OF? QLE®PAL UDEPS(E (WPYPIIV(W 0o SOBew® (31 (Yo QEE 0 f8(weuse® ofew otw queFBacee (Mo we BY 08 UDER¢ wcelOmerugan oowte(ocy @Bus SwiwcTERT ote Pw uwp© omefV)(gae © o FBlawwd promsecws fF(reme [v{mezor B® ow Beeewt B roconwf™ @ ews o miroestFee (11 g Qo o ogse U Moo vee an| Sh(aefue ruge @R seroow Bow cerweEBiee oofD o@ie rET P wo (@0 @imSHOULDOSTE quBrosee cserocfite e Eraan IVOES] W m02 aetun© @Y WEmQULEID W%Fe@rﬂpc (eEUNE weg B (W sed(sosw SEBew© oBawwEidaw B oedey B ¢f0) eeWer(PPeed BdBawbo «OV(Q 0P PUDIVCE@TVCVIMV,, (01 (efts UL LS UL Q@ADL @BV G mo| oo IRToeu B9 ([v @ (BOWTEEde MIPYUMVUET Q@ AL (UOTCUDRPETPtER fae cunRBEOUET WOV BPTTLIT AR U@ (e Bee T ovpegRurv Swceotmme cwssBrosce e BBo© ofscrvguewfuores® irwesesw W%Fm@ (VLI (@5 PeoEAL@IER(I0 Ao (o Wim((eBusran oo wiBceo F(mervgee i Grewe (vt (Thicede (@ W;g@@oa@rﬁbf@o\ﬁ@ (ELofO® e W @G@:n@@g CoCGe_lobﬁbmSm& SRl AR €61 — (oA 134 16) ngde 'a1dlawres meS E20mEENE WLNIMLOX I GOy @IYo YEMTBHZ @R e ERUISHAIYo MARYOS 8nRat0 aild) ©0 MNZBy BT 184 |0 QM ISWYeE @ O alailw 28800 OO0 0lad)ol)d)esmald @OBBOS CAVAUGNINR DNV BRI w) ooy lajo mq@)_ﬂmﬂ:% B NBMD BYDIYAR]. 17) @rsm_xm@zfgﬂa@'ﬁm’mm:% m@mﬁ@&g@@%%@g@o avgyeslaino B&>gos @o_lcmocmo(oammroﬂmo@e@o@ Qo @ OO ol leiw oo gammbm@ﬁ;ggo S0V B8T 1Yo @YW @B m@@%mn{) WO 0IDODIMIGI0 APONTEIHMO @D esMEXIcs M@)ol @losan avQiailemim(e @ mmoch Gatoajo @ wemy MW@ SN EPAINRNES BGRIE: OB 1HMDO UL QIEGIAIMIB @D MO EIP®) UsMLOB G @ TBIW AN VM @BANHM AIPERYATV \(@Bal 20@] Lj9c3)aj0 ayedl.ale ImMBIIEd Moo EBE U g joardley. 18) @C3LBIVWEIW WMDBH @AM oOSlaDeeg®s aflaleoavImBIw BN @@@@mo_ﬂ;% ()Mo B §.019BMII BN (R0ROW afle) @wowy@d BT IHM ailas)a) afles QMBI L@ DD )b QP D WA NOMOBNE @0 ‘mrmsnss@(zﬂ; Moo @RE 9 aflalo B)BBTRDEY. 19) “mocSSogcscmoc)o MSOQ) o a1PHEmITd Galosel 0 0% 0008 @Blan HHAafl, 0l FULNW SH®HBALIBGEOS myma)d] oo 6ol sqyes GeoweRd VAR )ANAS )& dhEso B3 Bal00al OFANCISHWITH EPUHW a1@)an@ g joaoes @o@mdo @Yo @O @YSL)oalldniem QB0 (20d ©.2PYOS ag)aw MOS0, @VRY MISGD O.aYNS o@D BN (R0 a0 ooy BBleny &3 QYan. 9 V1 Adverbial Clause of Manner. The adverbial clause of mamnmer calls for no special re- marks. It is generally introduced by ‘as’ and may be trans- ) lated by easel, @@ime, aflwo, @sgp, @aw and words of like import. ‘As if’ is adequately represented by the Malayalam QD Go1098l, QMO EMIMANQ, ag E@OMoaigmo etc., but for the sake of clearness and emphasis, it may sometimes be neces- sary to break it up into two sentences with «gmdlomexs. . ... 1 @oedlom; a8, ‘He wept as if he had been a child 8@ Wiy «gedlom &OWY G20 ERER)OHM @ Qlad SO0y, 135 o &omy 35 EXERCISE A Qmo ) L As thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee, 1) DI Gy 2) The shepherd’s boy was piping, as though he should never be old. 3) And the great Lord of Luna fell at that deadly stroke vgieflosn As falls on mount Alverness a thunder smitten oak, o My 4) They are acting as if they did not care in the least what happened R 5) In the recurrence of beats at regular intervals there is a positive wlafly) pleasure It is the pleasure of time in music, and of equal ngjmsmﬂm'] intervals in the array of objects to the eye, as when we place ) 00 o0 trees or pilasters in a row SN 6) When we enter into the pain of another person, we are prompted to ey work for the alleviation of that pain, as if we ourselves were the sufferers UMY 7 ‘By the prophet! these arc strange and fearful words’, exclaimed i J (2000w Daltaban now opening his eyes as widely as if it were impossible gloag)d aflan for them to close in slumber af all ‘They are sure, Pasha!’ rejoined Khalil, whose countenance was very pale, as if a crisis were at hand, but whose looks were never- ) theless firm severe, and collected, ag if he were finally resolved %mm«ﬂ@ﬂ W0 BB to perform his task according to the imperious demands of duty 8) Daltaban Pasha looked bewidered and stupified he pressed his W) hand to his brow, as if to clear his ideas and to assure himself Qg ogm that he was awake that hand there instinctively sought the (0o 10 handle of his sword and he muttered between his set teeth, ‘Vile perfidious Ismilda !’ 9) Among the writers on government whose works my limited opportu- nities of study have enabled me to examine, I have not met with any who have treated systematically administrative government as it ought to be exercised in a free state pecle 10) I =] arrying out the original design of this work, as stated in the he frans foregoing preface, many additional examples have been introduced g of like to illustrate the numerous phases of our grammatical forms and 9 3yalam idioms. for the The green linnet o 0t 11) My dazzled sight he oft deceives — 8@ 1o A brother of the dancing leaves flam 609 Then flits, and from the cottage-eaves Pours forth his songs in gushes, — 136 — As if but that exulting strain He mock’d and treated with disdain The voiceless form he chose to feign While fluttering in the bushes. Ode to a nightingale. 12) My heart aches and a drowsy numbness: pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethewards had sunk: "Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thy happiness, — That thou light-winged Dryad of the trees In some melodious plot Of beechen green, and shadows nqmberless, Singest of summer in full throated ease. 13) When Ruth was left half desolate Her father took another mate ; And Ruth not seven years old, A slighted child, at her own will Went wandering over dale and hill, In thoughtless freedom bold. And she had made a pipe of straw, And music from that pipe could draw Like sounds of winds and floods Had built a bower upon the green, Ag if she from her birth had been An infant of the woods. 14) Mr. Herbert Gladstone is meditating a yachting cruise to the coast of Dalmatia. ‘This looks as if he might visit the Prince of Montenegro, who would probably turn out with all his mountain- eers to give a prodigious welcome to the son of Gladstone. EXERCISE Bl 1) QYERL B[B)B.21T QM AIHDIGHYo MIBLG:D ®HHAYPTI0Q aarg MR @OM@AD Cal0NLIWTBAIDS: G0 Mo YLaslmod &lesdegitnsal. 96 WDese P 0wl @B awarocsfeed @EWAD (MO e e siwmimetwifedg (8 * oL (O WC QLS oM(0 WY PIRTVEPIVINLE MZW(P® 6B ULBP(Y(ULIO Sows oo (wewgofoofo facw @EfS®UI® owtelD) Bow cEawWe(Ewbe (WS(VOTIH(W W PUrWREcsus e () (Bas® anSerow (ewEE(W (P we BBiservay (wa@bo ?ﬂre 10! @O QD @E@m( U ﬁerée%c_npc (wrEce w@@ oftoeec@EaEsOrv 6@ (L ~rejuon § ‘ooc@g ewdo croganse 10 004 ¢ w(Froe Firete eBe(S woee rodd cmeGe oo 000 913 4 @S OrOIMDEEIOIT UDEP(BPIS©® MO(QEe SEPs® qwee (9 *9ECroY UL®EP| L (0Oe@ws cevcfdseewg@tapwun(w F(suoe AD(ALT O EWQYEM (S ) @c%ﬂo p(elzie Thows Wiauwee QOLBUIVECN D @@Q.br@@ oPGF(nF@ (SEL] sewfo stane emiw Yo DCGC:O orgce unsw Suwfo pem(E WO(ENTER([T6@ (DI E@ITOTY e wuwsewo o Cswee WIUDIT@( QLI QIVEW W(P® (¢ *QLCrDLPC@OTRCE QLULYS|EWUITD V@ ©O© QUEEIS U@ CWIDBOE ULS|UL(W(IODY fFCrud orgenN®E QIMPLYSCIT(LL UDS[UD(W(ED (D BBIOE©($icracro PRt Yro @(Beece| o QO (Y(f@sfv Seewwiw(En® (62 camS P owcmvmﬂo perweSes e 0w (oo Eestro® &cFou S0P PLIMIE WY QU0 dWT @ BRI @Y (OB WL 0(P(W Tar abDOE owBe OO(ORNLD PirwYe 056 @ CAOE( [0 BBWOEWT® a8 err@e cwcuroreow Gos o0 Bo@e irweSesfe cwepcpantBorue cuvg oo (g OfE (S0 quoEs 000080 (L ESEPR(S(IO BOOD PERE OO (WEUD@EERO(W Steensloas ofog Qe E(Besetv WU Swtwo quiey fue Cfeoe® avo(® comWeosy PEirve BT (srBRL (ste cewrndb ovd Qe @R N D) SO E EFBoWsse 0BaUDVMDW UDER([FT s secmg(foplwes W BEWTE (WYY Q)| @05 S (fTroo (wsue caom@GW@G omm%ogocoﬂce ©RO® SEHOLE B (3 PRI LG1 — eadtids 138 @J&m@om_gewgd AL @EMEBHE AN SEM G 1OHM WoX29d ) HB:OAI RIAIAIGAI aODWB, 9) 12)9280 Mgy g l2a0r0imo G280 (T )adsn2uy@ ]S Imond 13 ©2220a00b @000aflead ®a Huwesoabd @Waaossaainmbo mflesm ssmmoo Waomages anemmgsan @J@pooﬁe@ (@)88w0 ABM2a0M0, alolewag)oseindhas sy )as 1 9201018 1@ MY PoD alweRgo 20)o0 )0 @oElom @sich alaflwayo A1210ONGHR|HEIMI) o) B.aITDER 2018 PO &g Aflmoas).o| &)lndnam 15 20BLNSHEIGIQYo LB )BBIQES efleaiansavm adlgy,am Q@& d mMoLIBINTRE lod ofled)afss ) oao o alad asam @5an MR @Hoa10a08l0 (NEDRIGe BLIGES0 ®QEISMo D.algy aflay @) ofISImoad. 10) ) B2MBRINE2IZE@IE] 9P EBa eI alcemGeaflmazmeiw.alenaio) Galaigo maEmaemewIglne aflgreao acloea@xyo 38Q$@®§oam afl.oyaflenem wme aladlao. 11) @@oSmdﬁ@.@%&uo &@g@@obum@._m_o Qi8N 3oﬁ®o®o@£@o&9 adl Qa3 aVama | BR10e0MAN0eM N3N0 In] avar)@o sa@ Q020 AMEMEBoDD0 Dresence IBEP QN B TUDA0 BF00 BAMOM OB I GaiBM | Bsan® Gatoeal charact $0L19a5 1Mo @)WY BR1G:Q) yalam, 208a10a1 B.al®AVI GBIEBR GDmSIM the dir L)@ @IM0HE @98) o2 and the (1t OROYRey @IS ®E208 F) aloMOd el lmisio aar)eal said i @TMEIW) GS) aNewIvio AImEmInNE) are tray ME;tORYHAN DoEGOBd Galoelay 00 O2@ QYo .2leMLIAILIR AV OG0, 12) meagpaflear® @) oyeg @00} 108) 20@}@dnm @0 28)om Eo%@_ odlad oMl ® SaISIed BAOMEM)asEng Qad) o Porteq | eaflomlg afla,an@o WSERles aig anese algpan aneiqy 0 the | Y 139 — omesg)R@aTln e 5aN aIBs S80S alemAEIRVINTIYo 630828m100 Sloawad & desoeng BLooE)al (@)D 0U0 BT B® (PIVSHAVEBEYO ag)a0 @@W%@ma&ho. 13) @eao ailmaw @RI B (@)SIV0 H.aIERMOAAD WSANIS? om00.1) o BADEAN @O ()P0 OIRGHAIRM RWACK20MIW ) @emo g @osmilwenwod) aflay an esc@ods o afllmaves MIBHG M dYo, MIVWRIBEIG SRR DR 6.2l QYo a_rug;. 14) 2eemo @90 aflmioad «gBg|oPo SHMAVEE LOIVEM O Ids OB 96173 1890(0)B000 @O 31D) &) TBHE HWD BAICED Q& FATEHS QYo VD QEI] BaI@ANAIMIET WLOIBNDD) - 25000 ). 15) @oaebo wdloo VMmoo FmEL), NAIgRe &MESINga GMoamo. @@ @PYSs0 Beilmo@®Qo @I &Slo@cEldlosm. agari) So @eaNIgo Qo lWes AIBlagym @oQUR06M . Galodo @Yal BN B EoWRNEMAD &M Woydla®ailewyEpad a10smD(a )80 ®o ‘B8R0 Galo IO HOSAM” A0 @B IHM AV WO 103 )E0d MSGIMAId Celd:ov b «H@! Chapter VIIIL. The Direct Narration. In English a direct speech is at once recognized by the presence of the quotation marks and the absence of <that’, the characteristic symbol of the object noun-clause; in Mala- yalam, on the other hand, both these marks are absent, and the direct speech is only distinguished by the use of person and the vocative case. Hence the two constructions «The boy said, I refuse to obey’,”” and “The boy said he refused toobey” are translated with very little difference into Malayalara; as, e@00b EPMAVA )@ egyan @g) alosmgy and @d ERMRIVGE]Iss O @i1g) Q10600 The first form is liable to ambiguity when it is re- Em @%Um ported by a third person, as in that case smb may refer either g 0y to the reporter himself or to the boy. m o0l [ 140 —e. If the direct form is to be preserved, we must add e Mo @, @MY, ageammah etc. to the reporting verb: as, @) aiosmmo istic of @il or @5 aI0mYO®OMANI@h. ate bi fion, 4 Note 1. In Malayalam ogmo, corresponding.to the English ‘that’, is used both in the direct and in the indirect speech. knowle 2. As already observed, there is very little difference in amel1o JSorm between the direct and the indirect speech in Malayalam, and scale’ the two would be wholly undistinguished except for the presence of (mmo@ vocatives, The Malayalam idiom which permits an expressed sub- ject to the imperative mood also adds to the confusion. 95 6 Q0T 3. When the reporting verb has a plurality of objects agamn e must be repeated after each; as, @b evallos omm wgmo, @yofen POM Soermod aLIUS)ofley agyamo, Geymn @)Om)f\lzgé @g e aig {lgjoad @oai) 6)0.296n Momd S )smz gy ogymo 3laI®) Boud)aabmowd 1060y, 4. In such sentences as, ‘He said that he could not do it and that a Mag his friends would find fault with him if he did i’ is an idiomatic peculiarity mlamss of Malayalam that only the first ‘he’, the subject of the reporting verb, may be rendered by @ociab and all the rest by moch; as, eaflas Ramls] © 9210000 a10S)og)amo ORI @O0 BMadl@m020d @O &S00 alOWY 2o ®aiad 1060y, In the plural @smd should be used (vide will he Chapter III. Indefinite Sentence). @ g 5. In English the principal sentence sometimes comes in 0S8 the middle of the direct speech ; as, ‘I come, father,’ said he, ‘to ask your forgiveness.’ Sower As to the change of person and fense in the two speeches, Present the rules are the same in both la,nguz}ges as far as they go. the cag it, v Rule 25. In Malayalam the principal sentence follows the gilgy ordinary rule and comes last. The student will very often Qgoo ¢ find it convenient to translate the direct sentences through andm G their indirect equivalents into Malayalam, and vice versa, the o g Malayalam indirect speech may with advantage be often ren- dered in the direct form in English. Moy Rule 26. Translate into English in due order the clauses which are the objects of the reporting verb. s 141 e 0 e Model A. 1. <It is’, he said, ‘the most peculiar character- ) l0sm istic of the present era in the British Islands that those who are high placed before the world in rank, wealth and educa- st tion, are willing to come forward and give their time and knowledge without fee or reward for the advantage and arence in amelioration of those who do not stand so high in the social lam, and scale’ aunimoee®cze WmMee&IeZ0 aflgj ot mIqRO@osgo @108 O |@b &30 resence of an@yo (a)oailefldlesam @Yy &Hdd @MEBB 080 V2V U3 & 2al AW 1210 O QIR ossed sub- OS emoElane EY@ESlmo GaIE] £1HEEI ()T 00LIBR) GSIN® MOBIOS avewaj @odlajp allalaidlesain aUEYELEIW) aJodg ST YME Ef)s) jects qgm @ e flajoa)od DB I888 MMNDBAOS oGO0 aNewaau)wiw & qui ) !@mﬂém ¥ ) @00)I206M gl @I al0emy. 2 I say, James!" says Charles, thave you been made ) it and that a Magistrate by any chance?’ ogsso emosav, aigy aomnailaiweoe eculiarity alemes aeflemyges o aid)ofl5Eemes agaw a0daIaY’ B.at0d) o). reporting 3 «I'll tell you what you ought to do, Haridas’, said s, onllén 000 010y Ramlal, ‘put in an offer for the whole temple property, they will be very glad to sell it’ mooeieh aiomo@ailD, a@@so codlamy, ised (vide @b ©.218QYTEHTHAMINENAD o A 106y B0, BBAIAVIo aagailan @y comes 10 g-100s & allal a 108Dz, @@ lgyomd @IS QIB OB @IBha IR dso. 4' ‘Not that I mind telling you everything’ said o agk your Sowerby, ‘I am very hard up for a little money just at the speeohes, present moment. It may be, and indeed I think it will be, the case that I shall be ruined in this matter for the want of hey go. it’ eavnagen) cosmemammarh, «ggy allaieaje aflemss alogyaM@lan llows the ages 2S) «g@dlgy. @dEnoLlo @DE0 HOIBNO AlEMAB IRV D OIS b oy often Qg e Yz Wd)esamn. @008y E@ N SIPo B AVEWo VIS {hrough O 8210 ag)aM QI0. egangy ©)01@oef) avIS e leg|me @AW ersa, the am agM)es EOIMMD. ften el Model B. 1. Qian avdleal o lam & loimab S0 WY IOy DSEE o clauses MAPHS 6I06Mo BRED 1g{98MN0 972} aF)an @alto S.aw? P — 142 —_— BRMBE )Ry T ImeenanIeim all ye QMISHROH NS QDO ) (B85S0 B‘rah[ BVOMIIG MOZRAIS Wo.af)6) o]aMO®D kingd AUITMI® MG O@ARME QO oab. ‘Rogue,’ said the hunter with some excitement standing mear him, ‘do you come and perform your penance here merely to steal my arrows? If you are in want of them, you can’t get them by craft; beg of me and I will give you ten or fifty’. 2 MROMRAILIMI o)) Bdg awtonmab adlglo (JaOMREMIBSITD 6.a1005)1 onsab: W mamlafles cimdae @ IvemeROIDaD bly ar P23 M@ URMMNMO®HANEE o virtne 2010INQIe0Slwem eI AIsOWQYo Wret OLB)®EE)MIANRS OSAY HalS) oimo pOverS @ OBWISIWOS GOOMANES Bo am ¢ maemsia’) afleaNleomoes Gaodles afd). When he had heard his son, Desanana, turning to Prahasta, who was standing by, said, ‘Ask him what has brought him here, whence he comes, why he has destroyed the garden, and the sentinels over it, and especially whose herald he is’. 3 @93 O2MD BHS (oJaOMyABo IQIMNMY@OMIS ATlMM@ AV | m @08 modh ey ) m“]qvorocwﬁéo_scrm SHBal Dosavens] SLOW 28 TVT)o Ba0IACM ofloam epw.g) aflgmeng a3lgn@o cwzellareog)d)mas)am o8 smwoe)o @a@m(ﬂ@amo@gé\%@ alods o) (BTD@(‘G)OJ&.\(T)QJZQIQLDZ'Z@)Z'ZGZSB@_ 2@ eI6B®LIE o mailengyeso. At this, Prahasta, in a polite and winning manner asked the son of Aeolus, *Who sent you hither? Tell me the truth and be assured you will be set free, my good friend. Banish e — 143 all your fears and remember that this council is as noble as Brahma’s and dishonesty and injustice are unknown in the kingdom of Ceylon (Lanka’s lord)’. 4 MYoeaBo B&ailel 6.0108]IMIOMOI aimy Wmes )o@ p1€)smo anding ¢ here 20OQ HBBIWOS LHB) 1O HITBLIBWI Z0QeO28mMIS Q1B )aE oM ? 1, jou )M D BHS@MKhO Q) G2ailQo jou ten ag)MOS L&D O] agMS) ey alal IO IR @ (@) 18108 BT, 15 eyNO2BsTD) 10 MR MIRS2, ‘What glory,” said Sumbha with irritation, ‘can you possi- bly arrogate to yourself on account of this deed? Is it not by virtue of others’ strength that you dare to oppose me?’ ‘Wretch!” returned the goddess, ‘what can you know of my powers! who is there in all the three worlds besides myself? I am alone, and certainly there is not a second’. 36 ahasta, EXERCISE A, bt him 1) A chieftain to the higlands bound, on, and Cries, ‘Boatman, do not tarry! And T’ll give thee a silver pound, To row us o’er the ferry !’ ‘Now who be ye, would cross Lochgyle, This dark and stormy water ?’ ‘Oh I'm the chief of Ulva’s isle, And this Lord Ullin’s daughter. — ¢And fast before her father’s men Three days we've fled together, For should he find us in the glen, My blood would stain the heather.’ Outspoke the hardy highland wight, ‘I'll go, my chief, — I'm ready:— It is not for your silver bright, - gsked But for your winsome lady: ‘And by my word! the bonny bird o truth In danger shall not tarry; Panish LA L So though the waves are raging white I'll row you o’er the ferry.’ 2) ‘Why weep ye by the tide, ladie? Why weep ye by the tide? I'll wed ye to my youngest son, And ye shall be his bride. And ye shall be his bride, ladie, Sae comely to be seen’ — But aye she loot the tears down fa’ For jock of Hazeldean. 3) ‘Now tell us what ’twas all about,’ Young Peterkin, he cries, And little Wilhelmine looks up With wonder-waiting eyes; ¢Now tell us all about the war And what they fought each other for.’ ‘It was the English,” Kaspar cried. ‘Who put the French to rout; But what they fought each other for I could not well make out.’ ‘But everybody said,” quoth he ‘That ’twas a famous victory, They say it was a shocking sight After the field was won ; For many thousand bodies here Lay rotting in the sun. But things like that, you know, must be After a famous victory. Great praise the Duke of Marlbro’ won And onr good Prince Eugene’; ‘Why, 'twas a very wicked thing!’ Said little Wilhelmine ; ‘Nay, nay my little girl, ‘quoth he, ‘It was a famous victory. And everybody praised the Duke Who this great fight did win’. ‘But what good came of it at lagt’ Quoth little Peterkin: ‘Why, that I cannot tell,’ said he ‘But ’twas a famous victory.’ ceie 145 uiA The countess of Warwick interviewed by Miss Bellock 4) I ventured to ask Lady Warwick what she thought to be the most pressing duty now lyiug before the women of Great Britian. ‘Really’, she replied smiling, ‘that is a very serious question, and one which I cannot answer. It is not for me to give a prescription for the women of England each one has her own duty in her own circle, and it would be arrogance for any one to dogmatise as to what her neighbour or her sister should do ‘Yes, but ina general way and from your own point of view, what would you be inclined to insist upon most earnestiy ?’ Lady Warwick paused, and then she said, ‘An endeavour to utilize the waste — waste time, waste opportunities, waste of all kinds — for there is nothing more sad or tragic in this world than the waste that goes on all round us. I do not mean waste of money, — for waste of money is one of the smallest kinds of waste — but waste of life which is far more important Against the endless dissi- pation of energy, the besetting sin of our overcrowded life, we ought to set up a standard of a wise conservation of power.’ “You must have endless calls upon your time, both public and private, philanthropic and social.’ ¢Yes,’ she observed quietly, ‘it is very difficult to get time to live one’s own life when one touches the lives of 80 many others at so many points,’ ‘But you do not regret your public work for instance, your work here on the Board of Guardians?’ ‘Regret it!’ she answered, ‘It is one of the delights of my life The woman at Home 5) ‘What a pretty little house this is!” said Mr. Madison drawing near the fire ‘You might do a good deal with it.’ ‘We live in it and find it comfortable,” said Mrs Troy ‘I don’t know what else we could do ‘Have you any photograph of your son? said Miss Madison impul- sively'; ‘have you any of him when he was a child ?’ Mrs Troy took the latest from a small table near her and handed it to the young lady, who gazed at it with rapt attention ‘But we have that one Hesperia!’ said her mother ‘Hesperia,” thought Mrs, Troy, ‘what a name! Why could’nt they call her Betty?’ 10 146 The girl got up to put back the photograph, and yawned slightiy as she did so Then she went to the piano, threw the lid, and tried a note or two ‘I will sing to you,’ she said sitting down., ‘Thank you,’ said Mrs. Troy EXERCISE B 1) @M IWo H.aIQESHBM BAEMIGS IBWIF AVT) ORNEW@ og)S oM e oo @b O&ISOD 015)e® e 0 I0QYIN@IW FOr FPaidde a0 s) £ (@)Bo0 @O0 88 Pgad a10MO®IW) EPUMIBIYSS 3l8g{og)@d @osman@)endo avowml) ogseE)am 8O0 ealglezeh 98 Foo RYo agSAeG:RYo HAIBeH Yo HaQME BFEEMEe @0 Goeiloao afl@wo agailes Mgy ugmdlgy. (BTO@G)@DG”% 2N gosied @ud)s 20w Q1060 (+:JoMbila o)) 6TT) Q@@@ﬁom@o@m BOSAY SHSTPHS:ME Calnf)B)GeM@? oy @EamIge ogs aidloilge @mdey 00=-0000- 1S ) eI O ainoy)af)an @%@sﬂ@cm@o anaieilaco owoo 20d) &MEd) B0, @D @0 &AM &&@W%m@ @cm@__)@omo HSan SBQJ O2IQY oga® @ dlgy. 0 AICMIRED G Hatolman Zom BD (@ )®200 0028210 1P 0 IO ) AIEIREEHbO 040500 GBS IS )gy. 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General Exercises Graduated and classified with suggestive Notes. Lt e AR A she Was To the Teacher. ning, 0 A careful teacher will be easily able to see if the notes first 1o Th appended to the following exercises have been honestly and intelligently used; all instances of abuse must be promptly cakes i W checked. In the lower classes it may be necessary to explain the difficult constructions, and suggest appropriate equivalents had nof for hard terms, as a preliminary step before the student is N made to work out an example: in the higher classes, from the Matriculation class upwards, such helps might with advantage be made few and far between. But whenever the teacher In | gives any notes, or makes any corrections in the translations without submitted by his students, he will not fail to take them fully are with into his confidence, and make them understand the rationale ¥ of the alterations and suggestions made. He will also please of a fy deal similarly with the notes and suggestions already given porters in the following pages as want of space prevented me from of stran doing so myself. king To the Students. The notes must be honestly used—that is, you are not to The have recourse to these before you have exhausted all your own resources, and before you use them, see that you tho- and siml roughly understand them. third-cls In some places full translations Qeformip are given, not that you may commit them to memory, but that they may serve you as specimens to be striven after, and estinay first-lgg models to be followed in working out the remaining portions of the same example. Nt 155 EXERCISE A 1 Narrative (simple and humourous) i Tit for Tat 0fes, A small New York girl, who was only seven years old, was tradging to school she was carrying her luncheon in a covered basket, when a schoolmate, a boy of vine, overtook her. He must have been in rather bad humour, for his very € notes first remark was: ‘Say, I wouldn’t carry my lunch in a fish basket any way’. He had his sandwiches and tly and The little miss turned and looked at him romyt] cakes in a tin box under his arm explain “Well,” she said quickly, ‘I wouldn’t carry mine in a bait-box;’ and the boy ivalent had nothing to say den 18 Note Tit for Tat ©&0S)lellaReOIS; say GMNodm any way a@)®0 Tom the @dejo or B@1dnLlo yantage 2. teacher In Russia a child ten years of age cannot go away from home to school slations without a passport. Nor can servants and peasants go away from where they o fully [} are without one. ration e A gentleman residing in Moscow or St. Pertersburg cannot receive the visif The p please of a friend who remains many hours without notifying it to the pelice. y porters of all houses are compelled to make retarns of the arrival and departure of strangers; and for every one of these passports a charge is made of some ne 110 kind 3. The Duke was ahead o 1ot b The Duke of Northumberland, in spite of his vast wealth, is very unaffected all you and simple in his life Whenever he travels on a railway, he usually takes a ho- third-class ticket to the indignation of the railway officials. One day they J H\Iﬂtlons determined to break him of this frugal habit nd they filled his compartment When the Duke arrived at his with chimney sweepers carrying bags of soot hat tha destination he took the sweepers to the booking office and bought them each a il and first-class ticket back again and put one in each first class carriage, sack and all 1)01'(101 unaffected Note. The Duke was ahead (g aflomyoe dom @san @RIV MS 1HHIDD i — 156 — 4. The quiet life. ‘By ] Prince, ‘ Happy thé man, whose wish and care fhat will A few paternal acres bound, 1 may ko Content to breathe his native air ‘The In his own ground; meeting, ‘Th Whose herds with milk, whose fields with bread, Whose flocks supply him with attire; ing’ the Yo Whose trees in summer yields him shade, In winter fire, ‘Ih ‘Pl Blest, who can unconcern’dly find 00D, 2 Hours, days, and years, slide soft away, ot fail In health of body, peace of mind, i Quiet by day. replied ] Sound sleep by night; study and ease ‘Th Together mix’d; sweet recreation, We And innocence, which most does please, ‘But With meditation. the wan head of Thus let me live, unseen, unknown; Thus unlamented let me die; it Steal from the world, and not a stone No Tell where I lie, A. Pope. 5. *Well, Hakim,’ inquired Mahomed in his usual abrupt style, ‘can you cure this Frangy girl ?’ ‘Yes,” answered Iskander firmly. ‘Now listen, Hakim,’ said Mahomed, ‘I must very shortly leave the city, and proceed into Epirus at the head of our troops, I have sworn two things Son and have sworn them by the holy stone, Ere the new moon, I will have the heart of Iduna and the head of Iskander.’ ¢0m peti The physician bowed. only xe ‘If you can so restore the health of this girl’, il continued Mahomed, ‘that she may attend me within ten days into Epirus, you el inf shall claim from my treasury what sum you like, and become physician to the seraglio, tiong What say you? of sqoeg ‘My hope and my belief is,” replied Iskander, ‘that within ten days she 1es§ wh may breathe the air of Epirus.’ t0 do 157 ‘By my father’s beard, you are a man after my own heart,’ exclaimed the Prince, ‘and since thou dealest in talismans, Hakim, can you give me a charm that will secure me a meeting with this Epirus rebel, withic the term, so that I may keep my oath. What say you? what say you?’ ‘There are such spells’ replied Iskander. ‘But mark, I can only secure the meeting, not the head.’ ‘But the meet- ‘That is my part,’ said Mahomed, with an arrogant sneer. ing, the meeting.’ Its virtaes are renowned.’ “You know the fountain of Kallista in Epirus. ‘I have heard of it.’ ‘Plunge your scimitar in its midnight waters thrice, on the eve of the new He will moon, and each time summon the enemy you would desire to meet. not fail you.’ ¢If you cure the captive, I will credit the legend, and keep the appointment,’ replied Mahomed thoughtfully. ‘] have engaged to do that,” replied the physician. “Well then, I shall redeem my pledge,’ said the Prince. ¢But mind’ said the physician, ‘while I engage to cure the lady and produce the warrior, I can secure your highness neither the heart of the one nor the head of the other.’ ¢’'Tis understood,’ said Mohamed. Note. You are a man after my own heart ag®abo D QOB a0 OEs 0@ B0k @em ol or Mo «gdles c1ger GeuItSlal. Since thou dealest in talismans aflem®s @ @QE0al 0@l WSS Charm aV)@LEWIUo. Within the term @RGS0 © OSG, a0 @b, He will not fail you @oQid QIEIIS)Es gy Tis ) you care understood a0, 6. o the city, ‘Whatever two things Some years ago a clever student was at omne of our colleges. | have the competitions were offered, his friends knew he could always come out first, if he The chief prize of his college was aboat to be contested. only exerted himself. He was specially ihis girl' He entered and had fally made up his mind to win. well informed on the subject of examination, and he knew that whatever ques- piras, JOU tions might be asked he would be able to answer. He was perfectly confident san fo the of success, but on the day of examination, he suddenly remembered some busi- ness which he had in town, and glancing at his watch saw he had ample time p dags She to do it and be back before the time fixed for the examination. He went, but \ 158 SAREE on the way back, he loitered and became quite oblivious to the flight of time by i si army—6 until coming to himself with a sudden start, he saw it was near the hour for the examination and he had yet a considerable distance to go. He hurried as English | ¢ fast as he could, and getting within the college gates, he was relieved to see On ¢ the Norn that the door was still open, bat just as he was making a rush for them and within twenty yards they shut with a bang. He was too late. The look of the Nory disappointment and chagrin that overspread that young man’s face was most Rood! 1 intense as he realized that for this year the coveted prize was snatched away English. from his hand and that through his own negligence, The It is so with those who when offered the gift of salvation freely, fritter praneing away the time until suddenly the doors of God’s mercy are shut. the bray 11 English Historical Narrative. rode ouf 1 Eadburh, the Daughter of Edward. This was Now when Eadburh, the daughter of king Edward and Eadgifu his lady, was The but three years old, it came into the king’s heart to prove the child whether showers she would dwell in the world or go out of the world to serve God. So be put When th on one side rings and bracelets and on the other side a chalice and a book of men and the Gospels. And the child was brought in the arms of her nurse, and King: Loy v Edward took her on his knees, and he said, ‘Now, my child, whether of these Dake Wi things wilt thou choose?” And the child turned away from the rings and seen, ang bracelets, and took in her hand the chalice and the book of the Gospels, Then As King Edward kissed his child and said, ‘Go whither God calleth thee; follow ed the I the spouse whom thou hast chosen; and thy mother and I will be happy if we portion have a child holier than ourselves.’ So Eadburh became a nun in the city of Winchester and served God with The [ with the fastings and prayers all the days of her life. like forg Freemaw's Old-English History. Engtish 2. The Battle of Senlac. oreat slg In the middle of the month of October, in the year 1066, the Normans and ‘Sl ks g, the English came front to front. 1Ay fa]] All night the armies lay encamped before each other, in a part of the country then called Senlac, now called Hastings, With the first dawn of day The they arose. Wild Oaty There, in the faint light, were the English on a hill; a wood behind them; in their midst the royal banner, representing a fighting warrior woven in and iy a gold thread, adorned with precious stones. Beneath the banner, as it rustled SP&ctaele, in the wind, stood King Harold on foot, with two of his remaining brothers — ——— 159 6 0f time by his side ; around them still and silent as the dead clustered the whole English houe fop army-—every soldier covered by his shield, and bearing in his hand the dreaded urried gg English battle-axe. ed to seg On an opposite hill, in three lines —archers, foot goldiers, horsemen—was hiem and the Norman force. Of a sudden, a great battle-ery ‘God help us!’ burst from e look of the Norman lines. The English answered with their own battle-cry, ‘God’s ¥as most Rood! Holy Rood!” The Normans then came sweeping down the hill to attack the 16 away English. There was one tall Norman knight who rode before the Norman army ou a y, fritter prancing horse, throwing up his heavy sword and catching it, and singing of the bravery of his countrymen. An English knight, who rode out from the English force to meet him, fell by this knight’s hand. Another English knight rode out, and he fell too. But then a third rode out and killed the Norman. This was in the beginning of the fight which soon raged everywhere. lady, was The English, keeping side by side in a great mass, cared no more for the | whether showers of Norman arrows than if they had been showers of Norman rain. When the Norman horsemen rode against them with their battle-axes, they cut S0 be put a book of men and horses down. The Normans gave way; the English pressed forward. nd King: A cry went forth among the Norman troops that Duke William was killed. e of these Duke William took of his helmet, in order that his face might be distinetly This gave them courage. rings ond seen, and rode along the lines before his men. s, Then As they turned again to face the English, some of the Norman horse divid- 8 follow ed the pursuing body of the English from the rest, and thus all that foremost Dy if we portion of the English army fell, fighting bravely. The main body still remaining firm, heedless of the Norman arrows, and God with with their battle-axes cutting down the crowds of horsemen when they rode up, like ferests of young trees, Duke William pretended to retreat. The eager History. English followed. The Norman army closed again and fell upon them with great slaughter. ¢Still,’ said-Duke William, ‘there are thousands of the English firm as pmans and Shoot upwards, Norman archers, that your arrows rocks around their king. may fall down upon their faces.’ it of the Through all the The sun rose high and sank, and the battle still raged. o of day In the red sunset wild October day, their clash and din resounded in the air. 00d behiﬂd and in the white moonlight, heaps upon heaps of dead men lay strewn, a-dreadful ¢ woveD in spectacle, all over the ground. Dickens. it yustled 3 prothers S —_— 160 3. Why King Ine/ forsook the World. King Ine once made him a feast to his lords and great men in one of his royal houses; and the house was hung with goodly curtains and the table was spread with vessels of gold and silver, and there were meats and drinks brought from all parts of the world, and Ine and his lords ate and drank and even merry. Now on the next day Ine set forth from that house to go unto another that he had, and thelburh his queen went with him., So men took down the curtains and carried off the goodly vessels and left the house bare and empty. Moreover Zthelburh the queen spake unto the steward who had the care of the house, saying, ‘When the king is gone, fill the house with rubbish and with the dung of cattle, and lay in the bed where the King slept a sow with her litter of pigs.’ So the steward did as the Queen bade him: so when Ine and the queen had gone forth about a mile from the house, the Queen said un- to Ine, ‘Turn back, my lord, to the house whence we have come, for it will be greatly to thy good to do so.’ So Ine hearkened to 'ghe voice of his wife and turned back unto the house. So he found all the curtains and goodly vessels gone, and the house full of rubbish and made foul with the dung of cattle, and a sow and her pigs lying in the bed where Ine and Zthelburh his Queen had slept. So Athelburh spake unto Ine, her husband, saying, ‘Seest thou, O King, how the pomp of this world passeth away? Where are now all the goodly things, the curtains, and the vessels, and the meats and drinks brought from all parts of the earth, wherewith thou and thy lords held your feast yesterday? How foul is now the house which bat yesterday was goodly and fit for a king! How foul a beast lieth in the bed where a King and a Queen slept only the last night! Are not all the things of this lifea breath, yea smoke, and a wind that passeth away? Are they not a river that runneth by, and no man seeth the water any more? Woe then to them that cling to the things of this life only. Seest thou not how our very flesh, which is nourished by these good things, shall pass away? And shall not we, who have more power and wealth than others, have worse punishment than others, if we cleave to the things of this life only? Have I not often bidden thee to think on these things? Thou growest old, and the time is short. Wilt thou not lay aside thy kingdom and all the things of this life, and go as a pilgrim to the threshold of the A postles in the great city of Rome, and there serve God the rest of the days that He shall give thee?’ So King Ine hearkened to the voice of Zthelburh his wife and he laid aside his kingdom and thelheard his kinsman reigned in his stead. So Ine and Zthelburh went to Rome to the threshold of the Apostles, and Gregory the Pope received them gladly. Freemaw's Old-English History. 161 4, The Battle pf the Baltic. ms of his Of Nelson and the North, the table Sing the glorious day’s renown, od drinks When to battle fierce came forth irank and All the might of Denmark’s crown, 0 g0 unto And her arms along the deep proudly shoue; men ook By each gun the lighted brand, 0036 bate In a bold determined hand, ho had tho And the Prince of all the land th rabbish Led them on. ) S0W with when Tne Like Leviathans afloat, Lay their bulwarks on the brine; 1 gaid un- ‘While the sigu of battle flew for if will of his wife On the lofty British line; and goodly It was ten of April morn by the chime; As they drifted on their path, he dang of There was silence deep as death, helburh his And the boldest held his breath ing, ‘Seest For a time. now all the ks broaght But the might of England flushed your fonst To anticipate the scene, odly and fit And her van the fleeter rushed (ueen slept O’er the deadly space between — smoke, 8ad “Hearts of Oak!” our captain cried; when each gun and 10 Al From its adamantine lips of this it Spread a death-shade round the ships, Like the hurricane eclipse g00d £hings, ealth than Of the sun. ings of this Again! again! again! hou gronest And the havoe did not slack, and aH the Till a feeble cheer the Dane ]osﬂ 5 0 the To our cheering sent us back;— o shall give Their shots along the deep slowly boom : — ﬂﬂd he Llid 1 §o Ine Then ceased — and all is wail, 1 As they strike the shattered sail, Gregofi the Or in conflagration pale Light the gloom. o Historye 11 — P — 162 Outspoke the victor then, As he hailed them o’er the wave ; ‘Ye are brothers! ye are men! 4 And we conquer but to save: clerkk So peace instead of death let us bring: elegal But yield, proud foe, thy fleet, somet] With the crews, at England’s feet, him 0 And make submission meet To our King.’ AN Then Denmark blessed our chief, That he gave her wounds repose ; And the sounds of joy and grief - From her pecple wildly rose, As death withdrew its shades from the day; While the Sun looked smiling bright, O’er a wide and woeful sight, Where the fires of funeral light Died away. Campbell. 111 Personal Sketch. 1. The Indian barber. In India, as you know, every caste has its own ‘points’ and you can dis- tinguish a barber as easily as a Dhobie or a Dorking hen. He is a sleek, fair- complexioned man, dressed in white with an ample red turban, somewhat oval in shape, like a sugared almond. He wears large gold ear-rings in the upper part of his ears, and has a sort of false stomach which at a distance gives him an aldermanic figure, but proves on nearer view, to be made of leather, and to Twa have many compartments, filled with razors, scissors, soap, brush, comb, mirror, deeply fy tweezers, ear-picks, and other instruments of a more or less surgical character; 86056 ang for he is indeed, a surgeon, and especially an aurist and narist. .When he age, and takes a Hindu head into his charge, he does not confine himself to chin or scalp, aud gf b but renovates it all over, The happy patient enjoys the operation sitting proud- 1eang of | ly in a public place. ‘When a barber devotes himself to European heads he rises the proyg in the social scale. Eha fGSiraint! 1 Note. Every caste has its own points ag)gQyo €208 ) @90 B0 BN AldM death oy smead go5g. Gives him an aldermanic figure @0QgH:ROAO W{ly, AS OO @ mRiss olesan. Renovates it all over @Y ale.ayao pOiSm \\’as Rises in the social secale adley &@awn ®a100) ©aISlg jossan, she tolg ¢ 6)a100103 ). bey Impo Sk —_— 163 2. TFrancois Coppie. A tall thin youth with a refined appearance, shy eyes, something of the clerk about him in his slim but new and well-brushed suit, but with a certain elegance, nevertheless, in his interior, an ironical charm in his humour, and something indescribably gentle and melancholy in his whole personality that makes him noticeable, and almost compels one to look at him Note. Here is the whole translation &) (8 logy DI(@ @6 1@ ) ®PRUEIQIQ0 21622 (@)E0BS 0 P6%E. o JOdBRe YOV IEWIT GSIWMYo 288 ®aHdO Qg0 B1BHIEBDH c@MITTE SHEMOBPAD CQIAIGNNTONS AS 1AILOMS; 180 @REZ00E Jan EPANQY ta )2 &@ afluo p_mgﬂ@o o @ B e M@} QI0Rd gy Jcera)-ocszﬂ aJOQD b@aomﬂ% S0ENIBD) DIW og@T0 .aflal Awle:EeMer) @mebo wleimem o lano g cg)a Gl mth &® alleteeailuS)wow o jmeEnmd ipbell SErNAamn Q}gm’)&ﬂa@cmmmmﬂ @MOAN SN | Bed6road @) (RIS o ok lGean @0 af), EQVBLERIW B@ Ao AVVZ) QYo M BEAM QYo BPEZ0 @ 1O b0 (erg‘ﬁ;gﬂoasqy@g @@m’\eﬂ@m 1 ool i O Jejo HOEMIADENG. leok, fair- )Wh‘l OVA! he upper 3. Anna Zwanziger, the champion poisoner \ gives him oy, dnd 10 Zwanziger was of small stature, thin deformed, her swallow meagre face b, mirror deeply furrowed by passion as well as by age Mock sengibility and weak moral oharacter sense and an undoubted taste for dissipation led her into an evil course at an early Then e age, and lieft her at fifty reduced to the greatest poverty, homeless, friendless m or Scalpi and at her wit’s end to live. It was then that she adopted poisoning as a ing p[ Olld means of livelihood, as a profession Her attachment to poison was based upon the proud consciousness that it gave ber the power to break through every gs he 1108 restraint, to attain every object, to zratify every inclination, she could deal out Eha death or sickness as she pleased, torture all who offended her or stood in her 00 Bl ~a,9{35)06’> way. As time went on she became an expert toxicologist mixing and giving poison was her constant occupation When sentenced to capital punishment o™ she told the judge that her death was fortunate for mankind as it would have mig po been impossible for her to discontinue her trade of poisonin 117 — 164 — 4, Mr. Asquith, M. P. ! witho Mr, Asquith is popular with his colleagues. They are fall of respect and indep admiration for his powers, They are never weary of praising his grasp of public questions, his industry, and his knowledge. Whatever he touches he body | masters. During the last session of (he late Parliament he had two measures miles, outfit on his shoulders of exceptional weight and complexity. I mean the Welsh handk Disestablishment Bill and the Factory Bill. He had every detail of each at his fingers’ ends. His speeches show the same care as his departmental and travel bu ar legislative work. His defects, however, to outsiders, are no less conspicuous for at than his merits. He is a lawyer, and has not yet quite overcome the tendencies . manu| that a legal training, with all its advantages, creates in the ablest of men. His speech, for instance, on the Welsh Disestablishment Bill was a masterpiece the lo of detail, of clear explicit statement; buat it wanted breadth, it lacked the by the weakn historic sense, it was as cold as it was lucid; it was lawyerlike and narrow in It was characteristic of the man, He has impressed the country plicity its range. with his ability. He has never touched its heart nor fired its imagination. Windo Whether he can do so is another matter. He is of the men whose faith in frunks, ‘While his Parliament outreaches their love or their understanding of liberty. & Japan administration of the Home Office has been firm and enlightened, his treatment of public questions has lacked everything that eudears a leader to his followers, N or rouses the self-reliance of his country-men. Whether such a man by sheer intellect will conquer the constituencies is a grave gquestion, and one I should answer in the negative, if I did not remember that Mr. Asquith is still young and resolutely ambitious of a name. James Annand in the New Review. Note. Powers sny@U0)wo@a). Grasp of public questions ®aioge3mnaliles WAL @og’ym&@ @a(ﬂgﬂoaa@@ cmo@asigo. ‘Whatever he touches he masters @PGZa00 o SIYOHBH (0)BAUUS BV EPODY Thi BHQYo cruc%g';;@mﬂ Wad@O® WGy, At his fingers’ ends moaNeabo maigead. It was as cold as it was lucid g aflwezod) Dulsatioy the dag A og)HBJo EIQIRAVERD BRI @@ Wi s)gy. He has im- 18y by j pressed the country with his ability @b qv@GOMINEMAD ©0E3)0 those o]0 BoNIRY, Hg|5OBTI5eg; He has never touched its heart nor of & Syt fired its imagination @ m»QIHO EOEZa00 BMMIHS 2MGYIOM heing' Sep 21 g 828:3@) EP0a0TBOHS o @ eflg ee®:e®o 6.010y Yoo Sﬂve:‘eign gy, Is another matter @ilos or @ &g oo @R Gen.alleente ~ i““'Sih]e | ®)gy. inates (31 (} 165 5. The Japanese }\Workman. The Japanese man of the people — the skilled labourer able to underbit ect aud without effort any western artizan in the same line of industry — remains happily independent of both shoemakers and tailors., His feet are good to look at, his o1as) of ches he body is healthy, and his heart is free. If he desires to travel a thousand His whole Neasures miles, he can get ready for his journey in less than flve minutes. e Welsh outfit need not cost seventy-five cents ; and all his baggage can be put into a handkerchief, On ten dollars he can travel for a year without work, or he can each at ntal and travel as a pilgrim. You may reply any savage can do the same thing. Yes, Spicnous but any civilized man cannot; and the Japanese has been a highly civilized man endencies for at least a thousand years. Hence his present capacity to threaten western manufacturers. of men. Ability to live without furniture, without impediments with the least possible amount of neat clothing shows more than the advantage held asterpiece by the Japanese race in the struggle of life; it shows the real character of some acked the nartow in weakness in our own civilisation. It forces reflection upon the useless malti- je country plicity of our daily wants. We must have meat and bread and butter ; glass windows and fire ‘agina‘rion. ’ hats, white shirts and woollen underwear ; boots and shoes; trunks, bags and boxes, bedsteads, mattresses, sheets and blankets ; all of which > faith in a Japanese can do without, and is really better off without. While his eatmentof The Forinightly Review. With- followers, N ote‘. The Japanese man of the people &g o3 19e) aigEMeEE . out effort o) @o@avm. Remains independent of qLeOI®O SO p by sheer ®® ete, You may reply etc. @M@ CLAWo @YIHMailg|oad 0 I Should @af), Some weakness etc. MEROS a1 )0V kg aflal M)m gill young OHNSB . It forces reflection upon o@(’]’ﬂﬁ@é)[)a_ﬂ:gé BaI08HMNE Q] j Revie: @ao. Can do without and is better off without @gJ0H® (\'ﬂcgmﬁ) 8909200 PIODL) D eX SN @em @RUSI@o wemo. @gmm/\\ﬂ 1v Description. o touches L The Sun. This flaming star is the heart of the universe, vivifying everything with its ﬁngefﬁ' ands pulsations. Of all those lights that gravitate in the immensity of heavens, ! Suead) the dazzling splendour of the sun first captivates the attention. Yet great as o hes e may be its apparent size, and vivid as may be its light, it is still only one in those myriads of stars which form the Milky Way. But, for us it is the centre gnan 0% of a system, or a family of globes, of which it was the cradle, aud which after 5 heart 107 being separated from it, revolve eternally round their common parent. Like a : @mgﬁ%m sovereign seated on his shining throne, it sits in the centre of its satellites; its a ﬂ%ﬁam: invisible power upholds them in space, directs their regulated course and dissem- inates everywhere movement and life. Ll P 166 Note. 0. Vivifying everything with its pulsations @ombo @oyyeaImag to OS EREMTMITD AVQYal@I.alEEBRhd BMRIYIOM QIO IQYo (i O&IME Immensity of heavens @ma190200 )@ )osan @ySoweall dat olafleb. Milky way guav@ogzo Satellites 9 a1ae0Edb Dissemi- had nate everywhere movement and life qUQj@alcINOTOYo &y f013 ©aB1oVYo ajjoailg{lalo. Ital 2. The Moon. m This sole and faithful satellite of the earth, formed by a fragment detached T N othe from it, now cold and wan, rolled round us, when it began, a red blazing sphere, som mod; vomiting torrents of fire from its whole surface. Whilst ‘gravitation was S0mé regulating its form and path, the moon in the course of thousands of years gradually exhausted its fires to show us at last its pale and silvery face, the sad Pari laminary of our nights, the splendid nocturnal mirror, which reflects to us pale the g and cold, the divergent rays of the sun. Note. Vomiting torrents of fire from its whole surface @@ OO ajeg BINOB B a0 SeWo @MU IR 1IGHS o.:eﬂ__%o. Divergent rays Q@ 1Ramesdk., 3. The Stars. All round the sun, disseminated in immensity, the stars majestically lend life to the vault of heaven. Their splendour, the dazzling spectacle which they It display to our eyes, fill the soul with a seuse of humility and nothingness. is in the valley of the glowing Thebais, never wetted by a drop of water, that we might yield ourselves to such contemplation, One enjoys there nights which are eternally serene and under their magnificent dome, the stars, those immortal The flowers of heaven, raise the spirit of man from the visible to the invisible. heavens relate the glory of God. Pouchet. Note. Disseminated in immensity all round the sun (ng'yémbo 210Q0 aVosY, 0afleSImemg o) aVQE a0y @:eng. Flowers of I heaven @@ 0&:MyREBR, QM JTymesd. From the visible to and ho, the invisible gc‘g@moﬁa(mﬂaﬁm‘ﬂm mgg@mo&m’)%m@a, aogel and o In the 4 BR10& o1 J@ba Jam mﬁaa@mo&rmﬂemm. * The heavens relate the glory of God ®QILL@MLAI HHBAIRZOMINOD Golod |Bs0. fuged, School of 4, A Roman Reverie. Commpyj Only a fanatical partial patriotism would deny to Italy the pround privi- absolutel; lege of having most enriched the world with what the world values most. tamly hil Neither Spain, nor France, nor Germany, nor even England, can boast to have the g grafted civilisation on conquest so successfully and s}o widely as Rome, Religion, e 167A — Ry Science, Art, Literature, Law, all have to trace their fertilizing streams back ol to Italy, and nothing is more astonishing than the persistent vitality of Italian Civilisation. Italians have had their period of despondency, and even degra- o] ) Dissemis dation —what nation has not? But for nigh on three thousand years Italy has Yo Q%J had its architects, its sculptors, its soldiers, its law-givers, its poets, its naviga- tors, its searchers of the stars, its rulers of men. To every educated person, Italy is the old country; to every filial mind Rome, is the alma genefrixz. Only in Rome can we trace the majestic pageant of the centuries, following each t detached other, now with elate, now with faltering footstep, but "always contribﬁting ng spherg, something to the onward, if at times devious, march of man. Hence while and when fation was modes of civilisation elsewhere come and pass, Rome remains ; some other conception of society shall have created other Londons, and other s of years Parises, Rome will still be foster-nurse of the poet, the home of the arch®ologist, oe, the sad f0-us pale the goal of the artist, the bourn of the pilgrim, and the sanctuary of the saint. Alfred Austin. Nate. Only a fanatical partial patriotism etc. al@malomo 0312 ELZM20 b0 oyd &SN QWO @MWRIEIY ]G BN TVIGBLRIMRMEIUS &:d Dirergent 20@ e © 8 o o o s s @ . agRER @ocga_:eoﬂ @@o%m%m’)m%o sasEaOR andlenwyeg. Grafted civilisation on conquest eﬂ%)a @BOMS @S] MINABISOTBRYo avaWlg {)oil@)esam ogan. Now with elate, now with faltering footstep ete. gﬂe.l@&loc)o (agblelo@blesd! fially lend CovINS BIWOWINYo, .aflaig jodhd cmouacoﬂi% @ 6 ) oo 61 Yo which they VD@ BHHEE QI og)H))eJ0 @ )B9ejo B2 BSOS 9 0BV Jguess. It water, that ORI @PMEGLIZ0®] QIgI@o AIBOIND® W RATIIS)gy; aiDHdm ights which 2i)ai1Gg |99 PIOE QUG NG IWINYER BIR@BID GUTE QMR ag) an QiMdo. s fnmortal isible, The v Miscellaneous. ichels 1. Neptune’s Cup. o 200 I can understand the bee building her cell; I can understand her foresight Flowers of and how a work can be arranged where all workmen can see, communicate with, e visible 0 and comprehend each other; but I admit that all seems to me incomprehensible o168, (5% in the architectural work of Neptune’s Cup. My mind is overwhelmed and con- i l‘elﬂfe the fused. This magnificent construction is the noblest challenge one can offer the T school of materialism. Do the physico-chemical sciences explain how these Polypi communicate with each other so as to finish their common habitation, for ii is absolutely necessary that all should be governed by one dormant idea? Cer- uoﬂﬂd pri\'i' tainly not. There is nothing but utter feebleness in the presumptuous theories, 18 Joes 10 have the audacity of which now-a-days alone makes them successful. joast 10 F. A. Pouchet in the <Universe’. ;. Belig 168 Note Neptune’s cup GaOmMEIWMo, QIMOMAH:So Begin—eoad) maini 218d comd wasgmEo. . - @0, a@M18s Wadlgjomd & &) and | QJeng. 2@ MM AIBENAG:So o) aIOQYAN L8 )gy AVOLOM @Y%) ; 11008 been o AUIy® @S Medmlaj «gai)es afleeesgan ot @OAN qLZADT 1O, oy This magnificent construétion ete. @ millio 200ODIW O3)ZRA6Mo 219Q110& 2 6) O @r@@;@maﬂ% 60 N 0D QISR go@mgﬂmﬁ aB00QJ0 AUV AIBAC QDI Polypi by th &) The audacity of which ete eI e epul)d of the (@Yoo MOINWIAT D SmdLio BN (0JeRILINL|SAYQIINGES upro oMo, able v 1pon 2. Animal Metamorphosis which Born in one shape, the insect dies in another, and the metamorphoses which true h it undergoes are the most important portion of its life, and the most extraor- dinary phenomenon in Physiolo fiames Organisms, fanctions, all things change; the eVery ugly caterpiller is transformed into a butterfly gleaming with azare and gold, and 10C0ne if this butterfily were restricted t6 the fresh leaves of which it devoured such 1mes | quantities in its youth, it would die of inanition; it requires a more delicate attaine nourishment now that it has become adorned w1th its brilliant wmgb and only lives upon the nectar of flowers. The dragon-fly, when it appears in its last dress, assumes different habits. It has passed all its life beneath the water in the condition of an ignoble larva soiled with mud and filth, but now the time has come it aspires to soar into the Na air., Having mounted some plant or other, it attaches its aquatic garment to show ¢ it and unfolds the brilliant iridescent wings of gauze which bear it away. The and see metamorphosis is so radical, and its new wants so imperious, that if we attempt 1nstinet to detain the insect a single moment longer in its ancient element, it will perish 0 the ¢ on the spot. It has lived till now in the shade and in stagnant water hence- bOndS { forth it can only breathe the pure air and live in the glowing light condit “The Universe.”’ each o Note Animal metamorphosis &aY(E@ IO OBRD Caterpillar P e"ed \a“ Nectar of flowers @& ©a=0. When it appears in its last dress etc. Of Qlinpl‘ fami] 70 Mo o0 B852eN0E YYD NOW HOB:OI0EE S AV Qiajo 20318g|odam Aquatic garment e yeml@ii@an best 0Bl ©EE GBa0T @O ICOAmD Dgo Ol Iridescent ey propa ot Brilliant GoeRoawrow, QL6M O b (@)& 0w legam Besg, an buzgey 3. The Sun’s acivity 10 Inygpt We cannot wonder that the source of so vast a supply of heat should be of the I the scene of tremendous processes of disturbance The furnace, whose fires that Diy 169 —Gom) maintain the life of the solar system, is not merely glowing with intense light 0 &) and heat, but is in a state of fierce turmoil. The most tremendous conflagra- B! tions ever witnessed upon our earth — great fires, by which whole cities have ™ amind. been desfroyed — serve to suggest something of what is going on upon the sun, 6ft, @9 only all the processes of such catastrophes must be supposed to be intensified a BIYELID million-fold. As in great fires there is a constant roar and tumult produced Polyi by the rush of air-currents which the fire itself has generated, so in every part | @l of the sun, on every square yard of that enormous surface, the most hideous 00588 uproar must prevail as cyclonic storms, bred by solar fires, rush with inconceiv- In the most tremendous storms known able velocity over the flaming surface. upon earth, the wind does not travel a hundred miles per hour and the winds which rage amidst the flames of a conflagration are of slow motion compared with )%es Which true hurricanes ; but the cyclonic storms which stir the fiery breath of the solar t extraor- flames career often with inconceivable velocity of more than a hundred miles in ange; the every second of time. And the flames themseives are on a scale altogether gold, and inconceivable by us. A considerable proportion attain a height exceeding ten ured sueh times the diameter of our earth; and some have been observed which have o delicate attained twice that height. , and only Proctor’s Expanse of Heavens. nt habifs, 4, Self-sacrifice, Nature’s Law. oble larva ar into the Natural History, Archeology, and Biology, all combine their testimony to show the error of that view which denies to Nature any moral lesson or tendency garment f0 8y The and sees in evolution simply a cruel and selfish struggle. The sympathetic e attempt instinet and moral necessity that man feels belong to no artificial world opposed to the great order of the universe. yill perish They are rooted deep in those same natural bonds and sacred unities which, wherever red bleod flows in the veins, have or; hence- conditioned the very continuance of the species on the faithful discharge by jverse.” each generation of their duty to others besides themselves. The more single- llar o eyed selfishness is, the more likely it is to starve itself to death. It is a matter t dress 0iCs of simple scientific observation, that the preponderance of selfishness among a The pdy (VIS0 family or a people and the decay of that family or people go together. best of social fertilisers then are affection and sympathy. Virtue has a self- ]mﬁ’.’)}ﬂﬂ propagating power, Self-sacrifice emptying the soul of the dregs of gelfish- ssent ) ness, and filling it with the living water of the Eternal spirit, makes harvest burgeon and ripen, wherever its irrigating stream spreads abroad. Morality is no invention of priests, statesmen, or philosophers. It is an irresistible growth ¢ ghould b? of the human heart, the fairest blossom, the age-long victory and product of that Divine Life of the Universe that has ever moved onward from chaos to hose fireé L 170 P cosmos, from carnal to spiritual, The lustrous march is no drama of red-toothed ol e carnage, but patient ascent through successive plains of wider and more Tongh intimate co-operation. ¢ hav an hoo Note. The great order of the universe (ajaiemadloado deommow &laf). having To starve itself to death Gasvwemdlgpoom muslgead. Self- q propagating power QU108 )OS @EOIN o_\@'mgﬂocra@@ @oay). The lustrous you ha Dregs of selfishness avsmoem)eUl@is:meg | . march is no drama ete. @0 EYWIREOW 1@ a0 MR of) ‘C SeR® (e ladloaumonigy ete, ~ disputs Al 5. The New World. ‘B Members of Parliament, their freedom of judgment, divided and their duty to their constituents. B\ Certainly gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a represent- ‘0 ative to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most ) unreserved communication with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have il great weight with him; their opinions, high respect; their business, unremitted an opin attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, do you to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interests to his P own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, ja( he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he ‘FG does not derive from your pleasure; no, nor from the law and constitution. They Y are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. N Your representative owes you mot his industry only, but his judgment; and he Th betrays instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion. client, Burke. ‘DC Note. The heading —oanoaveem o, EPAIGER @E ) JoWAV 1@ Jack R QY 0o, ajoaNaSI&dds @ELL 6.2ERMEDo. His duty to Oy sacrifice ® GaiBA 1@ TR MIEM . A trust from Providence &®80lo geaim a¥leld)s @@ qUiome . Ber Betrays, instead of serving ing prof you oflomdss Mo eag @y oloeeg 8Bal) B Woem QYMND. Wi bim, g, 6. The Farmer and the Lawyer. dags’ an One day a farmer named Bernard, having finished his business at the ("['0 market-town, found some hoars of leisure at his disposal, and resolved to employ wonld them in consulting a lawyer. He had often heard of Mr. Longhead as a man to-mopy of the highest reputation; and, enquiring the address, he went to his house. The Having found his way into his presence, after numerous other clients had depart- thing 154 edstoothed ed, he was asked to téke a seat and state his business. ‘The fact is, Mr. and more Longhead,’ said the farmer, turning his hat round and round in his hand, ‘I have heard so much of your wisdom that, finding myself in town, and with 0w ), an hour or two at my disposal, I thought I could not spend them better than by b, Self- having an opinion from you.’ B (o, f am obliged by your confidence, my friend,’ said the lawyer; ‘no doubt e lutrons you have some case going on in thescourts of law?’ el ‘Case! I hold all cases in horror; and never has Bernard had a word of dispute with any one.’ ‘Then it is a division of a family property ?’ ‘Excuse me, sir; our family, living as we do all together, hgve never divided our inheritance,’ ‘Some contract of sale or purchase, then, is what yOu want.’ represent: ¢Oh, no — not at all!’ 1 the most “What, then, can you want with me?’ said the lawyer, much surprised. ht fo have ‘Why, Sir’y said Bernard, with a broad grin, ‘I have told you; I want nnremitted an opinion — my money is ready, of course — for I wish to profit by being in town, i tisfactions, do you see?” Mr. Longhead smiled, took a pen, and asked the farmer his name. eats £0 bis ‘Peter Bernard’, he replied, glad at being at last undersfood. conscience ‘Your age?’ , Thes he ‘Forty years or thereabouts.’ ion, They “Your profession ?’ mswerable. ‘My profession! you mean what I do? Oh, I am a farmer.’ nt; ond b The lawyer wrote two lines, folded the paper, and gave it to his strange client. Burke. ‘Done already ?’ cried Bernard. ‘Well, to be sure — before one can say ﬁo@m)-lm ¢Jack Robinson.’ ‘What is to pay, learned Sir?’ lis dufy 0 ‘One guinea.’ jcp 99BQI Bernard paid gladly, made his bow, and went away much pleased at hav- | of servin%‘ ing profited by the opportunity. 0l @S When he reached home, it was four o’clock. The journey had fatigued him, and he entered the house resolved to rest. His hay had been cut for some dayg, and was now dry; and a lad came to ask, if it should be carried in. ‘To-night!’ said the farmer’s wife, who had now joined her husband, ‘it s b 100 would be a sin to go to work again so late, when the work can be done as well 4o empley to-morrow.’ d as 8 048 ) his house. The lad said that the wcather might change, and that the carts and every- i depert thing were ready; but the farmer’s wife would not hear of it. e e 172 Bernard listened to the two, and was at a loss how to decide, Whep all of asudden he recalled the lawyer’s note. [ ‘A moment,’ he cried, ‘I have an opinion. I had it of a famous man, and Mo 8 it cost me a guinea. It will get us out of all difficulties. Wife, you can N g5 read — here it is; what does it say?’ A0 The wife took the paper and read these two lines: ‘Peter Bernard, never 45\ put off till to-morrow, what you can do to-day.’ o) ‘Here you have it,” cried the farmer delighted. ‘Come, look sharp; out ERO with the carts, the lads and the lasses and let us bring in the hay.’ Y 0el @ Note, Found some hours of leisure at his disposal &0 0} AVAWo @oabo Ll N0 Gadal HalalaIblg PMEOMEMD &3, Enquiring the 0 B address alodean &)os @OBM i) o). Could not spend them better than etc. a3lmeg g d@ @& (E)IWo 8106013 lyan@s b ﬂﬂbgr] | £a18®HU3 BN @IET © OBB0 o) ete. Broad grin Qi) ad) 2190y o 10621 A Ig ain@oez. Done already? @ngy &¥lauy@u? Was at a loss how to decide a@mosrﬁ’ CQIMBHMID ©f).slWods A moment @ogi0 QIEOS. There you d &bwinm @@W%. have it @R G&glegy? Come, look sharp @@ GQIUABS. Out with ajoeg{Sos. EXERCISE B. 1. Narratives Simple and Humorous. 1. amaund &@m wWae:eabo Evsencd H.alam @ aElom Q1060 ‘@REREN! oM ide @YQRAIAV LR IWIW] MEy BAfsEMo @AM b B @81 alAdn0o,’ ‘@0, @RORIOMEWI? @YAQu’, ag)a® 2106y, EPQR0AVo @R OO 80 0 (@ )BH0M0 PRI DIV HISQD. @™o ailom @eabo BIPORM OBBRIG BOS EBAOMQYo @GSINGITME &@ aellw 2al @5 ‘DOdSE’ aga I0EEDEg J0dd ‘N MENB LI GS) B «gODO ®LeICD[ ailS)ay ®alojab 690b og)SE900’ ag)am QQ,Q.&SW 1060y, Note. @oegean! Sir. 6000d & @e1 ayadnoo Ishall carry a mountain. 2@obo @eIesm ailS).oeaieied if you will all put it on my head. . ©e© BeroewmaansTwan oe fm oo ¥ qLAL I COFO(TE) 0V LWHUL O W[ LD wygyno® @R ELIS©@ PefF| P F@ic@ogo%c oW PRIt wriTeE(rofde operwgse| o FF o cotBorv (Moo @.oﬂae . wy|ses(g@ro® wegcrs wirv PGE POCCOIAD ALTOUL@RE W eOV©N) e%% oD WS ALPOUWS@PW LW BB o@eae@ (0 awpewsedEw me e se|woass oen@wes S oforocsran om ofo {Worverero@ ofpmweoce I o Qs QU QWSO @@ cBe BY @D ProQ UM PVl Leess (IO (Lwcess Yeowe awd (@ So moce .mo.wrC.\Cm@ 0890QCLLIDLME BPrIOCrug WYLLND ow_Gcherﬁ@oﬂc 0@CNCT AD P28 @ @ir A e m&areoﬂq.rﬂo AP OUB@ERW ®O@fv sepw ewewSEmIWReYd o @0 €tEue AL @O (30NN TUD roowfv Beuwme(giravec @e ‘@pieeSey oforiw qrow Efo *E00pUT nod 2191 PRI o wcswlos eoofversm o ‘g1 cef o COLY ‘€ eroglus| (0 [f0 ‘BT © D@ irugluot@® sRra U0 (S@o plowh wyy i fElsiv woroee wess eBrote Gesorv awde aER(YWERE t© LR o, ﬂ%c.cmo@rm»o@q oS (Seced .mﬁfme.q.@ aw®o %%r@cd aw(v®° uwwe®o, OQeQ or ‘apro(seSpBeame roae Swiwe Buve(miwrvy oot TErote @ (et @® .Qc@rm.%oﬁsmnr@cd W eTapbr o SEI®E NS WO consy(@roe, olerroet) fecwew® *Gavorv awe wee sy oo ‘eeaw, o ¢ die (f8zam ‘ocop BLro awbe qersy|wrow sebw iuwde, ‘Gusorv prooe an®o Besrugo Gaerues S© BEws W, -mmrmo.a@ aw®e owssed( B(ro Prupir e Se 10841 wefFroanto) oo Qip 090 B WO W, ‘ScBroaw [F( B0 @ oew ‘ouw®e wosetr TR cmirvee @otse(sw ooy G ofg(w®e 1 tof ¢ Goo(voe (Seced Buw([T 8w (0me ThSUR OPEDed IR oD B ‘g e W ‘AL W @ (Seiwy e BBivero o Coozoaw R(E 0O [ 30112 ey L 174 NG IS INIMIB 2T IO D, 00110 @ngaos S M) OWENIEMIEOY @IS )& D MRD a2l lanoa e Sy SO Ad ool S 0emeeng gsailofldlesan smoa 08lo? SN V1B QIMI0 B o)) ®.010e)S Inoab: — Qe s &M OW C20d )21® ERJoARIGMALd qgg"mc ®@MOOS BLN0QH)BINS NI s f DOmm APlYeS Galemaaesdss. Do ammm@mmmom@ma&ﬂmm@ )] g S)SO2MMER a10mDE s Dorlo SISV &@&o@mom@m@mogﬂmon{) oﬂmom’\moa_\amasmoé“ua@mgo @(TUG(OE aneflaLnamsgo quoed).oflSImond, O ¢ TVANHAON 2B QYo NOHO NG (URRAB0 ol %23 6) 2) (MDY 010 @Q@@Ocﬁfﬂ(ﬂ)ﬂb @®HANIYo Q0o QY S M) OWOH90E JeogEatommond @adoemieiab. Gomins ajlammaiialde @R, %o_nrzﬂmoswésyeso ? &‘Qému'.’” BI®IZ 010.0188Q0 BHS o) 83l | M2y AN aAVEIEa0BRAQI0 0 10603)S INoad: — o003 ) B@9.010029.03@ ) 2f1S)noad D6156d Qe @od aid)alee:o 1o cmEe o MY MO OSITEQID OB GRIBeS: |ab @0 ) SM)HHdz BRI EORIAD (g, QYEEL Blajaitdo 9.01Q BWEYOW @n@@% IRLERICEM Qlald)219M@D O&HMS 20010y BEMHE® &M OV Wad.aflsain mgz0 SN QIOHMNAAAVo s Wo. B ®IE al @) Do, Wﬂ@m i Note. aJ0mgy] In the town of Yappur there lived a respectable Brahmin. M an ool Qi) 8)a9o®am in such and such a place, §®2.00020.01@ ) of1S Inoab ce)sﬁ%w. played the part of a spy. D9 aflayq 4, COY2IMI¥ 0. @mnlﬁsf}@ 500 o) B@ WY RIBOR CINOSEMINS & HeBIZlO® Baodlwlman. Note, em €)aiMo ERYGIwALAW) BM® @S @ )g)ed @ avaLEEslMb @ o) 2)en Gmm@ailad aIYaReg OGIOB OB I@IMIY] Galt@&MME M9 OHalH)S) mcﬂm@. @OIMBo EVQIMNS BSANIW) a10AR G ); mo ol aiwe @ 1aMITh ag®INMO 10} INIQ AUWIYPW P )Be0; EOEOINE M@ Id B Ao ®2300fl00 ©SEEa W] HB:IFEMEMOZM WI@WW).o| EOOEIOM OalQy. 8RB MOMO &g e 10em s )HMm Bog QBOO docsc‘mm@'\%. 16 @M @o0b L ol by 175 — @O IOMN BYIVIE)010ch OO PImIalmIdnR@o @o@oq@o&ﬂ@;go 20Q88 BANOBMEBZo (RSB0 ERGIMILYER Mo @R AT 100d DSAICIO® oAl N NOW @aaﬂ%@mo@zm@o@o@ @ob2s@o alloseslal @i @anleseamo anele? @ogy @ @ )om m%o_@as'raﬂ @003 1BRAJTRIGAN aIPORHB O )65 )en ReR UOENIDH BMo H.alY @IMWo E&ile) BEINMOSD BSIO® AV@0 &lesid Qaylomge ailayswogimecoyo (@jcaile; mpallesmmp @ean g omeeaaw Sgila) @O0 98 imaleieeam ailgl.o) ©e)ene M@E0.1W. “@o 200BYDS OME] Mg 9aSlg{le Ao myesila g aemo. g @)a0 01g) ) OBRMWYo E39drio QIAD Gai®Id AFlOHdo el HAIS ess Qo.” ®eilolia)@ro @raldd En@lom m%m@aﬁcﬂ @6asm alellw &@ @901 o) an. afloan &M UMW 0 J8eIS RO 310y, EPUQYOS OAVIEE)ajo Slodadgo A 10D, @Y HILIOT T &M GBADTD BT B aVg| OO OGO INEE al0SEmIId @O0 allao aflew agaflem@a al @)o) @osoB@lejo ayoailo). ogay aflen 2gp) ollolsoy, g, cupa, af) Qo @00 lOm @pdIw ). OBI0QY IE3) OB (BYCEJ%(ZQ:Qé aeflw o ool BOINS «gLPAUNORYo CS] QDS ). avswled el smmoailab @ra)w RYEMEBOS AgR).ol. “epa’) eeelled neres (0083 O 1@ EEIN S G0 YO 82@10j © MRS W oy; QUIABRNSOOON Balopal waflos agpypme Mo M@ E20e) Myaiofldlenneaa’ alosmy. “aganich @0 a1 SMMIZ®IN) @YE O @058 HAM” @O0 AQYI8Weg B.a1E) o). Q@ecﬁﬁﬂm@osrﬁ’ ROMA0 QIR IOMDD CHS IR @0 QRL M@ @Al EREOM MILDBINEHE)GESINS oMo 0.1, YW @D @an 2SOHm zro’W% aflsm. MO SHB agRIcAITo @F)e) ©IROA0 QO SERIOAAD 0106wy, gialle) OOM BRIV |5ADNMIT) MO OB atmliPo OSITBAANGINENAR IOy E@DDIOHMHO HPAD FEIEOEHMD. @810 EOOFM DY AEOBIOM aflE20H U HAo| GYDI ESSHIDVROIW). Bl mos O31OM A )BCMmIdd @G G IvallwIw & @ﬂ&cm meabo aéad s, aJOTm08s |dB oy, EPQaidd Q) aVMo HBHITZo Ealo HSHITNZo om) lang 1o (m 2@): Qilm@00119bo a1Wo ©))aR LIODGHS W0 og)aD 9Qlp) B® alPo oAV ) _nj‘.ﬂmm ‘9,5"]5%. @08 ad @OAD o IROWILMZER OB 12w FIBDHYo QETH g0 Qilaio MIEYHPOSs alEID LEQ o_mﬂ@uaooﬁ:%. avay Dlalerpledbio) @03]95)@ WMo 941y SOV HSIIVSE SR aga alB)mai) o019 SO0 ®HM0 HGLTDOAD. EYELI0.01)E9I0 T WIN®IMT0 §.21Q@B® ag)dD VIR0, Note. el @D(T)CTDCTD(OEZ{,BU lake Mansurwar; 2B @ME) BLOIR6EE) mango- b oad] stone; og@o put forth bunches of flowers; @gﬂ‘rﬂoﬂ(ﬂm@ set the AR g i 3! young fruits; R@a)p@® the fruits matured and ripened; )Qﬂﬂb ML‘W SYOY PRMEINGa wrenched off its neck; o m) flang 2o ®Q ) g L0 2@ Q.0 became weary of life; aidloaila) repented; 321001 1920O@ @WIH®IAN0 H.AYDMOHDMD TV the moral is: ““Do o 93% uﬂ&i’ﬂm‘ nothing without consideration.” 7 5. INBHAVE) 2g)®INI®B 18] (B&H2 o 2@ Yes QNI AYOIHLILAD IBBBIUO QUGS alwejo ajailQo B $Sailth Haigre @S)ee?q o oo 00D 850 Q_J(Zﬂo_me_ﬂ_% gaﬂmoﬁvoeﬂodﬂ mmmma&@o@@’aﬂwm@ @) WEWIDS @mled @as) @seyj0 &M o) A0dAN@ BB AHOOIAD GAIEMO ag)am _oﬂnbﬂj% @eabo aj@em Qﬂ@ﬂ% agomiloisailownmo ® ol EFHE 60 B ©10) ) aJ@gedo BMods) aUE cromqa:ﬂ% @o®g) S.alQoaily: _cc@m‘] SofoplFesy ma@ogjo 03B @SS MO @083;B000 ag)»dO _QAZEﬂ(O’bO’ﬂ(TTO Sles) dfleabo ayzefled ajeow) watleach emod Qiyd) 2 1dgjomd @oafl SR, @) Ve EPEAVAS) o MOMOEME)Es al0ERINGH IV 0 cﬁﬂ%o @YHWIT ME@ aell® Paidhive ) agmi)es H.EYEMHAID soad W@Mog 3.a)8 8" g a10swY. alfloan o @b eo msmba Q10de @88 @850 aga M @ailay A0E2D) 2y 000 @I @amouﬂ% oucsnmo&ﬂ% Q1060 DO ANIDH — “ageabo (@l amem, ®ogg) a108IMo ag)Bg |92 o) ag)8g|99) P8 1ajo o_ﬂmo(m% ZS']%@O.JDQJDQ@ ag)Bg_Joo 2my @009 )b ®Qigf 018l )$00RE8 G BMSDNSITE WVWERLINVM &g aflwd)ay SR @D mmeummmg%mfﬂm @R 1 @ces)gj]@f‘(bo MS&meMo. oOIVMy o) oMo amcmcgmow@xmocsgo @@mgoe@a@_ @wamu% @DAIOH® ’mCB(TO)O'ﬁiﬂgzi ajo 0081903 )18j0 OB IBBoBe Qo) 20w enialo 2 S8 0@ «gBMIAD e afGuowomh 8RB8OS BINOGY OO Weyan 092010 su_ugyoam @DAUDMOS S’ )b OQUBR 2R] IR 1O Beis al@o Sagiam %%Qg@g &$0)028@ aga i) .QJO(Cﬂ;QéOS)cﬁ)OC)Dﬁ). a1 @ AaNoo aldl0ajdydo Note. @QYOINLIIAN IRBBOe Qigeds) levied one-sixth part of the pro- duce as tax a0 ASHOM o 2 leahe ol my son, never be idle thinking that it is easy to rule, but give your whole mind to it; or, my son, never suppose that the task of governing is a light one and be tempted to be idle ete. a8 it B@BRI®OHS gy IVO« O Pajan especially never do anything to wound the feelings of the poor; remember their tears are not mere water but sharp axes that cut to the root of the kingly authority 6. ©I220006YND (NoGhNe_10, gmm@@ommmﬁ%u@wo@g HW a0 2(¢P)RIVWIT e @ m %4 OSOAVEY @ANSS o @b roay oA B 1 g D00 DMNS o @b BOMRO 4y @ ©@ alloan aydl@ooretd aismemad ) ™ oy L@ Qe ML) BIOEIHM RO Dmmy : 177 WE@IMO afleeals aNwld)@ JOraL V@0 ZSS2AN FEL O m@oggo.xonb dlalan aflgjo EAUOASAD o 0dglS o a0y OOp|0 2S 1QIH B ®IABDABEI (Do 1] @Omm SIS0 0 18@»M GMOMY QIGANIT i ) m50d DISSHWHID.aIY ©ogy sy aab _“Q%V"?\!r aSlRLICYP0 ajds dFlejo QllaWT OE oNaoglm IRLIREAIa 10 @&lo ASAs 510t ]mﬁ g QIAD MRENINQD (0 )ZEIQMRETRHS A0 OSIMSTd WA ARl @oealaiab om s ®.01aNOBA0AY B9 B S0 O&ISATS b b0 QN alameznmeado zadlro (@joailoe OO@@osido algg 12))g13 HAVOS mmﬁ% |2 o) ©Y1915QD el gdlasad {) oy aSl001a10a00j0 ©.21Q Zes @Oado saVIBEM@IG0 aflaiate ®¥)o{ly gmm (), @I 20ROTD QAUAT HSAY OF SV ©o3QIRIBOM B lia)o ac\zﬂi}éscﬂ) eoﬁqgj‘“géo )N (]} i VISR Mo ajd@sSab af)m®o aQVado agailay 01aV)o) mag oM. - @%m% 80 MIYER BLOLOAYDW gm ol OWIM LY, 0EIBRa e €oaflay HNBAIDOH T ZSE IMNID OHECHW | ;(rgam. 99&0la) t5leiad ajoegls GmMEm of the pro- (@yaile) OILZG) aSlamavea@mId] sor be idle BoorIM@mMa Gauad @aosrLaab. ad t0 it; 0fy &y seMe VI aW)do ®es wbd. , light one Note. s v 4 o 6 s s 0 @ M09 Zmﬂ\:’ ¥ Begin———ln the most beautiful palace of Oudh in were four princes R Rama born of queen Kausallia, ete. 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B BMISoO IS @mHaN at a glance; 260 08 the very first sight allg@lédo contortions of @I Wi el Doyl So0mMeMESgy you know English 8005 )0{ 1B ) Ene @ ’uﬂ(m o & &¥)o|@s)@o how I managed to suppress my laughter 9 0O B50 :%m T’Jg myeu@olgy had not a sound sleep ®aiSlaioeny chatted away a,m gusﬂﬂ the time @ )OmT Rem WIS &S at about 11 ai0s) 0 zamlw"”” oildlesano &g @sg) peman was disturbed in my sleep by the loud laughter of MZss @YE) 0 EPOE qvere20Wlgy I did @ @O &M that wretch [o S 1] Qmﬂm*? not at first approve of it o @2 alo the poor thing. mMZds W leeitee1nw) I became highly atl Tor rap(®e@e Wi ® CowiS|e cwewsfFrre tesBmm oquede B pre (58 ofbee|euiroeee Fo@cz anfSE(@oro of(sSrovy WiRE (@ QroSes Cow fF(sime awasckod @60 serEgse(p Wo(F(m(W queFBlawece (@00 qUoen SIWPTOULER(Q® (@ DT B O Sun SOB rooe (gwse (wiw [F(B(o roy ogemew opcFBrsoe @uw momo Wb U 250 (50 ool queas B e moswoim(Sroe se(wbe BeBew Froce PEFs mEws @iw mETE @@ wiFsumre TvSuw queas ¥ w St Govre weSaw 0B OO (e e ofToo Wr&c@ 069VY OPE(ELY|W (Fuw e BB ofg| B QO %0susfP| YO VR (LT @O Hrd a@(o (s w(Be o 0o Pewrcooes ocwiBoro ‘apéwouns|e @eusfifv GEL ote Borwe we 0ed Foe * SUUERPIO© (L@ @0 WO ety e (o Cavee(eoe (© (B @ECe wo(o wWwo® oS SEQrou pefd e -EP(UWCY AFIE(UDER|WY EP(W® oE(gr mezuwimf Vv @ooe SEiv(eaw OO s PULEPCWD fFroces wewrotswoe (ewo Mwez @ @EeRID) oee Prooves ‘avte(E([F(5reo SPs® (VLY w(roo® (R0 QUL FEIPO(ULE A @Y Be E8fv ofoaw S BBroO ofto| U@ & ®PY@TENY([O ©T® *ALIPCUDLW 8&8@8 I ‘S BuseR® V@ )| [TlUe el Swe Qe TS BQR 00® (@A ULErLY QLAY peFBemozmeans Mwan cepc@®e k¢ *019 SOYSE [IIM IOAO [1¥ DPOJ0A0D SBM QWBIy J[INQ-UIY} [[83 SIH -orje0se {0y v jowW *270) ‘8,08 PELTUSES @0 DT © oBOfv seaen FEr(en avte( (TS (¢ BIE@© S@PBER (v MOITE WV R vme e BBPBW 08P fwo Vwln e oes® o |eworEguR *Sug e WE(FO Loweap e weesw Seceweross T fFofbap Sucee oEFBe QS@( o wowten T faorecw ‘ofe| 0 B seooweBtwY|gon SO(ESE avbe WEPYOY (O ‘ofD(SH@ ULBEULID TR0 ‘ofwise Ve @aus (W ot 80 toBoile cus(orv G s ‘ofstews(Bft ‘fbmlomeo EEEHE ‘odavEs Troe (5o (merw®) frero (movocedBan @R ‘ofv @?A@e@ owc@wogom@o@ fFlom (BBh&vs cmean@e oooe (mIW@mnEep®@ N .F/Co@?c e ‘1 upgby It 0 G o *S91Y0403S |PU0SAT D e@ U JySnouo pry jou nok aAmvy (Fro ‘gropwvod £y3a04 LW ‘[[OM * 030 WDITVY ‘UYCELUOM LD Coce 0188 oy} M%. §5010 I9AQU PINOYS anfée(sere queFse Teswe(sro - pepour e 081 AR —— 181 L Cross “agBSo, @ «g@ &00120) B0 (R0 8.0108) 5100 9 OO A0 W HQIAD readers, 9Ql0ll5?” «gan allommEo &HO DIk ®EWINS 8.0108 ) o). 0o ¢ag ofid) a0 B9 DO ) @a_)og’ﬁgﬂrzﬂ%. @IgHS ZeIAQ 69 agﬁﬁﬂ, SIS . p@MEganpe &ailglemebd oys) ('go 6)(1’1')'0@0(3)0 o ez, a0\ %mosrﬁ’. o D60, g0 FRIAYEMISH | ERAIZo ladlenay @oioee) &ap aild).al. ag@amogo afld) ai@atoa). Note. enioeljo a3lO6TD NG Q) )&dd two young women. Al Oy HaIgE J@ VA jo LOJ@J.;@ @B MaNIGyMR were repairing some garments. <) augl M@Z@W@@@Gﬁgomﬂ@m had silver borders or fringes and embroi- (BYOOJ@&S a0 Q\ETT%avgro, dery. amag’\g’?aﬂ% burst into fits of laughter. ‘i 20RO (V) TV (@) UMM BOW Blalo @ofles EALANEIAD BB IGaa aflpse seemed to reprove her laughing nature. oNosasam ) Bl o0 eaaw ete. was feeding with vood a fire over which eto. sooab aus) aflwd) flou- 1@)\'{]3\’2‘3\ eNA @ B01W)ah &Ooy shrilly barked. S n_;O;‘JQa rished my stick. 0@®S9, @mond ete. ‘Sir’, I said with offended dignity, ‘how long is it ete.’ Qlalaino) Galee &M afld).a) oveted all made a wild grimace at me. 3. B oomualaiad. 00 608 @mm@@@'\am% 28a0w0b AU _LE2SETEI Q1M 21O mia{lo0e ) pUEE S @O mmg’g&;mg‘gwrﬂmnﬁ o@ oflged) afldwmasmossmo. ) == \ 8ADZs) MeRP@ @S wow)) 1o R 1o @d) o a1@ 2o gos o001y ansm)aem)@aidd oflel)@es o) o0 Q0 a0 a1d )My & e S 2m ). . el @RS )& D (PoRIBEEMAIZIW] ) g 6103 BROODIW )T &HIRITD ag)(@ BBMIBEDO. agorh 60 SEICOITd MNEY B:QODFEG0 9 @;5}@3?9\940 QI IBOmITd @E30U0 HAIIANEIWIEO0 ym. 60 QMY (U Llo .aldalo Qo ®UEMW 121 JIN RS IDM WELYI. g 6002} S lod asgd)olanas@elo flial Aﬂ .’3’\; S a1 e @& L1RRIWET 607 gsed) 0% BSHQOTI 0JSUYSAD mzmﬁﬁoﬂb DBISHWSOH TV CHIAIHAFOD qagp® BHEERIZIT) Hod&E |aIOBLO , L 5] NEP gled wodlo ZSHR HBHITG mﬂo% — 182 PR No 022131 WOmMI® Oa®:aflec gyaiab allos @zo@ﬁmczﬂ%oﬂ@mﬁ. Slesmo @@émﬁ. Note. U@ IORHEDRIT QM .alEMO®) assumed at once the disguise of a hunter ; or Metamorphosed himself into a hunter. BWwzs) m g1 ®maigS)@ow) his matted locks transformed themselves into ordinary hair, EDHOMICIT HRIOAIE 2BMossmo the whole proceedings appeared highly entertaining. 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Description. flom from I, (BYOU)(Y\(& O@Q)o. 2 TOQY WD ACAIEMYBIrUp, @ 1980 I _ITD Voo momo@mcma@_\qvchsmo_ﬂrmo MNIMNIAIEN 1S MIESTHITED) |2BMNa0 0 SO T NN IS BEIADWa Jano MNARMNAVZIMAZMNAZBIMNING) 0 7les)! MAEMEAIBWLM) @smul lomaasalo. ERJaia ) (0 QIPO200REFM 1&g o AQUEZRAB0 0 NG QoY BaS)E 3B aVos) ©)2J9898 R EFM20BIBI WPO MEY aV0aY) QITY@8 BTN lgyo@QigRo 6023010808 B18MIg BN @ ERJaDBBEDOMAM20D .a10p|d0D SHIMNOEANIQ0. mods@emo &glglog. Note. Beg‘in———FilIed with rare trees and piants, fruits and flowers of all seasons, inhabited by all kinds of animals, resounding with ete. B ieidetanle . . .this spot is, in the opinion of etc, N. B. The whole to be translated as a single sentence. 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Q08300 & 16DIM 2} SmIIABM) OF o) ) 0 @51 B0 aenilgweasg wd) aglesm. | oflgome VeI SISO R0 ) 0y @98 1) ) a0 a160i 2] 2o GaiSaE805am. m@aﬂﬂ OIWAROMABe (@ LM (@)8IBQIM (0o B0 220 miemMISam iy, mﬂlg:ﬂﬁ' 2 QU @o AVHRHMNAIMN AV D) &) 2 A WA E2OM) MEISHOGPHan. 2aD0E0 WU AIDO. i goonetl ) HOIER0 Note. EDUREMNISAM.2)EMBVISo With his companions and his elder e brother. ®Qi2o a bower. QJ@O.KT)@@ Mg OHHNVM a0 o ool p1ocd etc. bewitched by the floral beauty of the wild scenery, | apsiaen began to play upon his flute. POWEBHE a1@D) a0 Sl \gaam A engo ete. the winged beetle Sported about from flower to flower, a9 049 humming joyfual tunes. (N. B. The true English style would require Bee instead of Beetle). 04(‘[8&10. The last two lines:—and rivers flowed on (deep and clear) like the minds nf, pRIoCESs of the virtuous. dlgen il 4. B0 UIOMNIE_JIIMAO® 210N dEIaHNMNO, Qo il B iS00 len aemeya alfleegflanoaje @oS)OSTEISeR BaIBM W0 @RLMIS) oaah 1 &HBOBMMo B @ 63190 B® QIKAD cig@sladlan. mMaRd EMF®E @ d O BpEEg 10 @aogmgamegﬂoam @03Za00 PIENGBIBOS )@ IDQ 6).01a10 @lan @ (@)oo MSoa0 D@ Imo B 1IDAIQYSR LEENBONIG @S) au060y: — @%szago“]g;’ DG @Y SB0IHDO ‘e, oem@’\m)%eﬂowma@, 0@, GRIEIW MITROZE SN mwlgflesan@ilan moad 'pmgm, 8, — 188 s 21001588, @RI 100aVMMEE, @ JVONHLISAD @, Gardl®ss, ollead d allgeimsn, mid @YOHrLes mlom_n%zoqv e @OIYeR? ogdlw @ @algy 94y Wlellow (@eailaame 6@ geallwgews mob? ag)BIMIS HOS m’)cgnaa(oo& MoERhd: alodm IGEIBMo &M@ MINS 8 )ejo @gglodlcd adleecan? mloedes HTVNLIW OO RSl Neeana laniw) mallos aian «gean @9 aflwo @RITVMN @D |3 IR EHIBREM afls)g aeflollvol eaigldled megancilan @imemo «g®mbo HAVVERYSO QIpIEWo? 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BB ®to cﬁ)OGYrﬂé):\ @ 1eoEog. «g)gg|oriled aflg anaimg) M &S lal ab, ° W2 @ wan QOB 19bo @Gale EPEIEY WOV an %oﬂgamcw & mlade EPE @0 AWibailojiwiw @&l RI@MNS Z(TB&)S'OB@@ Q._.ﬂg;(’ﬂ'a QH?AIIMNOo QQJ% @0QIOHQ DI @@g(m@mroo a@@slom @aied wonElmasgiy) oflpansal @dEy®re aPoEao @a008010Y0 ogS)S ERMWRMIW 03 )Ed Bau D BaINERYe M loadI LM )@d aan ogg) agQag0I) ao_tgﬂgzﬂg(m@@mmo m%mgc'ns @) Hom HAg e (Yﬂ%é&(]’h QA aImnNIw _Q_\@Ql.‘.})(m Moo 63&}10%,@3(1705*@ 6eoad @00.@6‘0’)0’)06\611’7 )b manly avo) o BREEIOM OAQYRPO® ®Y @Sy & ISeean e oW cod Hd:SMOL.” DOBIHM (@)D HAWeHBens aemey Sl 8@ )ad Mom&ﬂ%@momﬂ @@O(’Omﬁﬁﬂ(l Vo, Note Do ogdndo 8500.130QS R AS A corzﬂ%m&mc)ooﬂnb consider this as the smoke from my burning resentment W) @ wWan @ oo labailan ete, as, when an angry lion hurls down from the highest summit of an elevated mountain, huge elephants one after another, having split open their brains and sucked out their life-blood, they roll down mutilated in a hundred form, so shall I hurl you down — every one of the nine, who are so proud 80 conceited and so haughty — out of your throne assureas I ama Brahmin And I shall never tie up this tuft of hair again before accomplishing this feat —— —— 189 Qlews WID). ! g0lw | u._ &utogﬁagacoozg&uoooaﬁo@bo Aaconmerdo 0y gmnh? @00 a0y 3Qo Qad 0O BB NF@OM QYo 6219 HAW Q2eOIORER(D nolmiw) o T DILBIGEI0 BMOIEH | O&O@mﬂ_m hon0808M QU@ 1PIOBIMUOE |Ra Y@= ah VB0 @RI PME aIdB M RO QI RV BRIV &G OIS0 o YeBSab @3N OB L) TE(QIIU 90 ) 2yl 9159 a8 1S IBWIVEIND PSwJuma 102065 aNWeowamm0 afloah sessd =) @aadImo MSaM ©Seos InNsad 9 NP0 HOMMO AT AISH MBS 2Blgm? 2o I8 @3@5@3%80@59@@@3 deleld N S (@B OB 1921 O 195 |g BaN IS Qamemsd &sesad oba%@gnonﬁmgqao% wg%aw %w E&E@@ﬁuﬁ@&@ﬁﬁao@ﬁb&o lo B8 16851 @ B9 e gy 13 o Sevs lwo@h w 60dlQ @o8lo, MAILIQI0 MHRAIAIEDBSB 0 %%350 aOVoRIo MAVIAIQJ0 O IAMIAREIRIQ 0 o QWoBQ) aamgQé@adao o3lelo aaelnwae JMOnI mq_m@.o QUL Qo @@a@oa@% puglold o4 o a1 VAo &.almi o ©aimido QeI Bo.@lmonﬁmgw@o No&aQw@prmo i s QJaONWMIS @lRoa Gasmgo é@a 9 aNem eu@:aemsd o@mmodg agmquo @ U _1OINEIVAI0 ha) wﬂg@&&mm\o 0y W) TOAMELIBS GaJIEd VP e0Qio aflg) QYo BB © a1 GaBgo fleb const 3.0105)@ a1d))@s0 ayweilqyemango v&kﬁp M@Bq @0 1A o5 Qo aNOang|@)e Qo , huels dovl A JOODLIEND ) &DPILIER0AITRS0 oo eleplants 20300 ER MG TIEMULUEMETRS 0 d umo_,& ouf @@Quauoomiwm.o @owﬁd/ U.Lod;.\w@o AQY)e?) 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Note. mceﬁn@@oggmqmejm'\m’}@@cr'm@ QameERd &egsamd allmpo) oD1S)noad ete. trees which clove the clouds excited his admiration, Hundreds of thousands, millions, billions nor even millions of millions will not adequately represent their number, $HI0QRI@0 H2Y) BRIB00I™ BMOAL ete. were driven off like chaff by the mere re-action of the air caused by the rotation of his mighty club. BRO (M@ IW2RMaIQ|@o ete. the high and extensive range of Gandha Madana mountains rose before him. Not one or two, bat a hundred thousand peaks rose proudly up to the starry heights; in the torrents which where resplendant with the glare of endless gems, fishes and crocodiles sported about; in the caves ete. 2 ] ofg| UL EVBIAY OfF( LIUDUGUEDW b7} "QUOWPE Suo@ ‘QUIGY UDEW (UNUWITBPITPW i) o0& W pucroroes & ([Brofe e (Frs n 0800 FCULY ,%@@c 08¢ B g TorY Gpfo B0 Bewdrobes woim(FHiSes © BuvFws Gavs B scroscroe pewes 0@UDA|fO (PP EcruE @Broe Wewmwe D oflpse(@rv @(@(UNELIOE Gus| Ve eawEero Wv OQC\C@WFmeQICG TP YH(QQLUDOTY Q@ FPrv ) ofOruCrE(fo s PV @ BawuniB ) e 0TE O OvE P EFRM B e rvmunro ofoawcE(ro@rterve v (Tvweromuscro of DAL CIF( FOFO| TUWECN @ Q @TOMUSCI 008 Be @ trd pow(aws® EIFs(ro ow(ws® [Fove cewove F(s(ro oD (S|P LMOESH) 086LY@ WYL ouwg e socromusre ofgcfF| poe cog| @G ogocglfoNUASCi© p? *o[qeprwaoj A[[eor po300| siejuny piA R R R D A Y R ] U0OWl JUI0S9I0 Y O}I[ U9l pue ‘IoMOp-00ys a3 se paa sv ‘sode ‘smosav puae smoq Sorperm swav njromod J187} ‘soyoejsnw pue spaveq ‘arey Kumey a0y atglcmmmm ‘9]0 AT QWD OTROY 0@ L (@5 (fecro ofgwcwem| & SweTe 0BewrotafE(f0 w BB fu e To0 oBawsowdoe ©cEByi| QLT Q@MY WOV ORRBCY| SIS ofoeus|rvofee 8@ vsrauwy oforovcEwerEte BB VY QIERI9 QD WO E eI m&m@ﬂerﬁe@@ogm@eﬁ@ PETRDErVE WEEPRTE oWRYY BOEWSQY 0L SOQICRQ RSP PR BBORPD Luos@©orsTnsasds ofoo|en EErvy cofdrowemyee pefiro @eossro a@_oﬂc@?@@ace@ OBEW@ WY LEUOW eréeeﬂc?‘@ oBewoe ofro @ Bewew F(rwro Foeney otven|g oftv|stw & rwwrme ‘o ProdeSee g G61 193 e r31a3).0100R105 820103 1) TVoLeWEBADo D OAE0 a1060y @D ABTABMD &HYPSoDS) aV@1R0 QB2 GRUMI QYD) DSBpYIG a0 |s BAVMIMIVWHEMIF0 S Uahj @SOBIO® BN ®o SJammaéaangQEMJ@o ©)e aiano 65 1QYo 2o HAITD HAIS Yo HMBO WO gad e dlarabe @y MEn2Iw, a& %Yo GaQloERIMMBQILDIBRIIBRIBI Eldadgo an@lWlayeasg g &) adlgan EPEIVEAWo A IRANEAJ0 BOYD ail@ao ayos BTV e 2QaaD 1@ IRBIZ 0Q AV |BBE G AD PIETBD EmMIQPIMADg 18 allswamn WAWAIOMMUT) @380 E2BQIaB0 eimpan@laniad aflevzumomsiemyes HIBQIT A SHTEREMPTD) WSO aches, thele 6) 2)Q (T2 mw)%w ®ODO HN.ADM) HREAD .98y . red s the 99@99@%, Hend @MHS HHAIBQITITH PR the 9@@9@&&@. @03 CAITR N O BnRJI28g J9d0 @ILOMNO o JLOIERRBMIS §.0) Y28 ad 2] 0MIB®INQ YLOIAOLIRIW), @6 Eg |90 Dgnavodleiw slg &lay)omyoBsg b Rlon ®REESANISIMIND EMNEo &lgn @amaeaid)eflsimond wmsmeab Hgnoaumuileandled 00D galo @10 BaD AR S )00613 R eI obmmwo,a @200 o) BaIWSEE e BT EM @EMSD HOHBBM@o o JBHH®ANT & a3 ey oo leang Has@ailegyajo EQUJ.E@@? B 0N QAIRINE WX g JPINDI® IS0 Sgna108ren) eoeg )b P.Qb& 9@0993%&. MEMIIR EMZIGDISE 123 g J9OM Dl &voaﬂsa@@w&SL@&m@@@? 0@ BHS QB 1Bg oMY BBaOE R0 Qiam @Yo ailean manaw a6} @SR Imoab. QIREM QY208 aO@)MGoED aog oo 20Q 61T BRAY VIHZRIREM BREMA0 0036 Qo) £ 1021020618 o @a«ggsmu_oa«b 8wy QIMayo Q05) 0N g (RIDI0 13 e —— 194 8oof).a) qgBa.flatnd) gymeagyo ol @AM 01 ET IBeilman a®imyoad o) 00 @DBHMBEM aJodg|s 20EIMId EREEINS myale BamemAad)es ol lom@esarileganiwy pl8ln Lo AMEM IR0 6).01aT g eniE BM@D, 2p o @ o0y lego aflmmoses 6.2)p4@aM M0 GJ(M%Q HEd @.UAGBNVSOB DD 01900 QBMEMOIBIIMIN VR0 &IEMLETYRAIWOMY D No o eatlamEalo 0y Mg LeEeMo ayes)S)moab: Q09 09 AlosMuQID, AIOmNI, ald a0d oﬂ@mgﬂeg%o 210201200 QMBI aitad )R BAIMNEO?. aIGINAR2DTAMNIE0 BHH5BaIID O 01RO MINN@O BaS)8EMB0 IO AN SRS, M@ ol )EImoNIBo 2WMIEMR SR mzma@m@o@@m@wo meylslmond, B0 M @ o, 0Jis Note. aMWAId W ete. the majesty of Gandava with which Arjuna 0_105]’3‘.9. stood armed, the ravages of the conflagration, the mingled cries of 24@o 6 beasts, birds and reptiles as they were consumed by the flames. . Qeelomy &mgo a full account of all these was carried to Indra, whose eyes became blood-shot with rage at their recital, and quickly mounting his o0 & elephant, and brandishing his sword, he started for the forest 0% 6 accompanied by his general and the heavenly cohorts and terrific 200w 0§ @y storm clouds, saying, ‘‘see, I shall annihilate the god of fire before your very eyes etec.” ol 9s 6100Jmo fellaig 1v Miscellaneous. é)):?ﬂg o) { Qﬂ(@owmo LG SNIBD (@)oo, 83M ogq 2k B PRIWIZBELOOD RMITDAJOOAAN alSeMOB)Eh o @)eedn myzeiad, Gmons g mpailemaa cgan ooz 10} Bod 01PEBLAD @a10w) @OMOLINE0 QUM 00 2o BOEM HAMR m’?ma(ﬂ%. 20BoI@mooMd E@Y@Ive Q1RO «gSAVO @06 9%313 Bl QISAY GHIW MO &.oldn. mgead @eabo WMeO@IE Al da 1o Smume) o 9ol UBOHE WMo cruauoc-ﬂ;%. myaflewaisad moabo aietenmd gyaind o, : aflat@ods O8SeY qVal ITRDBHS QYo G .o ea'ooo_ﬂe_mmccxﬂ% ML QWTSJ. g ST0IOS @O RSBmO @SS S.aim Eaae lalavqyom) &)y m\ﬂ]a(m § mpgeind meabo eweomeEs Galraisad oﬂmoaﬂ% BQ)TBHE OWR0 BSH R 20th @@ | goS Gam ®»80d) MAilewm@nmeys @<S)O@ME Balidemisd aId)endh UDST"UQ m'g B @S iad OQlo) BaymEaz A0 @D o_n’)s’)%n_xo’)% @010qQ 8 61D, @m}(li@)\‘gm <€1 CLODLMALD st ‘Froe SusceeEIb 0gLE(OceE BT o EroE oQE@ HiI¢ fFmawsces Beawwmoawfdfvan wwsus @(O@rE(fT oebrasmae?enc ﬁ%raa © e @ ?@,@ TEPE PEBWITA VOB @ F(rerevsaw 0eBro Swp B® W frime c%@ EQTOEQIGVT ® oo EgceefT mfo fFmeo (wiwos @oo® avbwes & mu Wt Fmon o@y srewpee mieeGodw moiBwewiw @ero 4 .%Cwoﬁ oy oz (70 . %Eo& @a%u ¢ s g Br (0 @eBEws(WD R Tee PRIV PED®E oeog [ W0 By Bewovocwg(w oe SFCBTE cwie @mEMed oz (fotub(L @(ELaLS B g1obGED 8mi® oD@ oVE® @B ADORTE °NIMIOD WS se(me® foces o omhaﬁeﬂ coGwserv,, *@reorv 0wEE WE(EWE WESE ofs(@be i uwn| @us oD v oo EBBemwancan 6@ (@D .m.wrmsq@ AL ELOPETWAR OOV T SECRWY iyl ooey Suwe owdBrow otnsh Thwan wBomweiws abo® o@Sroe i@ QIroe qQUEBYITY fFroe @MW EREESTE Gesoro aw@e avie (@(FOUWe (memfice sPem o m&;@@@&&@@r@ Pocegeoooe fnusero Sue BODEIEOMOQIRYTY (@O ‘(morop EFBeofo (mowsBFTe coce O (Re QO EWErvY SO AUD m%o@Gmerd_dooberS MOUADCeNEICY OO U | SR (OUD UWEER 0YID(fO UMD ESE PER(W TSR E(EIrvgSust@® aw(f0 aly Jo pa 0E30Q) UL(UNTE BOBWWSIVO BE,, :Gosoro woEw® W%r@@c QO °5ueY appaie) U8 ¢ EwesSro fF(Bo dweernws e wielORP® sty ‘v @D 0] 83 40 opoo Froegl Fow ofclus ofdsh mecrve @ Q| BEw @S0 S s fupyunov U@ se(roee Gasorv (srude focescw aw@e occow(Sce QU@ qo §059 08 OWEET ‘e VE,, < FSluwance aveemso se(wbe @uwee + o o 8oe© o@cp quovcro cuwesD cawvsw BP0 EBDOY Wi oo Gl J0seld polé ofg@rov ofocw ‘ofOBrwes QUOLCYID oY(@RE oAty &LV wlEwe o@rco wanfiy 7 OMCOPAD PRI Wt © «Govorv of (0 @i EBLUWIr R, 0O W[ B0 SCWRTTYR® 0QDM(E WV (PP(PPBSTD Cnc@cdommoeac@ﬂf%o_d T (atoereleire 5@«8 (¢ *10130NIJSOP [|B WOIJ 094F ST oSporMouy Jo [I[BOM 9T} O[IYM SSO] 0} [quI[ 94¥ SPYOLL JBY} SMOYS sTe ‘010 WCfF( Qe (fo ©® *puoLdy STy 03 d00d pewingal AR "geem AWOTE PESUD OPEO(EOADD OO secews G e “2J0AT 1[e o 9s0q ou3 eSpermouy owemfD) wewmRoaw owane B(ro wo@8ufvocrv oo D me o ‘(@O BQE o Bewro oSrw aw|eewmtBo oW e ap(EEIRABWM @E (YT (D @w@ oo otwwecrvg [F(rosd Tow ooy aeBe quie robiw oese (e ©I (CUOCTVLQUDL @ fF | wsce oreng(roelEro oo (@irve e o0 @ (5000 [Bporv APEWsMoD QIrE(0 @Y (W foimie P [owene?d @@ P OrLYEID RO (QOTFE(S(SO §(meoceg (Yo KWIDQE UDE(IT — e G61 196 IR0 Halgdo GO BNISS |WBg 9dd mo._sgﬁ]mao ®eIgSIQo &6z @l laadbo EVROH AN TN AT @218 ) o). BIVASMD RIDMI® GRAISIQYo a 10N aF).mam S QB O @ﬁ;on_ﬂp% “a_msmé;)momn,;‘ MOZA M ()0 BRIZIT )21a) e adbo SHIEMNATD 1" og)am0 QI0sOY BRAWHM rmsl% @8 g | Yom8s). @ E)HAN DMUMo ASHS)QIAN PSHM PIIQY OO0 BIYHD QJ@L% 9 MW @OAIRD SR SIYo (BToo"leﬂ:%, ERW)s wmis on)an @cwocgjrrb @yd? ogam G.ald Sh’;gé. 06m) momﬂ:% @e1mow ad)an. S L0 MR d), Note. Begin—The queen of the Pandyan king one day addressed him as follows: ‘It does not seem right that a minister who +- .« should receive. ......m@)o65 DO M)o@o 6D @5 lo> o0 very well! I shall show you the jastice of 9 0 s s o ..o eabo @O®00 o@? tell me the meaning of this, QO BH5sMD D b oflan epaiealls @aaim a spirit which rose out of the saorie ficial fire. QJ6mM) o613 )0 @m@o%ﬁmﬁm the queen bent down her head in shame. 8. (wlBsaimeno. Note 8.1 MMQYEMINZ OMIIG S5 MYa2eMD, 8 8O SR eiwo W) )m)ewal m@0 an©) 6)6)0_!636‘300 BUWNBHRBMISsmO, oamﬂmog’winnm@@’}mﬁ MIIUS B OS 2l0@anemisailmaemlaiemegy MICIREMMUSIAIIIVo &ong QPIR)e RIS lowisma e 219, &8enodly @oglsanna 636{)'00_3@0 AJ@ B IBMAQITA Vo, o)AV a_1060pLO M ®HOgERA) RABOMMMBEMIT VAo ogcramaasﬂmﬁ MM IS oS ) ,600_5) RV ARVAVNLIZIY Q). Wolaniny @0 1CRBH TS EMIBEAN Do Mmﬁ'@@Sq @) | LWAMAIUS) &6z @ S6E) 09 g SN SOINIS 120ZWOHEE m’gi%on M2 )1V Geng o) , <M CBQ.OZCTOZO(T)UDQ)’Q_/_]@ Shong Houg g EaVIAAVRIMAT I ()& &ong WAL M g MAIREBOENIR 11D 1B D@0 HO o — 197 —— Do ayres)oErvsatmo amg lmg 0@ |0 IB B BOERMNE) T B96Z 2|0 aMYEZAM 20O YRYH DG g B8 MU EAVAIGD &G DA @0 M08z e® allGueenimh &g g Galo CAMAVAIMNET)B)So HOE 2T NEB IANDRLIS D g ) @78 0MQallGado & ressed him e daI8R2101)e10qo &g a0 pRIRSa S HG ., .Shonld QI2006n|BQYWBYH SIS SIS, g om0t e1a) 188D W W@ 18S &6z polado A @OLOSFOID QYOS QIOTVo &g oo aidepaileemgmg joad the sactie @Y 008 | HOAANIB;18)B 1Bz |0dd bent down @DAIMDOM BR800y ©0Q5).0199218 @D g2, MOMMIMESWsaldslo © 88 @, Note. RUNOOBHPBMOssmo unequalled in splendour by anything in this world. @ e@amaIu’) ez @ses) wonders after wonders met their gaze, such as ete. The last four lines—Nothing that 1s impossible should be auttempted, and a description of the unique beauties of Vaikuntam is among the impossible. 4‘ mcm’\gngé’ 2sil3(MyS)saIes Bal0MIS @BYEs Sa0ap Gaoaflavan & @miowllgjlesan QOR1I, (mrg 9®@o. Py &S ). QmId. (@), 2000 82S0 Q.Q-0c B-d8 @Q 82®] Q-0 M- cIMHT @D IWENIHM @)@ )80 Z2SIH@MME OMMMOAR GO’ @@ M HalalssdIHabowo I lQesSQo EmMmerw))d)lesam ogan. 00 GoQoRlch @3mamemailaive G18g 1855 @GS (0)0)ENEOMERo @O S WENIOHMO 61105 |60 |OWQo, DIGAIIGowo BRUSISIT) EPW.0) 82W) omrto B @S>k ElnatIacho MS@ )o@ enig |WIW GeTD? g16ws Zaimoailed G.a18)od)ed Elmoe ERWISREE e BanItUS)g es @och @R ALNAIAD BalW] G2(E)&ove MSM Gamislg{lgjoth aven) @Y %a? oaabd 2N SHgIMOSMISAD. mi2nb Gamalab @ aunaIm Gaicw] O g “UIPDIRY WOIDAVIVY $.197700) By (Stew | w OB© ocsse Qi) TOfY ee-ev 00-0O cautErbsEr ‘awee(@ T B mewe ©foro fFoaw (s® Scwws® TEBE oov’ %b@c oweefDRLYrve Yewruglive oeeLEie 0@ Swtwow (V5[0 (WD) ([$P(W -ev 0- 0 (meoe omolwaw Eiw@ewfdweuste abe BF(Fwde oW (B 6 SuwceeBmTo cwieHre wute| @ D) CefSuwseimunew ow|(@ (ro pEeomQQO@Qe 08103 PO @CQULUCE (DIQEBRP@BC® oo ) 10 >w OOy P(W(S® Q@ oW (WD ot (0 BBawwcsems ae o B @ ofgom WefS uweuscw (woe BB ofow(p W vEroY ucfdow e (Wrv P wero SO @TOGG go@@rﬂm@og ocuLIWE(Wro oS0 ofgcmecouneUste oun 35 eomee([Bs|@ (sws® cwg (wrov eS| pus(he cauro(p fwe wo(ro ofo ’8 @ee(0) @orvy Quocsem:lar v cencF | roser so(scemwBurv ompeng ) " OO EITE e Png Qutse| @D ofeiE@EE@mOTE WEW (SMO Wk ) oro ewbe (e ofuscewo B uwivorv 0wl TVaw® weL® Oy ©© FSeunoro ap®r fwe @)oo (Ietaw tue BBP®D) Wavro fasew Buw Broo cvtef@oy ocse D) ofsmbe *Susaouste oot Om e Susw QWO vPevtem:haue SutecBeun (sweo (S G Geworo av®e csye e Rrnsey W@raﬂc@ AT Qotse|©fv) oeciFe oceo%@o@g Suoc@© (5PED ©o weweuw SweweELi® Y PRY(E®(TMDY VPOV W D) erwewcBswse cmoaw (sraseneeas cmprede usse Giw (SB ofb (oD cterv ocebwcseasuew ofscowuets rwyee ofscBerugilne ‘awse| o (8 (norued oep Broee mum|wecan 03-9°” 00 canfbe|welste el VoW v @ocfSaw caw®r awewtey AWSELZW(H ®CEeE @ew|@fF(E88 fvero pemsecws (s (stw quees 0BP(WEAW VOO Gorv wod and foR PEWO([O CUWSEOS(OO(MD (@erve Swteesr™ &o(StawwByro wocsem c@ew omern oo oew e uw | meausewcsems as otpwro ofu W[ WY RIW(ee oecmesmrm@@ @Govoro oceae@anoﬂ,co@ avfr (o ave oocePog Qocse|efD) can®® awwtrw(g (WY ‘of|wPtan otawe® e © ) were B e w(e(r TBeob @Ews® cwp wocwee canfbogw(p oerog owocseme THuw 6@5&@8?@ SER{WIrv ofy(wePcaw 06-0%° 00t@(Vsuwe @UD w e we Qe (©fD) LEeausWeE OWEVLPmE wee Sute©(S B8 v "BEIT e@maw cwow Qo@D pewoctyro B o o> @ rr rwe ot @sr(@RU([0 oSty 0i-o°0 qulEroee oquE vesemeon 08cBeEEEAD 0B-0 VT WO CWIOUDEPS| @ @ eww(g (oo B @ (@ (se oeutsem: Wap cwoserwmsoan cwesen ng Soi m (5o Q© ovesecws ®O(5® mIWUCEPmo woee (®ervy I 0® uwew o &usee( 2 T Qe ©asErYSW PEEWSTH T WE e @([v RO @@ e ovese oo Swrgoie (V) ohesmiws Boeete Fmun (s }ﬂ ScSec e pwmrvaciue FeRLo cScBsemeian oSiwavtseme Coas T, 861 — —_— I 199 8y 08805 Note. @M IR0 2ROSS) (D) 2oos® Mammad Kutti versus Mara- kar. Yo 821 Complaint — that the accused etc. B8MRIGa IR &K enclo- 553 600 sures. o)® 18Jo ()@ 890 B2 &0 s)mg%icmrzﬁ’ @060y QWY ) @0 6g) (@)ow@es eando avodfi) @o@o ete, translate these as separate Joth ) simple sentences and conclude with ¢‘and therefore it is plain that gmm:m the complainant is suffering from simple fever ete.” Qo M@é. 5l Am &M ‘@00 2GaM 013 .24aDR0S 1R @E Ieh Qiamw AWM QW) HSMTISM GuwmINES?”’ m%mrm “ o (@)Geldaum) alld)amlaj@OMOD SOy @Zl" S0 P2E ZUMNE@M I Gaid® Sald a3l!” b o® Bl “@alailmailase avamye aimanadlehaananbo ¢4l (B‘fbfgﬁ @lamntSlremdla BIaVMAId 6BIMNBa).” 0 onsadk 0D 20D 22 BaO® 192N ey 2baY™gy, el SH0A0M0 WBAINHMDA BITVaO®S NA)&as).” \g‘pﬁm oJ® A “ @00 e das gy MEy B2 ABOLeMT e G Y50 G aheaNo:amd) oflseo @iadlgme” ¢ a0 a0 @ QIGIPo RS QM QI IO Va0 ? o s8] Q0 2a0oRMaVEWaildlg jo lmndom®gjlen e’ Hm@mnlb ‘@ s e 6o 1€ &) 10 | S QR @ @0 |HRISAY) &a-1081o B 2530)9 ooy leaw MSEmMaIMeS gTyMmegy a3l?” ;@gmmm ‘o alBnSPBORIG w’\ag @lalaingegLo MIMes wIEo 0 HamID 2@H a0 @) 1O $HIE | @notlo a3 la1v )80 S 1§ 10S Iwow).” o 0217 “aBREAM@OME; aa00 MU 1&ed RBEAIM GEIGAM L 0QMOGE LS BHE MV aFlaabowatg @) oflomailgaiab” ) g o0 “ @800 @O0 HSIAM06 @ IMESM MRG0 g 86MMRIOPI LIAMA T )OEIm AN WIS IVA0.” 10 @ﬁ»m BERWNE msm@:&xsm@ocmsm@ QMBI & oW | BL10.216M o9 aoseaisasldimaindladlgem allwigeala geasadlaspao, 905 @05 BEAMWIWo &L, gy %&1930 QAog Note. Begin——¢‘who is the fool that in the height of impertinence \ob ‘Be attempts to steal into the abode of the moon-crested god ?’ 0 o O_S(Tﬂ off, be off! what an arrant fool thou art to intercept the son of 2 0 glmo Virinja the lord of the three worlds ?’ o B O o) M0 6. Moo, a@m# 2009 %00) 2IPRORHOMM™ Caldel O&:e)Eges afleallmoonom sach )&SQUS,]- ooeil@lamlam ajosg s malmBdkdgs MIAL)BHBIOS ARRIOIDENS I o Reate” —— 200 pE— 05 WA mauerak o_ﬂ(ée,;a@ms EROOOM A EIYE D HRRQYo A IOMOWRYo O:HISAIMDLPO® B3I CHSladilan BPAWHO0 BSAD &IBsM. 20)8g 93]S OOSOMP®O2Yo MIa0aNal@20w WIPPBHB Yo oGO0 s smea Qo DAIZeR Wiz Mo Qe ailoeidmd OMINMge ot maimszIcel oo leeames . gdleecamIQo Mal QIgman, afleaIsae aid)azayo &0 cso_sésuw SS5¢1288 0@ lor e an. uaro"lrocmc@o, Note. mocdléde blood-vessels. PRYOIOIY 61190 )0 epidermis. & nerves. EYHTNOWRYo MLIRAOWYo OHMISBIAD give form and strength, 23 )eeEaMIQe Malo QI8 @M nails grow as they are cut. - T @) gaizoail@d o0 ia oo . mamg)nb @2OM DO EOW g @arigy. afleraaflWleiw) @@ myRYIgsdgo BMTgHn@Tegy @)@ B9, 00 UOR@IMVo Q.m-% B~ W AIHS B@ el H&5SIWAMEo o ) o) @) esamn. @EBZo HQAYIAVER Do QD @S0 oo .oy @@ @0 3auoeMm. oflew®d) o) EPZ20200 QI NBEIWo @0 311 2) 2f1T) SN0, @3:1‘:5’ @ﬂngf\emsT’r;J. @RS ) 8926) 9N O EPW .o @@AD w3)esaepy. HOB Q)01 WIRD MDTBNI )90 B JlWo BumAo. o) V0o 002 e, 200 @l&o ag-0 - eavailetensmElnd . Note. Quilandy 2T7th - , 1034, My dear sir, You have not yet sent me physician Raman as you 8 persoﬁally promised ete. e ° . yours sincerely Ramunni. # e T (G E= =) — 5y — e S > MOTYo 98 6 @mz'z 83060 dai2og o (N0 R giv I3 grow a8 0 MYy ';f),%ﬁ"ﬁé‘d 155 w00 ailyanly m‘v@qﬂ :\ﬂﬂﬂ @(OBQJM{) : 20, anh 9 | landy 108 aman 03 JOU ' il # > > ] L = s = ” e o SEe % 2 e g oy - - i = " ” g P - - _ o = - = e e . o = 2 ?.1: s PP — 1AL Wi N LEHMANN | % Buchbinderel = ¢ ] e wu,mnnd.n /Wirtt ) WURTTEMBERGISCHE LANDESBIBLIOTHEK STUTTGART / NT3<>: 4 § [ 3 { t é . 2 0B VR TR IR wLB Stuttgart ot S e T e S ————— cm U - 2 A Q ® VierFarbSelector Standard * - Euroskala Offset I 15 COMPARATIVE STUDY = Balance o) © ENGLISH AN(I))F MALAYALAM - AS A B 1; Focus 15 ; N 14 GUIDE TO RECIPROCAL TRANSLATION | 13 For the use of Upper Secondary Schools and Colleges | BY 12 T. KANARAN, 5. 4. l'10 EDITED BY 11 JOSEPH MULIYIT, B. A, 10 Headmaster, Zion High School, Chintadripet, Madras. Some “Languages differ among themselves in every degree. are so much alike that their users can with sufficient trouble and care come to understand one another ; of others even a superficial examination shows abundant correspondences; of yet others similar points of accordance are rarer and only discoverable by I TR practised study and research; and a great number are to all 7 appearance wholly diverse.”” — Whitney. TX2y xS0 ¥l 6 %) 8%% 4 7 // 5 36, 7 =) Xax Rz A ue (.,é) 4 3 MANGALORE BASEL MISSION BOOK AND TRACT DEPOSITORY S 1898 2 AUl rights reserved &~ Copyright 4/1999 YxyMaster GmbH www.yxymaster.com 1